2023届高考英语复习：阅读理解之推理判断题讲义

阅读理解之推理判断题 考点热度   ★★★★☆内容索引核心考点1 推理判断题的考查方法核心考点2 推理判断题的解答方法推理题要求考生根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理，推断出作者没有提到或者没有明说的事实或者可能发生的事实。这类题旨在考查学生透过词语的字面意义去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力，属于深层理解题。一、常见提问方式此类题的设问常常包括infer,imply,suggest,conclude 等词，这类题的设问方式主要有：1.We can infer from the Passage that__________.2.What can be inferred from the Passage?3.Which of the following can be inferred from the Passage?4.It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that__________.5.The author suggests in this paragraph that__________.6.The writer implies that__________.7.It can be inferred that__________.8.It can be concluded from the Passage that__________.9.On the whole, we can conclude that__________.10.From the text we can conclude that__________.11.After reading the Passage  we may conclude that__________.12.What conclusion can be drawn from the Passage?13.The author is inclined to think that__________.14.When the writer talks about, what he really means is that__________.15.What’s the writer’s attitude/feeling towards...?16.In the writer’s opinion,...二、选项特点1. 正确选项的特点：(1)一般含义比较丰富，具有一定的综合性和概括性；(2)表述一般不会太绝对，会用一些意义相对宽泛的词，如often, usually, sometimes, some, may, might, can, could, possibly, probably等；(3)有时候与通过常识判断出的结论相反，要特别注意。2. 干扰项的特点：(1)只是原文的简单复述，而非推断出的结论；(2)与推断出来的正确结果相反；(3)根据常识判断是正确的，然而不是在文章事实或上下文逻辑的基础上推理得出的结论；(4)虽然以文章提供的事实或内在逻辑为依据，但推理过头、概括过度；(5)部分选项的内容纯属编造。理判断题的设题形式有很多，不同的题型对应不同的技巧。如下表所示：推断内容考查点解题方法推断隐含含义考查考生透过词语的字面意思去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力1. 跳读，找到相关信息点(推理的依据)；2. 细读，理解相关信息点的字面意义；3. 结合语境和常识，在字面意义的基础上进行符合逻辑的推断，理解作者的言外之意。 推断写作意图考查考生根据短文内容推断作者写该文章的目的的能力根据文体的特点和用途来推断作者的写作目的：1.记叙文，特别是个人的有趣经历或幽默故事类的文章——娱乐读者；2. 夹叙夹议文——让读者得到某种启示或教育；3. 广告和议论文——说服读者接受某种产品、服务或接受某种观点；4. 科普说明文或新闻报道——告知读者某些信息。推断下段内容、文章出处考查考生通过阅读材料，预测内容及推断材料的来源的能力1. 根据文章的内容或结构来推断；2. 根据各种文体的特征来判断其出处：如广告的用词和格式非常特殊，因此容易辨认；报纸的前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称；产品说明的特点也比较明显，一般会介绍其名称、作用、操作方式等。推断目标读者考查考生根据短文内容推断此篇文章主要是写给谁看的能力根据文章内容，特别是从作者使用的词语和语气来判断。核心技能1：隐含推断题的涵义推导隐含推断题主要考查考生对特定信息、全篇、全段或上下文逻辑关系，结合相关信息的暗示，准确理解文章寓意或隐含的深层意义的能力。在解答这类题时，可采用“一步推导”法。即推理判断题的最近答案原则：推的近的要比推的远的好，直接推出的要比间接推出的好。推理判断题不是考查我们的想象力，它实际是考查我们原文中的某一个点或几个点所涉及的问题读透了没有。因此做题时不能想得太多，推得过远，是否把原文读懂才是关键。此类题目的题干一般包括以下五个动词：infer(推断)；conclude(推断，得出结论)；indicate(暗示)；imply (暗示)；suggest(暗示)。【真题示例】　(2020·全国卷Ⅱ阅读C)Then there’s Righteous Fur and its unusual fashions.Model Paige Morgan says，“To give people a guilt－free option that they can wear without someone throwing paint on them—I think that’s going to be a massive thing，at least here in New York.”Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took her a  while to come around to the opinion that using nutria fur for her creations is morally acceptable.She’s trying to come up with a label to attach to nutria fashions to show it is eco－friendly.31．What can we infer about wearing fur in New York according to Morgan?A．It’s formal. B．It’s risky.C．It’s harmful. D．It’s traditional.【分析】·第一步　通读题目找出题干关键词：infer about wearing fur·第二步　定位到原文，寻找相关信息：To give people a guilt－free option that they can wear without someone throwing paint on them—I think that’s going to be a massive thing，at least here in New York.·第三步　仔细比对选项：Morgan觉得在纽约，给予人们一种没有负罪感的选择，他们可以穿海狸鼠皮做的衣服而不被人泼颜料——我认为是一件大事， 由此可推断出穿皮草具有风险性。核心技能2：观点态度题的措辞判断观点态度题是高考英语阅读理解常考的一种题型，也是考生很容易失分的一种题型。文章作者或文中人物对某事物所持的情感、观点或态度往往隐含在文章的字里行间或流露于修饰词之中。常见的设问方式有：·How does the author feel about...?·What does the author think of...?·What is the author’s attitude towards/to...?·The author’s attitude towards...can be described as ________． ▲4关注1不要(1)关注首段首尾句，确定文章主题，判断作者的观点态度。(2)关注but后表示观点态度的语句来判断作者或文中人物的观点。(3)关注作者所举的例子或者所引用的话语，来判断文章作者或文中人物的态度倾向。(4)关注文章语言的褒贬去判断作者的态度。(5)不要将个人的好恶态度糅进题中，要学会分清作者本人的态度和作者引用观点的态度。▲4类选项常用词汇肯定positive积极乐观的；optimistic乐观的；supportive支持的；hopeful有希望的；promising有前途的；favourable赞许的否定negative否定的，消极的；disapproving 不赞成的；critical 批评的；unfavourable不赞同的怀疑suspicious可疑的，怀疑的；doubtful可疑的客观objective客观的；neutral中立的；skeptical怀疑的[点津]　以下选项一般不是答案(1)subjective主观的，一般说明性的文章一定是客观叙述的；(2)indifferent漠不关心的，作者既然写文章描述，就一定不会漠不关心。【真题示例】　(2020·全国卷Ⅲ阅读C)“We floated the idea to my mum of sharing a house，”says Kathryn Whitehead.Rita cuts in：“We spoke more with Nick because I think it’s a big thing for Nick to live with his mother－in－law.”And what does Nick think？“From my standpoint，it all seems to work very well.Would I recommend it？Yes，I think I would.”29．What is Nick’s attitude towards sharing the house with his mother－in－law?A．Positive. B．Carefree.C．Tolerant. D．Unwilling.【分析】·第一步　通读题目找出题干关键词：Nick’s attitude towards sharing the house with his mother－in－law·第二步　定位到原文，寻找相关信息：“From my standpoint，it all seems to work very well.Would I recommend it? Yes，I think I would.”·第三步　仔细比对选项：尼克对于与岳母住在一起持积极的态度。核心技能3：写作意图题的意图推理通常情况下，作者在文中不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文中所列事物使读者感受到其所传递的想法。所以，这种题型要求考生具备对作者阐述的内容进行总结和分析的能力，是阅读理解题中较高层次的题目，它与文章主题不同，但又关系密切，所以可以算作主旨大意题的一种变体。▲从写作手法推断写作目的▲从字里行间推断写作目的在阅读中，有时作者并未把写作意图说出来，需要阅读者在阅读、理解整体语篇的基础上，根据字面意思，通过全篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的写作意图。【真题示例】　(2020·新高考卷Ⅰ阅读C)In the mid－1990s，Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan.He left after seven months，physically broken and having lost his mind.A few years later，still attracted to the country，he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.His visit，however，ended up involving a lot more than that．Hence this book，Chasing the Sea：Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia，which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan，where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea.It is the story of an American travelling to a strange land，and of the people he meets on his way：Rustam，his translator，a lovely 24－year－old who picked up his colorful English in California，Oleg and Natasha，his hosts in Tashkent，and a string of foreign aid workers.This is a quick look at life in Uzbekistan，made of friendliness and warmth，but also its darker side of society.In Samarkand，Mr Bissell admires the architectural wonders，while on his way to Bukhara he gets a taste of police methods when suspected of drug dealing.In Ferghana，he attends a mountain funeral(葬礼) followed by a strange drinking party.And  in Karakalpakstan，he is saddened by the dust storms，diseases and fishing boats stuck miles from the sea.Mr Bissell skillfully organizes historical insights and cultural references，making his tale a well－rounded picture of Uzbekistan，seen from Western eyes.His judgment and references are decidedly American，as well as his delicate stomach.As the author explains，this is neither a travel nor a history book，or even a piece of reportage.Whatever it is，the result is a fine and vivid description of the purest of Central Asian traditions.11．What is the purpose of this text?A．To introduce a book.B．To explain a cultural phenomenon.C．To remember a writer.D．To recommend a travel destination.【分析】·第一步　审读题目找出题干关键词：the purpose of this text·第二步　从字里行间推断写作目的：迅速读懂原文理清文章脉络：文章开头引出汤姆·比塞尔写书的背景，从第二段到最后一段分别介绍了这本书的概要、主要内容和对这本书的评价。·第三步　仔细比对选项：全文围绕着这本书展开，目的就是向读者介绍并推荐这本书。核心技能4：文体特征判断文章出处/读者对象文章出处要从文章结构、语言特色和标志信息着手，结合文章的具体内容来断定。确定读者对象要从文章内容和文章措辞来判断。▲熟知8类文体判文章出处▲3步确定读者对象【真题示例】　(2019·全国卷Ⅰ阅读C)As data and identity theft becomes more and more common，the market is growing for biometric (生物测量)technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e－spaces.At present，these technologies are still expensive，though.Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low－cost device (装置) that gets around this problem：a smart keyboard.This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence (节奏) with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key.The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user’s typing and the time between key presses.These patterns are unique to each person.Thus，the keyboard can determine people’s identities，and by extension，whether they should be given access to the computer it’s connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right.31．Where is this text most likely from?A．A diary. B．A guidebook.C．A novel. D．A magazine.【分析】·第一步　确定题干中的关键信息：this text most likely from·第二步　定位到原文，寻找相关信息：根据本文的话题“智能键盘”以及第二段中的“Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low－cost device...”，尤其是其中的关键词researchers，low－cost device等来推断，这篇文章是一篇科研报道。·第三步　结合文章的具体内容合理推断得出答案：科研报道最有可能出现在杂志上。