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高中英语牛津译林版（2020）选择性必修第四册 词汇详解课件 Unit2 Understanding eachother
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这是一份高中英语牛津译林版（2020）选择性必修第四册 词汇详解课件 Unit2 Understanding eachother，共60页。
牛津英语单元词汇详解选择性 必修四Unit 2 Understanding each other
1. react/riˈækt/ vi. 对…作出反应；有不良反应，过敏；起化学反应（16）【原句背诵】If you heard someone shout “Hey you!” from across the room, how would you react?【联想拓展】react (to sth) (by doing sth) 起反应；（对…）作出反应；回应react (with sth) 起化学反应；发生化学变化react on/upon v. 起作用于；对…有影响react against 反抗；反对；起反作用reaction n. 反应，回应；反应能力（reactions）；（药物或食物引起的）不良反应；化学反应；反作用力reactive adj. 反应的；电抗的；反动的reactivity n. 反应；反动【经典例句】Local residents have reacted angrily to the news. 当地居民对这一消息表示愤怒。 The market reacted by falling a further two points. 股市的反应是再下跌两个百分点。Iron reacts with water and air to produce rust. 铁和水及空气发生反应产生铁锈。
【链接高考】（2017全国卷II）Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked. It’s a plant’s way of crying out. But is anyone listening? Apparently. Because we can watch the neighbors react. 科学家们发现，各种植物在受到攻击时都会释放出挥发性有机化合物。 这是植物呼喊的方式。 但有人在听吗? 显然。 因为我们可以观察邻居们的反应。 （2016新课标卷III）But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react. 但当你和朋友分享一个故事时，你更关心他们的反应。 （2012全国卷II）Her research has led her to find out two clearly different mind-sets that have a great effect on how we react to it. 她的研究让她发现了两种截然不同的思维模式，它们对我们的反应有很大的影响。
2. gentle /ˈdʒent(ə)l/adj. 温柔的；温和的；柔和的 (16)【原句背诵】They could be interpreted as a welcoming greeting from a close friend, especially if accompanied by a gentle smile. 【联想拓展】gentle and soft 温柔gentle and quiet 文静的；轻柔的；娴雅文静a quiet and gentle man 温文尔雅的男士a gentle voice/laugh/touch 温柔的声音╱笑声╱触摸gently adv. 文静地，温柔地；轻柔地；gentleness n. 温顺；亲切；高贵；彬彬有礼【经典例句】These poems reveal the poet’s gentle side. 这些诗显示出诗人温柔的一面。Tom was a quiet and gentle man who liked sports and enjoyed life. 汤姆是个安静温和的男人，他喜欢运动和享受生活。My father's gentle kindness taught me a lesson which I would never forget. 父亲的温柔和友善给我上了一堂永生难忘的课。
【链接高考】（2020天津卷）The deep, gentle voice helped calm the nervous girl.低沉、温柔的声音使这个紧张的女孩平静下来。 （2012江西卷）The soft lighting, in-flight films and gentle music make up the only world you know, and the hours progress slowly. 柔和的灯光、飞机上的电影和轻柔的音乐构成了你唯一熟悉的世界，时间慢慢流逝。
3. *encode /ɪnˈkəʊd/ vt. 把…编码；把…译成电码（或密码）（16）4. mail /meɪl/ n. 电子邮件；邮政；邮件（16）5. *decode /diːˈkəʊd/ vt. 解（码），破译（尤指密码）（16）【原句背诵】Communication is the process of exchanging information between a sender and a receiver. The sender encodes a message and sends it face to face, or through videos, telephone, mail or social media. This message is then received and decoded by the receiver.【联想拓展】by/through mail 邮寄；通过写信，通过邮递；按信件mail作动词时，常用mail sth (to sb/sth)/mail (sb) sth意思是“ 邮寄”。【经典例句】There isn't much mail today. 今天邮件不多。We do our business by mail . 我们通过邮递做生意。
6. feedback /ˈfiːdbæk/ n. 反馈，反应（16）【原句背诵】In response, the receiver sends an encoded message back, which is referred to as feedback. This feedback is decoded by the original sender and the entire cycle repeats itself until they have finished communicating. 【经典例句】I'd appreciate some feedback on my work. 如果有人对我的工作提出意见我将感激不尽。Students are telling us they learn much better with instant feedback. 学生们在向我们显示，在有即时反馈的情况下，他们会学得更好。We need both positive and negative feedback from our customers. 我们需要顾客正反两方面的反馈意见。
【链接高考】（2014湖南卷）Feedback (反馈） facilities, like smart meters and energy monitors，could help bridge this information gap by helping people see how changing their behaviour directly affects their energy use; some studies have shown that households can achieve up to 15 percent energy savings using smart meters. 反馈设施，如智能电表和能源监测器，可以帮助人们了解改变他们的行为如何直接影响他们的能源使用，从而弥合这一信息鸿沟; 一些研究表明，使用智能电表，家庭可以节省高达15%的能源。 （2012江西卷）Emily’s mum came across Big Brothers Big Sisters and thought it would be of benefit to Emily by “providing different feedback (反馈) about herself other than just relying on schoolmates to measure her self-worth. 艾米丽的妈妈偶然遇到了《大师大姐妹会》，她认为这对艾米丽有好处，“除了依靠同学来衡量自我价值外，还可以提供不同的自我反馈。”
7. competent /ˈkɒmpɪtənt/ adj. 足以胜任的，有能力的（16）【原句背诵】The communication process can be challenging but, with practice and patience, you can become a highly competent communicator. 【联想拓展】be competent for/in 胜任competently adv. 胜任地；适合地competence n. 能力，胜任；权限，管辖权；技能competency n. 能力（等于 competence）；资格【反义词】incompetent adj. 无能力的，不称职的【经典例句】 He was a loyal, distinguished and very competent civil servant. 他是一个忠诚、出色、很有能力的公务员。Make sure the firm is competent to carry out the work. 要确保这家公司有能力完成这项工作。Tom is very competent in his work. 汤姆非常胜任自己的工作。【链接高考】（2016天津卷）The most competent adults are those who know how to do this. 最有能力的成年人是那些知道如何做到这一点的人。
8. obtain /əbˈteɪn/ vt. 获得，赢得（16）【原句背诵】Once you have obtained this information, you can use it determine how best to communicate with them.【联想拓展】to obtain advice/information/permission 得到忠告╱信息╱许可obtainable adj. 能得到的【经典例句】You can obtain knowledge through practice. 你可以从实践经验中获得知识。Can plants obtain adequate nourishment from such poor soil? 土壤这样贫瘠，植物能获得足够的养分吗？To obtain the overall score, add up the totals in each column. 要得出总计得分，就把各栏的小计加起来。
【链接高考】（2017天津卷）A build-it-yourself solar still（蒸馏器） is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. 在不能获得水体的地区，自行建造的太阳能蒸馏器仍然是获得饮用水的最佳途径之一。（2017浙江卷）Cojochru, the Moldovan caregiver, hoped obtaining permanent residence (居住权) would help her bring her two children to Italy. 摩尔多瓦的看护者Cojochru希望获得永久居留权能帮助她把两个孩子带到意大利。 （2013天津卷）When you have obtained at least 40 credits (学分)，you may rent a locker and pay 400 SEK for a year’s rental period.当你获得了至少40个积分，你可以租一个储物柜，并支付400 瑞典克朗一年的租金。
9. suit /suːt/ vt. 满足需要；相配，合身 n. 套装，西装，西服（16）【原句背诵】Depending on whether you are communicating with a stranger, friend, family member or co-worker, you will need to decide which communication channel best suits the situation. 【联想拓展】suit sth to sth/sb 使适合（或适应）某事物（或人）suit oneself 随自己的意愿做事；（表示听凭对方的意愿）自便，随便a suit of 一套follow suit 跟着做；学样suitable adj. 适宜的，合适的suited adj. 合适的be suited for/to 适合做…；适合于…【警示误区】suit作动词时，主要指“款式、颜色”等“相配，合身”。如果表示“大小尺寸”合身，则用动词fit。I don't think this coat really suits me. 我觉得这件大衣不大适合我穿。 Blue suits you. You should wear it more often. 你适合穿蓝色。你该多穿蓝色衣服。 【经典例句】They will only release information if it suits them. 他们只会发布合他们意的消息。If we met at 2, would that suit you? 我们两点钟见面，你方便吗？It suits me to start work at a later time. 对我来说，最好晚一点再开始工作。
【链接高考】（2020山东卷）In her natural state, the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds. 在她的自然状态下，这位演员体重105磅。 但在一半的情况下，她穿着特别设计的肥胖服，体重增加到180磅。 （2016全国新课标III）At the events, you can meet expert growers and discuss which ones will best suit your conditions, and because these are family affairs, children are well catered for with apple-themed fun and games. 在活动中，你可以与专业种植者见面，讨论哪种苹果最适合你的条件。因为这些都是家庭事务，所以苹果主题的乐趣和游戏很适合孩子们。 （2020山东卷）The results were similar to the first test: the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces. 结果与第一个测试相似：参与者也一样，但当瘦演员吃了30块时，他们明显吃了更多的糖。
10. negotiate /nɪˈɡəʊʃieɪt/ vt.&vi. 谈判；商定，达成（协议）（17）11. enterprise /ˈentəpraɪz/ n. 公司，企业；规划，事业（17）12. straightforward /ˌstreɪtˈfɔːwəd/ adj. 坦诚的；简单的（17）【原句背诵】For example, if you are a business person negotiating with a large enterprise about a deal, you should do it face to face, using formal language in a straightforward manner. 【联想拓展】negotiate (with sb) (for/about sth) 谈判；磋商；协商to negotiate a deal/contract/treaty/settlement 达成交易；确立合同；商定条约内容╱解决措施negotiating skills 谈判技巧negotiation n. 谈判，协商；转让negotiable adj. 可协商的，可讨论的；流通的，可兑现的，可转让的；可通行的straightforwardly adv. 直截了当地；正直地straightforwardness n. 坦率【经典例句】 It is not clear whether the president is willing to negotiate with the Democrats. 尚不清楚总统是否愿意与民主党人进行谈判。You have to negotiate with the locals to get better prices to buy what you need. 你必须和当地人谈判来以更好的价格来购买你需要的东西。Opposition grew and the government agreed to negotiate. 反对势力日益强烈，政府同意进行谈判。The continued fighting threatens to undermine efforts to negotiate an agreement. 持续的战斗有可能破坏通过谈判达成协议的努力。
【链接高考】（2019全国卷I）The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. 研究人员说，这种键盘应该很容易商业化，主要由廉价的塑料类零件制成。
13. fold /fəʊld/ vt. 折叠，对折；包，裹 n. 皱，皱层，折叠部分（17）14. friction /ˈfrɪkʃ(ə)n/ n. 争执；摩擦（17）【原句背诵】A smile shows you are attentive to the issues being discussed, while looking away with your arms folded can indicate disinterest and create distrust or friction. 【联想拓展】folder n. 文件夹；折叠机；折叠式印刷品foldable adj. 可折叠的；可合拢的folding adj. 可折叠的fold sth (up)/fold sth (back, down, over, etc.) 折叠，对折（纸、织物等）fold up 倒闭；撒手；垮台；放弃frictional adj. [力] 摩擦的；由摩擦而生的frictionless adj. 无摩擦的；光滑的【反义词】fold的反义词是unfold v. 打开，展开；呈现
【经典例句】He folded the paper carefully. 他小心地把那张纸折起来。He folded the map up and put it in his pocket. 他把地图折叠起来，放进了口袋。The bed can be folded away during the day. 这张床在白天可以折叠收起。Friction between moving parts caused the engine to overheat. 活动部件的摩擦使发动机过热。The force of friction slows the spacecraft down as it re-enters the earth's atmosphere. 航天飞机重返地球大气层时因有摩擦力而减慢速度。There exist conflicts and frictions that have still to be resolved between the nations. 两国之间仍有待解决的冲突和摩擦。【链接高考】（2017全国卷I）These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt. 这些部件可以折叠成一个整洁的小包，系在腰带上。 （2017全国卷II）The vehicle — named the Transition — has two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. 这款名为Transition的汽车有两个座位、四个轮子和可折叠的机翼，可以像汽车一样驾驶。
15. clarify /ˈklærəfaɪ/ vt. 使更清晰易懂，阐明（17）【原句背诵】If someone looks at you with a confused expression, this could indicate that they have not completely understood your point. Then you will need to clarify your message before moving on. 【联想拓展】to clarify a situation/problem/issue 澄清情况╱问题clarified butter 已净化的黄油clarification n. 澄清，阐明；净化【同义词】illustrate v. 说明，阐明；证明，证实【经典例句】He issued a statement to clarify the situation. 他发表了一项声明以澄清形势。Some examples will help clarify the distinction. 一些示例将帮助阐明差别。Afterward, the listener can ask nonthreatening questions to clarify the speaker's position. 之后，听众可以问一些不具威胁性的问题来阐明说话者的立场。
16. knowledgeable /ˈnɒlɪdʒəbl/ adj. 博学的，有见识的（17）17. *empathy /ˈempəθi/ n. 同感，共鸣，同情（17）【参考词条21】【原句背诵】While being knowledgeable about body language is vital, the value of empathy should not be understated.【联想拓展】 be knowledgeable (about sth) 博学的；有见识的；知识渊博的knowledgeably adv. 有知识地；聪明地knowledgeability n. 知识丰富；聪明knowledge n. 知识，学问；知道，了解【经典例句】She is very knowledgeable about plants. 她对植物很在行。Do you think you are more knowledgeable about life than your parents were at your age? 父母在你这个年龄时，你认为你比他们更了解生活吗？
18. put yourself in sb’s shoes 处于某人的境地，设身处地（17）【原句背诵】Seek to understand the other person's emotions, by putting yourself in their shoes and looking at the situation from their perspective.【联想拓展】be in sb’s shoes 处于某人的境地；设身处地if I were in your shoes （引出建议）要是我处在你的境地，换了我是你的话
19. sympathy /ˈsɪmpəθi/ n. 同情；赞同（17）【原句背诵】To engage him or her in the discussion and make your communication more effective, you may express your sympathy by, for instance, saying, “I understand how you feel...”【联想拓展】to express / feel sympathy for sb 向某人表示体恤；对某人感到同情in sympathy with sth 因……而出现；相应发生out of sympathy with sb / sth 不赞成，不支持（某人或事物）sympathetic adj. 同情的；有同情心的；表示同情的 ~ (to / towards sb)；赞同的；支持的sympathize v. 同情；赞同；支持 sympathizer n. 赞同者；支持者【经典例句】We expressed our sympathy for her loss. 我们对她的损失表示了同情。I have no sympathy for Jan, it's all her own fault. 我不同情简，那都是她自己的错。Our heartfelt sympathy goes out to the victims of the war. 我们对战争的受害者表示由衷的同情。I have some sympathy with this point of view. 我对这一观点有些赞同。
20. account for sth 是…的说明（或原因）；（数量上、比例上）占（17）21. *empathize /ˈempəθaɪz/ v. 有同感；产生共鸣；表同情（17）【参考词条17】【原句背诵】Only when you give serious consideration to their points of view will you be able to see what accounts for their emotions and empathize with them.【联想拓展】account n. 账户；账目；描述；叙述；报告；（思想、理论、过程的）解释，说明，叙述on account of sth 由于；因为on no account 决不；绝对不on this / that account 由于这个／那个缘故take account of sth︱take sth into account 考虑到；顾及accountant n. 会计；会计师【警示误区】当on no account放在句首时，句子要用倒装结构。On no account can we shut our eyes to the increasingly serious environmental problems. 我们绝不能对越发严重的环境问题置之不理。【经典例句】Cross-cultural comparisons can't account for differences of opinion. 跨文化的比较并不能解释意见的差异。Exactly, these gases account for nearly half the amount of greenhouse gas emissions. 确切地说，这些气体占温室气体排放量的近一半。
【链接高考】（2020全国卷I）Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(电源)-such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输).照明用电约占美国总用电量的7%。 由于照明通常远离电源——例如，从发电厂到偏远公路上的路灯的距离——在传输过程中会损失大量的能量。 （2020广东卷）The results held true even after the scientists accounted for the participants’ overall health status. 即使在科学家考虑了参与者的整体健康状况后，这一结果仍然成立。 （2012广东卷）Sports account for a growing amount of income made on the sales of commercial time by television companies. 体育节目在电视公司的广告时段销售收入中占越来越大的比重。
22. approve /əˈpruːv/ vi.&vt. 赞成；批准，通过（计划、要求等）（17） approve of 赞成，赞同（17）23. tone /təʊn/ n. 语气，腔调；风格，特色（17）【原句背诵】You may not approve of their ideas but at least you will see where they are coming from, which means you can make adjustments to your own tone and choice of words accordingly. 【联想拓展】approve of sb/sth 赞成；同意approve of sb doing sthapprove of sb's doing sth 同意某人做某事approval n. 赞成；同意；批准，通过，认可（计划、要求等）approved adj. 得到正式认可的，核准的approving adj. 赞成的，赞许的，满意的【反义词】disapprove v. 不赞成，反对；不批准，否决speaking in hushed/low/clipped/measured, etc. tones 以压低、低沉、短促、缓慢谨慎等的语调讲话a conversational tone 交谈的语气a tone of surprise 惊奇的口气
【经典例句】I told my mother I wanted to leave school but she didn't approve. 我告诉母亲我不想继续上学，但是母亲不同意。 Not everyone approves of the festival. 不是每个人都喜欢这个节日。She doesn't approve of me leaving school this year. 她不同意我今年离校。The committee unanimously approved the plan. 委员会一致通过了计划。The course is approved by the Department for Education. 课程已获教育部核准。They urged Congress to approve plans for their reform programme. 他们敦促国会批准他们有关改革项目的计划。I still didn't like his tone of voice; he sounded angry and accusing. 我仍然不喜欢他说话的语气；他的声音听起来好像是怒气冲冲地在指责人。She set the tone for the meeting with a firm statement of company policy. 她坚定地说明了公司的方针，为会议定下了调子。【链接高考】（2015天津）The following items are approved for use in residential (住宿的) rooms: electric blankets, hair dryers, personal computers, radios, televisions and DVD players. 以下物品被批准用于住宅房间:电热毯，吹风机，个人电脑，收音机，电视和DVD播放器。（2014胡北卷）Before building work began, a lot of people didn’t want the Shard though the plans were approved. 在建筑工作开始之前，很多人都不想要碎片大厦，尽管该计划得到了批准。
24. gain /ɡeɪn/ vt.&vi. 获得；增进，增长；到达；（从…中）受益 n. 好处，收获（17）【原句背诵】Good communication skills will also help you build trust and gain respect, allowing relationships to become more positive and productive. So, get practising and good luck!【联想拓展】to gain entrance/entry/access to sth 得以进入╱接近某物to gain confidence/strength/experience 增加信心╱力量╱经验gain (sth) (by/from sth) （从…中）受益，获益；得到（好处）no pain(s) no gain(s) 不劳无获a ￡5, 000 gain from our investment 从投资中获取的5, 000英镑的收益efficiency gains 效率提高【经典例句】 Elleen Gu unusual talent in skiing gained her worldwide recognition. 谷爱凌非凡的滑雪才能举世公认。There is nothing to be gained from delaying the decision. 推迟决定得不到任何好处。Regular exercise helps prevent weight gain. 经常锻炼有助于防止体重增加。
【链接高考】（2014陕西卷）Today the rate of obesity — or extreme overweight — among adults is only 6%. However, as American fast food gains acceptance and the young reject（拒绝） older traditions, the obesity rate among French children has reached 17% — and is growing.如今，成年人的肥胖率(或极端超重率)仅为6%。 然而，随着美国快餐被越来越多的人接受，以及年轻人拒绝传统，法国儿童的肥胖率已经达到17%，而且还在不断增长。 （2012湖北卷）A 2003 research paper studied adolescents from 185 families over two years, finding that those who changed to make themselves different from their siblings were successful in increasing the amount of warmth they gained from their parents. 2003年的一篇研究论文在两年多的时间里研究了185个家庭的青少年，发现那些改变自己使自己不同于他们的兄弟姐妹的人能够从父母那里获得更多的温暖。
25. *gesture /ˈdʒestʃə(r)/ n. 手势，姿势；姿态，表示 vi.&vt. 做手势，用手势示意（19）【原句背诵】In communication, a message is sent out not only through the speaker's words and (2) tones, but also through his or her facial expressions and gestures. 【联想拓展】gesture language n. 手语，肢体语言gesture recognition 手势识别gesture (for/to sb) (to do sth) 做手势；用手势表示；用动作示意【经典例句】They communicated entirely by gesture. 他们完全用手势交流。The hand heart gesture means something between “I love you” and “Thank you”. “用手比心”手势的意思介于“我爱你”和“谢谢”之间。They sent some flowers as a gesture of sympathy to the parents of the child. 他们送了一些花表示对孩子父母的同情。 She gestured for the applicants to come in. 她示意让申请人进来。
【链接高考】（2021浙江卷）They say wild chimps communicate 19 specific messages to one another with a "vocabulary" of 66 gestures. 研究人员说，野生黑猩猩用66种手势的“词汇”相互交流19种特定的信息。 （2021浙江卷）Although previous research has shown that apes and monkeys can understand complex information from another animal's call, the animals do not appear to use their voices intentionally to communicate messages. This was a significant difference between calls and gestures. 尽管之前的研究表明，猿类和猴子可以从其他动物的叫声中理解复杂的信息，但这些动物似乎并没有故意使用它们的声音来交流信息。 这是呼叫和手势之间的显著差异，
26. precisely /prɪˈsaɪsli/ adv. 准确地，恰好地；细心地；正是，确实（19）【原句背诵】You can also repeat what has been said. This lets the speaker know that you understand precisely what he or she has said and it allows the speaker to (7) clarify a point if there is any confusion. 【联想拓展】precisely speaking 严格说来; 确切地讲to describe sth precisely 精确地描述某事物more precisely 更确切地说；更严格地说precise adj. 精确的，准确的；恰好的，确切的；（人）严格的，一丝不苟的preciseness n. 严谨；精确；古板【同义词】accurately adv. 精确地；准确地 exactly adv. 精确地，确切地；恰好，完全【经典例句】That's precisely what I meant. 那恰恰是我的意思。It's not clear precisely how the accident happened. 事故究竟是怎么发生的不是很清楚。The cause of the disease is difficult to pin down precisely. 病因目前还难以解释清楚。It's precisely because I care about you that I don't like you staying out late. 正因为我关心你，我才不要你太晚回家。
【链接高考】（2019全国卷I）This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(节奏)with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. 这款智能键盘能精确测量用户键入的节奏，以及手指在每个键上的按压。 （2014江苏卷）By knowing precisely what you are receiving and what you are missing out on, you ought to be able to make better-informed, more reasonable decisions. 通过准确地知道你得到了什么，你失去了什么，你应该能够做出更明智、更合理的决定。
27. vocabulary /vəˈkæbjələri/ n. 词汇，词汇量（20）【原句背诵】Apart from the differences in language such as pronunciation and vocabulary, there is a significant gap in terms of communication styles.【联想拓展】to have a wide/limited vocabulary 词汇量大╱有限basic vocabulary 基本词汇the vocabulary of natural science 自然科学词汇【经典例句】Reading will increase your vocabulary. 阅读会增加你的词汇量。 The word ‘failure’ is not in his vocabulary (= for him, failure does not exist) . 在他的词典中没有“失败”这个词。When did the word ‘bungalow’ first enter the vocabulary? bungalow一词是何时进入（英语）词汇中的？
28. preference /ˈprefrəns/ n. 偏爱；偏爱的事物（20）【原句背诵】Now, when speaking to Americans who have a preference for the direct style, I found that I often failed to get straight to the point. 【联想拓展】preference (for sb/sth) 偏爱；爱好；喜爱give (a) preference to sb / sth 给……以优惠；优待in preference to sb / sth 优先于；而不是preferential adj. 优先的；优惠的；优待的prefer v. 较喜欢；喜欢……多于…… prefer to do sth︱prefer sb to do sth︱prefer doing sth︱prefer that…【经典例句】It's a matter of personal preference . 那是个人的爱好问题。Does Lucy have a preference for a particular colour? 露西有偏爱哪种特定的颜色吗？Many people expressed a strong preference for the original plan. 许多人强烈表示喜欢原计划。Research has shown that having a preference for junk food can result in obesity. 研究表明，偏爱垃圾食品会导致肥胖。
29. jam /dʒæm/ n. 果酱；拥挤，堵塞（20）【原句背诵】There were times when questions like “Would you mind passing me the jam, please?” would be met with the reply “Why would I mind?” I had to learn a whole new way of communicating. 【联想拓展】traffic jam 交通阻塞，塞车in a jam 事情搞得一团糟，陷入困境recipes for jams and preserves 果酱和蜜饯的制作方法【熟词生义】jam作动词时，意思是“（用力）挤，压，塞”。jam in 用力把…塞进去jam on v. 踩压【经典例句】The bus was delayed in a five-mile jam. 公共汽车因长达五英里的交通堵塞而延误。As fans rushed to leave, jams formed at all the exits. 因球迷都急于离开，所有出口都给阻塞了。The stadium was jammed and they had to turn away hundreds of disappointed fans. 该体育场挤满了人，他们不得不谢绝上百名失望的球迷入场。
30. somewhat /ˈsʌmwɒt/ adv. 有点，有几分，稍微（20）【原句背诵】By the end of the exchange year, I had a somewhat better understanding of how to communicate in both countries, but I still have a lot to master. As my experiences clearly show, learning a language is just the beginning. 【经典例句】 Research in this area is somewhat equivocal. 这个领域的研究有些难以理解。His theories are somewhat remote from reality. 他的理论有点儿脱离现实。He explained somewhat unconvincingly that the company was paying for everything. 他有点不令人相信地解释说公司正在支付一切费用。What happened to them remains somewhat of a mystery. 他们到底出了什么事，到现在仍可以说是个谜。【链接高考】（2016天津卷）Every man wants his son to be somewhat of a clone, not in features but in footsteps.每个男人都希望自己的儿子在某种程度上像个克隆体，不是长相而是脚步。 （2014湖南卷）I was a somewhat bored early-adolescent male student who believed that doing any more than necessary was wasted effort. 在20世纪50年代中期，我还是一个有点无聊的少年男生，我认为做任何超出必要范围的事情都是浪费精力。
31. *taboo /təˈbuː/ n. 禁忌，忌讳；禁止，避讳（21）【原句背诵】A taboo is social behavior that is not allowed. There are many different taboos around the world, (1) few of which are universal. They often vary from society to society. 32. embarrassed /ɪmˈbærəst/ adj. 窘迫的，尴尬的；拮据的 (21)33. intention /ɪnˈtenʃn/ n. 计划，意图（21）【原句背诵】Taboos are usually related to certain items or people. Those (2) who break taboos are likely to feel upset or embarrassed even if they have no intention of hurting others, and the situation will also be awkward for the people around them. 【联想拓展】embarrassed about/at sth/ to do sth（尤指在社交场合）窘迫的，尴尬的，害羞的financially embarrassed 拮据的；经济困难的embarrassing adj. 使人害羞的（或难堪的、惭愧的）；使显得愚蠢的（或不诚实的等）embarrass v.（在社交场合）使窘迫；使尴尬；使困惑；使为难；使陷入困境embarrassment n. 尴尬，难堪；拮据，经济困难
intention (of doing sth)/ (to do sth)︱ (that…) 打算；计划；意图；目的with the intention of 有意图without intention 无意地；非故意地 by intention prep. 故意；有意 intentional adj. 故意的；有意的；存心的 intentionally adv. 故意地；有意地 unintentionally adv. 无意地；非故意地 intend v. 打算；计划；想要 ~ to do sth intended adj.欲达到的；打算的；计划的 be intended for sb / sth/as sth/to be / do sth【警示误区】embarrassed表示被动意义，embarrassing表示主动意义。【经典例句】I've never felt so embarrassed in my life! 我一生中从未感到如此难堪过！Her remark was followed by an embarrassed silence. 她的话讲完后，接下来便是难堪的沉默。Some women are too embarrassed to consult their doctor about the problem. 有些妇女太害羞，不愿就这个问题向医生咨询。 Jack has announced his intention to retire. 杰克已经宣布他打算退休。The original intention was to devote three months to the project. 最初的计划是在这个项目上投入三个月的时间。I have no intention of allowing you to continue living here alone. 我不打算让你继续独自生活在这里。 He left England with the intention of travelling in Africa. 他离开英格兰，打算去非洲旅行。
【链接高考】（2020浙江卷）It is not my intention to point out the central theme of each of the plays in this collection, for that would, indeed, ruin the pleasure of reading, discussing, and thinking about the plays and the effectiveness of the playwright.我并不打算指出这本选集中每一部戏剧的中心主题，因为那样做确实会破坏阅读、讨论和思考这些戏剧的乐趣，也会破坏剧作家的功力。 （2021浙江卷）Dr Catherine Hobaiter, who led the research, said that this was the only form of intentional communication to be recorded in the animal kingdom. 领导这项研究的凯瑟琳·霍拜特博士说，这是动物王国中唯一有记录的有意识的交流方式。
34. correspond /ˌkɒrəˈspɒnd/ vi. 类似于；相一致，符合；通信（21）【原句背诵】For example, in China, giving an umbrella as a gift to your friend or a married couple, except when it is actually raining, should be avoided. This is because the word that corresponds to “umbrella” in Chinese sounds like another Chinese word (4) which means “to separate”.【联想拓展】correspond (to sth) 类似于；相当于；correspond with 符合，一致；与……通信corresponding adj. 相应的，相关的; v. 类似于，相当于；通信；相一致correspondence n. 信件，信函；通信；相似，关联correspondent n. 记者，通讯员；通信者，写信人【经典例句】Your account of events does not correspond with hers. 你对事情的陈述与她说的不相符。Your account and hers do not correspond. 你说的情况与她说的不相符。Their conclusions do not correspond to their original hypotheses. 他们的结论与他们最初的假设不一致。【链接高考】（2013陕西卷）For example, the governor of a state has great power, but he or she may not belong to a corresponding (相应的)economic class. 例如，一个州的州长有很大的权力，但他或她可能不属于相应的经济阶层。
35. behave /bɪˈheɪv/ vi.&vt.表现得体，有礼貌（21）【原句背诵】Before you travel to a new country, it is a good idea to find out about the local taboos. If you know what to avoid and how to behave, you will spare yourself embarrassment. 【联想拓展】behave well 表现好；举止得体；行为检点；表现良好behave yourself 请检点一点，行为规矩些well-/badly-behaved children 表现好╱差的孩子a study of how metals behave under pressure 对于金属受压反应的研究behaviour/behavior n. 行为，举止；态度；反应【经典例句】My biggest challenge is learning how to behave at the dinner table. 我最大的挑战是学习如何在餐桌上举止得体。They behaved very badly towards their guests. 他们对客人们很不礼貌。 How do you control the kids who don't behave themselves? 你如何控制那些不守规矩的孩子？
【链接高考】（2020江苏卷）Multiple genes behaved differently, depending on whether someone had eaten or not before walking. 多种基因表现不同，这取决于一个人在散步前是否吃过东西。（2016江苏卷）One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train children to behave socially. 一是这些本能在大多数父母开始训练孩子的社交行为之前就已经出现了。 （2014浙江卷）Here is some must-know information from a handbook on how people behave in doing business in some countries.以下是一本关于人们在某些国家经商行为的手册中的一些必须知道的信息。
36. tolerate /ˈtɒləreɪt/ vt. 忍受，容忍；容许，允许；能经受（21）【原句背诵】Mind that taboos change with the times. Some behavior (5) that was not tolerated before might be accepted now. 【联想拓展】tolerate doing 容忍做某事tolerant adj. 宽容的，容忍的；（植物、动物、机器）能耐……的，有耐受性的tolerable adj. 尚好的，还可以的；可接受的，可忍受的tolerance n. 忍受，容忍；（痛苦、困难等的）忍受程度，忍耐力；耐药力，耐受性【同义词（组）】bear v. 承受，容忍；经得起 stand v. 忍受；容忍；经得起 put up with 忍受；容忍【警示误区】注意从tolerate到tolerant和tolerance的词形变化。【经典例句】There is a limit to what one person can tolerate. 一个人的容忍是有限度的。This sort of behaviour will not be tolerated. 这种行为是不能容许的。She refused to tolerate being called a liar. 她拒不接受被称为撒谎者。Few plants will tolerate sudden changes in temperature. 很少植物经受得住气温的突然变化。
37. kindergarten /ˈkɪndəɡɑːt(ə)n/ n. 幼儿园（23）【原句背诵】Mary-Jo Saunders goes to kindergarten every morning, just like many other five-year-olds in New York. 38. recite /rɪˈsaɪt/ vt. 吟诵；列举（23）39. accent /ˈæksent/ n. 口音，腔调；重音；着重点，强调 （23）【原句背诵】What is special is that it is a Chinese poem and that she is able to recite it without an accent. 【联想拓展】recite (sth) (to sb) （尤指对听众）背诵，吟诵，朗诵recital n. 朗诵，吟诵；独奏会；背诵；独唱会recitation n. 背诵，朗诵；背诵的诗；讲述，陈述a northern/Dublin/Indian/Scottish accent 北方╱都柏林╱印度╱苏格兰口音a strong/broad accent (= one that is very noticeable) 浓重的口音【经典例句】Each child had to recite a poem to the class. 每个孩子都得在班上背诵一首诗。Jessica spoke English with an accent. 杰西卡说英语带有口音。
【链接高考】（2014山东卷）Still, to this day I can sing half the songs in The Music Man and recite half of John Wayne and Jimmy Stewart’s dialogue from The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance!直到今天，我还能唱《音乐人》里一半的歌，背诵《射死自由威利斯的人》里约翰·韦恩和吉米·斯图尔特对白的一半! （2014湖南卷）Our teacher typically assigned daily homework, which would be recited in class the following day. 老师通常会布置每天的家庭作业，这些作业将在第二天的课堂上背诵。 （2015广东卷）A study of British accents during the 1970s found that a voice sounding like a BBC newsreader was viewed as the most attractive voice. 20世纪70年代的一项关于英国口音的研究发现，听起来像BBC新闻播报员的声音被认为是最有吸引力的声音。
40. handwriting /ˈhændraɪtɪŋ/ n. 手写，书写；笔迹，书法（23）【原句背诵】Soon she is going to learn Chinese handwriting too.【联想拓展】handwriting recognition 手写识别handwriting analysis 笔迹分析handwriting verification 笔迹鉴定the handwriting on the wall/see the writing on the wall 不祥之兆；显而易见的危险
41. fluent /ˈfluːənt/ adj.（尤指外语）流利，文字流畅（23）【原句背诵】Keen for their sons and daughters to succeed in life, they see being fluent in a second or third as an advantage.【联想拓展】fluent in 在……方面流利fluently adv. 流利地；通畅地a fluent speaker/reader 说话流利的人；阅读熟练的人fluent handwriting 优美熟练的笔迹fluent movements 优美流畅的动作fluency n. （说话）流利；（做事）流畅，娴熟【警示误区】注意从fluent到fluency的词形变化。【经典例句】He speaks fluent Italian. 他说一口流利的意大利语。She studied eight foreign languages but is fluent in only six of them. 她学了8种外语，但流利的只有其中的6种。To work as a translator, you need fluency in at least one foreign language. 要做一名译员，你至少要一门外语流利。
【链接高考】（2014四川卷）You will have the ability to drive a car and to communicate in fluent written and spoken English since you’ll have to help those people with different learning disabilities. 你有能力驾驶汽车和流利的书面和口语交流，因为你必须帮助那些有不同的学习障碍的人。
42. cooperate /kəʊˈɒpəreɪt/ vi. 合作，协作；协助，配合（23）【原句背诵】For example, there is China’s Belt and Road Initiative, which motivates many countries along the Silk Road to cooperate more closely.【联想拓展】cooperate with 与…合作learn to cooperate and comprise 学习合作和妥协cooperation n. 合作，协作；协助，配合cooperative adj. 合作的，协作的；乐于配合的cooperator n. 合作者；合作社社员【经典例句】The two groups agreed to cooperate with each other. 这两个组同意相互协作。The U.N. had been cooperating with the State Department on a plan to find countries willing to take the refugees. 联合国和美国国务院合作，制定计划来寻找愿意接纳难民的国家。【链接高考】（2016江苏卷）Chimps(黑猩猩) will cooperate in certain ways, like gathering in war parties to protect their territory. 黑猩猩会以某种方式合作，比如聚集在一起参加战争以保护他们的领土。（2016天津卷）They also help him understand that people must cooperate and work toward common goals. 他们也帮助他理解人们必须合作，为共同的目标而努力。
43. cite /saɪt/ vt. 提及，列举；引用，引述（23）【原句背诵】Adam Turner, a school head teacher in the UK, cites this as one of the most appealing aspects of the recently added Chinese course. 【联想拓展】cite sth (as sth) 提及（原因）；举出（示例）；列举cite an example 举例；引用一个例子citation n. 引文，引语；引用，引证；表彰，嘉奖状recite v. 背诵；朗诵；详述，列举【同义词】mention v. 提到，谈到；提名，推荐 quote v. 引用，引述【经典例句】She cites a favourite poem by George Herbert. 她引用了一首她所喜爱的乔治·赫伯特的诗。He cited his heavy workload as the reason for his breakdown. 他说繁重的工作负荷是导致他累垮的原因。
44. broaden one’s mind 开阔心胸，开阔眼界（23）【原句背诵】“Students love the mystery of China,” he explains. “They want to know all about its traditions, dynasties and art forms. Learning Chinese helps them see life from a new perspective and broaden their minds to the outside world.” 【联想拓展】broaden one's horizon 开阔眼界a promise to broaden access to higher education 拓宽高等教育渠道的承诺【经典例句】Few would disagree that travel broadens the mind (= helps you to understand other people‘s customs, etc.) . 旅游有助于开阔眼界，很多人会同意这一点。Spending a year working in the city helped to broaden his horizons . 在城市工作的一年拓宽了他的视野。
45. tofu /ˈtəʊfuː/ n. 豆腐（25）【原句背诵】“The restaurant’s fried tofu is delicious.” Is there anything special about this sentence? Well, all the words except “the” and “is” are borrowed from other languages!【联想拓展】beancurd n. 豆腐46. bacon /ˈbeɪkən/ n. 咸猪肉，熏猪肉（25）47. tank /tæŋk/ n. 坦克；（装液体的）罐子（25）48. golf /ɡɒlf/ n.高尔夫（25）【联想拓展】pork n. 猪肉pork chop 猪排pork belly 五花肉pork ribs 排骨；肋骨；猪肋排；叉烧排骨porker n. 肥小猪，食用猪【原句背诵】However, English is not alone in borrowing words from other languages—borrowed words can be found in almost all languages. For example, English words that are borrowed into the Chinese language include “bacon”, “tank” and “golf”.
49. integrate /ˈɪntɪɡreɪt/ vt.&vi.（使）合并；（使）加入（25）【原句背诵】Though borrowing words has become faster, the process is still complex, and it takes time before new words are integrated into everyday speech.【联想拓展】integrate into/with sthintegrate A (into/with B)/integrate A and B（使）合并，成为一体integrate (into/with sth)/integrate sb (into/with B) （使）加入，融入群体integration n. 结合，融合；取消种族隔离integrated adj. 综合的；完整的；互相协调的【经典例句】Integrating the kids with the community is essential. 使孩子们融入这个社区是非常必要的。He didn't integrate successfully into the Italian way of life. 他没有成功融入到意大利的生活方式中去。Writing about a topic helps you integrate new knowledge with what you already know. 围绕某一题目写作有助于你将新知识和已有知识结合起来。
50. *bilingual /ˌbaɪˈlɪŋɡwəl/ adj. 会说两种语言的；用两种语言（写）的（25）【原句背诵】At first, the borrowed word is used by bilingual speakers.【联想拓展】bilingual education/communities 双语教育╱社群a bilingual dictionary 双语词典bilingualism n. 能用两种语言bilinguals 能说两种语言的人（bilingual 的复数）【经典例句】Jessica is bilingual in English and Arabic. 杰西卡会说英语和阿拉伯语。51. *kung fu /ˌkʌŋ ˈfuː/ n. 功夫（25）【原句背诵】An example of this is the word “kung fu”, which refers to Chinese martial arts. This word comes from Chinese gongfu.
52. oppose /əˈpəʊz/ vt. 反对，抵制；与…对垒（25）【原句背诵】Borrowed words are an outcome of language development that can hardly be avoided, but some language communities oppose adopting words from other cultures.【联想拓展】oppose (doing) sth 反对（做）某事opposed adj. 相反的；敌对的be opposed to (doing) sth 反对（做）某事as opposed to（表示对比）而，相对于 [而不是]opposing adj. 对抗的，反对的；截然相反的；相反的【警示误区】oppose后要doing (sth)，一般不接to do (sth)；在be opposed to中，to是介词，后要接doing (sth)!【经典例句】Mr. Taylor was not bitter toward those who had opposed him. 泰勒先生并不仇恨那些曾经反对过他的人。He intends to oppose the prime minister in the leadership election. 在领导选举中，他欲与首相一决高下。I would oppose changing the law. 我将反对改变这个法规。I'm not opposed to a core curriculum in principle, but I think requiring a foreign language is unrealistic. 原则上我不反对必修课程，但是我认为把外语列为必修课是不现实的。
【链接高考】（2017全国卷III）Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets.许多农民反对这项计划，因为他们担心狼会杀死他们农场的动物或宠物。（2014四川卷）This is opposed to the “early bird” schedule, and is a kind of disorder where the individual tends to stay up much past midnight. 这与“早起的鸟儿”的作息时间是相反的，是一种个人倾向于熬夜到深夜的紊乱。
53. intervention /ˌɪntəˈvenʃn/ n. 干涉，干预（25）54. pure /pjʊə(r)/ adj. 纯净的；纯粹的（25）【原句背诵】There are countries that make interventions to keep their language pure in order to defend their identity. 【联想拓展】government intervention 政府干预；政府干涉surgical intervention 手术治疗；外科手术intervene v. 干预，干涉；插话，打岔；干扰，阻挠pure gold/silk, etc. 纯金、真丝等a bottle of pure water 一瓶纯净水purity n. 洁净，纯净；纯洁，清白 purify v. 使（某物）洁净，净化；变纯净；洗涤（思想），净化（心灵）【经典例句】The incident was used as a pretext for intervention in the area. 这次事件成了干涉那个地区的借口。Military intervention will only aggravate the conflict even further. 军事介入只会使冲突加剧。The air was sweet and pure. 空气清新而纯净。In remote regions, the air is pure and the crops are free of poisonous insecticides. 在偏远地区，空气是纯净的，庄稼也不用有毒的杀虫剂。
55. *tribe /traɪb/ n. 部落（26）56. reject /rɪˈdʒekt/ vt. 拒绝接受；不录用；排斥，排异（21）【原句背诵】Some languages have an extremely small number of speakers, such as the Native American Navajo language, used only by the members of the tribe. Under this circumstance, it becomes a matter of survival for the native language to reject outside influences.【联想拓展】to reject an argument/a claim/a decision/an offer/a suggestion 拒绝接受一个论点╱一项要求╱一个决定╱一项提议╱一个建议rejection n. （对提议、建议或请求的）拒绝接受【经典例句】The prime minister rejected any idea of reforming the system. 首相对任何改革体制的想法都不予考虑。 The proposal was firmly rejected . 这项提议被断然否决。I've been rejected by all the universities I applied to. 所有我申请的大学都没有录取我。 It was feared his body was rejecting a kidney he received in a transplant four years ago. 人们担心他的身体在排斥他4年前在一项移植中接受的一个肾脏。
【链接高考】（2021全国甲卷）When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others. 当俱乐部以外的天才——女性或不同肤色或信仰的人——做出贡献时，他们不会被承认并且被其他人拒绝。（2014陕西卷）However, as American fast food gains acceptance and the young reject（拒绝） older traditions, the obesity rate among French children has reached 17% — and is growing. 然而，随着美国快餐被越来越多的人接受，以及年轻人拒绝传统，法国儿童的肥胖率已经达到17%，而且还在不断增长。
57. pessimistic /ˌpesɪˈmɪstɪk/ adj. 悲观的，悲观主义的（26）【原句背诵】While some communities are pessimistic about the exchange between languages, there are also other communities that readily welcome borrowed words.【联想拓展】be/feel pessimistic about 悲观的；悲观主义的a pessimistic view of life 对人生悲观的看法pessimistical adj. 悲观的，厌世的；悲观主义的（pessimistic 的变形）pessimistically adv. 悲观地pessimist n. 悲观主义者pessimism n. 悲观，悲观情绪；（哲）悲观主义【警示误区】pessimistic的副词形式要用pessimistically，使用时要注意！【反义词】optimistic adj. 乐观的，乐观主义的；（估计）过于乐观的，高估的
58. *Germanic /dʒɜːˈmænɪk/ adj. 日耳曼语的；德语的（26）【原句背诵】English, especially, is based on a mix of Latin, Greek and Germantic languages.59. linguist /ˈlɪŋɡwɪst/ n. 语言学家；通晓数国语言的人（26）60. tendency /ˈtendənsi/ n. 趋势，趋向；倾向，偏好（26）【原句背诵】According to the linguist Edward Sapir, “It would be difficult to point to a completely isolated language…” For better or for worse, the tendency to borrow words has never gone out of style.【联想拓展】linguistic adj. 语言的，语言学的 linguistics n. 语言学linguistically adv. 语言的；语言学方面a tendency (for sb/sth) (to do sth)/ (to/towards sth) 倾向；偏好；性情； 趋势；趋向tend v. 倾向于；走向，趋向；(to) 照顾，护理【同义词】trend n. 趋势；趋向；走向；动态
【经典例句】Tom has a tendency to talk too much when I‘m nervous. 汤姆紧张时总爱唠叨。There is a tendency for this disease to run in groups. 这种疾病容易在群体里传播。 She has a strong natural tendency towards caution. 她天生非常小心谨慎。 Psychologists have recently focused on the tendency to think about something other than the task one is doing. 心理学家最近关注的是，人们倾向于思考一些与自己正在做的任务无关的事情。【链接高考】（2016北京卷）Moreover, the tendency for universities to monitor and shape student behavior runs up against another characteristic of young adults: the response to being controlled by their elders. 此外，大学监管和养成学生行为的趋势与年轻人的另一个特点相冲突: 对被长辈控制的反应。 （2012北京卷）This tendency to slow down and become more cautious when decisions are risky might also help explain why women are less likely to become addicted than men: they may more often avoid making the risky choices that eventually harden into addiction. 这种在做出冒险决定时放慢速度、变得更加谨慎的倾向也有助于解释为什么女性比男性更不容易上瘾:她们可能更经常地避免做出最终会导致上瘾的冒险选择。
61. skateboard /ˈskeɪtbɔːd/ n. 滑板（27）62. canteen /kænˈtiːn/ n. 食堂，餐厅（27）【原句背诵】Jake borrowed Amanda’s skateboard. Unfortunately, he broke it. He is with Melissa in the canteen, asking for advice. 【联想拓展】 skater n. 滑冰者；溜冰者；滑冰运动员skating n.（also ice skating）滑冰；溜冰skate v. 滑冰；溜冰 skate over sth 回避；避免涉及dining hall n. 餐厅，食堂
63. sincerely /sɪnˈsɪəli/ adv. 真诚地，诚实地（27）64. slip /slɪp/ vi. 滑倒；滑落；溜；陷入 n. 差错；纸条；滑跤（27）【原句背诵】(Making eye contact and speaking slowly and sincerely) When I was trying out your skateboard, I slipped. When I got up, I found one of the wheels had fallen off—I’m so sorry! I feel really bad about it.【联想拓展】sincere adj. 衷心的，诚挚的；（人）真诚的，诚恳的Yours sincerely（Sincerely (yours)）（正式信函署名前的套语，只用于以收信人姓名相称呼的信函）slip away 逃走；悄悄溜走 slip in 悄悄溜入；偷偷溜进去slip into v. 溜进；使滑入；匆忙穿上；[俚]大吃 slip out 溜出；悄悄地溜出去slip by 飞掠而过 slip up v. 疏忽；跌倒；遭到不幸slipper n. 拖鞋 slippery adj. 湿滑的，容易打滑的a slip of the pen / tongue 笔误；口误【警示误区】slip的现在分词、过去式和过去分词，要双写p，再加ing、ed。【链接高考】（2015湖南卷）When the inspector extended his hand to greet Glenn's mother, he slipped on the freshly oiled surface. 当巡查员伸出手去迎接格伦的母亲时，他在刚涂了油的地面上滑了一跤。
65. fence /fens/ n. 栅栏，篱笆（27）【原句背诵】(Embarrassed, looking down at the floor) It happened when I made a jump over a fence—it was my fault. I should have taken better care of it.【联想拓展】over the fence 越过场端；不讲道理的 ，不公正的on the fence 保持中立；抱观望态度sit on the fence 脚踩两只船；保持中立；采取骑墙态度the grass is (always) greener on the other side (of the fence)（saying）草是那边绿；这山望着那山高mend (your) fences (with sb) 解决纷争；消除隔阂
66. contest /ˈkɒntest/ n. 比赛，竞赛；争夺，竞争 /kənˈtest/ vt. 争取赢得；争辩，就…提出异议（27）【原句背诵】(Hesitating a bit) Well, it’s actually my brother’s skateboard. I think he’ll be very angry when he finds out—he has a contest this weekend!【联想拓展】a singing contest 歌咏比赛a talent contest 新秀大奖赛to enter/win/lose a contest 参加╱赢得竞赛；竞赛失败a contest for the leadership of the party 争夺政党的领导权contest for 和...对抗（后接物）a hotly/fiercely/keenly contested game (= one in which the players try very hard to win and the scores are close) 竞争十分激烈的比赛contestant n. 比赛者；竞争者；选手【经典例句】I'm going to be emceeing a costume contest. 我将要主持一场时装比赛。The athletes displayed great tenacity（顽强）throughout the contest. 运动员在比赛中表现出坚韧的斗志。Three candidates contested the leadership. 有三位候选人角逐领导权。
牛津英语单元词汇详解选择性 必修四Unit 2 Understanding each other
1. react/riˈækt/ vi. 对…作出反应；有不良反应，过敏；起化学反应（16）【原句背诵】If you heard someone shout “Hey you!” from across the room, how would you react?【联想拓展】react (to sth) (by doing sth) 起反应；（对…）作出反应；回应react (with sth) 起化学反应；发生化学变化react on/upon v. 起作用于；对…有影响react against 反抗；反对；起反作用reaction n. 反应，回应；反应能力（reactions）；（药物或食物引起的）不良反应；化学反应；反作用力reactive adj. 反应的；电抗的；反动的reactivity n. 反应；反动【经典例句】Local residents have reacted angrily to the news. 当地居民对这一消息表示愤怒。 The market reacted by falling a further two points. 股市的反应是再下跌两个百分点。Iron reacts with water and air to produce rust. 铁和水及空气发生反应产生铁锈。
【链接高考】（2017全国卷II）Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked. It’s a plant’s way of crying out. But is anyone listening? Apparently. Because we can watch the neighbors react. 科学家们发现，各种植物在受到攻击时都会释放出挥发性有机化合物。 这是植物呼喊的方式。 但有人在听吗? 显然。 因为我们可以观察邻居们的反应。 （2016新课标卷III）But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react. 但当你和朋友分享一个故事时，你更关心他们的反应。 （2012全国卷II）Her research has led her to find out two clearly different mind-sets that have a great effect on how we react to it. 她的研究让她发现了两种截然不同的思维模式，它们对我们的反应有很大的影响。
2. gentle /ˈdʒent(ə)l/adj. 温柔的；温和的；柔和的 (16)【原句背诵】They could be interpreted as a welcoming greeting from a close friend, especially if accompanied by a gentle smile. 【联想拓展】gentle and soft 温柔gentle and quiet 文静的；轻柔的；娴雅文静a quiet and gentle man 温文尔雅的男士a gentle voice/laugh/touch 温柔的声音╱笑声╱触摸gently adv. 文静地，温柔地；轻柔地；gentleness n. 温顺；亲切；高贵；彬彬有礼【经典例句】These poems reveal the poet’s gentle side. 这些诗显示出诗人温柔的一面。Tom was a quiet and gentle man who liked sports and enjoyed life. 汤姆是个安静温和的男人，他喜欢运动和享受生活。My father's gentle kindness taught me a lesson which I would never forget. 父亲的温柔和友善给我上了一堂永生难忘的课。
【链接高考】（2020天津卷）The deep, gentle voice helped calm the nervous girl.低沉、温柔的声音使这个紧张的女孩平静下来。 （2012江西卷）The soft lighting, in-flight films and gentle music make up the only world you know, and the hours progress slowly. 柔和的灯光、飞机上的电影和轻柔的音乐构成了你唯一熟悉的世界，时间慢慢流逝。
3. *encode /ɪnˈkəʊd/ vt. 把…编码；把…译成电码（或密码）（16）4. mail /meɪl/ n. 电子邮件；邮政；邮件（16）5. *decode /diːˈkəʊd/ vt. 解（码），破译（尤指密码）（16）【原句背诵】Communication is the process of exchanging information between a sender and a receiver. The sender encodes a message and sends it face to face, or through videos, telephone, mail or social media. This message is then received and decoded by the receiver.【联想拓展】by/through mail 邮寄；通过写信，通过邮递；按信件mail作动词时，常用mail sth (to sb/sth)/mail (sb) sth意思是“ 邮寄”。【经典例句】There isn't much mail today. 今天邮件不多。We do our business by mail . 我们通过邮递做生意。
6. feedback /ˈfiːdbæk/ n. 反馈，反应（16）【原句背诵】In response, the receiver sends an encoded message back, which is referred to as feedback. This feedback is decoded by the original sender and the entire cycle repeats itself until they have finished communicating. 【经典例句】I'd appreciate some feedback on my work. 如果有人对我的工作提出意见我将感激不尽。Students are telling us they learn much better with instant feedback. 学生们在向我们显示，在有即时反馈的情况下，他们会学得更好。We need both positive and negative feedback from our customers. 我们需要顾客正反两方面的反馈意见。
【链接高考】（2014湖南卷）Feedback (反馈） facilities, like smart meters and energy monitors，could help bridge this information gap by helping people see how changing their behaviour directly affects their energy use; some studies have shown that households can achieve up to 15 percent energy savings using smart meters. 反馈设施，如智能电表和能源监测器，可以帮助人们了解改变他们的行为如何直接影响他们的能源使用，从而弥合这一信息鸿沟; 一些研究表明，使用智能电表，家庭可以节省高达15%的能源。 （2012江西卷）Emily’s mum came across Big Brothers Big Sisters and thought it would be of benefit to Emily by “providing different feedback (反馈) about herself other than just relying on schoolmates to measure her self-worth. 艾米丽的妈妈偶然遇到了《大师大姐妹会》，她认为这对艾米丽有好处，“除了依靠同学来衡量自我价值外，还可以提供不同的自我反馈。”
7. competent /ˈkɒmpɪtənt/ adj. 足以胜任的，有能力的（16）【原句背诵】The communication process can be challenging but, with practice and patience, you can become a highly competent communicator. 【联想拓展】be competent for/in 胜任competently adv. 胜任地；适合地competence n. 能力，胜任；权限，管辖权；技能competency n. 能力（等于 competence）；资格【反义词】incompetent adj. 无能力的，不称职的【经典例句】 He was a loyal, distinguished and very competent civil servant. 他是一个忠诚、出色、很有能力的公务员。Make sure the firm is competent to carry out the work. 要确保这家公司有能力完成这项工作。Tom is very competent in his work. 汤姆非常胜任自己的工作。【链接高考】（2016天津卷）The most competent adults are those who know how to do this. 最有能力的成年人是那些知道如何做到这一点的人。
8. obtain /əbˈteɪn/ vt. 获得，赢得（16）【原句背诵】Once you have obtained this information, you can use it determine how best to communicate with them.【联想拓展】to obtain advice/information/permission 得到忠告╱信息╱许可obtainable adj. 能得到的【经典例句】You can obtain knowledge through practice. 你可以从实践经验中获得知识。Can plants obtain adequate nourishment from such poor soil? 土壤这样贫瘠，植物能获得足够的养分吗？To obtain the overall score, add up the totals in each column. 要得出总计得分，就把各栏的小计加起来。
【链接高考】（2017天津卷）A build-it-yourself solar still（蒸馏器） is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. 在不能获得水体的地区，自行建造的太阳能蒸馏器仍然是获得饮用水的最佳途径之一。（2017浙江卷）Cojochru, the Moldovan caregiver, hoped obtaining permanent residence (居住权) would help her bring her two children to Italy. 摩尔多瓦的看护者Cojochru希望获得永久居留权能帮助她把两个孩子带到意大利。 （2013天津卷）When you have obtained at least 40 credits (学分)，you may rent a locker and pay 400 SEK for a year’s rental period.当你获得了至少40个积分，你可以租一个储物柜，并支付400 瑞典克朗一年的租金。
9. suit /suːt/ vt. 满足需要；相配，合身 n. 套装，西装，西服（16）【原句背诵】Depending on whether you are communicating with a stranger, friend, family member or co-worker, you will need to decide which communication channel best suits the situation. 【联想拓展】suit sth to sth/sb 使适合（或适应）某事物（或人）suit oneself 随自己的意愿做事；（表示听凭对方的意愿）自便，随便a suit of 一套follow suit 跟着做；学样suitable adj. 适宜的，合适的suited adj. 合适的be suited for/to 适合做…；适合于…【警示误区】suit作动词时，主要指“款式、颜色”等“相配，合身”。如果表示“大小尺寸”合身，则用动词fit。I don't think this coat really suits me. 我觉得这件大衣不大适合我穿。 Blue suits you. You should wear it more often. 你适合穿蓝色。你该多穿蓝色衣服。 【经典例句】They will only release information if it suits them. 他们只会发布合他们意的消息。If we met at 2, would that suit you? 我们两点钟见面，你方便吗？It suits me to start work at a later time. 对我来说，最好晚一点再开始工作。
【链接高考】（2020山东卷）In her natural state, the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds. 在她的自然状态下，这位演员体重105磅。 但在一半的情况下，她穿着特别设计的肥胖服，体重增加到180磅。 （2016全国新课标III）At the events, you can meet expert growers and discuss which ones will best suit your conditions, and because these are family affairs, children are well catered for with apple-themed fun and games. 在活动中，你可以与专业种植者见面，讨论哪种苹果最适合你的条件。因为这些都是家庭事务，所以苹果主题的乐趣和游戏很适合孩子们。 （2020山东卷）The results were similar to the first test: the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces. 结果与第一个测试相似：参与者也一样，但当瘦演员吃了30块时，他们明显吃了更多的糖。
10. negotiate /nɪˈɡəʊʃieɪt/ vt.&vi. 谈判；商定，达成（协议）（17）11. enterprise /ˈentəpraɪz/ n. 公司，企业；规划，事业（17）12. straightforward /ˌstreɪtˈfɔːwəd/ adj. 坦诚的；简单的（17）【原句背诵】For example, if you are a business person negotiating with a large enterprise about a deal, you should do it face to face, using formal language in a straightforward manner. 【联想拓展】negotiate (with sb) (for/about sth) 谈判；磋商；协商to negotiate a deal/contract/treaty/settlement 达成交易；确立合同；商定条约内容╱解决措施negotiating skills 谈判技巧negotiation n. 谈判，协商；转让negotiable adj. 可协商的，可讨论的；流通的，可兑现的，可转让的；可通行的straightforwardly adv. 直截了当地；正直地straightforwardness n. 坦率【经典例句】 It is not clear whether the president is willing to negotiate with the Democrats. 尚不清楚总统是否愿意与民主党人进行谈判。You have to negotiate with the locals to get better prices to buy what you need. 你必须和当地人谈判来以更好的价格来购买你需要的东西。Opposition grew and the government agreed to negotiate. 反对势力日益强烈，政府同意进行谈判。The continued fighting threatens to undermine efforts to negotiate an agreement. 持续的战斗有可能破坏通过谈判达成协议的努力。
【链接高考】（2019全国卷I）The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. 研究人员说，这种键盘应该很容易商业化，主要由廉价的塑料类零件制成。
13. fold /fəʊld/ vt. 折叠，对折；包，裹 n. 皱，皱层，折叠部分（17）14. friction /ˈfrɪkʃ(ə)n/ n. 争执；摩擦（17）【原句背诵】A smile shows you are attentive to the issues being discussed, while looking away with your arms folded can indicate disinterest and create distrust or friction. 【联想拓展】folder n. 文件夹；折叠机；折叠式印刷品foldable adj. 可折叠的；可合拢的folding adj. 可折叠的fold sth (up)/fold sth (back, down, over, etc.) 折叠，对折（纸、织物等）fold up 倒闭；撒手；垮台；放弃frictional adj. [力] 摩擦的；由摩擦而生的frictionless adj. 无摩擦的；光滑的【反义词】fold的反义词是unfold v. 打开，展开；呈现
【经典例句】He folded the paper carefully. 他小心地把那张纸折起来。He folded the map up and put it in his pocket. 他把地图折叠起来，放进了口袋。The bed can be folded away during the day. 这张床在白天可以折叠收起。Friction between moving parts caused the engine to overheat. 活动部件的摩擦使发动机过热。The force of friction slows the spacecraft down as it re-enters the earth's atmosphere. 航天飞机重返地球大气层时因有摩擦力而减慢速度。There exist conflicts and frictions that have still to be resolved between the nations. 两国之间仍有待解决的冲突和摩擦。【链接高考】（2017全国卷I）These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt. 这些部件可以折叠成一个整洁的小包，系在腰带上。 （2017全国卷II）The vehicle — named the Transition — has two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. 这款名为Transition的汽车有两个座位、四个轮子和可折叠的机翼，可以像汽车一样驾驶。
15. clarify /ˈklærəfaɪ/ vt. 使更清晰易懂，阐明（17）【原句背诵】If someone looks at you with a confused expression, this could indicate that they have not completely understood your point. Then you will need to clarify your message before moving on. 【联想拓展】to clarify a situation/problem/issue 澄清情况╱问题clarified butter 已净化的黄油clarification n. 澄清，阐明；净化【同义词】illustrate v. 说明，阐明；证明，证实【经典例句】He issued a statement to clarify the situation. 他发表了一项声明以澄清形势。Some examples will help clarify the distinction. 一些示例将帮助阐明差别。Afterward, the listener can ask nonthreatening questions to clarify the speaker's position. 之后，听众可以问一些不具威胁性的问题来阐明说话者的立场。
16. knowledgeable /ˈnɒlɪdʒəbl/ adj. 博学的，有见识的（17）17. *empathy /ˈempəθi/ n. 同感，共鸣，同情（17）【参考词条21】【原句背诵】While being knowledgeable about body language is vital, the value of empathy should not be understated.【联想拓展】 be knowledgeable (about sth) 博学的；有见识的；知识渊博的knowledgeably adv. 有知识地；聪明地knowledgeability n. 知识丰富；聪明knowledge n. 知识，学问；知道，了解【经典例句】She is very knowledgeable about plants. 她对植物很在行。Do you think you are more knowledgeable about life than your parents were at your age? 父母在你这个年龄时，你认为你比他们更了解生活吗？
18. put yourself in sb’s shoes 处于某人的境地，设身处地（17）【原句背诵】Seek to understand the other person's emotions, by putting yourself in their shoes and looking at the situation from their perspective.【联想拓展】be in sb’s shoes 处于某人的境地；设身处地if I were in your shoes （引出建议）要是我处在你的境地，换了我是你的话
19. sympathy /ˈsɪmpəθi/ n. 同情；赞同（17）【原句背诵】To engage him or her in the discussion and make your communication more effective, you may express your sympathy by, for instance, saying, “I understand how you feel...”【联想拓展】to express / feel sympathy for sb 向某人表示体恤；对某人感到同情in sympathy with sth 因……而出现；相应发生out of sympathy with sb / sth 不赞成，不支持（某人或事物）sympathetic adj. 同情的；有同情心的；表示同情的 ~ (to / towards sb)；赞同的；支持的sympathize v. 同情；赞同；支持 sympathizer n. 赞同者；支持者【经典例句】We expressed our sympathy for her loss. 我们对她的损失表示了同情。I have no sympathy for Jan, it's all her own fault. 我不同情简，那都是她自己的错。Our heartfelt sympathy goes out to the victims of the war. 我们对战争的受害者表示由衷的同情。I have some sympathy with this point of view. 我对这一观点有些赞同。
20. account for sth 是…的说明（或原因）；（数量上、比例上）占（17）21. *empathize /ˈempəθaɪz/ v. 有同感；产生共鸣；表同情（17）【参考词条17】【原句背诵】Only when you give serious consideration to their points of view will you be able to see what accounts for their emotions and empathize with them.【联想拓展】account n. 账户；账目；描述；叙述；报告；（思想、理论、过程的）解释，说明，叙述on account of sth 由于；因为on no account 决不；绝对不on this / that account 由于这个／那个缘故take account of sth︱take sth into account 考虑到；顾及accountant n. 会计；会计师【警示误区】当on no account放在句首时，句子要用倒装结构。On no account can we shut our eyes to the increasingly serious environmental problems. 我们绝不能对越发严重的环境问题置之不理。【经典例句】Cross-cultural comparisons can't account for differences of opinion. 跨文化的比较并不能解释意见的差异。Exactly, these gases account for nearly half the amount of greenhouse gas emissions. 确切地说，这些气体占温室气体排放量的近一半。
【链接高考】（2020全国卷I）Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(电源)-such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输).照明用电约占美国总用电量的7%。 由于照明通常远离电源——例如，从发电厂到偏远公路上的路灯的距离——在传输过程中会损失大量的能量。 （2020广东卷）The results held true even after the scientists accounted for the participants’ overall health status. 即使在科学家考虑了参与者的整体健康状况后，这一结果仍然成立。 （2012广东卷）Sports account for a growing amount of income made on the sales of commercial time by television companies. 体育节目在电视公司的广告时段销售收入中占越来越大的比重。
22. approve /əˈpruːv/ vi.&vt. 赞成；批准，通过（计划、要求等）（17） approve of 赞成，赞同（17）23. tone /təʊn/ n. 语气，腔调；风格，特色（17）【原句背诵】You may not approve of their ideas but at least you will see where they are coming from, which means you can make adjustments to your own tone and choice of words accordingly. 【联想拓展】approve of sb/sth 赞成；同意approve of sb doing sthapprove of sb's doing sth 同意某人做某事approval n. 赞成；同意；批准，通过，认可（计划、要求等）approved adj. 得到正式认可的，核准的approving adj. 赞成的，赞许的，满意的【反义词】disapprove v. 不赞成，反对；不批准，否决speaking in hushed/low/clipped/measured, etc. tones 以压低、低沉、短促、缓慢谨慎等的语调讲话a conversational tone 交谈的语气a tone of surprise 惊奇的口气
【经典例句】I told my mother I wanted to leave school but she didn't approve. 我告诉母亲我不想继续上学，但是母亲不同意。 Not everyone approves of the festival. 不是每个人都喜欢这个节日。She doesn't approve of me leaving school this year. 她不同意我今年离校。The committee unanimously approved the plan. 委员会一致通过了计划。The course is approved by the Department for Education. 课程已获教育部核准。They urged Congress to approve plans for their reform programme. 他们敦促国会批准他们有关改革项目的计划。I still didn't like his tone of voice; he sounded angry and accusing. 我仍然不喜欢他说话的语气；他的声音听起来好像是怒气冲冲地在指责人。She set the tone for the meeting with a firm statement of company policy. 她坚定地说明了公司的方针，为会议定下了调子。【链接高考】（2015天津）The following items are approved for use in residential (住宿的) rooms: electric blankets, hair dryers, personal computers, radios, televisions and DVD players. 以下物品被批准用于住宅房间:电热毯，吹风机，个人电脑，收音机，电视和DVD播放器。（2014胡北卷）Before building work began, a lot of people didn’t want the Shard though the plans were approved. 在建筑工作开始之前，很多人都不想要碎片大厦，尽管该计划得到了批准。
24. gain /ɡeɪn/ vt.&vi. 获得；增进，增长；到达；（从…中）受益 n. 好处，收获（17）【原句背诵】Good communication skills will also help you build trust and gain respect, allowing relationships to become more positive and productive. So, get practising and good luck!【联想拓展】to gain entrance/entry/access to sth 得以进入╱接近某物to gain confidence/strength/experience 增加信心╱力量╱经验gain (sth) (by/from sth) （从…中）受益，获益；得到（好处）no pain(s) no gain(s) 不劳无获a ￡5, 000 gain from our investment 从投资中获取的5, 000英镑的收益efficiency gains 效率提高【经典例句】 Elleen Gu unusual talent in skiing gained her worldwide recognition. 谷爱凌非凡的滑雪才能举世公认。There is nothing to be gained from delaying the decision. 推迟决定得不到任何好处。Regular exercise helps prevent weight gain. 经常锻炼有助于防止体重增加。
【链接高考】（2014陕西卷）Today the rate of obesity — or extreme overweight — among adults is only 6%. However, as American fast food gains acceptance and the young reject（拒绝） older traditions, the obesity rate among French children has reached 17% — and is growing.如今，成年人的肥胖率(或极端超重率)仅为6%。 然而，随着美国快餐被越来越多的人接受，以及年轻人拒绝传统，法国儿童的肥胖率已经达到17%，而且还在不断增长。 （2012湖北卷）A 2003 research paper studied adolescents from 185 families over two years, finding that those who changed to make themselves different from their siblings were successful in increasing the amount of warmth they gained from their parents. 2003年的一篇研究论文在两年多的时间里研究了185个家庭的青少年，发现那些改变自己使自己不同于他们的兄弟姐妹的人能够从父母那里获得更多的温暖。
25. *gesture /ˈdʒestʃə(r)/ n. 手势，姿势；姿态，表示 vi.&vt. 做手势，用手势示意（19）【原句背诵】In communication, a message is sent out not only through the speaker's words and (2) tones, but also through his or her facial expressions and gestures. 【联想拓展】gesture language n. 手语，肢体语言gesture recognition 手势识别gesture (for/to sb) (to do sth) 做手势；用手势表示；用动作示意【经典例句】They communicated entirely by gesture. 他们完全用手势交流。The hand heart gesture means something between “I love you” and “Thank you”. “用手比心”手势的意思介于“我爱你”和“谢谢”之间。They sent some flowers as a gesture of sympathy to the parents of the child. 他们送了一些花表示对孩子父母的同情。 She gestured for the applicants to come in. 她示意让申请人进来。
【链接高考】（2021浙江卷）They say wild chimps communicate 19 specific messages to one another with a "vocabulary" of 66 gestures. 研究人员说，野生黑猩猩用66种手势的“词汇”相互交流19种特定的信息。 （2021浙江卷）Although previous research has shown that apes and monkeys can understand complex information from another animal's call, the animals do not appear to use their voices intentionally to communicate messages. This was a significant difference between calls and gestures. 尽管之前的研究表明，猿类和猴子可以从其他动物的叫声中理解复杂的信息，但这些动物似乎并没有故意使用它们的声音来交流信息。 这是呼叫和手势之间的显著差异，
26. precisely /prɪˈsaɪsli/ adv. 准确地，恰好地；细心地；正是，确实（19）【原句背诵】You can also repeat what has been said. This lets the speaker know that you understand precisely what he or she has said and it allows the speaker to (7) clarify a point if there is any confusion. 【联想拓展】precisely speaking 严格说来; 确切地讲to describe sth precisely 精确地描述某事物more precisely 更确切地说；更严格地说precise adj. 精确的，准确的；恰好的，确切的；（人）严格的，一丝不苟的preciseness n. 严谨；精确；古板【同义词】accurately adv. 精确地；准确地 exactly adv. 精确地，确切地；恰好，完全【经典例句】That's precisely what I meant. 那恰恰是我的意思。It's not clear precisely how the accident happened. 事故究竟是怎么发生的不是很清楚。The cause of the disease is difficult to pin down precisely. 病因目前还难以解释清楚。It's precisely because I care about you that I don't like you staying out late. 正因为我关心你，我才不要你太晚回家。
【链接高考】（2019全国卷I）This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(节奏)with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. 这款智能键盘能精确测量用户键入的节奏，以及手指在每个键上的按压。 （2014江苏卷）By knowing precisely what you are receiving and what you are missing out on, you ought to be able to make better-informed, more reasonable decisions. 通过准确地知道你得到了什么，你失去了什么，你应该能够做出更明智、更合理的决定。
27. vocabulary /vəˈkæbjələri/ n. 词汇，词汇量（20）【原句背诵】Apart from the differences in language such as pronunciation and vocabulary, there is a significant gap in terms of communication styles.【联想拓展】to have a wide/limited vocabulary 词汇量大╱有限basic vocabulary 基本词汇the vocabulary of natural science 自然科学词汇【经典例句】Reading will increase your vocabulary. 阅读会增加你的词汇量。 The word ‘failure’ is not in his vocabulary (= for him, failure does not exist) . 在他的词典中没有“失败”这个词。When did the word ‘bungalow’ first enter the vocabulary? bungalow一词是何时进入（英语）词汇中的？
28. preference /ˈprefrəns/ n. 偏爱；偏爱的事物（20）【原句背诵】Now, when speaking to Americans who have a preference for the direct style, I found that I often failed to get straight to the point. 【联想拓展】preference (for sb/sth) 偏爱；爱好；喜爱give (a) preference to sb / sth 给……以优惠；优待in preference to sb / sth 优先于；而不是preferential adj. 优先的；优惠的；优待的prefer v. 较喜欢；喜欢……多于…… prefer to do sth︱prefer sb to do sth︱prefer doing sth︱prefer that…【经典例句】It's a matter of personal preference . 那是个人的爱好问题。Does Lucy have a preference for a particular colour? 露西有偏爱哪种特定的颜色吗？Many people expressed a strong preference for the original plan. 许多人强烈表示喜欢原计划。Research has shown that having a preference for junk food can result in obesity. 研究表明，偏爱垃圾食品会导致肥胖。
29. jam /dʒæm/ n. 果酱；拥挤，堵塞（20）【原句背诵】There were times when questions like “Would you mind passing me the jam, please?” would be met with the reply “Why would I mind?” I had to learn a whole new way of communicating. 【联想拓展】traffic jam 交通阻塞，塞车in a jam 事情搞得一团糟，陷入困境recipes for jams and preserves 果酱和蜜饯的制作方法【熟词生义】jam作动词时，意思是“（用力）挤，压，塞”。jam in 用力把…塞进去jam on v. 踩压【经典例句】The bus was delayed in a five-mile jam. 公共汽车因长达五英里的交通堵塞而延误。As fans rushed to leave, jams formed at all the exits. 因球迷都急于离开，所有出口都给阻塞了。The stadium was jammed and they had to turn away hundreds of disappointed fans. 该体育场挤满了人，他们不得不谢绝上百名失望的球迷入场。
30. somewhat /ˈsʌmwɒt/ adv. 有点，有几分，稍微（20）【原句背诵】By the end of the exchange year, I had a somewhat better understanding of how to communicate in both countries, but I still have a lot to master. As my experiences clearly show, learning a language is just the beginning. 【经典例句】 Research in this area is somewhat equivocal. 这个领域的研究有些难以理解。His theories are somewhat remote from reality. 他的理论有点儿脱离现实。He explained somewhat unconvincingly that the company was paying for everything. 他有点不令人相信地解释说公司正在支付一切费用。What happened to them remains somewhat of a mystery. 他们到底出了什么事，到现在仍可以说是个谜。【链接高考】（2016天津卷）Every man wants his son to be somewhat of a clone, not in features but in footsteps.每个男人都希望自己的儿子在某种程度上像个克隆体，不是长相而是脚步。 （2014湖南卷）I was a somewhat bored early-adolescent male student who believed that doing any more than necessary was wasted effort. 在20世纪50年代中期，我还是一个有点无聊的少年男生，我认为做任何超出必要范围的事情都是浪费精力。
31. *taboo /təˈbuː/ n. 禁忌，忌讳；禁止，避讳（21）【原句背诵】A taboo is social behavior that is not allowed. There are many different taboos around the world, (1) few of which are universal. They often vary from society to society. 32. embarrassed /ɪmˈbærəst/ adj. 窘迫的，尴尬的；拮据的 (21)33. intention /ɪnˈtenʃn/ n. 计划，意图（21）【原句背诵】Taboos are usually related to certain items or people. Those (2) who break taboos are likely to feel upset or embarrassed even if they have no intention of hurting others, and the situation will also be awkward for the people around them. 【联想拓展】embarrassed about/at sth/ to do sth（尤指在社交场合）窘迫的，尴尬的，害羞的financially embarrassed 拮据的；经济困难的embarrassing adj. 使人害羞的（或难堪的、惭愧的）；使显得愚蠢的（或不诚实的等）embarrass v.（在社交场合）使窘迫；使尴尬；使困惑；使为难；使陷入困境embarrassment n. 尴尬，难堪；拮据，经济困难
intention (of doing sth)/ (to do sth)︱ (that…) 打算；计划；意图；目的with the intention of 有意图without intention 无意地；非故意地 by intention prep. 故意；有意 intentional adj. 故意的；有意的；存心的 intentionally adv. 故意地；有意地 unintentionally adv. 无意地；非故意地 intend v. 打算；计划；想要 ~ to do sth intended adj.欲达到的；打算的；计划的 be intended for sb / sth/as sth/to be / do sth【警示误区】embarrassed表示被动意义，embarrassing表示主动意义。【经典例句】I've never felt so embarrassed in my life! 我一生中从未感到如此难堪过！Her remark was followed by an embarrassed silence. 她的话讲完后，接下来便是难堪的沉默。Some women are too embarrassed to consult their doctor about the problem. 有些妇女太害羞，不愿就这个问题向医生咨询。 Jack has announced his intention to retire. 杰克已经宣布他打算退休。The original intention was to devote three months to the project. 最初的计划是在这个项目上投入三个月的时间。I have no intention of allowing you to continue living here alone. 我不打算让你继续独自生活在这里。 He left England with the intention of travelling in Africa. 他离开英格兰，打算去非洲旅行。
【链接高考】（2020浙江卷）It is not my intention to point out the central theme of each of the plays in this collection, for that would, indeed, ruin the pleasure of reading, discussing, and thinking about the plays and the effectiveness of the playwright.我并不打算指出这本选集中每一部戏剧的中心主题，因为那样做确实会破坏阅读、讨论和思考这些戏剧的乐趣，也会破坏剧作家的功力。 （2021浙江卷）Dr Catherine Hobaiter, who led the research, said that this was the only form of intentional communication to be recorded in the animal kingdom. 领导这项研究的凯瑟琳·霍拜特博士说，这是动物王国中唯一有记录的有意识的交流方式。
34. correspond /ˌkɒrəˈspɒnd/ vi. 类似于；相一致，符合；通信（21）【原句背诵】For example, in China, giving an umbrella as a gift to your friend or a married couple, except when it is actually raining, should be avoided. This is because the word that corresponds to “umbrella” in Chinese sounds like another Chinese word (4) which means “to separate”.【联想拓展】correspond (to sth) 类似于；相当于；correspond with 符合，一致；与……通信corresponding adj. 相应的，相关的; v. 类似于，相当于；通信；相一致correspondence n. 信件，信函；通信；相似，关联correspondent n. 记者，通讯员；通信者，写信人【经典例句】Your account of events does not correspond with hers. 你对事情的陈述与她说的不相符。Your account and hers do not correspond. 你说的情况与她说的不相符。Their conclusions do not correspond to their original hypotheses. 他们的结论与他们最初的假设不一致。【链接高考】（2013陕西卷）For example, the governor of a state has great power, but he or she may not belong to a corresponding (相应的)economic class. 例如，一个州的州长有很大的权力，但他或她可能不属于相应的经济阶层。
35. behave /bɪˈheɪv/ vi.&vt.表现得体，有礼貌（21）【原句背诵】Before you travel to a new country, it is a good idea to find out about the local taboos. If you know what to avoid and how to behave, you will spare yourself embarrassment. 【联想拓展】behave well 表现好；举止得体；行为检点；表现良好behave yourself 请检点一点，行为规矩些well-/badly-behaved children 表现好╱差的孩子a study of how metals behave under pressure 对于金属受压反应的研究behaviour/behavior n. 行为，举止；态度；反应【经典例句】My biggest challenge is learning how to behave at the dinner table. 我最大的挑战是学习如何在餐桌上举止得体。They behaved very badly towards their guests. 他们对客人们很不礼貌。 How do you control the kids who don't behave themselves? 你如何控制那些不守规矩的孩子？
【链接高考】（2020江苏卷）Multiple genes behaved differently, depending on whether someone had eaten or not before walking. 多种基因表现不同，这取决于一个人在散步前是否吃过东西。（2016江苏卷）One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train children to behave socially. 一是这些本能在大多数父母开始训练孩子的社交行为之前就已经出现了。 （2014浙江卷）Here is some must-know information from a handbook on how people behave in doing business in some countries.以下是一本关于人们在某些国家经商行为的手册中的一些必须知道的信息。
36. tolerate /ˈtɒləreɪt/ vt. 忍受，容忍；容许，允许；能经受（21）【原句背诵】Mind that taboos change with the times. Some behavior (5) that was not tolerated before might be accepted now. 【联想拓展】tolerate doing 容忍做某事tolerant adj. 宽容的，容忍的；（植物、动物、机器）能耐……的，有耐受性的tolerable adj. 尚好的，还可以的；可接受的，可忍受的tolerance n. 忍受，容忍；（痛苦、困难等的）忍受程度，忍耐力；耐药力，耐受性【同义词（组）】bear v. 承受，容忍；经得起 stand v. 忍受；容忍；经得起 put up with 忍受；容忍【警示误区】注意从tolerate到tolerant和tolerance的词形变化。【经典例句】There is a limit to what one person can tolerate. 一个人的容忍是有限度的。This sort of behaviour will not be tolerated. 这种行为是不能容许的。She refused to tolerate being called a liar. 她拒不接受被称为撒谎者。Few plants will tolerate sudden changes in temperature. 很少植物经受得住气温的突然变化。
37. kindergarten /ˈkɪndəɡɑːt(ə)n/ n. 幼儿园（23）【原句背诵】Mary-Jo Saunders goes to kindergarten every morning, just like many other five-year-olds in New York. 38. recite /rɪˈsaɪt/ vt. 吟诵；列举（23）39. accent /ˈæksent/ n. 口音，腔调；重音；着重点，强调 （23）【原句背诵】What is special is that it is a Chinese poem and that she is able to recite it without an accent. 【联想拓展】recite (sth) (to sb) （尤指对听众）背诵，吟诵，朗诵recital n. 朗诵，吟诵；独奏会；背诵；独唱会recitation n. 背诵，朗诵；背诵的诗；讲述，陈述a northern/Dublin/Indian/Scottish accent 北方╱都柏林╱印度╱苏格兰口音a strong/broad accent (= one that is very noticeable) 浓重的口音【经典例句】Each child had to recite a poem to the class. 每个孩子都得在班上背诵一首诗。Jessica spoke English with an accent. 杰西卡说英语带有口音。
【链接高考】（2014山东卷）Still, to this day I can sing half the songs in The Music Man and recite half of John Wayne and Jimmy Stewart’s dialogue from The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance!直到今天，我还能唱《音乐人》里一半的歌，背诵《射死自由威利斯的人》里约翰·韦恩和吉米·斯图尔特对白的一半! （2014湖南卷）Our teacher typically assigned daily homework, which would be recited in class the following day. 老师通常会布置每天的家庭作业，这些作业将在第二天的课堂上背诵。 （2015广东卷）A study of British accents during the 1970s found that a voice sounding like a BBC newsreader was viewed as the most attractive voice. 20世纪70年代的一项关于英国口音的研究发现，听起来像BBC新闻播报员的声音被认为是最有吸引力的声音。
40. handwriting /ˈhændraɪtɪŋ/ n. 手写，书写；笔迹，书法（23）【原句背诵】Soon she is going to learn Chinese handwriting too.【联想拓展】handwriting recognition 手写识别handwriting analysis 笔迹分析handwriting verification 笔迹鉴定the handwriting on the wall/see the writing on the wall 不祥之兆；显而易见的危险
41. fluent /ˈfluːənt/ adj.（尤指外语）流利，文字流畅（23）【原句背诵】Keen for their sons and daughters to succeed in life, they see being fluent in a second or third as an advantage.【联想拓展】fluent in 在……方面流利fluently adv. 流利地；通畅地a fluent speaker/reader 说话流利的人；阅读熟练的人fluent handwriting 优美熟练的笔迹fluent movements 优美流畅的动作fluency n. （说话）流利；（做事）流畅，娴熟【警示误区】注意从fluent到fluency的词形变化。【经典例句】He speaks fluent Italian. 他说一口流利的意大利语。She studied eight foreign languages but is fluent in only six of them. 她学了8种外语，但流利的只有其中的6种。To work as a translator, you need fluency in at least one foreign language. 要做一名译员，你至少要一门外语流利。
【链接高考】（2014四川卷）You will have the ability to drive a car and to communicate in fluent written and spoken English since you’ll have to help those people with different learning disabilities. 你有能力驾驶汽车和流利的书面和口语交流，因为你必须帮助那些有不同的学习障碍的人。
42. cooperate /kəʊˈɒpəreɪt/ vi. 合作，协作；协助，配合（23）【原句背诵】For example, there is China’s Belt and Road Initiative, which motivates many countries along the Silk Road to cooperate more closely.【联想拓展】cooperate with 与…合作learn to cooperate and comprise 学习合作和妥协cooperation n. 合作，协作；协助，配合cooperative adj. 合作的，协作的；乐于配合的cooperator n. 合作者；合作社社员【经典例句】The two groups agreed to cooperate with each other. 这两个组同意相互协作。The U.N. had been cooperating with the State Department on a plan to find countries willing to take the refugees. 联合国和美国国务院合作，制定计划来寻找愿意接纳难民的国家。【链接高考】（2016江苏卷）Chimps(黑猩猩) will cooperate in certain ways, like gathering in war parties to protect their territory. 黑猩猩会以某种方式合作，比如聚集在一起参加战争以保护他们的领土。（2016天津卷）They also help him understand that people must cooperate and work toward common goals. 他们也帮助他理解人们必须合作，为共同的目标而努力。
43. cite /saɪt/ vt. 提及，列举；引用，引述（23）【原句背诵】Adam Turner, a school head teacher in the UK, cites this as one of the most appealing aspects of the recently added Chinese course. 【联想拓展】cite sth (as sth) 提及（原因）；举出（示例）；列举cite an example 举例；引用一个例子citation n. 引文，引语；引用，引证；表彰，嘉奖状recite v. 背诵；朗诵；详述，列举【同义词】mention v. 提到，谈到；提名，推荐 quote v. 引用，引述【经典例句】She cites a favourite poem by George Herbert. 她引用了一首她所喜爱的乔治·赫伯特的诗。He cited his heavy workload as the reason for his breakdown. 他说繁重的工作负荷是导致他累垮的原因。
44. broaden one’s mind 开阔心胸，开阔眼界（23）【原句背诵】“Students love the mystery of China,” he explains. “They want to know all about its traditions, dynasties and art forms. Learning Chinese helps them see life from a new perspective and broaden their minds to the outside world.” 【联想拓展】broaden one's horizon 开阔眼界a promise to broaden access to higher education 拓宽高等教育渠道的承诺【经典例句】Few would disagree that travel broadens the mind (= helps you to understand other people‘s customs, etc.) . 旅游有助于开阔眼界，很多人会同意这一点。Spending a year working in the city helped to broaden his horizons . 在城市工作的一年拓宽了他的视野。
45. tofu /ˈtəʊfuː/ n. 豆腐（25）【原句背诵】“The restaurant’s fried tofu is delicious.” Is there anything special about this sentence? Well, all the words except “the” and “is” are borrowed from other languages!【联想拓展】beancurd n. 豆腐46. bacon /ˈbeɪkən/ n. 咸猪肉，熏猪肉（25）47. tank /tæŋk/ n. 坦克；（装液体的）罐子（25）48. golf /ɡɒlf/ n.高尔夫（25）【联想拓展】pork n. 猪肉pork chop 猪排pork belly 五花肉pork ribs 排骨；肋骨；猪肋排；叉烧排骨porker n. 肥小猪，食用猪【原句背诵】However, English is not alone in borrowing words from other languages—borrowed words can be found in almost all languages. For example, English words that are borrowed into the Chinese language include “bacon”, “tank” and “golf”.
49. integrate /ˈɪntɪɡreɪt/ vt.&vi.（使）合并；（使）加入（25）【原句背诵】Though borrowing words has become faster, the process is still complex, and it takes time before new words are integrated into everyday speech.【联想拓展】integrate into/with sthintegrate A (into/with B)/integrate A and B（使）合并，成为一体integrate (into/with sth)/integrate sb (into/with B) （使）加入，融入群体integration n. 结合，融合；取消种族隔离integrated adj. 综合的；完整的；互相协调的【经典例句】Integrating the kids with the community is essential. 使孩子们融入这个社区是非常必要的。He didn't integrate successfully into the Italian way of life. 他没有成功融入到意大利的生活方式中去。Writing about a topic helps you integrate new knowledge with what you already know. 围绕某一题目写作有助于你将新知识和已有知识结合起来。
50. *bilingual /ˌbaɪˈlɪŋɡwəl/ adj. 会说两种语言的；用两种语言（写）的（25）【原句背诵】At first, the borrowed word is used by bilingual speakers.【联想拓展】bilingual education/communities 双语教育╱社群a bilingual dictionary 双语词典bilingualism n. 能用两种语言bilinguals 能说两种语言的人（bilingual 的复数）【经典例句】Jessica is bilingual in English and Arabic. 杰西卡会说英语和阿拉伯语。51. *kung fu /ˌkʌŋ ˈfuː/ n. 功夫（25）【原句背诵】An example of this is the word “kung fu”, which refers to Chinese martial arts. This word comes from Chinese gongfu.
52. oppose /əˈpəʊz/ vt. 反对，抵制；与…对垒（25）【原句背诵】Borrowed words are an outcome of language development that can hardly be avoided, but some language communities oppose adopting words from other cultures.【联想拓展】oppose (doing) sth 反对（做）某事opposed adj. 相反的；敌对的be opposed to (doing) sth 反对（做）某事as opposed to（表示对比）而，相对于 [而不是]opposing adj. 对抗的，反对的；截然相反的；相反的【警示误区】oppose后要doing (sth)，一般不接to do (sth)；在be opposed to中，to是介词，后要接doing (sth)!【经典例句】Mr. Taylor was not bitter toward those who had opposed him. 泰勒先生并不仇恨那些曾经反对过他的人。He intends to oppose the prime minister in the leadership election. 在领导选举中，他欲与首相一决高下。I would oppose changing the law. 我将反对改变这个法规。I'm not opposed to a core curriculum in principle, but I think requiring a foreign language is unrealistic. 原则上我不反对必修课程，但是我认为把外语列为必修课是不现实的。
【链接高考】（2017全国卷III）Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets.许多农民反对这项计划，因为他们担心狼会杀死他们农场的动物或宠物。（2014四川卷）This is opposed to the “early bird” schedule, and is a kind of disorder where the individual tends to stay up much past midnight. 这与“早起的鸟儿”的作息时间是相反的，是一种个人倾向于熬夜到深夜的紊乱。
53. intervention /ˌɪntəˈvenʃn/ n. 干涉，干预（25）54. pure /pjʊə(r)/ adj. 纯净的；纯粹的（25）【原句背诵】There are countries that make interventions to keep their language pure in order to defend their identity. 【联想拓展】government intervention 政府干预；政府干涉surgical intervention 手术治疗；外科手术intervene v. 干预，干涉；插话，打岔；干扰，阻挠pure gold/silk, etc. 纯金、真丝等a bottle of pure water 一瓶纯净水purity n. 洁净，纯净；纯洁，清白 purify v. 使（某物）洁净，净化；变纯净；洗涤（思想），净化（心灵）【经典例句】The incident was used as a pretext for intervention in the area. 这次事件成了干涉那个地区的借口。Military intervention will only aggravate the conflict even further. 军事介入只会使冲突加剧。The air was sweet and pure. 空气清新而纯净。In remote regions, the air is pure and the crops are free of poisonous insecticides. 在偏远地区，空气是纯净的，庄稼也不用有毒的杀虫剂。
55. *tribe /traɪb/ n. 部落（26）56. reject /rɪˈdʒekt/ vt. 拒绝接受；不录用；排斥，排异（21）【原句背诵】Some languages have an extremely small number of speakers, such as the Native American Navajo language, used only by the members of the tribe. Under this circumstance, it becomes a matter of survival for the native language to reject outside influences.【联想拓展】to reject an argument/a claim/a decision/an offer/a suggestion 拒绝接受一个论点╱一项要求╱一个决定╱一项提议╱一个建议rejection n. （对提议、建议或请求的）拒绝接受【经典例句】The prime minister rejected any idea of reforming the system. 首相对任何改革体制的想法都不予考虑。 The proposal was firmly rejected . 这项提议被断然否决。I've been rejected by all the universities I applied to. 所有我申请的大学都没有录取我。 It was feared his body was rejecting a kidney he received in a transplant four years ago. 人们担心他的身体在排斥他4年前在一项移植中接受的一个肾脏。
【链接高考】（2021全国甲卷）When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others. 当俱乐部以外的天才——女性或不同肤色或信仰的人——做出贡献时，他们不会被承认并且被其他人拒绝。（2014陕西卷）However, as American fast food gains acceptance and the young reject（拒绝） older traditions, the obesity rate among French children has reached 17% — and is growing. 然而，随着美国快餐被越来越多的人接受，以及年轻人拒绝传统，法国儿童的肥胖率已经达到17%，而且还在不断增长。
57. pessimistic /ˌpesɪˈmɪstɪk/ adj. 悲观的，悲观主义的（26）【原句背诵】While some communities are pessimistic about the exchange between languages, there are also other communities that readily welcome borrowed words.【联想拓展】be/feel pessimistic about 悲观的；悲观主义的a pessimistic view of life 对人生悲观的看法pessimistical adj. 悲观的，厌世的；悲观主义的（pessimistic 的变形）pessimistically adv. 悲观地pessimist n. 悲观主义者pessimism n. 悲观，悲观情绪；（哲）悲观主义【警示误区】pessimistic的副词形式要用pessimistically，使用时要注意！【反义词】optimistic adj. 乐观的，乐观主义的；（估计）过于乐观的，高估的
58. *Germanic /dʒɜːˈmænɪk/ adj. 日耳曼语的；德语的（26）【原句背诵】English, especially, is based on a mix of Latin, Greek and Germantic languages.59. linguist /ˈlɪŋɡwɪst/ n. 语言学家；通晓数国语言的人（26）60. tendency /ˈtendənsi/ n. 趋势，趋向；倾向，偏好（26）【原句背诵】According to the linguist Edward Sapir, “It would be difficult to point to a completely isolated language…” For better or for worse, the tendency to borrow words has never gone out of style.【联想拓展】linguistic adj. 语言的，语言学的 linguistics n. 语言学linguistically adv. 语言的；语言学方面a tendency (for sb/sth) (to do sth)/ (to/towards sth) 倾向；偏好；性情； 趋势；趋向tend v. 倾向于；走向，趋向；(to) 照顾，护理【同义词】trend n. 趋势；趋向；走向；动态
【经典例句】Tom has a tendency to talk too much when I‘m nervous. 汤姆紧张时总爱唠叨。There is a tendency for this disease to run in groups. 这种疾病容易在群体里传播。 She has a strong natural tendency towards caution. 她天生非常小心谨慎。 Psychologists have recently focused on the tendency to think about something other than the task one is doing. 心理学家最近关注的是，人们倾向于思考一些与自己正在做的任务无关的事情。【链接高考】（2016北京卷）Moreover, the tendency for universities to monitor and shape student behavior runs up against another characteristic of young adults: the response to being controlled by their elders. 此外，大学监管和养成学生行为的趋势与年轻人的另一个特点相冲突: 对被长辈控制的反应。 （2012北京卷）This tendency to slow down and become more cautious when decisions are risky might also help explain why women are less likely to become addicted than men: they may more often avoid making the risky choices that eventually harden into addiction. 这种在做出冒险决定时放慢速度、变得更加谨慎的倾向也有助于解释为什么女性比男性更不容易上瘾:她们可能更经常地避免做出最终会导致上瘾的冒险选择。
61. skateboard /ˈskeɪtbɔːd/ n. 滑板（27）62. canteen /kænˈtiːn/ n. 食堂，餐厅（27）【原句背诵】Jake borrowed Amanda’s skateboard. Unfortunately, he broke it. He is with Melissa in the canteen, asking for advice. 【联想拓展】 skater n. 滑冰者；溜冰者；滑冰运动员skating n.（also ice skating）滑冰；溜冰skate v. 滑冰；溜冰 skate over sth 回避；避免涉及dining hall n. 餐厅，食堂
63. sincerely /sɪnˈsɪəli/ adv. 真诚地，诚实地（27）64. slip /slɪp/ vi. 滑倒；滑落；溜；陷入 n. 差错；纸条；滑跤（27）【原句背诵】(Making eye contact and speaking slowly and sincerely) When I was trying out your skateboard, I slipped. When I got up, I found one of the wheels had fallen off—I’m so sorry! I feel really bad about it.【联想拓展】sincere adj. 衷心的，诚挚的；（人）真诚的，诚恳的Yours sincerely（Sincerely (yours)）（正式信函署名前的套语，只用于以收信人姓名相称呼的信函）slip away 逃走；悄悄溜走 slip in 悄悄溜入；偷偷溜进去slip into v. 溜进；使滑入；匆忙穿上；[俚]大吃 slip out 溜出；悄悄地溜出去slip by 飞掠而过 slip up v. 疏忽；跌倒；遭到不幸slipper n. 拖鞋 slippery adj. 湿滑的，容易打滑的a slip of the pen / tongue 笔误；口误【警示误区】slip的现在分词、过去式和过去分词，要双写p，再加ing、ed。【链接高考】（2015湖南卷）When the inspector extended his hand to greet Glenn's mother, he slipped on the freshly oiled surface. 当巡查员伸出手去迎接格伦的母亲时，他在刚涂了油的地面上滑了一跤。
65. fence /fens/ n. 栅栏，篱笆（27）【原句背诵】(Embarrassed, looking down at the floor) It happened when I made a jump over a fence—it was my fault. I should have taken better care of it.【联想拓展】over the fence 越过场端；不讲道理的 ，不公正的on the fence 保持中立；抱观望态度sit on the fence 脚踩两只船；保持中立；采取骑墙态度the grass is (always) greener on the other side (of the fence)（saying）草是那边绿；这山望着那山高mend (your) fences (with sb) 解决纷争；消除隔阂
66. contest /ˈkɒntest/ n. 比赛，竞赛；争夺，竞争 /kənˈtest/ vt. 争取赢得；争辩，就…提出异议（27）【原句背诵】(Hesitating a bit) Well, it’s actually my brother’s skateboard. I think he’ll be very angry when he finds out—he has a contest this weekend!【联想拓展】a singing contest 歌咏比赛a talent contest 新秀大奖赛to enter/win/lose a contest 参加╱赢得竞赛；竞赛失败a contest for the leadership of the party 争夺政党的领导权contest for 和...对抗（后接物）a hotly/fiercely/keenly contested game (= one in which the players try very hard to win and the scores are close) 竞争十分激烈的比赛contestant n. 比赛者；竞争者；选手【经典例句】I'm going to be emceeing a costume contest. 我将要主持一场时装比赛。The athletes displayed great tenacity（顽强）throughout the contest. 运动员在比赛中表现出坚韧的斗志。Three candidates contested the leadership. 有三位候选人角逐领导权。
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