热点练04阅读理解之词义猜测题（热点话题）-2022年高考英语【热点·重点·难点】专练（新高考专用）

猜测词义题是英语高考阅读理解的重要题型，也是难点题型。在阅读英语材料这类真实语言活动的过程中，遇到生词本属正常，但是我们并不是每次遇到生词就一定要查字典。正确理解。掌握所读材料中单词或短语的含义是理解全文意思的基础，在阅读中根据选材，背景和上下文提示等线索推测出生词词义也是真实语言活动中的一项重要技巧。因为文章中的任何单词和句子在内容上都不是孤立的，都与其所在的句子、段落及整篇文章有关。因此，应该利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行符合逻辑的分析，并依此来猜测词义或者句意。

猜测词义题，要求考生不但要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。此类题型有逐渐增加的趋势，尤其是猜测词组、句意题。因为猜测词组、句意题涉及题材背景、句子结构、文章主旨、作者的观点态度等。联系主旨、整合上下文信息是解答这类题的关键。近几年阅读理解的生词率略有上升，加大了猜测难度。命题者着重考查考生利用同义或反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇文脉等理解生词的能力。

常见的设问方式有：

What do you think the expression“...”stand for?

What does the underlined word “...” refer to/mean?

The underlined word “...”can be replaced by_______.

Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined?

What does the underlined word "it/them" in Paragraph...refer to?

Which of the following words can take the place of the underlined word "..."

“...”as used in the passage can best be defined as......

考向1：通过构词法来猜词

利用熟词的新词性猜测词义，前缀只改变词义，后缀只改变词性。根据前缀、后缀，合成及词性转换猜测词义。高考英语阅读理解中的猜测词义题主要集中在派生和合成两种形式上，对猜测的词义可带入句子进行验证，看是否符合语境，从而推测出答案。

例1.Most people who come into contact with the Salmonella bacteria will experience diarrhea (腹泻), fever, and stomach cramp. Children are particularly affected—one in three sick people are below the age of five, which is intelligible given their weaker immune systems and natural love for the birds.

1.What does the underlined word “intelligible” probably mean in paragraph 4?

A．Understandable. B．Irresistible. C．Unavoidable. D．Controversial.

考向2：通过定义来猜词，简称“定义法”

本技巧特别是新闻报道及科普类说明文中，生词后面往往用that is, mean, stand for, namely, refer to, in other words等或破折号、冒号引出说明性的内容,有时也用同位语从句、定语从句进行解释说明。

例2：Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over a quarter （29%） rely only on their smartphones according to a survey （调查）. Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that it’s not really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. I think my home falls into that category.

2. What does the underlined word “concede” in paragraph 3 mean?

A. Admit. B. Argue.

C. Remember. D. Remark.

考向3：通过同位关系来猜词，简称“同义法”

构成同位关系的两部分之间通常用连接词连接，有时也使用逗号、破折号、冒号、分号、括号或同位语。常用的信息词或表达有：or, similarly, also, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say等。

例3：Over 5,000 years’ worth of samples, no species loss was detected. These findings suggest that contrary to common belief, the Amazon is not untouched by humans, but rather has been protected by them for thousands of years. The management of the rainforest by native peoples appears to have been vital in preserving its biodiversity and will continue to be important in the fight to prevent it from a collapse.

3.What does the underlined word “collapse” mean in Paragraph 4?

A．Sudden decrease. B．Bad management.

C．Poor preservation. D．Over development.

考向4：通过转折或对比来猜词，简称“反义法”

利用反义词推测生词的意义。如果一个句子或段落中有对两个事物或现象进行对比的描述，可以根据画线词的反义词猜测其词义。表示转折关系的词主要有but, however, otherwise, though等；表示对比关系的标志性词语有 while, in contrast, unlike, on the other hand等。

例4：Growing up in a small town in Wisconsin, he was told that he was “too small and not big enough” to ever play professional football. “There’s no way”, they said. Instead of letting the remarks of others diminish him, he used them to inspire himself.:

4.What does the underlined word “diminish” in Paragraph 4 mean?

A．Abuse. B．Discourage. C．Praise. D．Boycott.

考向:5：通过因果关系来猜词

在句子段落中，若两个事物，两个现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这样逻辑关系推知生词词义，即由果推因。表示因果关系的词有 because, since, so that, so/ such...that…, therefore等。

例5：However, the Metropolitan Police officer, who was dressed in a gorilla (大猩猩) suit, had a good reason for his slowness. He had completed the 26.2 miles on all fours to raise funds to help gorilla conservation efforts in Africa. The 41-year-old who spent an average 8—10 hours on his hands and knees, covered about 4.5miles each day before crashing at his friend's house for the night. To prevent his knees from blistering (起泡), he swapped between hands and knees into loping (大步跑) along on hands and feet and took breaks every 100 to 200 meters. But the arduous crawl was well worth it.

5．What does the underlined word “arduous” mean in paragraph 2?

A．Difficult. B．Funny.

C．Harmful. D．Attractive.

考向6：通过代词来猜词

代词所指代的内容多在这一句的前、后句中(特别是前句)，或者前几个句子中。找到指代的内容后，把它放在代词的位置上，看一看这句话是否合理，与前后的内容是否一致，然后再判断它是否为正确答案。

例6：“I thought the medical field wasn't for me. Then, my mom got sick and I had all the experience going in and out of the hospital, ” Edina told Good Morning America. “When my mom passed away, I thought, ‘I want to do this.’”she said.

6.What does the underlined word “this” in paragraph 3 refer to?

A．Leaving the hospital B．Working as a nurse

C．Facing death positively D．Caring for Edina's mother

“What's happening is a big concern.” said Tim Key from the University of Oxford. “On a broad level you can say it is bad for the environment.”

What does the underlined word "it" in Paragraph 3 refer to?

A．Eating huge amounts of meat.

B．Increasing carbon emissions in the air.

C．Reducing diversity of plants.

D．Risking developing cancer.

考向7：通过上下文语境来猜词，尤其注意上下句的过渡连词

通读上下文，根据上下文的语句就近原则猜词词义。

 He documented his journey as he set about treating nature as a brand to be marketed to young people. The result was Project Wild Thing, a film which charts the birth of the World Network, a group of organisations with the common goal of getting children out into nature.

 7.Which of the following can replace the underlined word “charts” in paragraph 2?

A. records B. predicts C. delays D. confirms

解题技巧：就近原则

1. 通过构词法猜生词
2. 代词指代通过上下文单复数猜词
3. 通过并列连词猜近反义词

说明文科技环保类：保护动物，太空探索，宇宙探测，基因技术，新冠防控

议论文社会现象类：面部识别技术是否广泛应用，摆脱拖延症的方法

记叙文：正能量故事

第一组 （2021·新高考I卷·C篇）

When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans have taken care of these precious natural resourses wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl（水禽）were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat（栖息地）.

In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory（迁徙的）waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. "Ding" Darling, a political cartoonist from Des Moines, lowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.

About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System—a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.

1.What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America?

A.Loss of wetlands.            B.Popularity of water sports.

C.Pollution of rivers.             D.Arrival of other wild animals.

2.What does the underlined word "decimate" mean in the first paragraph?

A.Acquire.        B.Export.    C.Destroy.   D.Distribute.

3.What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934?

A.The stamp price has gone down.

B.The migratory birds have flown away.

C.The hunters have stopped hunting.

D.The government has collected money.

4.Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?

A.The Federal Duck Stamp Story

B.The National Wildlife Refuge System

C.The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl

D.The History of Migratory Bird Hunting

第二组

In the past few decades, great progress has been made in the field of space exploration, which has enabled mankind to have a deeper understanding of the Solar System, our place in it and in the universe. “We sent probes(探测器) to every planet in the Solar System. This is by far the best one,” said Clayton, vice president of Blue Origin. “Let's focus right now on protecting the Earth environment, and then we'll go from there. Space science and technology should be people-centric and application-centric, and focus on improving human life. We need to have a strong footing on the Earth, learn to solve the day-to-day problems of the society.”

“Space technology can help achieve the 17 sustainable development goals to be achieved by 2030 set by the United Nations. Satellite monitoring can really help with agriculture. ” said Victoria, CEO of a company working on sustainable development, “Through Global Navigation Satellite System, animals' movement information recorded on self-recharging devices can be transmitted to the company server. Farmers can be alerted in real time if anomalies(异常现象）are detected. We can use it to ensure the traceability of the entire meat chain. As a result, it enables consumers to know that the beef they are eating does not come from protected areas or the cattle don't contribute to deforestation. ”

As early as 2007, Michael Griffin, former Administrator of NASA, put forward the concept of the “space economy” in a speech. He is very optimistic about the market prospect of commercial space and said, “According to the latest data, the global space industry could reach $1 trillion in 2040, up from $ 378 billion currently. I believe more business models and space activities will be created in the future to achieve the economic scale of $1 trillion. ”

As an entrepreneur(创业者）herself, Victoria thinks the thriving space market will bring countless opportunities for entrepreneurs. She mentioned future settlements on Mars or on the Moon. “If we are going to develop a new society outside the Earth, we will need all types of applications and all types of startups. But coming back to the Earth, there are so many problems that need to be solved, and space technology can really help with that.”

1. What does the underlined word “This” in Paragraph 1 refer to ?

A. A successful space exploration.

B. A probe sent to other planets.

C. The planet people are living on now.

D. The solar system people are exploring.

2. In Clayton's opinion, what should be the first concern about space technology?

A. Providing more financial support.

B. Improving people's life on earth.

C. Sending more probes in the universe.

D. The development of related technology.

3. How does Victoria support her statement about satellite monitoring in Paragraph 2?

A. By making reasoning.

B. By providing accurate figures.

C. By making comparison.

D. By illustrating from different aspects.

4. What does the text mainly talk about?

A. Necessities of space exploration.

B. Breakthroughs in space exploration.

C. Possible application of space technology

D. Controversial issues about space technology.

                                      第三组

 Among all the fast-growing science and technology, the research of human genes, or biological engineering as people call it, is drawing more and more attention now. Sometimes it is a hot topic discussed by people.

The greatest thing that gene technology can do is to cure serious diseases that doctors at present can almost do nothing with, such as cancer and heart disease. Every year, millions of people are murdered by these two killers. And to date, doctors have not found an effective way to cure them. But if gene technology is applied, not only these two diseases can be cured completely, but also the great amount of money people spend on curing their diseases can be saved, so it benefits the economy as well. In addition, human life-span can be prolonged.

Gene technology can help people to give birth to more healthy and clever children. Some families, with the British royal family being a good example, have hereditary diseases. This means their children will for sure have the family disease, which is a great trouble for these families. In the past, doctors could do nothing about hereditary diseases. But gene technology can solve this problem perfectly. Scientists just need to find the wrong gene and correct it, and a healthy child will be born.

Some people are worrying that the gene research can be used to manufacture human beings in large quantities. In the past few years, scientists have succeeded in cloning a sheep, so these people predict that human babies would soon be cloned. But I believe cloned babies will not come out in large quantities, for most couples in the world can have babies in the normal way. Of course, the government must take care to control gene technology.

11．What does the underlined word "them" in the second paragraph refer to?

A．People with cancer or heart disease. B．Millions of people with serious diseases.

C．Some diseases doctors can do nothing with. D．The two illnesses of cancer and heart disease.

12．What can gene technology do according to Paragraph 3?

A．It can help the British royal family out. B．It can be used to clone human babies.

C．It can help people to give birth to a baby. D．It can cure hereditary diseases.

13．What are people worried about according to the passage?

A．Human babies may be cloned in large quantities. B．Healthy human babies will soon be cloned.

C．Scientists may find the wrong genes. D．The government may not control gene technology.

14．Which of the following might be the best title for the passage ______.

A．Gene Technology Will Benefit People B．Gene Technology Will Do Harm As Well

C．Gene Technology Is A Hot Topic D．Gene Technology Is Growing Fast

                                    第四组

Do stars only appear at night? The answer is no. Venus (金星) is the only star that can be seen in daytime. It shone at its brightest in the night sky on Feb 17 this year.

Venus is the second planet from the sun. It is the second brightest natural object, behind the earth’s moon, in the night sky. Why is it so bright?

First of all, Venus is the closest planet to the earth. It is also covered by highly reflective (反射的) clouds, which can reflect about 70 percent of the sunlight striking (照射) it, almost twice as much as the earth does. Some people call 2017 the year of Venus, because the planet is at its brightest twice this year. Venus gets brighter when it goes further away from the sun, and nearer to the earth. The brightest moment happened once in February, and will happen again, during daylight, on April 30.

If Venus is so bright and close to us, isn’t it a better choice for human exploration (探索) than Mars? It is closer to the earth than Mars and it’s closer to the earth in size. The closer distance to the sun means solar power (太阳能) would be easier to generate as well.

However, with a temperature of about 465℃ on the surface, Venus is the hottest planet in our solar system!

But scientists never give up. Recently, a team of NASA and Russian scientists created new computer equipment that can stand temperatures of 480℃. It can work under Venus-like conditions (环境) for almost 22 days.

The next step, according to the scientists, is to send a probe (探测器) to Venus by 2025.

1．Which of the following about Venus is NOT true?

A．It’s the only star that can be seen in daylight. B．It’s the second planet from the sun.

C．It’s the brightest natural object in the night sky. D．It’s the closest planet to the earth.

2．The underlined word “generate” is similar in meaning to the word “________”.

A．heat B．produce C．spread D．form

3．What makes Venus a worse place for human exploration than Mars?

A．The closer distance to the earth. B．The similar size to the earth.

C．Too much solar power to use. D．The extremely high temperature.

4．According to the last two paragraphs, the new computer equipment ________.

a. was created by some UK scientists   b. can stand temperatures of 480℃

c. can work for about 22 days on Venus   d. will be sent to Venus by 2025

A．ab B．bc C．cd D．Ad

                                       第五组                           

If you’ve ever seen an alpaca (羊驼), you might just think they’re fuzzy and cute. Now, it looks like these animals might be able to help scientists find a vaccine (疫苗) for COVID-19.

Australian scientists are studying alpacas. These animals have a unique immune response (免疫反应). Scientists used to use them to do research on viruses (病毒) like HIV. Now they have found that when alpacas are infected (感染) with COVID-19, their bodies react in a special way.

“Alpacas and animals like them (such as camels) actually create two different types of antibodies (抗体). One is similar to the type we (humans) make, but they also create these things called nanobodies (纳米抗体),” said Michael James, a researcher who took part in the study.

The alpacas produced these nanobodies after researchers put a COVID-19 viral spike protein (棘突蛋白) into their bodies. It is this protein that allows COVID-19 to infect our cells (细胞). The nanobodies, however, stop infection from happening by blocking (阻隔) the protein.

You can think of our cells as “locks”— and the viral spike protein as a “key”. James said the nanobodies plug up the “lock” so that the “key” cannot get in.

Although the results look good so far, it will take some time to produce a vaccine based on the findings. The nanobodies require far more research to make sure they are both effective and safe. Since the nanobodies are new, they must be tested very strictly in a laboratory before they can be tried on humans, according to James.

10．Why are scientists studying alpacas?

A．To help with research on HIV. B．To develop a vaccine for COVID-19.

C．To invent effective medicines for HIV. D．To test new medicines for COVID-19.

11．What is the role of nanobodies?

A．Protecting cells from infection. B．Producing viral spike proteins.

C．Infecting body cells. D．Killing viruses.

12．What are Paragraphs 3-4 about?

A．How animals create antibodies. B．How alpacas’ bodies react to viruses.

C．How alpacas get infected with COVID-19. D．How animals protect themselves from danger.

13．What does the phrase “plug up” mean?

A．add B．connect C．fill D．start

14．What do we know from the story?

A．The research on nanobodies uses a special method.

B．The research on nanobodies hasn’t gone well.

C．The nanobodies have been tried on humans.

D．The nanobodies will continue to be tested.

  第六组

 Let’s face it.You’re likely reading this article in an effort to avoid some other tasks you’re procrastinating (拖延) to learn how to stop procrastination, but the clock is ticking. So why can’t you seem to get rid of that?

Though the psychological causes are still debated, there’s a human tendency to over or underestimate the value of a reward based on its temporal proximity (时间接近). This is often referred to as temporal discounting. For example, if I offered you$100 today or 110 in a month, most would take the hundred and run. But what if instead I offered you 100 dollars in a year or 110 in a year and one month, you might say to yourself if I can wait a year I can wait the extra month.

But the time and value difference are the exact same in each example. It turns out that human motivation is highly influenced by how near the reward is meaning the further away the reward is the more you discount its value. So being online is more appealing than preparing for your test. The problem is surfing the Internet provides many small quick and continuous rewards unlike your test scores which are a future one.

So how do you overcome the urge to put off so many tasks?

Unfortunately there is no definite answer, but try rewarding yourself with a timely snack or other enjoyable activities. The Pomodoro Technique makes use of a timer to work for 25 minutes straight and when you’ve done this give yourself the reward with a 5-minute break. Then start the working clock again, Gradually increasing the amount of work time you put in will improve your time management skills.

It’s been shown that creating a costly deadline is also an effective way to manage your working habits. And try to enjoy the process of achieving something instead of thinking only our minutes of suffering.

1．What does the underlined word “that” in Paragraph 1 refer to?

A．This article. B．Procrastination. C．An effort. D．The clock.

2．An example is given in Paragraph 2 to make the theory

A．interesting B．accurate C．understandable D．influential

3．Why is surfing online more attractive to students than studying?

A．It helps them kill time faster.

B．It offers them more information.

C．It supplies instant rewards to them.

D．It strengthens the bond between friends.

4．What’s a suggested solution to procrastination?

A．Rewarding yourself with a future gift.

B．Increasing the amount of work time.

C．Ignoring the process of doing the task.

D．Paying dearly for your procrastination.

                                          第八组

 Imagine this: you walk into work and the camera above the doors scans your face, opening them automatically without you lifting a finger. Oh, but you need to run to the chemist's at lunch. You walk up to a camera, and your prescription（药方）is deposited in front of you. After work, you look at your face in the mirror, and it reminds you to wear sun-cream the next day. Sounds pretty good, right?

Now imagine this: when you are walking down the street, a pair of policemen pull their guns and tell you to drop to the ground. After several days in jail, they let you know you were misidentified as a violent criminal on the loose. Regardless of your innocence, you're in the system. Now wherever you go, cameras that capture you will alert police to watch out for you. Even worse, as you enter stores, the facial recognition system lets the staff know a recently arrested individual has entered the building. Doesn't sound so good?

As fantastical as either of those pictures might seem, it's quite possible that this will be the future we're headed towards. The "benefits" of the technology are already being implemented by airlines, as seen by JetBlue Airways. Rather than scanning a boarding pass or handing over a passport, you simply stare into a camera and you're identified. This does save time and make processes the best possible, but it raises the question: do you have the right to your own face? Who is responsible for the protection of this information? Can I even remove my face from this database and just go the old-fashioned way?

We humans have the never-ending need to make things smoother, better and faster. This desire has helped drive the remarkable progress we have achieved as a society. However, it's time to take a step back and ask some necessary questions. We need to discuss whether we actually need the extensive use of facial recognition technology and how to ensure law enforcement (执行) doesn't abuse this technology. If we act now, I believe we can succeed in preventing technology companies from infiltrating（潜入）every aspect of our lives. If we don't, though, I fear the worst.

1．What does the underlined word "fantastical" probably mean?

A．Unreal. B．Optimistic. C．Reasonable. D．Unbearable.

2．What is the downside of facial recognition technology?

A．Inequality of rights. B．Disorder of society.

C．Violation of privacy. D．Denial of responsibility.

3．What may be to blame for the negative effect of facial recognition technology?

A．Improper enforcement of laws. B．People's lack of awareness.

C．Ignorance of the technology. D．Companies' pursuit of profit.

4．What is the best title for the text?

A．How do we live safely with facial recognition technology?

B．Are we prepared for the use of facial recognition technology?

C．What will the future be like without facial recognition technology?

D．Can we prevent the development of facial recognition technology?