热点04 语法填空（新高考新题型热点话题）-2022年高考英语【热点·重点·难点】专练（全国通用）

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热点04 语法填空（新高考）



语法填空对语法知识的考查，兼顾词、句、篇三个层面，考查的覆盖面广，涉及的考点全且重点突出。针对这一考查实情且结合二轮复习实际，本专题的复习我们先研究高考常考的语法考点，做到学习无盲点；再研究语法填空题的解题技法，做到稳准解题有办法。
命题思路
1.动词考查的题目数量：一般有3～5个，且空格处在句中，有提示词。
2．动词考查的类型：作谓语的动词和作非谓语的动词。
(1)谓语动词的考查形式：时态和语态。有时需要考虑主谓一致。
(2)非谓语动词的考查形式：现在分词，过去分词，动词不定式。
(3)非谓语动词的考查频率：作定语>作状语>作表语>作宾语>作主语>作宾语补足语。

高分经验
1.看到提示词为动词，要明确考查动词的时态、语态还是非谓语动词。
2．看到句子缺少谓语动词，则括号中的动词就是谓语动词。
3．看到句中已有谓语动词，又没有并列连词与括号中的动词并列，则该动词就是非谓语动词。
注意：既不是谓语也不是非谓语时，要考虑词性转换。

[2021·新高考Ⅰ卷]Going to Mount Huangshan reminds me of the popular Beatles' song “The Long and Winding Road”. 56.________ is so breathtaking about the experience is the out-of-this-world scenes. The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we 57.________ (human) are.
The hot spring at the foot of the mountain is something you must try after the climb. It will 58.________ (undoubted) help you get refreshed! The amazing thing about the spring is that the colder the temperature gets, the 59.________ (hot) the spring! Strange, isn' t it? But that's how nature is — always leaving us 60.________ (astonish).
What comes next is the endless series of steps. You can't help wondering how hard it 61.________ (be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place. Though it is the only unnatural thing on your way up the mountain, still it highlights the whole adventure 62.________ offers a place where you can sit down to rest your 63.________ (ache) legs.
As the song goes, this long and winding road “will never disappear”， and it will always stick in the visitor's memory. It sure does in 64.________ (I). While you're in China, Mount Huangshan is 65.________ must to visit!

第一步、通读全文，感知大意。
本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了作者爬黄山的见闻和感受。

第二步细读文章根据语境试填空
1、提示类填空
57
考查名词的复数。本空作宾语从句主语 we 的同位语，故应该用名词的复数形式。故填__
58
考查副词。分析句子结构可知，空处作状语修饰动词 help。故填__
59
考查比较等级。根据语境可知，气温越低，温泉就越热。本空所在句使用了"the+比较级，the+比较级"结构，表示"越……越……"，故本空填 hot 的比较级。故填_
60
考查非谓语动词。本空在"leave+复合宾语"结构中作宾补，astonished"吃惊的，惊讶的"，astonishing"令人惊讶的"，根据语境可知，这里指的是使我们惊讶。故填_
61
考查时态和主谓一致。句中有时间状语 then，因此这里说的是当初人们把那些石头放在固定的位置上（即做成石头台阶）很难。故填__
63
考查非谓语动词。本空在句中作定语，ache与中心词legs 是逻辑上的主动关系，故用现在分词。故填____
64
考查代词。与前面的it willalways stick in the visitor's memory呼应，这里表示It sure sticks in my memory，因此，本空填名词性物主代词。故填__
二、自由类填空
56
考查名词性从句。分析句子结构并结合语境可知，本空引导主语从句，且在从句中作主语，事物"。故填__
62
考查连词。本空连接两个谓语动词（highlights 和offers），表示顺接关系，因此这里填并列连词。故填
65考查冠词。此处 must表示"必须做的事"，为可数名词，通常用单数。amust表示"必须做的一件事"。故填__
.
第三步
再读全文理顺核实，将答案代入原文中，再次对文章进行编辑和语境方面的审核，确保无误。


第一节　介词、冠词和代词
冠 词
冠词是语法填空的常考点，经常考查不定冠词a，an和定冠词 the 的基本用法和固定搭配。解
答冠词类题目时，空后有名词且两者搭配在一起表示泛指含义时，要考虑不定冠词a/an;
有序数词、最高级、表示特指或特指意义的比较级等形式时，要考虑定冠词 the;空处前
后的词与冠词构成固定搭配短语要牢记。

如何判断填冠词

第一步：确定是否填冠词：
首先，分析句子结构，看空格后是否有名词；
•第二步：判断特指还是泛指：
①看空格后有单数可数名词，搭配后表示泛指时，应考虑不定冠词a/an；
②若发现空格后有名词，搭配后表示特指时，应考虑定冠词the；
③看看是否是固定搭配

典例印证
[典例]　[2021·全国卷乙]Due to ________ growing popularity of environmentally-related and adventure travel，various types of trips are now being classified as ecotourism.
分析：第一步：确定填冠词。分析句子成分可知，空处有名词popularity。
第二步：判断特指还是泛指。
考查冠词。名词popularity后有定语，故其前应用定冠词the表特指，the growing popularity of...“……的日益流行”。
自主解答：________


典例导引
1.[2021·江西省重点中学盟校第一次联考]Chinese scientists have created the world's first light-based quantum (量子) computer, called Jiuzhang. It's ________ breakthrough in the field after Google completed its quantum computer last year.
2．[2020·浙江1月卷]A child born in the US today has ________ very realistic chance of living beyond 100 and needs to plan accordingly.
3．[2021·新高考全国卷Ⅰ] While you're in China，Mount Huangshan is ________ must to visit！
4.[2021·沈阳市质量监测三]After more than 600 years of development, ________ handcraft of Beijing glassware has been passed down to the seventh generation.
5．[2021·银川一中、昆明一中联合模拟卷]A collector of antiques saw the bowl at the sale, paid $35 for the bowl and later emailed information and photos to Sotheby's asking for ________ estimate of its value.
6．[2021·蚌埠二中高三模拟卷]Online shopping was invented and pioneered by Michael Aldrich in ________ U．K. in 1979, while the Japanese operated the first modern high-speed rail in 1964.
7．[2021·湖南长郡中学第五次模拟]In old age, Mrs. Johnson became ________ most celebrated of the small excellent group of black women who at midcentury served as mathematicians for the space agency.
8.[2021·全国甲卷]It took us about 3 hours to go all ________ way around the Xi'an City Wall.
9．[2021·西安中学第二次仿真]China is a country with a vast territory. In the great historical continuum (连续体), it has developed ________ large variety of traditional housing with distinctly regional features.
10．[2021·江西省红色七校第二次联考]The data is expected to give ________ full picture of the population. It provides support for making national development policies.
11．[2021·山东省日照市5月联考]Scientists have exposed that around two-fifths of the world's plants are at risk of extinction. A top botanist, Professor Alexandre Antonelli, said, “We are living in ________ age of extinction.”
12．[2021·攀枝花市第二次统考]In a sometimes callous (冷漠的) world where people can be so focused on what they're doing, a random act of kindness can make ________ difference.

1.不定冠词a/an
分析句子结构， 发现空格后有单数可数名词，搭配后表示泛指时，应考虑不定冠词a/an。
用不定冠词a/an的常考点：
①泛指一类人与物，表示“一”概念；
②在序数词前，表示“又一，再一”。
2.定冠词the
分析句子结构， 发现空格后有名词，搭配后表示特指时，应考虑定冠词the。
用定冠词the的常考点：
①特指某人或某事；
②用在序数词或最高级前或有only, very, same 等修饰的名词前；
③用在世界上独一无二的东西及某些专有名词前；
④用在乐器名词前；
⑤用在“逢十”的年代前，表示“在某世纪几十年代”。
3.固定搭配中的冠词
固定搭配或抽象名词具体化的名词前用冠词
(1)定冠词用在固定搭配中，如：
at the same time, on the contrary，
to tell the truth, in the distance, make the most/best of, on the spot等。
(2)不定冠词用在固定搭配中，如：
catch a cold, have a fever,
all of a sudden, as a matter of fact，
as a result, have a gift for，
make a living, give sb. a lift，
have a good knowledge of等。
(3)动词(catch/take/hit等)＋sb.＋介词＋the＋身体部位。

语法项目（二）
代 词

近几年，高考对代词的考查主要集中在代词的基本用法上，因此这类试题一般较为简单 。语法填空侧重对it 用法的考查。考生在解题时要根据语境、句意判断人称和数，仔细阅读上下文，根据代词具体指代的对象和在句中充当的成分，确定代词的格。未来高考对代词的考
查将继续侧重代词的基本用法，并会加强语境的真实性和复杂性。



如何判断填代词

第一步：确定是否填代词：
首先，分析句子结构，发现句子缺少形式主语或形式宾语时， 应考虑用it；
•第二步：判断是否指代上文中提到的人或物：
分析句子结构， 发现指代上文中所提到的人或物时， 应考虑用相应的代词。

典例印证
[典例]　[2021·广东省模拟二]It was worth it, though. I still have that golden headdress, as ________ reminds me of those unforgettable days.
分析：第一步：确定填代词。分析句子成分可知，空处指代上文中所提到的物。
第二步：判断代词的形式。
句意：但这是值得的。我仍然留着那个金色的头饰，因为它让我想起了那些难忘的日子。分析句子，根据句意可知，此处连词as后应用代词it作主语，指前面的事物that golden headdress。
自主解答：________


典例导引
1.[2021·南宁市第一次适应性测试]By helping them, I can improve ________ own understanding, and this will be beneficial to my study, she explained.
2．[2021·唐山市三模]After becoming an internet hit, DingZhen served as the local tourism ambassador and filmed “The World of DingZhen” to speak for his hometown. The film soon brought ________ into people's vision.
3．[2017·全国卷Ⅱ]However，the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months，more than 25，000 people were using ________ every day.
4．[2021·南宁市第一次适应性测试]Shi Yan, chief of the Liaoning University of TCM, says he supports international students to participate in such activities, which will help ________ combine knowledge together with culture.
5.[2021·长郡中学第五次适应性考试]But ________ was not only her sex that kept her long marginalized and long unsung.
6．[2021·沈阳市质量监测三]The history of Beijing glassware dates back to the early Ming Dynasty. ________ is said that when people smelted (熔炼) bronze, they discovered that some waste materials could form beautiful colors.
7．[2021·福建省惠安一中模拟]Every new year in the heartland of industrial China thousands upon thousands of motorcyclists brave the weather and hit the road, determined to make ________ home.
8．[2018·浙江6月卷]Many westerners who come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap ________ can be to eat out.


1.句意清，指代明
无提示词类填空， 当句中缺少主语或宾语时， 一般要填代词， 主要包括不定代词和it。
①如果空格前文出现了单数名词，并且空处作主语，可根据代指的情况用he，she或者it。
②如果空格前文出现了单数名词，并且空处作宾语，可根据代指的情况用him，her或者it。
③如果空格前文出现了复数名词，并且空处作主语，填they。
④如果空格前文出现了复数名词，并且空处作宾语，填them。
2.it的用法
①指代天气、时间、距离等
②代替上文提到过的事物
③分析句子结构， 发现句子缺少形式主语或形式宾语时， 应考虑it。
④it的常用固定句型
·It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋句子其他成分
·It＋be＋形容词＋of/for sb.to do sth.
·It is no good/no use/useless/a waste of time doing sth.
·hate/like/enjoy it that ...讨厌/喜欢……
·when it comes to ...当谈到……
·as sb. puts it正如某人所言
·make it成功

语法项目（三）
介 词

高考对介词的考查主要集中在介词的基本用法及含介词的固定搭配的用法上。语法填空题对介词的考查形式为纯空格，即没有提示词，这对考生正确理解句意和知识的掌握提出了较高
的要求。因此，考生应在掌握介词基本用法的同时，注意总结和积累其与名词、形容词、动词等搭配构成的短语的意义和用法。


如何判断填介词

第一步：确定是否填介词：
首先，分析句子结构，发现名词或代词在句中不作主语、表语或动词的宾语时， 其前面一般是填介词。
•第二步：根据句意及固定搭配判断填介词：
分析句子结构， 发现空格放在名词前后时， 应考虑名词与介词的搭配；
分析句子结构， 发现空格放在不及物动词后名词前时， 应考虑动词与介词的搭配；
分析句子结构， 发现空格放在形容词后名词前时， 应考虑形容词与介词的搭配。
典例印证
[典例]　[2021·浙江卷1月]The study found that between 1985 and 2017，average rural BMI increased ________ 2.1 in women and men.
分析：第一步：确定填介词。分析句子成分可知，此处考查动词与介词的搭配。
第二步：判断代词的形式。
句意：研究发现，1985年至2017年，农村地区女性和男性的平均体重指数增加了2.1。此处表示升高的幅度，故用介词by。
自主解答：________



典例导引
1.[2020·全国卷Ⅲ]The artist was finally humbled (谦卑) by the greatest artist ________ earth，Mother Nature.
2．[2020·新高考卷Ⅰ]Museums must compete ________ people's spare time and money with other amusements.
3．[2021·山东省日照市5月校际联考]We would not be able to survive without plants and fungi — all life depends on them. Every time we lose a species, we lose an opportunity ________ humankind.
4.[2021·新乡市三模]Some species live ________ cold, humid caves in the Pyrenees, the Alps and the Balkan Peninsula, forming a narrow band across Europe.
5．[2020·浙江1月高考]This aging of the population is driven ________ two factors.
6．[2021·江西省重点中学盟校联考]With advantages ________ traditional computers, quantum computers have a wide range of applications.
7．[2019·浙江6月]But can uniforms help improve school standards? The answer ________ this question is not clear.
8．[2021·安徽省合肥市第三次质量检测]The celebration includes congratulations ________ students, recommending outstanding teachers, the exchange of ideas among teachers, and so on.
9．[2021·厦门双十中学二模]Masterpieces such as Along the River During the Qingming Festival were projected on the roofs, giving visitors a feeling like walking ________ time.
10．[2021·汕头市一模]Within the sleeper carriage, ________ little else to do, people talk or play cards, and soon a small community develops among the passengers.
11．[2019·全国卷Ⅰ]Modern methods ________ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s.
12.[2021·山西太原押宝题]During the Grain Buds period, summer harvest is ________ to begin.
13．[2021·银川一中、昆明一中联考卷]Two experts from Sotheby's confirmed the bowl was from the 1400s when they were able to look at it ________ person.
14．[2021·南昌市二模]Over the last two months, several great apes at the San Diego Zoo have received an experimental animal COVID-19 vaccine (疫苗), because they are most ________ risk and can be easily vaccinated.
15．[2021·厦门市第二次质量检测]In Singapore there's no better place to find Chinese medicines than in Chinatown — a colorful and lively place, rich __________ Chinese culture and history.
16．[2021·大连市二模]The opening of FAST not only offers more observation possibilities to the world's scientific community but also contributes Chinese wisdom ________ building a community of shared future for humanity.
17．[2021·陕西省模拟一]Morgan says that it is time that people stopped standing by and recording on their phones when they see someone ________ trouble.
18．[2021·咸阳市模拟一]The point is to consider your own personal preferences and listen ________ your heart, personal needs and career goals—then you will find the best option for you.
19．[2021·蚌埠市第四次质量检查]According to satellite monitoring results, the increase of vegetation in China accounted ________ 25 percent of the world's total new greenery.


1.句意明，辨成分
① 锁定“________＋名词/ 动名词”模式， 且名词或动名词不作主语、表语， 也不作动词的宾语， 此时要考虑填介词。
② 锁定“谓语动词＋________”模式， 大多数情况下需要填介词。
③锁定“形容词＋________＋名词”模式，考虑形容词与介词的搭配。
2.介词多义看语境
(1)表示时间的in, on, at
①in表示在某段较长的时间内(如世纪、年代、月份等)或泛指上午、下午、晚上等。
②on表示在具体的日子或具体的某一天的上午、下午、晚上等。
③at表示某个时间点、时刻等。
(2)表示方位的through和across
①through表示“从……的内部穿过”。
②across表示“从……表面穿过”。
(3)表示交通方式的by和on/in
①by后可直接跟涉及交通工具的单数名词，名词前不加冠词。
②on/in后跟交通工具时，名词前应有冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语。
(4)表示“用……”的by, in, with
①by指“靠……手段，用……方法，凭借……”，后可接名词、代词或动名词。
②in多用于表示语言、材料的名词前。
③with多用于表示工具或身体器官的名词前。
(5)of 表示所属关系，“……的”
“of＋n.”相当于该名词对应的形容词
3.依据句式和搭配填介词
(1)与动词搭配， 如：
remind sb. of sth.　　　提醒某人某事；
rob sb. of sth. 抢劫某人某物；
go back to/ date from 追溯至；
exchange ... for ... 交换……；
come about 发生；
run out of 用完；
account for 占……比例； 说明……的原因
(2)与名词或代词搭配，如：
by accident 偶然；
in trouble 陷入困境，陷入麻烦；
in spite of 尽管，虽然；
in turn 依次，转而；
in return 作为报答；
at risk 处于危险中；
on board 乘(飞机、船)；
on average 平均
(3)与形容词搭配，如：
be curious about 对……感到好奇；
be proud of 因……而自豪；
be rich in 在……方面丰富



Test 1
[2021·昆明市“三诊一模”质量检测]At present, the take-out industry has become a popular consumption pattern. Apart from 1.________ (buy) food from take-out stores, consumers can order food at different times and in multiple places 2.________ the help of the network. While we tend to think of take-out food as something originating in the modern era (时代) as a result of our “too busy to prepare my own meal” lifestyle, the 3.________ (true) is quite the opposite.
The concept of take-out food can be traced back to both ancient Greece and ancient Rome. In the ancient Greco-Roman world, eating at home was highly 4.________ (usual) for poor people. Because these people could not afford a private kitchen in their house to cook meals for 5.________ (they), they had to buy 6.________ (prepare) food from market and roadside stalls. Thus, 7.________ was called “thermopolium” came into being. The word thermopolium literally meant “a place where something hot 8.________ (sell)” at that time. It was either an ancient form of a take-out restaurant 9.________ an outdoor service counter that offered ready-to-eat food.
Over the years, archaeologists have 10.________ (constant) discovered a number of thermopolia in Pomeii and Herculaneum, two towns that were destroyed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. In one thermopolium, the remains of cloth bags containing around one thousand coins were discovered, certainly showing the popularity of the establishment.

Test 2
[2021·广州市综合测试一]A comforting cup of tea is an essential part of the day for hundreds of millions of people around the globe. Worldwide, three cups of tea 1.________ (consume) for every cup of coffee. To 2.________ (full) appreciate the ancient roots of the drink, a visit to the China National Tea Museum might be in order. The institution has a long history.
3．________ (locate)in Hangzhou, the museum occupies a parklike setting. Inside, various halls demonstrate the story of tea, its ceremonies (仪式) and its tools. Records of tea drinking date as far back as to the 4.________ (ten) century B．C. in China. Originally the leaves were baked into a brick, a part of 5.________ could be broken off and made into a powder (粉末). Tea spread into northern China during the Tang Dynasty; by the Song Dynasty it 6.________ (acquire) loose-leaf production as well as the ceremonies that made its consumption 7.________ art form.
The art of tea extended to its fancy containers, which are 8.________ display at the museum. Gracefully rounded kettles date back 5，000 years; tea bowls from the Tang Dynasty have beautiful simplicity. Today 9.________ (visit) can observe a tea ceremony that might be enough 10.________ (change) even the most passionate coffee drinkers.




















第二节　并列连词和三大从句
对连接词的考查涉及到并列句和三大从句，是高考语法填空的重点和难点，也是学生的易错点。分析句子成分，牢记从句规则用法是解题的关键。在书面表达中灵活运用三大从句也是吸引阅卷老师的法宝之一。

如何判断填连词
解题攻略
•第一步：如何确定并列连词：
如果两个单词、短语、句子相并列的成分相互之间存在并列、转折、选择、因果关系填并列连词。
•第二步：如何确定引导词：
如果空处引导从句，则首先要看它所引导的是哪一种从句，然后根据引导词的种类和功能来确定填哪一个引导词。

典例印证
[典例]　[2021·新高考全国卷Ⅰ]Though it is the only unnatural thing on your way up the mountain，still it highlights the whole adventure ________ offers a place where you can sit down to rest your aching legs.
分析：第一步：如何确定并列连词
分析句子结构可知， highlights 与offers 是两个并列谓语。
第二步：如何确定连词
本空连接两个谓语动词(highlights和offers)，表示顺接关系，因此这里填并列连词。
自主解答：________



技法1　并列连词——关系分析法＋句型法
当空格前后是两个并列成分， 如两个单词、短语、或主谓结构完整的句子等， 而且并列成分相互之间存在并列、转折、选择、因果关系等时， 空格处一般填并列连词and, but, or等。
典例导引
1.[2021·浙江卷1月]In a study of 33 years of trends in Body Mass Index (体重指数) across 200 countries，the scientists found that people worldwide are getting heavier ________ that most of the rise is due to gains in BMI in rural areas.
2．[2020·新高考卷Ⅰ]They kept their collection at home until it got too big ________ until they died，and then it was given to a museum.
3．[2021·安阳市高三二模]It was estimated that about 500 million people ________ one-third of the world's population of that time became infected with this virus.
4．[2021·长春市高三质量监测一]Grandpa Amu insists that he isn't an Internet celebrity (名人) ________ just an ordinary farmer.
5.One day, the cow was eating grass____________it began to rain heavily.
6．Please send us postcards____________we will know where you have visited.
7．[2020·全国卷Ⅱ] Hardly had we arrived at the farm ________ we saw many oranges hanging from the branches.


1.关系分析法
分析设空前后单词、短语或分句之间的关系，确定用哪个连词。
①表示并列或递进关系的有：and, both ...and ...两者都， not only ...but (also) ... 不但……而且……等。
②表示选择关系的有：or, either ...or ...或者……或者……； neither...nor...既不……也不……。
③表示转折或对比关系的有：but, while, not ...but ...等。
④表示因果关系的有：so, for等。
2.句型法
①祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句。
②be doing sth. when...正在做某事这时……
be about to do sth. when...正要做某事这时……
had just done sth. when...刚做完某事这时……
hardly...when...一……就……


技法2　定语从句——4步法确定关系词
典例导引
1.[2021·浙江卷1月]BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool ________ gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight.
2．[2021·天津卷3月]William Hastie once suggested that history informs us of past mistakes from ________ we can learn without repeating them.
3.[2021·山西太原高三押宝题]Because of the great increase in rainfall, rivers are full of water, ________ gives rise to great tasting fish and shrimps.
4．[2021·广东省高考模拟测试二]The Rio Carnival is without doubt something ________ everyone should add to his or her bucket list.
5．[2020·天津卷]________ is described in Paragraph 4, taking a small kid to a half-hour Story Time allows the parent to enjoy quiet reading.
6.[2021·西安中学第二次仿真练习]In 2005, Mao Ge, ________ specialized in architecture, started research into traditional houses.
7．[2021·襄阳五中高三5月冲刺]For those who love nature, Zhangjiajie is a place ________ we must visit.
8．[2020·全国卷Ⅲ]In ancient China lived an artist ________ paintings were almost lifelike.
9.[2021·安徽师大附中5月卷]The Japanese government and Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO), the firm ________ runs the site, have emphasized that the main radionuclide (放射性核) remaining is tritium (氚).
10．[2020·天津5月高考]Mr.Smith owned this oil painting until the early 1990s, __________ he gave it to his grandson.
11．[2021·云南师大附中高三热身]Two other letters are from a father to his children in Torquay, ________ the museum believes they may have escaped.


第一步：确定是定语从句
分析句子结构，设空处是无提示词， 设空后的句子不完整，且对设空前的某一名词、代词或整个主句起限定作用，就要考虑填定语从句关系词。
第二步：分清限制与非限制
在先行词的后面出现逗号的，是非限制性定语从句。
①that不能引导非限制性定语从句；
②which引导非限制性定语从句可代表主句的全部或部分内容，which意为“这一点”；
③as引导非限制性定语从句，可置于句中或句首，意为“正如”。
第三步：寻找先行词，判断属性(指人还是指物，表时间、地点、还是原因)
①先行词指人：that/who/whom/whose；
②先行词指物：that/which/whose等；
③表时间/地点/原因：when/where/why。
第四步：判断从句中所缺成分，确定关系词
①缺少主语：that/which/who；
②缺少动词的宾语：that/which/who/whom；
③缺少介词的宾语：whom/which；
④缺少定语：whose；
⑤缺少时间、地点或原因状语时，分别用when, where, why。


技法3　名词性从句——搞定名词性从句5方向
设空处无提示词，先确定主句主谓结构，再确定设空处和空后的内容在主句中充当的成分：主语、宾语、表语或同位语。

典例导引
1.[2019·全国卷Ⅰ]The polar bear is found in the Arctic Circle and some big land masses as far south as Newfoundland. While they are rare north of 88°， there is evidence ________ they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada.
2．[2021·宜春市高三模拟]Tourist destinations in Europe are confident ________ the strong growth of China's winter sports industry will benefit their economies.
3.[2021·陕西省宝鸡市高三联考]But there is some debate over ________ it was NOLA or Mobile, Alabama that had the first Mardi Gras back in the 1700s.
4．[2017·天津高考改编]She asked me ________ I had returned the books to the library, and I admitted that I hadn't.
5.[2021·新高考卷Ⅰ]Going to Mount Huangshan reminds me of the popular Beatles' song “The Long and Winding Road”．________ is so breathtaking about the experience is the out-of-this-world scenes.
6．[2020·天津7月高考]The student completed this experiment to make come true ____________ Professor Joseph had said.
7.[2021·厦门市第三次质量检测]However, recent research from Harvard Medical School has shown that, on average, approximately 4，400 steps a day is enough to significantly reduce the risk of death in women. This was ________ it was compared to only walking around 2，700 steps daily.
8．[2021·福州一中第四次适应性考试]Natural bird habitats are most commonly found ________ there is an ample supply of water for drinking, swimming, and bathing.
9.[2021·大连市二模]It is likely ________ FAST will help make many new Nobel-level discoveries.
10．[2021·黔东南州高考模拟]It is warned ________ the pandemic could create a “lost” generation who will be affected by “lifelong” mental illnesses.


方向一：从句中不缺句子成分且句意完整
分析句子结构，不缺任何成分且句子意义完整， 考虑that引导同位语从句、表语从句和that引导的宾语从句，此时that没有词义，也不作任何成分。
方向二：从句中不缺句子成分但句意不完整
分析句子结构， 不缺任何成分，且引导词表示是否， 考虑whether引导名词性从句，if可以用于引导宾语从句。
方向三： 从句中缺少主/宾/表语
分析句子结构，缺少主语、宾语、表语：用连接代词what，who, whom, which, whatever等。
方向四： 从句中缺少状语
缺少状语(结合句意判断)：用连接副词where (表地点)，when (表时间)，how (表方式)，why (表原因)等。
方向五：it句型
①It be＋adj.＋主语从句……
②It be＋过去分词＋ that 从句……
③It be＋名词词组(a pity; a surprise; good news) ＋that从句


技法4　状语从句——句意法＋固定句式法
典例导引
1.[2021·贵州省适应性测试]Every day Mei watched them ________ they flew, which helped him to develop the expressive eye movements that were so important to his art.
2．[2019·天津高考改编]Tom is so independent that he never asks his parents' opinion ________ he wants their support.
3．[2021·福建省莆田市5月模拟]In China, food deliverymen are always in a rush between traffic regardless of wind or rain. ________ they make our life more convenient, this can come at a cost for them.
4.[2021·全国卷乙]It was not widely accepted as a travel concept ________ the late 1980s.During that time，increasing environmental awareness made it desirable.
5．[2017·北京高考改编]If you don't understand something, you may research, study, and talk to other people ________ you figure it out.
6．[2020·浙江1月高考]I was running so fast ________ I bounced off the trunk and landed on my backside.
7．[2021·河南省高考适应性练习]________ or not you agree, the saying does reflect its vital role in the city's evolution(演变).



1.句意法确定状语从句引导词
①while/when/as/since引导的时间状语从句
②before/after引导的时间状语从句
③if/unless/once 引导的条件状语从句
④though/although引导的让步状语从句
⑤where引导的地点状语从句
⑥whether...or...引导的让步状语从句
2.固定句式法状语从句引导词
①so/such...that...如此……以至于……
②not...until...直到……才……
③It will/won't be＋一段时间＋before...过了多少时间才/没过多长时间就……
④It is some time(一段时间)＋since...自从……多长时间
⑤whether...or not...无论……还是……，引导让步状语从句




Test 1
[2021·河北省九校联考]Wang Hongmei, a master in the Forbidden City, specializes in restoring damaged paintings. “I found conservation of paintings extremely 1.________ (challenge) in the beginning when I often had to stand for hours all day long due to the nature of the work，” Wang 2.________ (recall). “Commitment and time 3.________ (gradual) calmed down my heart.”
It takes a seasoned restorer like Wang a whole year 4.________ (restore) just three to four paintings. Sometimes the work could take even 5.________ (long). A painting over 170 square meters in size, 6.________ was created for Emperor Qianlong for his retirement, was worn. Wang and her colleagues spent five years restoring the painting to its previous brilliance.
“These treasures are not simply individual items, 7.________ legacies (遗产) of the craft and spirit passed on by the artists, collectors and restorers of the past，” Qu Feng, one of Wang's 8.________ (workmate), said. “Strengthened conservation efforts symbolize increasing national power and 9.________ (proud). If we can protect our cultural heritage to the best of our abilities, our nation will come to believe 10.________ itself more firmly.”
Due to the efforts by the masters in the Forbidden City, the public now can have a further understanding of cultural heritage.

Test 2
[2021·河南省高考适应性测试]Some teachers are so inspirational (鼓舞人心的) that their influence lives on long after their death. This is true of the Chinese philosopher Confucius, 1.________ he may be one of the most quoted (引用) people in history.
Confucius 2.________ (think) education should be for all people. This made him stand out in ancient China. At that time, it was mostly royal and wealthy 3.________ (family) that educated their children. Confucius believed everyone should be able to learn about the world and improve himself.
In politics, Confucius set his humanist ideas into action. He 4.________ (quick) learned that many people in power weren't ready for his ideas. He wandered through China, 5.________ (look) for other places he could help. Several of his students followed him.
After returning home, Confucius continued teaching. This is also when Confucius did much of his writing. Today, many people learn about Confucius 6.________ reading The Analects. That's where Confucius's version of The Golden Rule shows up, 7.________ says, “Do not do to others what you do not want done to yourself.”
Confucius wrote parts of The Analects. Other parts 8.________ (write) by his students after his death. It was also after his death 9.________ Confucius's ideas became known as Confucianism. Confucianism is more like a way to look at the world. It pushes people 10.________ (have) self-discipline and a love for humanity. Today, Confucianism influences many people across the world. It is most common in Asian cultures.





















第二讲　名、形、副　三管齐下　巧化词性转换
词形转换是高考语法填空的一个重点。在解答语法填空中词形转换的相关题目时，一要根据空处在句中所作的成分确定词性：名词在句中常作主语、宾语、表语或定语等，动词作谓语与非谓语，形容词作表语、定语，副词作状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子；二要根据标志词及语境确定比较级；三要根据名词前的数词、量词、冠词等修饰语以及主谓一致原则来确定名词的单复数。

如何判断是否考查词形转换


•第一步：确定是否考查词形转换：
提示词为动词， 如果既不是谓语动词， 也不是非谓语动词， 则考虑动词词性转换。
•第二步：确定转换为名词或形容词：
根据句式结构以及空格所缺成分进一步分析，如果作动词或介词的宾语、作主语， 动词常转换为名词； 如果作表语或者定语，动词常转换为形容词。

典例印证
[典例]　[2021·全国卷乙]It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become educated about the areas — both in terms of geographical conditions and cultural characteristics, and often provides money for conservation and benefits the ________ (develop) of the local areas.
分析：第一步：确定是否考查词性转换
提示词为动词，句子有谓语动词allows及并列谓语provides可知，空格处既不是谓语动词， 也不是非谓语动词， 则考虑动词词性转换。
第二步：确定转换为名词或形容词
根据分析句子成分，空格在冠词the之后， 应填名词。
自主解答：________



技法1　明确提示词为动词的2种词性转换
提示词为动词， 如果既不是谓语动词， 也不是非谓语动词， 则考虑动词词性转换， 讲动词转换为名词或形容词， 根据句式结构以及空格所缺成分进一步分析。
典例导引
1.[2021·潍坊市高考模拟]They use kite photography, geophysical surveys and seismometers (地震仪) to make learning ________ (excite).
2．[2021·陕西省模拟一]Antonio Morgan says that Robinson drove past him fast and just moments later he heard a ________ (frighten) crash.
3．[2021·福建省莆田市高三5月模拟]Chinese weddings are as much about the happy couple as they are about their respective families. The weddings are ________ (impress) affairs that focus on blessings of happiness.
4．[2021·南昌市二模]It was considered safe and ________ (use) eight months later.
5．[2021·襄阳五中高三5月冲刺]Come to Zhangjiajie to enjoy its ________ (amaze) natural scenery and breathtaking Avatar Hallelujah Mountain if you are a fan of Avatar movie！
6．[2021·银川市考前适应性训练一]“The new robotic arms cost no more than 1，000 yuan，” said Chen Xiaoping, ________ (direct) of the Robotics Laboratory at USTC, adding that this gives them an advantage for much wider application.
7．[2021·湖南长郡中学二模]Chinese people are proud of their food. However, when foreigners like Britons think of Chinese food, their ________ (impress) of it is different to what you might think.
8．[2021·山东省泰安市模拟]In the eyes of the Yi people, fire is the symbol of light, which is believed to have the ability to drive away insects and pests and protect the ________ (grow) of crops.
9．[2021·南昌二中、河南省实验中学5月联考]This ________ (achieve) marks that China has reached the first great breakthrough on the path to full-scale quantum computing—a quantum computational advantage, also known as “quantum supremacy”．


1.动词转换为形容词：
①-able结尾的形容词
accept→acceptable　　　 可接受的
adapt→adaptable 能适应的
admire→admirable 可钦佩的
adjust→adjustable 可调节的
afford→affordable 负担的起的
②v.＋ed/ing　　　　　 转换为形容词
confuse→confused 感到困惑的
worry→worried 担心的
excite→exciting 令人激动的；令人兴奋的
③v.＋词缀ive转化为形容词
attract→attractive　　　 有吸引力的
impress→impressive 给人印象深刻的
instruct→instructive 有教育意义的
④v.＋词缀-ful/less转换为形容词
cheer→cheerful　　　　 兴高采烈的
doubt→doubtful 怀疑的
forget→forgetful 健忘的
thank→thankful 感激的

2．动词转换为名词
①v.＋-ion/-tion/-ation/-sion转换为名词，表示“状态或行为”
celebrate→celebration n．庆祝
compete→competition n．比赛
pollute→pollution n．污染
educate→ education n．教育
②v.＋-ment转换为名词，表示“行为或结果”
achieve→achievement n．成就
announce→announcement n．宣布
argue→argument n．争论， 论据
develop→development n．发展
③v.＋-er/-or 转换为名词， 表示“人”
perform→performer n．表演者
settle→settler n．移民者
educate→educator n．教育家
direct→director n．导演


技法2　提示词为名词的词形变化
典例导引
1.[2021·新高考全国卷Ⅰ]The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we ________ (human) are.
2．[2021·太原高三押宝题]But the solar term culture is still useful today to guide people's lives through special foods, cultural ________ (ceremony), gardening and even healthy living tips that correspond with each solar term.
3．[2021·厦门外国语学校适应性考试]About a few ________ (month) ago, a photographer went to take pictures in Litang, a remote place in Sichuan Province, and he accidentally shot a video of Dingzhen.
4．[2021·邯郸市三模]Wild ________ (animal) such as black bears and squirrels like to store their pine nuts in different places as they prepare for the winter.
5.[2021·全国乙卷]Provide ________ (finance) aid and other benefits for local peoples.
6．[2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ]In the 18th and 19th centuries, ________ (wealth) people travelled and collected plants, historical objects and works of art.
7．[2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ]Judges will choose up to 50 ________ (honor) mention winners, who will each receive a T-shirt in memory of Earhart's final flight.
8．[2021·安徽师大附中5月卷]But are people right to be worried about the ________ (environment) and health effects of releasing such a large amount of contaminated water？
9.[2018·全国卷Ⅰ]To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to ________ (strength) your leg muscles (肌肉), avoid hills and get good running shoes.
10．[2021·渭南市质量检测]Thanks to a growing network of reserves and community protection actions, pandas are no longer ________ (danger), but the biggest hope for their long-term survival is the Giant Panda National Park which will be open in the coming months.
11.[2021·浙江卷1月]It is calculated by dividing a ________ (person) weight in kg by their height in metres squared, and a BIM of between 19 and 25 is considered healthy.
12．[2021·赣州市高三年级摸底]Meanwhile, universities managed to meet the ________ (student)study and leisure needs.


1.名词的单复数：
若提示词是可数名词单数，分析句子成分后发现词性不需要改变，此时应考虑填名词的复数。若有以下情况考虑名词复数：
①有数词或these, those, several, many, all, both, various, numerous等词修饰时用名词复数形式。
②名词前有one of时用名词复数形式。
③若谓语动词是复数形式，则空处应填名词复数形式。
2.名词转换成形容词
提示词为名词，如果作定语修饰后面的名词，则一般考查名词变形容词。
注意名词变形容词的后缀
①n.＋-able→adj. honor→honorable
②n.＋-al→adj. nature→natural
③n.＋-ful→adj. colour→colourful
④n.＋-en→adj. wood→wooden
⑤n.＋-y→adj. wealth→wealthy
3.名词转换成动词
提示词为名词，如果作谓语或非谓语，则一般考查名词变动词。熟记名词变动词的前缀/后缀
①加前缀en-： courage→encourage vt.鼓励
danger → endanger vt. 危及；使遭到危险
②加后缀-en: strength→strengthen vt.加强
③加后缀-ize: apology →apologize v．道歉
4.填名词的所有格
提示词与其后的名词是所属关系， 应考虑名词的所有格。
①单数名词和不以-s结尾的复数名词通常在词尾加-'s。
②以-s或-es结尾的复数名词，形式为-s'或-es'。

【技法点金】牢记名词变复数的5种变化形式
　(1)一般情况下，在词尾直接加-s: book→books, mouth→mouths, house→houses, girl→girls。
(2)以-s，-x，-ch，-sh结尾的名词，在词尾加-es: glass→glasses, box→boxes, match→matches, brush→brushes。
(3)以辅音字母＋-y结尾的名词，变y为i再加-es: city→cities, country→countries, party→parties, factory→factories。
(4)以-o结尾的名词常在词尾加-s: radio→radios, zoo→zoos, piano→pianos, kilo→kilos, photo→photos；
加-es的有：hero→heroes, Negro→Negroes, tomato→tomatoes, potato→potatoes。
(5)以-f，-fe结尾的名词
①少数直接加-s: roof→roofs, belief→beliefs。
②一般以-f或-fe结尾的名词，要变f或fe为v再加-es: self→selves, life→lives, thief→thieves, wife→wives, knife→knives, leaf→leaves, shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, half→halves。
温馨提示：注意一些不规则变化的名词复数，如child→children，man→men，woman→women，tooth→teeth，foot→feet等。

技法3　提示词为形容词、副词的词形转换3种情况
典例导引
1.[2021·浙江卷1月]But 30 years later, the BMI differences between urban and rural people in many countries had narrowed ________ (sharp).
2．[2021·安庆市二模]In the study, GBS was used to provide a ________ (high) efficient way of demonstrating quantum computational speedup in solving some tasks.
3．[2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ]Historical ________ (accurate) is important but so is entertainment.
4．[2020·全国卷Ⅲ]Filled with ________ (curious), the artist packed his bags and left.
5.[2021·云南省第一次统一检测]“Our task is to organize the Olympic Games and not to cancel the Olympic Games，” he said, adding that the IOC is working day and night to host a safe event. But it's still ________ (clear) how this will happen, with coronavirus cases increasing around the world.
6.[2021·浙江卷1月]This may be due to some disadvantages for people living in the countryside, including ________ (low) levels of income and education, higher costs of healthy foods, and fewer sports facilities.
7．[2020·浙江1月]The first is declining birth rates, which means old generations are large compared to younger generations, and so, on average, the population becomes ________ (old) than before.
8．[2021·贵州省适应性测试]Until he passed away in 1961, Mei had been encouraging the spread of Peking Opera for almost 60 years. This lifelong devotion has made him one of the ________ (great) Peking Opera artists of all time.
9．[2021·厦门市第三次质量检测]The more steps people walked, the ________ (low) their risk of dying was, before leveling off at around 7，500 steps per day.



1.形容词、副词的词性转换
①分析句子结构， 发现提示词是形容词且需要改变词性时， 应考虑用派生的副词或名词。
②若空格处作定语、表语则应考虑填形容词形式。
③若空格处修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，则应考虑填副词形式。
④若空格处在介词后，应考虑名词作宾语。
2.形容词、副词添加词缀变反义词
根据句意和前后逻辑关系， 确定句意表否定时，添加否定前缀(un-，im-，dis-等)或否定后缀(-less)变为反义词。
3.形容词、副词转换为比较级、最高级
(1)利用标志词确定比较等级
①题目中有much, far, still, even, rather, a little, a bit, a lot, a great deal, than等标志性词汇时用比较级。
②设空后有表示范围的标志词in，of，among等时用最高级。
③设空前有one of the，the＋序数词等修饰词时，用最高级。
(2)利用固定句型
“the＋比较级 ...the＋比较级 ...”表示“越……就越……”。
(3)利用隐含信息判断
句中虽没有标志词，但暗含比较级或最高级，也需要用比较级或最高级。

【技法点金】形容词变副词的特殊规则

以e结尾的一般不去e，直接加-ly
immediate→immediately　brave→bravely　entire→entirely
一些以e结尾的形容词去e加-(l)y
true→truly　simple→simply　gentle→gently　possible→possibly
“辅音字母＋y”结尾，改-y为-i，再加-ly
happy→happily　easy→easily
以-ic结尾，加-ally
economic→economically　basic→basically


技法4　提示词为代词的词形转换
典例导引
1.[2021·新高考全国卷Ⅰ]As the song goes, this long and winding road “will never disappear”， and it will always stick in the visitor's memory. It sure does in ________ (I).
2．[2021·蚌埠二中高三模拟]Xinhua's article noted that “Among the four, high-speed rail and online shopping aren't from China, but we bring the inventions to the world's top level with our intelligence and innovation, and make ________ (they) China's calling card.”
3[2020·新高考卷Ⅰ]As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations (模拟) and imagine ________ (they) living at a different time in history or walking through a rainforest.
4．[2020·全国卷Ⅰ]Data about the moon's composition, such as how much ice and other treasures it contains, could help China decide whether ________ (it) plans for a future lunar (月球的) base are practical.
5．[2020·北京卷]She recognized ________ (I) potential and showed me that I could write with creativity and showed me that I could write with creativity and enthusiasm.


根据所指对象或根据所作成分
提示词为代词，当句子缺少主语、定语、宾语或表语时，一般填代词；
确定填代词之后，再看一下设空处所填代词是否与前文提到的人或物有指代关系。
①分析句子结构， 发现提示词作主语，应考虑人称代词主格(I, we, you, he等)形式。
②分析句子结构， 发现提示词作宾语时，应考虑人称代词宾格(me, us, them等)形式。
③分析句子结构， 发现提示词作定语时，应考虑形容词性物主代词(our, my, your; their; his, her; its等)
④分析句子结构， 发现提示词作动词或介词的宾语， 且和主语是同一人时，应考虑反身代词(myself, yourself, itself等)

【技法点金】

　　人称
类别
单数
第一人称
第二人称
第三人称
人称代词
主格
I
you
he/she/it
宾格
me
you
him/her/it
物主代词
形容词性
my
your
his/her/its
名词性
mine
yours
his/hers/its
反身代词
myself
yourself
himself/herself/ itself


　　 人称
类别
单数
第一人称
第二人称
第三人称
人称代词
主格
we
you
they
宾格
us
you
them
物主代词
形容词性
our
your
their
名词性
ours
yours
theirs
反身代词
ourselves
yourselves
themselves


牢记代词的句法功能
1．作主语：人称代词主格(I, we, you, he等)
2．作宾语/表语：人称代词宾格(me, us, him, them, it等)、名词性物主代词(ours, mine, yours, its等)
3．作定语：形容词性物主代词(our, my, your, their等)
4．如果宾语与主语是指同一人，用反身代词(myself, yourself, itself等)
5．填it的情况：作形式主语或形式宾语；指代前面提到的同一个事物或情况。
6．that，those作替代词，用来代替已提到的名词，以避免重复。


Test 1
[2021·兰州市高三诊断]
A Mirror of Chinese culture
What comes to mind when you think of kung fu? If your mind 1.________ (fill) with images of Shaolin monks, Bruce Lee, jaw-dropping stunts or Kung Fu Panda, you wouldn't be wrong. But for Laurence J. Brahm, an American documentary filmmaker, the first thing 2.________ springs to mind is the concept of non-violence.
“Kung fu, in my eyes, is a mirror of Chinese culture，” Brahm said. “The traditional 3.________ (value) of kung fu, actually, are in the minds of all Chinese people.”
“China adopts a policy of not wanting 4.________ (have) conflict with other countries. Why does China want to be in harmony 5.________ other nations? It's part of the psychology of the Chinese people. It's also 6.________ (nation) psychology.”
Brahm also believes that today's world 7.________ (urgent) needs to restart equal exchanges between countries without stereotypes (成见), and that culture and sports, such as kung fu, can serve as 8.________ great channel and platform.
“In the same way, since ping-pong as a cultural and sports exchange 9.________ (open) relations for China with the West in the 1970s, kung fu can become the new cultural diplomacy (外交) of our time, 10.________ (bring) people together in mutual sharing of skills and culture, and furthering respect and understanding.”
Test 2
[2021·烟台市学业水平诊断]The National Center for Health Statistics of the United States found a significant rise in the number of severe obesity (肥胖) cases in very young children aged 2 to 5.
In an effort 1.________ (end) unhealthy food habits and raise awareness about proper nutrition, Roberta Falah, an Ohio entrepreneur (企业家), launched her snack bar company called Cure in June 2016.
2.________ idea came to her when she was teaching at school. “I would watch my students come into the classroom 3.________ (eat) chips, sugars and bad carbs. Anytime I asked them 4.________ they ate so poorly, a very common 5.________ (respond) was ‘Healthy food just doesn't taste good’，” Falah recalls.
With some creative ideas in her mind, Falah started experimenting on a unique recipe 6.________ ingredients (原料) include a mixture of nuts, seeds and honey. Finally, she created some organic healthy bars. Her business 7.________ (take) off soon and now she meets four to six thousand orders a month.
In fact, Falah doesn't just want to change people's health but also to tackle hunger. “We have a mission behind the company: for every bar 8.________ (sell), we will donate a bar to the homeless. We are 9.________ (actual) donating a percentage of our profits towards reducing world hunger. We 10.________ (give) help to over 200 000 people in the US and abroad in the past four years，” Falah said in a TV interview.












第三讲　谓语非谓语　妙法应对　玩转百变动词
动词是历年高考的必考点，对动词有关知识的掌握是考生在语法填空中得高分的关键。动词的形式变化比较多，有谓语形式的变化(如时态、语态和主谓一致及虚拟语气)、非谓语形式的变化(如不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词)及词性转换。
第一节　谓语动词(时态、语态与主谓一致)
如何判断填谓语动词

•第一步：确定是否作谓语
首先，分析句子结构，若句中无谓语动词，或者虽然已有谓语动词，但空处所需词与之是并列关系时，空处就用谓语动词。
•第二步： 若填谓语动词， 就要考虑时态、语态和主谓一致：
①看“时间”定时态(注意语境中暗含的时间状语)；
②看“主语”定语态( 看主语是否为动作的发出者)；
③看人称和数， 确保主谓一致

典例印证
[典例]　[2021·全国卷甲]The Xi'an City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived China's long history. It __41__ (build) originally to protect the city 42.in the Tang Dynasty and has now been completely restored (修复).
分析：第一步：确定填谓语。
分析句子成分可知，空处和“has now been completely restored”作并列谓语。
第二步：考虑时态、语态和主谓一致。
有时间状语“in the Tang dynasty”可知发生在过去，根据主语“it (the Xi'an City Wall)”与动词build之间是被动关系，故用一般过去时的被动语态。
自主解答：________


技法1　提示词为动词时， 确定时态的四根据
典例导引
1.[2021·新高考全国卷Ⅰ]You can't help wondering how hard it ________ (be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place.
解析：考查时态。 句中有时间状语then, 因此这里说的是当初人们把那些石头放在固定的位置上(即做成石头台阶)很难。
自主解答：________
2.[2020·全国卷Ⅲ]When he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary (传奇的) artist, they smiled and ________ (point) down the river.
解析：考查时态。空处与smiled构成并列谓语，故用一般过去时。
自主解答：________
3.[2020·浙江卷7月]This style of farming lasted for quite a long time. Then，with the rise of science，changes began. New methods ________ (mean) that fewer people worked in farming.
解析：考查动词的时态。结合句意可知，New methods与mean是主谓关系，同时结合前两句的时态为一般过去时，故填meant。
自主解答：________
4.[2021·沈阳监测]This was the first time I ________ (experience) sandstorms and I don't ever want to be in one again.
解析：此题考查固定句式 “This was the first time that sb.had done sth.”因此，从句用过去完成时。
自主解答：________


1.慧眼识别标志词
在题干中，yesterday，tomorrow，always，since，in the past few years，so far等都是判定动词时态常用的标志性时间状语，做题时可以通过寻找时间标志词来判定时态。
2.瞻前顾后找并列
表示并列关系的谓语动词往往时态一致，如：and，but，not only ...but also 引导的句子时态相呼应，应该一致。
3.通过“语境暗示”解决时态问题
有些题目在时间状语和其他参照物都不明显的情况下，通过正确理解语境即通过题干中的语境暗示，也是解决时态问题的一条行之有效的方法。
4.通过“常用句式”解决时态问题
掌握常用句式也是解决时态问题的快速且行之有效的方式，因此平时要积累并熟记一些常用句式。


【技法点金】
牢记常见固定句式中的时态
1．was/were doing... when＋一般过去时
2．was/were about to do...when＋一般过去时
3．had (just) done...when＋一般过去时
4．Hardly＋had＋主语＋done...when＋一般过去时
5．No sooner＋had＋主语＋done...when＋一般过去时
6．This/That/It is the＋序数词＋time＋that＋现在完成时
7．This/That/It was the ＋序数词＋time＋that＋过去完成时
8．It is/has been＋时间段＋since＋一般过去时

【过关检测】
1．[2021·西安中学第二次仿真练习]Since the 1980s, with the quickening of urbanization, many traditional houses ________ (disappear).
2．[2021·泰安市第四次模拟]The beautiful scenery and various traditional customs of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture (行政区) ________ (bring) great resources to the local tourism industry in the past decade.
3．[2021·辽宁省“名校交流”联考]That promise may be years away from realization but rapid typing enabled by bioprinting at present ________ (push) medical advances forward at pace.
4．[2020·浙江7月]By about 6000 BC, people ________ (discover) the best crops to grow and animals to raise.
5．[2020·江苏高考改编]There, he not only did well as a student but also ________ (become) an accomplished public speaker.
6．[2021·江西省重点中学盟校第一次联考]As a result, as the number of qubits (量子位) ________ (increase), the computing ability of quantum computers rises too.
7．[2021·梧州一模]I say to him with a cheerful smile，“Go to exercise and you ________ (feel) better.”
8．[2021·济宁模拟]Therefore, it is high time that we ________ (take) effective measures to improve the current situation.



技法2　提示词为动词时，明确逻辑关系定语态
典例导引
1.[2021·全国甲卷]The Xi'an City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived China's long history. It 61.________ (build) originally to protect the city 62.in the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored (修复).
解析：考查时态语态。分析句子结构可知，空处在句中作谓语，与主语it构成动宾关系，故用被动语态；且根据originally可知，此处描述的是过去的情况，故用一般过去时。
自主解答：________
2.The books which were written by Zhou Meisen, a famous writer in Jiangsu, ________ (sell) well.
解析：根据句意可知， sell在此处表示事物所具有的特征， 应用主动形式。
自主解答：________


分析句子结构，发现提示词作谓语， 与主语之间是主动关系时， 应考虑用主动语态，若是被动关系， 则考虑用被动语态。
分析句子结构， 发现提示词作谓语， 且表示的是主语所具有的特征时， 应考虑用主动形式表示被动意义。



【过关检测】
1．[2021·银川市高三考前适应性训练一]Newly-developed robotic arms ____________ (show) on Tuesday in east China's Anhui Province.
2．[2021·安徽师大附中5月模拟]Much of the existing water ____________ (filter) already by a process designed to remove more than 62 radioactive contaminants.
3．[2021·成都市一诊模拟]Born in 712, Du Fu lived through the violent fall of China's brilliant Tang Dynasty. He had the desire to serve his country, but his life ____________ (destroy) by the An Lushan Rebellion of 755.
4．[2020·浙江1月高考]People tend to focus on the first factor. However, greater attention should ____________ (place) on longevity (长寿).
5．[2021·成都七中高三热身]Almost anything could ____________ (paint) on zheshan, but the most popular ones usually featured landscapes.
6．The books which were written by Zhou Meisen, a famous writer in Jiangsu, ________ (sell) out here.


技法3　提示词为动词时， 确定主谓一致的三原则
典例导引
1.[2020·新高考山东卷]Often, only a small part of a museum's collection ________ (be) on display. Most of it is stored away or used for research.
解析：考查一般现在时和主谓一致。根据时间状语Often可知该句应用一般现在时，设空处为谓语动词，主语为“only a small part of a museum's collection”，是单数形式，故此处用is。
自主解答：________
2.[2021·厦门市质量检测]Walking to work, taking part in an online exercise program or meeting with friends for a walk also ________ (work) to easily get more physical activity.
解析：考查一般现在时和主谓一致。此处描述客观事实，应用一般现在时。并列主语用or连接时，主谓一致遵循“就近原则”。“meeting with friends for a walk”为动名词，所以谓语动词应用第三人称单数。
自主解答：________
3.The family as well as their dog ________ (trap) on the roof by the flood yesterday.
解析：分析句子结构可知， trap在句中作谓语， 主语是the family, 在此指的是一家人， 根据意义一致原则， 应用复数形式。
自主解答：________


分析句子结构， 发现提示词作谓语， 要考虑语法一致原则确定谓语动词单复数。牢记：
1．可数名词单数或不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数；可数名词复数作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
2．v.-ing 作主语， 谓语用单数。
1.就近原则：由or; either...or...，neither...nor...，not only...but also...等连接的并列主语，谓语动词常与最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。
2．就远原则：主语后跟有with，together with，as well as，but，except，along with，rather than等引起的短语时，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。
分析句子结构，发现提示词作谓语， 主语是集体名词时， 要考虑主谓一致原则确定其单复数。集体名词看作整体时， 谓语用单数形式， 看作个体时， 谓语用复数形式。


【过关检测】
1．[2021·咸阳市高考模拟]Even though there ________ (be) more opportunities to go out and do fun things in the city, it may take focus away from your studies.
2．[2021·新乡市三模]What you see now ________ (be) just the shadow of a larger ancestral distribution.
3．[2021·山西太原高三押宝题]Grain Buds, (Chinese: 小满), the 8th solar term of a year，________ (mean) that the seeds from the grain are becoming full but are not ripe.
4．[2021·湖北省黄冈市高三调研]Practicing, to sum up, ________ (be) of greatest importance for those who are determined to learn knowledge well.
5．[2021·湖南长郡中学模拟]The traditional Chinese marriage usually ________ (involve) some necessary procedures，such as match-making，engagement，meeting the bride，and three bows.
6．[2021·宁波九校联考]It's said that not getting enough sleep ________ (lead) to poor judgment，lack of creativity，and even depression.



Test 1
[2021·昆明市高三“三诊一模”]The idea of inviting the public to take part in scientific studies is known as “citizen science”. Anyone 1.________ helps scientists do the job is called a “citizen scientist”. What can you get if you become a citizen scientist?
A sense of purpose! Citizen science projects can help you make good use of 2.________ (you) time.
Fun times! You never know what might 3.________ (find).
More education! Learn about some 4.________ (attract) things while doing scientific jobs.
When you're having fun in the park and see a bird, why not take a picture of it? With a simple click, you could be helping scientists! Shanghai Natural History Museum has 5.________ app. People can upload sounds, 6.________ (photo) and locations of animals if they see them around their city. Scientists can use these data 7.________ (study) city animals and better protect them.
In fact, people just like you can help out with many scientific studies. For example, scientists always spend many years 8.________ (discover) every kind of ladybug (瓢虫) in the world. But if we share our own pictures of ladybugs with scientists, they can find them much 9.________ (fast). As one old saying goes, “Many hands make light work.”
Of course, there is more to study than just animals. There are many other fun projects, such 10.________ watching stars and clouds, counting penguins and even listening to laughs. You'll find that science is fun and is for everyone!
Test 2
[2021·贵阳市学期监测]“A wonderful experience. The staff at the hotel made everything easy and comfortable. We only had a long weekend, and wish it had been 1.________ (long). I'm already wondering 2.________ I can visit again，” Karen B, a tourist from Australia, describes her stay at Tea Cozy on TripAdvisor. The “hotel” she is referring to is 3.________ (actual) a homestay (家庭寄宿) in Yangshuo, which now 4.________ (have) around 1，000 homestays.
As one of China's early tourist destinations to open up to the world in the early 1980s, Yangshuo got 5.________ (it) first homestay in the mid-1980s. It has now grown into an industry. Wu Jianyuan, a 30-year-old from Jiwodu village in Yangshuo returned 6.________ her hometown to work as a front desk manager at a homestay after 7.________ (gain) experience of working in hotels in Guangdong and Jiangsu 8.________ (province). “The payment is better here. Life and work are stable, and Yangshuo is not only 9.________ beautiful place, but my home too，” she says. Wu is one of the many workers from Yangshuo who returned to work in her hometown.
The tourism industry is recovering quickly as the COVID-19 has largely 10.________ (control) in China. The booking rate at homestays in Yangshuo, particularly the high-end ones, has almost returned to the pre-pandemic level.




















第二节　非谓语动词
非谓语动词是高中英语语法中的重要部分，是语法填空的必考项目。非谓语动词包括动词不定式、分词(现在分词、过去分词)、动名词，在句子中可以作除谓语以外的其他成分。非谓语动词常考点主要为：动词不定式的功能、现在分词和过去分词的用法区别及非谓语动词的时态、语态、省略等。该项内容考查考生在具体语言环境中理解句子结构、分析句子成分的能力。
如何判断非谓语动词

•第一步：确定是否作非谓语
首先，分析句子结构，所给提示词是动词时， 若句中已有谓语动词， 又不是作并列谓语动词时，则要考虑填非谓语动词。
•第二步：确定作何种非谓语形式
根据所作句子成分， 考虑非谓语动词的形式：
①提示词与逻辑主语表主动关系时常用v.-ing形式；
②提示词与逻辑主语是被动关系时常用v.-ed形式；
③提示词在句中作目的状语和意料之外的结果常用动词不定式。

典例印证
[典例1]　[2021·全国甲卷]It is possible ________ (walk) or bike the entire 14 kilometers.
分析：第一步：确定是否作非谓语
提示词是动词时，句中已有系动词is, 又不是作并列谓语动词时，则要考虑填非谓语动词。
第二步：确定作何种非谓语形式
根据分析句子成分，空格处为动词不定式作主语， it作形式主语。
自主解答：________
[典例2]　[2020·浙江7月卷]Later，they learned to work with the seasons，planting at the right time and，in dry areas, ________ (make) use of annual floods to irrigate (灌溉) their fields.
分析：第一步：确定是否作非谓语
提示词是动词， 句中已经有谓语动词learned，故此处需用非谓语动词。
第二步：确定作何种非谓语形式
根据分析句子成分， make use of和逻辑主语they之间表示“主动”关系。所以此处用现在分词形式(doing)作状语。
自主解答：________



技法1　非谓语动词作主语和表语——成分分析法
典例导引
1.[2021·新乡市三模]________ (map) the distribution of cave species could act as additional evidence for researchers investigating past climate conditions.
2．[2021·江西省红色七校第二次联考]________ (track) down more than 1 billion Chinese citizens is by no means easy.
3．[2019·全国卷Ⅲ]On our way to the house, it was raining so hard that we couldn't help wondering how long it would take ________ (get) there.
4.[2018·全国卷Ⅲ]I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid 64.looking directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel ________ (challenge).
5[2021·辽宁省“名校交流”3月联考]Bioprinting may be a relatively new field but the results so far are ________ (encourage).


1.如何判断非谓语动词作主语
①句中缺少主语，找到句子的谓语部分，确定应用动词-ing形式还是不定式作主语。
②掌握用动词-ing形式/不定式作主语的句型：
It is/was＋形容词(for/of sb.)＋to do sth.
It is no use/good doing sth.
It's fun doing sth.
It takes sb. some time to do sth.
It's worthwhile to do/doing sth.
2.如何判断非谓语动词作表语
非谓语动词中能作表语的有现在分词、过去分词、动名词和不定式。
(1)表示“令人……的”，要用v.-ing形式；
(2)表示 “感到……的”， 要用v.-ed形式。


技法2　非谓语动词作宾语——句型公式法
典例导引
1.[2021·襄阳五中高三5月冲刺]One of the fastest and most effortless approaches to ________ (experience) the area is by riding up the world's tallest outdoor elevator.
2．[2021·全国卷甲]After ________ (spend) some time looking at all the defensive equipment at the wall, we decided it was time for some action and what better than to ride on a piece of history！
3.[2021·武汉市4月质量检测]We paced around to avoid ________ (get) frostbite (冻伤) as the temperature stayed close to －30 ℃ and our drill batteries became too cold to work.
4．[2021·江西六校联考]The guide dog being denied ________ (board) is just the tip of the iceberg, compared to the various difficulties faced by the country's visually impaired population every day when they leave their home.
5.[2021·全国乙卷]Activities there range from whale watching to hiking (远足) and accommodations aim ________ (have) a low impact on the natural environment.
6．[2021·广东省二模]At one point, someone offered ________ (trade) me an alcoholic beverage (饮料) and a golden feathered headdress for my camera.
7．[2019·浙江6月高考]One study in America found that students' grades improved a little after the school introduced uniforms. But some students didn't want ________ (wear) the uniform.
8.[2021·陕西省模拟一]The smoke and the fire and all that stuff started coming. It started burning my eyes and ________ (hurt) my throat, but I was still trying to get him out.
9．[2018·浙江6月高考]I still remember ________ (visit) a friend who'd lived here for five years and I was shocked when I learnt she hadn't cooked once in all that time.
10．[2021·攀枝花市第二次统考]Most people, at one time or another, have been on the receiving end of a random act of kindness — that moment when a complete stranger stops ________ (offer) aid, generosity or sympathy.


1.作介词的宾语用动名词
①介词和带介词to的固定搭配后一定跟动词-ing形式作宾语，
②介词but/except后接不定式作宾语，且前面有实义动词do时，不定式就要省略to。
2.只能跟动名词作宾语的动词和短语
喜欢考虑不避免(enjoy, consider, escape, avoid)
不禁放弃太冒险(cannot help, give up, risk)
感激承认很值得(appreciate, admit, be worth)
介意想象莫推延(mind, imagine, delay, put off)
允许完成是期望(allow, permit, finish, look forward to)
建议继续勤操练(suggest, go on, practise)
致力原谅要坚持(be devoted to, excuse, insist on)
继续成功不错过(keep on, succeed in, miss)
3.只能跟不定式作宾语的动词
三个希望两答应(hope, wish, expect, agree, promise)
两个要求莫拒绝(demand, ask, refuse)
设法学会做决定(manage, learn, decide/determine)
不要假装在选择(pretend, choose/select)
计划提出俩打算(plan, offer, intend, mean)
申请失败负担起(apply, fail, afford)
准备愿望又碰巧(prepare, desire, happen)
4.既可跟动名词作宾语，又可跟不定式作宾语但表达含义不同的动词和短语
remember，forget, regret, stop, go on, need, start, begin, try, mean 等。注意它们含义的不同之处。
remember
mean



技法3　非谓语动词作定语——关系分析法
典例导引
1.[2021·新高考全国卷Ⅰ]Though it is the only unnatural thing on your way up the mountain, still it highlights the whole adventure and offers a place where you can sit down to rest your ________ (ache) legs.
2．[2021·山东省日照市5月校际联考]It's a very ________ (worry) picture of risk and urgent need for action.
3.[2021·银川一中、昆明一中联考]A small bowl ________ (buy) for $35 at a home in Connecticut turned out to be a rare piece of ancient Chinese art.
4．[2021·泰安市高考全真模拟]A video ________ (post)online shows three tourists，two women and a man，are scrawling on the wall of Badaling section of the Great Wall at around 1 pm.
5.[2021·南昌市二模]COVID-19 has the potential ________ (wipe) out different kinds of apes if humans don't take steps to prevent its spread.
6．[2021·山东潍坊二模]Freud was one of the first scientists ________ (make) serious research of the mind. The mind is the collection of activities ________ (base) in the brain that involve how we act, think, feel and reason.
7．[2021·河南省高考适应性练习]As darkness falls, the best place ________ (witness) the city is on the wall, where one can't help but imagine the distant past.


1.现在分词作定语
①现在分词作定语表示主动、正在进行；
②若表示被动且正在发生的动作用being done 结构；
③表示心理状态的动词-ing形式的形容词，意为“令人……的”。
2.过去分词作定语
① 过去分词作定语表示被动、完成；
②动词-ed形式的形容词，意为“(人)感到……的”，也可修饰体现内心感受的look，expression，tears，smile，voice等名词。
3.不定式作定语
①看到由序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词(代词)常用不定式作定语；
②看到由the only，the last，the next等修饰的名词(代词)常用不定式作定语；
③看到被修饰的名词(代词)是ability，attempt，chance, desire，eagerness，potential，reason，right，something，anything，time，way，wish等词时，常用不定式作定语。



技法4　非谓语动词作状语——理清逻辑关系
典例导引
1.[2021·云南师范大学附中适应性考试]Music has no obvious adaptive function, ________ (make) scientists who study music wonder what forces originally gave rise to it.
2．[2021·蚌埠二中高三模拟]Last week, government-run Xinhua News Agency said the country deserved credit for the discoveries, ________ (compare) them to the innovations of ancient China: compass, gunpowder, paper, and printing.
3.[2021·江西省重点中学盟校第一次联考]________ (compare) with today's best supercomputers, Jiuzhang can calculate 100，000 billion times faster.
4．[2021·山东高考模拟卷]________ (follow) by a wedding photographer, the couple made a surprise visit to the hospital before heading to the reception.
5.[2021·江西省九校高三下学期联考]Due to the outbreak of the novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP), people all over the world are wearing masks ________ (reduce) the risk of infection.
6．He got up early and hurried to the bus station, only ________ (find) the early train had gone.
7．[2019·全国卷Ⅰ]Modern methods of tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive ________ (perform) consistently over a large area.
8．[2021·福州一中第四次适应性考试]The young of these birds, at maturity, will likely return to the same habitat ________ (begin) the process of nesting and raising their young.


1.现在分词作状语
分析句子成分，句子的主语是分词动作的发出者，常用现在分词形式(doing)：
①作时间、原因、条件、方式， 且与逻辑主语之间是主动关系， 应用现在分词；
②自然而然的结果用现在分词。
2.过去分词作状语
作时间、原因、条件等状语， 且表示被动时， 应用过去分词作状语。
3.不定式作状语
①动词不定式可以用作目的状语；
②only to do sth.为不定式作结果状语，表示出乎意料的结果；
③形容词或过去分词作表语时，后接不定式作状语。常见词有：happy, lucky, anxious, proud, disappointed, surprised, delighted, foolish, pleased, fortunate等；
④牢记“主语＋系动词＋表语(形容词)＋to do”句式，不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。



技法5　非谓语动词作宾补——牢记固定搭配
典例导引
1.[2020·浙江1月高考]Something significant is happening to the world population — it is aging. The median (中位数的) age of an American in 1950 was 30 — today it is 41 and is expected ________ (increase) to 42 by 2050.
2．[2021·海南中学高三第五次模拟]What the scientists did on Chang'e-5 paid off at last, which inspires more and more Chinese people ________ (devote) themselves to further space research.
3.[2018·天津高考改编]I need a new passport so I will have to have my photograph ________ (take).
4．[2021·新高考卷Ⅰ]Strange, isn't it? But that's how nature is—always leaving us ________ (astonish).
5.[2020·全国卷Ⅱ]They make great gifts and you see them many times ________ (decorate) with red envelopes and messages of good fortune.
6．[2020·全国卷Ⅲ]Instead, one activist, dressed in a full-body monkey suit, had arrived with a sign ________ (praise) the filmmakers.


1.不定式作宾语补足语
常用不定式作宾语补足语的动词有tell, order, allow, permit, enable, persuade, force, warn, encourage, inspire, expect, advise, remind, teach等。
2.have, leave的固定用法
①have sb./sth. doing sth.“让某人/某物一直做某事”
②have sth. done“让某事被做”
③have sb. do sth. 让某人做某事
3.分词作宾语补足语
①现在分词作宾语补足语表示主动、进行；
②过去分词作宾语补足语表示被动、完成；
常用过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有have, make, get, find, see, notice, watch, hear, feel, want, like等。


Test 1
[2021·长春市高三质量监测三]Yungang Grottoes (云冈石窟) in Datong, Shanxi province, are a world cultural heritage site that 1.________ (date) back to more than 1，500 years ago. In Yungang's 45 big grottoes and more than 200 small grottoes, there are about 59，000 figures of the Buddha, 2.________ are a priceless treasure of human culture.
3．________ because of the effects of climate change and 4.________ (nature) disasters, the grottoes face damage year by year. Thanks to 5.________ (advance) digital technology, researchers are busy “duplicating” (复制) the Yungang Grottoes in an attempt to preserve the precious cultural relics. Employing 3D laser scanning technology, the researchers 6.________ (digital) record the shapes, colors and other fine details of the grottoes and later reproduce them using 3D printing technology.
The new technology could enable more people 7.________ (access) the cultural relics despite the distance. 8.________ June, 2020, the researchers successfully “copied and pasted” cave No. 12 of the Yungang Grottoes for an 9.________ (exhibit) in Hangzhou.
The Yungang researchers' attempt is a good example of technology helping to preserve cultural relics. It 10.________ (hope) that the new digitalized technologies will facilitate (促进) the “rebirth” of the cultural legacy, and bring them to more places worldwide.
Test 2
[2021·甘肃省第二次高考诊断]The world's cities are getting more and more crowded. Cities such as Tokyo and Shanghai 1.________ (consider) “megacities (大城市)”， because of their big size and huge population. There are two main reasons why cities are becoming so crowded.
First, the primary cause of cities 2.________ (become) so crowded is economy-related. As a country develops, 3.________ (it) cities become the engines of development. Jobs are available in these areas. For example, Tokyo was the motor for Japan's economic boom in 4.________ 1960s and 1970s; as a result, its population increased rapidly. People 5.________ (move) to Tokyo because they could find employment there.
Second, another contributing factor is sociocultural. Thousands of people move to the cities not only for jobs but also for 6.________ (education) and personal reasons. The better universities in big cities attract thousands of students every year, and most of them choose 7.________ (work) in the cities after graduation. Moreover, young people will move to the cities as rural areas are underdeveloped. In their opinions, it is a barrier to their personal freedom.
In 8.________ (conclude), economic and sociocultural 9.________ (factor) are the major causes of huge urban population. People will always move to the areas 10.________ provide opportunities and freedom.