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北师大版 (2019)选择性必修 第一册Lesson 1 The Sixth Extinction教案及反思
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这是一份北师大版 (2019)选择性必修 第一册Lesson 1 The Sixth Extinction教案及反思，共9页。教案主要包含了Pre-reading，While- reading，After-reading，Hmewrk等内容，欢迎下载使用。
科目：英语 课题：Lessn 1 The Sixth Extinctin 课时：1课时
教学目标与核心素养：
知识目标：Students can learn sme new wrds and expressins and attributive clause.
能力目标：Students can have a further understanding f the passage.
情感目标：Students can think individually and learn cperatively.
教学重难点
教学重点：Hw t learn the new wrds and expressins and attributive clause.
教学难点：Hw t make students have a better understanding f the passage.
课前准备：多媒体，黑板，粉笔
教学过程：
一、Pre-reading
1. Greeting
2. Leading-in
ACTIVATE AND SHARE
教师活动：
(1) 教师活动，引导学生完成练习。
Hw much d yu knw abut extinctin? Chse the ptin based n yur knwledge.
1 )Hw many times up t tday has life n Earth almst died ut?
a Once. b Five times. c Mre than 10 times.
2 )Abut what percent f all species n Earth became extinct during the mass extinctin knwn as the "Great Dying"?
a Less than 10%. b Nearly 50%. c Mre than 90%.
3) What d scientists think will cause the next mass extinctin?
a Human activity. b Natural causes. c Unknwn reasns.
Ask fr vlunteers t share their answers, encurage them t give reasns t their answers.
二、While- reading
READ AND EXPLORE
1. 学生活动：阅读文章，回答问题。
Read a text abut extinctin. Then check yur answers in Activity 1.
(Answers: b, c, a)
What's the text mainly abut?
(The text is abut extinctin and its effect n ur planet.)
2. 学生活动：阅读文章，完成练习。
Read the text. Cmplete the ntes. Then talk abut the different aspects f extinctins.
(Answers:
1) Meaning f extinctin: entire species are wiped ut
2 )The number f extinctins ccurred s far: ver 90% f all species that ever lived
3 )Tw ntable extinctins and their cnsequences: the third mass extinctin, killed 90% t 96% f all species; the fifth event, which ccurred 66 millin years ag, caused the death f the dinsaurs
4) Main reasns that cause extinctins: vlcanic eruptins, asterids hitting the Earth frm space, changes in sea levels, the decrease f xygen cntent f the sea, glbal warming
5) Hw t avid the sixth mass extinctin: change the way we live, including setting up special areas where plants and animals can be prtected; change hw we wrk and travel by using cleaner, mre natural surces f energy; imprve ur farming methds)
3. 学生活动：阅读文章，回答下列问题。
Read again. Answer the questins.
1 )What did scientists find ut in 2015?
(The study fund that hw quickly species die ut due t natural causes, that is, the "backgrund extinctin rate". They fund that human activity is causing species t die ut 1,000 times faster than nrmal.)
2) Why des the writer think the sixth mass extinctin will cme?
(Because human activity has negatively affected all ther species n Earth, including animals and plants.)
3) Why des the writer believe we'll prbably die ut if 75% f the Earth's species die ut?
(Because ur wrld and ur lives depend n the balance in nature between animals and plants.)
4) What did peple d in the case study t prtect black rbins? Which claim(s) did the case study supprt in the text?
(Peple prtected Old Blue's eggs, helped them t hatch, and tk care f the chicks. Peple are restring their habitats and remving pests like mice and cats frm the islands where they live. The case study shwed that even in desperate situatins, we can d smething t help. In shrt, it's never t late.)
三、After-reading
1. 学生活动： Grup Wrk. Think and share.
1 Use different clured pens t highlight at least ne example fr each f the fur elements listed belw in different clurs. Then find ut
(1) what typical language is used?
(2)What text type is this piece f writing?
(3)What is its cmmunicative purpse?
facts pinins/predictins
reasns slutins
(Suggested Answers:
1. (1) Facts: ver 90% f all species that ever lived are extinct; the “Great Dying", which killed 90% t 96% f all species; human activity is causing species t die ut 1, 000 times faster than nrmal.
Reasns: air and water pllutin, frests being destryed, factry farming and verfishing are causing species t die ut; withut frests, we wuld have n air t breathe and withut clean water we wuld be unable t survive.
Opinins/predictins: many scientists say we are nw entering the Earth's sixth mass extinctin; scientists believe that up t three quarters f all species n Earth culd die ut.
Slutins: we need t take steps t save endangered species, including setting up special areas where plants and animals can be prtected; we need t change hw we wrk and travel…; we als need t imprve ur farming methds…
(2) This piece f writing is an expsitin.
(3) Its purpse is t explain what the sixth extinctin is and its effects and call n peple t take actin t prevent it frm happening.)
2. What ways f argument des the writer use t cnvince readers? Are yu cnvinced? Why r why nt?
(Suggested Answers:
The writer uses ways such as citing ideas frm experts r authrities, giving examples and using data. I believe that if we take actin nw it is nt t late t save ther species frm extinctin. The black rbin was saved frm extinctin when nly five birds remained, s l think it is pssible t save any species if we act right nw.)
2. 学生活动：完成练习。
Use the adjectives and nuns t make meaningful expressins. Then use each expressin t make a sentence. Write the sentences in the space prvided.
(Answers: endangered animals, entire species, natural resurces, significant change, mass extinctin, slar energy)
3. 学生活动： 完成练习。
Cmplete the paragraph abut extinctins using the crrect frm f the phrases belw
die ut be knwn as have affected depend n wipe ut
take steps take actins set up take care f
In the last 500 millin years, there have been five mass extinctin events n Earth. In the third event, which 1 ______________ the "Great Dying", 90% t 96% f all species 2 ______________. Of curse, species died ut due t many causes. But nwadays, human activity 3 ______________ all types f species that we 4 ______________ fr living. We need t 5 ______________ t avid the sixth mass extinctin. We shuld 6 ______________ t save endangered animals and plants, and 7 ______________ special areas t 8 ______________ them befre the next extinctin cmes that may 9 ______________ the entire species.
(Answers:
1 is knwn as 2 died ut 3 has affected 4 depend n 5 take actin
6 take steps 7 set up 8 take care f 9 wipe ut)
四、FOCUS ON LANGUAGE: RELATIVE CLAUSES (4) -DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING CLAUSES
1. Read the sentences and discuss which wrd (s) the clauses (in italics) refer t.
1 Extinctins, where entire species are wiped ut, are nt unusual in ur Earth's histry.
2 These include the third mass extinctin, knwn as the "Great Dying", which killed 90% t 96% f all species.
3 A 2015 study by scientists wh were based at Brwn University and Duke University in the US, lked at hw quickly species die ut due t natural causes...
4 If a sixth mass extinctin ccurs, scientists wh have studied the issue believe that up t three quarters f all species n Earth culd die ut.
5 We need t take steps t save endangered species, including setting up special areas where plants and animals can be prtected.
Which f the clauses abve:
(1) give infrmatin t identify the persns/bjects. (___________)
(2) give extra infrmatin abut a persn r a thing, which can be left ut. (___________)
(Answers:
1 Refers t extinctins 2 Refers t the "Great Dying" 3 Refers t scientists
4 Refers t scientists 5 Refers t special areas
(1) defining clause (2) nn-defining clause)
2. Underline the relative clauses in the sentences and decide if they are defining (D) r nn-defining (ND). Translate them int Chinese. Discuss the difference in meaning between the tw types f relative clauses.
( ) 1 He went t a city where irn was prduced in huge quantities.
( ) 2 The bus which was full f turists stpped near the Leaning Twer f Pisa.
( ) 3 Melissa lent me sme mney, which was very generus f her.
( ) 4 The grund is cvered with snw and ice, which makes driving very dangerus.
( ) 5 I met the famus prfessr in the htel, where the meeting was held.
(Answers:
1 D 2 D 3 ND 4 ND 5 ND
EXPRESS YOURSELF
学生活动：Grup Wrk
Chse tw r three envirnmental prblems that are caused by human activity. Offer slutins. Try t use relative clauses where apprpriate.
语法：定语从句
在句中充当定语修饰名词或代词的句子叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词。定语从句可分为两大类：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
对比两句：
This is the huse which/ that we bught last mnth.
这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。
The huse, which we bught last mnth, is very nice.
这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。
限制性定语从句的先行词只能是名词或代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是名词或代词，也可以是短语或句子。
Then he met Mary, wh invited him t a party.
后来他遇到了玛丽，玛丽邀请他参加晚会。（wh指代 Mary）
He changed his mind, which made me very angry.
他改变了主意，这使我很生气。（which指代逗号前的整个主句）
1. 定语从句的关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两类。
2. 关系代词的用法
（1）只能用that引导定语从句的情况：
① 当先行词是 everything, anything, nthing, all, nne, few, little, sme等不定代词时，或当先行词被every, any, all, sme, n, little, few, much等词修饰时。如：
There seems t be nthing that is impssible t him in the wrld.
对他来说，世界上似乎没有什么不可能的事情。
② 当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：
The first American mvie that I watched was Titanic.
我看的第一部美国电影是《泰坦尼克号》。
③ 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如：
This is the best museum that I have visited all my life.
这是我这辈子参观过的最棒的博物馆。
④ 当先行词被 the very, the nly, the first/ last 等修饰时。如：
She is the nly persn that understands me.
她是唯一理解我的人。
⑤ 当先行词前面有wh, which等疑问代词时。如：
Which is the rm that Mr Wang lives in?
王先生住的是哪一个房间？
⑥ 当先行词既指人又指物时。如：
Lk at the man and his dnkey that are walking up the street.
瞧瞧那个正在街上走的人和他的驴子。
（2）只能用which引导定语从句的情况：
① 关系代词前有介词时只能用which。如：
This is the rm in which she lived.
这是她住过的房间。
② 在非限制性定语从句中，关系词指物时只能用which。如：
He will make a trip t Suzhu, which is famus fr its beautiful scenic spts.
他将到苏州去旅行，那里因其美丽的景点而闻名。
③ 先行词本身是that时只能用which。如：
The clck is that which tells the time.
时钟显示时间。
（3）用as引导定语从句的情况：
① 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词被 the same, such, as修饰时，定语从句用as引导。如：
Such prblems as are ften mentined shuld be slved.
类似这样经常被提及的问题应该得到解决。
He wuld like t use the same pen as I used yesterday.
他想用我昨天用过的同一支笔。
I will read as many bks as are required.
要求读多少书我就读多少书。
② 在非限制性定语从句中，as和which都可以用于指代整个主句。
区别在于：as引导时意为“正如”，可位于句首或句中；而which 引导时意为“这一点；这件事”，只能位于句中。
as构成的固定表达：
as is knwn t all
as we all knw
as is ften the case
as is expected
as is ften said
as is reprted
as is hped
as is stressed
（4）定语从句中“介词＋关系代词”的用法：
做介词的宾语的关系代词一般是which和 whm。
“介词＋which/whm”既可以引导限制性定语从句，又可以引导非限制性定语从句。
常见的有以下几种结构：
① 介词＋关系代词
Mandela was the black lawyer t whm I went fr advice.
＝Mandela was the black lawyer whm I went t fr advice.
曼德拉是我向其征求建议的一位黑人律师。
I still remember the day n which we had a big party.
我仍然记得我们举行一场盛大聚会的那一天。
注意：
介词的选择与先行词或者从句的谓语动词有关。把先行词放到从句里写出一个完整的句子，然后再将先行词换成对应的关系代词。
固定短语中的介词不能提到关系代词的前面。如：
He is the man that/whm yur mther tk care f last mnth.
他是你母亲上个月照顾的那个人。
② 名词/ 代词/ 数词＋介词＋关系代词
Last Sunday I bught sme bks frm the bkstre, three f which were English nvels.
＝Last Sunday I bught sme bks frm the bkstre, f which three were English nvels.
上个星期天，我从书店买回几本书，其中3本是英文小说。
③ 形容词最高级＋介词＋关系代词。如：
China has thusands f islands, the largest f which is Taiwan.
中国有成千上万的岛屿，其中最大的是台湾。
（5）定语从句中whse的用法：
① whse既可以指人，又可指物，在定语从句中做定语，表示“……人的；……物的”。如：
The rm whse windw faces suth is mine.
窗户朝南的那个房间是我的。
② whse指物时可用 f which 代替，但语序不同，即
“whse＋名词”相当于“the＋名词＋f which”或“f which＋the＋名词”。如：
The classrm whse dr is brken will sn be repaired.
＝The classrm the dr f which is brken will sn be repaired.
＝The classrm f which the dr is brken will sn be repaired.
门坏了的那间教室将很快得到修缮。
3. 关系副词的用法
当先行词是表时间、地点、方式或原因等的词，且从句缺状语时，从句用关系副词引导。关系副词有时可转化为“介词＋关系代词”。如：
This is the place where we spent ur childhd.
这里是我们度过童年的地方。
注意：
（1）当先行词是表时间、地点、方式、原因等的词时，只有在从句缺状语时才用关系副词引导；否则，用关系代词引导。如：
He'll always remember the day when his grandmther passed away.
他会永远记住他的奶奶去世的那一天。
I will always remember the day that/ which we spent tgether in the cuntryside.
我会永远记住我们在乡下一起度过的那一天。
This is the factry where my father nce wrked.
这是我父亲曾经工作过的工厂。
This is the factry that/which they shwed us arund last year.
这是去年他们领我们参观的工厂。
This is the reasn why/ fr which he was late this mrning.
这是他今天早上迟到的原因。
This is the reasn that/ which may explain his absence.
这是可以解释他缺席的理由。
（2）先行词为 pint, situatin, case, stage, psitin, degree等表抽象的地点和情况的名词时，其后常用where引导定语从句，where在定语从句中做地点状语。而ccasin 作“时机”讲时用when引导；作“场合”讲时用where引导。如：
Tday, we will discuss a number f cases where English beginners fail t use the language prperly.
今天，我们将讨论一些英语初学者使用语言不当的例子。
I can remember very few ccasins when he had t cancel because f ill health.
我记得他因为健康不佳而被迫取消的情况绝无仅有。
（3）先行词是the way （方式、方法），且引导词在定语从句中做状语时可以用in which或that引导从句，也可以省略引导词。如：
The way (that/ in which) he explained the sentence t us was nt difficult t understand.
他解释这个句子的方式并不难懂。
练习：
1. The meeting rm is crwded with children ___________ have pr eyesight, all f them interested in painting.
2. Tang is a passinate dance, ___________ brings the dancers tgether in a way that wrds can't express.
3. I'm taking sme weight-lss pills, ___________ are quite ppular here.
4. It was the largest map ___________ I had ever seen.
5. Mr. Zhang had a lt f friends, nne f ___________ culd lend him any mney.
6. ___________ was annunced in the newspaper, ur cuntry wn 51 gld medals in the 29th Olympic Games.
7. Which was the very htel ___________ was recmmended t yu?
8. Great changes have taken place since then in the factry ___________ we are wrking.
9. Is there anyne in yur class ___________ family is in the cuntry?
10. I can never frget the days ___________ we wrked tgether and the time ___________ we spent tgether.
(Answers:
1. wh/ that 2. which 3. which 4. that 5. whm
6. As 7. that 8. where 9. whse 10. when; that/ which)
四、Summary
重点词汇：blame, ccur, survival, die ut, depend n, at risk
重点句型：关系副词where引导的定语从句；关系副词when 引导的定语从句；关系代词 which 引导的定语从句；“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句；关系副词why 引导的定语从句；含蓄虚拟条件句
重点语法：定语从句
五、Hmewrk
Write a shrt passage t express slutins fr envirnmental prblems.
限制性定语从句
是句中不可缺少的组成部分，主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开
引导词：关系代词和关系副词，做宾语时一些关系代词可以省略
非限制性定语从句
是对主句先行词的补充说明，没有这一从句不影响主句意思完整。一般用逗号把主句和从句分开
引导词：wh, whm, whse, which, when, where 等，不用一般that，不能省略
关系代词
先行词
作用
备注
wh
人
主语
关系代词whm, which, that在从句中做宾语时常可以省略，但在介词后不能省略。
whm
人
宾语
whse
人、物
定语
that
人、物
主语、宾语
which
物、句子
主语、宾语
as
人、物、句子
主语、宾语
as做宾语时一般不省略
关系副词
先行词
作用
备注
when
时间
时间状语
相当于“介词+which”
where
地点
地点状语
相当于“介词+which”
why
原因
原因状语
相当于“fr+which”
科目：英语 课题：Lessn 1 The Sixth Extinctin 课时：1课时
教学目标与核心素养：
知识目标：Students can learn sme new wrds and expressins and attributive clause.
能力目标：Students can have a further understanding f the passage.
情感目标：Students can think individually and learn cperatively.
教学重难点
教学重点：Hw t learn the new wrds and expressins and attributive clause.
教学难点：Hw t make students have a better understanding f the passage.
课前准备：多媒体，黑板，粉笔
教学过程：
一、Pre-reading
1. Greeting
2. Leading-in
ACTIVATE AND SHARE
教师活动：
(1) 教师活动，引导学生完成练习。
Hw much d yu knw abut extinctin? Chse the ptin based n yur knwledge.
1 )Hw many times up t tday has life n Earth almst died ut?
a Once. b Five times. c Mre than 10 times.
2 )Abut what percent f all species n Earth became extinct during the mass extinctin knwn as the "Great Dying"?
a Less than 10%. b Nearly 50%. c Mre than 90%.
3) What d scientists think will cause the next mass extinctin?
a Human activity. b Natural causes. c Unknwn reasns.
Ask fr vlunteers t share their answers, encurage them t give reasns t their answers.
二、While- reading
READ AND EXPLORE
1. 学生活动：阅读文章，回答问题。
Read a text abut extinctin. Then check yur answers in Activity 1.
(Answers: b, c, a)
What's the text mainly abut?
(The text is abut extinctin and its effect n ur planet.)
2. 学生活动：阅读文章，完成练习。
Read the text. Cmplete the ntes. Then talk abut the different aspects f extinctins.
(Answers:
1) Meaning f extinctin: entire species are wiped ut
2 )The number f extinctins ccurred s far: ver 90% f all species that ever lived
3 )Tw ntable extinctins and their cnsequences: the third mass extinctin, killed 90% t 96% f all species; the fifth event, which ccurred 66 millin years ag, caused the death f the dinsaurs
4) Main reasns that cause extinctins: vlcanic eruptins, asterids hitting the Earth frm space, changes in sea levels, the decrease f xygen cntent f the sea, glbal warming
5) Hw t avid the sixth mass extinctin: change the way we live, including setting up special areas where plants and animals can be prtected; change hw we wrk and travel by using cleaner, mre natural surces f energy; imprve ur farming methds)
3. 学生活动：阅读文章，回答下列问题。
Read again. Answer the questins.
1 )What did scientists find ut in 2015?
(The study fund that hw quickly species die ut due t natural causes, that is, the "backgrund extinctin rate". They fund that human activity is causing species t die ut 1,000 times faster than nrmal.)
2) Why des the writer think the sixth mass extinctin will cme?
(Because human activity has negatively affected all ther species n Earth, including animals and plants.)
3) Why des the writer believe we'll prbably die ut if 75% f the Earth's species die ut?
(Because ur wrld and ur lives depend n the balance in nature between animals and plants.)
4) What did peple d in the case study t prtect black rbins? Which claim(s) did the case study supprt in the text?
(Peple prtected Old Blue's eggs, helped them t hatch, and tk care f the chicks. Peple are restring their habitats and remving pests like mice and cats frm the islands where they live. The case study shwed that even in desperate situatins, we can d smething t help. In shrt, it's never t late.)
三、After-reading
1. 学生活动： Grup Wrk. Think and share.
1 Use different clured pens t highlight at least ne example fr each f the fur elements listed belw in different clurs. Then find ut
(1) what typical language is used?
(2)What text type is this piece f writing?
(3)What is its cmmunicative purpse?
facts pinins/predictins
reasns slutins
(Suggested Answers:
1. (1) Facts: ver 90% f all species that ever lived are extinct; the “Great Dying", which killed 90% t 96% f all species; human activity is causing species t die ut 1, 000 times faster than nrmal.
Reasns: air and water pllutin, frests being destryed, factry farming and verfishing are causing species t die ut; withut frests, we wuld have n air t breathe and withut clean water we wuld be unable t survive.
Opinins/predictins: many scientists say we are nw entering the Earth's sixth mass extinctin; scientists believe that up t three quarters f all species n Earth culd die ut.
Slutins: we need t take steps t save endangered species, including setting up special areas where plants and animals can be prtected; we need t change hw we wrk and travel…; we als need t imprve ur farming methds…
(2) This piece f writing is an expsitin.
(3) Its purpse is t explain what the sixth extinctin is and its effects and call n peple t take actin t prevent it frm happening.)
2. What ways f argument des the writer use t cnvince readers? Are yu cnvinced? Why r why nt?
(Suggested Answers:
The writer uses ways such as citing ideas frm experts r authrities, giving examples and using data. I believe that if we take actin nw it is nt t late t save ther species frm extinctin. The black rbin was saved frm extinctin when nly five birds remained, s l think it is pssible t save any species if we act right nw.)
2. 学生活动：完成练习。
Use the adjectives and nuns t make meaningful expressins. Then use each expressin t make a sentence. Write the sentences in the space prvided.
(Answers: endangered animals, entire species, natural resurces, significant change, mass extinctin, slar energy)
3. 学生活动： 完成练习。
Cmplete the paragraph abut extinctins using the crrect frm f the phrases belw
die ut be knwn as have affected depend n wipe ut
take steps take actins set up take care f
In the last 500 millin years, there have been five mass extinctin events n Earth. In the third event, which 1 ______________ the "Great Dying", 90% t 96% f all species 2 ______________. Of curse, species died ut due t many causes. But nwadays, human activity 3 ______________ all types f species that we 4 ______________ fr living. We need t 5 ______________ t avid the sixth mass extinctin. We shuld 6 ______________ t save endangered animals and plants, and 7 ______________ special areas t 8 ______________ them befre the next extinctin cmes that may 9 ______________ the entire species.
(Answers:
1 is knwn as 2 died ut 3 has affected 4 depend n 5 take actin
6 take steps 7 set up 8 take care f 9 wipe ut)
四、FOCUS ON LANGUAGE: RELATIVE CLAUSES (4) -DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING CLAUSES
1. Read the sentences and discuss which wrd (s) the clauses (in italics) refer t.
1 Extinctins, where entire species are wiped ut, are nt unusual in ur Earth's histry.
2 These include the third mass extinctin, knwn as the "Great Dying", which killed 90% t 96% f all species.
3 A 2015 study by scientists wh were based at Brwn University and Duke University in the US, lked at hw quickly species die ut due t natural causes...
4 If a sixth mass extinctin ccurs, scientists wh have studied the issue believe that up t three quarters f all species n Earth culd die ut.
5 We need t take steps t save endangered species, including setting up special areas where plants and animals can be prtected.
Which f the clauses abve:
(1) give infrmatin t identify the persns/bjects. (___________)
(2) give extra infrmatin abut a persn r a thing, which can be left ut. (___________)
(Answers:
1 Refers t extinctins 2 Refers t the "Great Dying" 3 Refers t scientists
4 Refers t scientists 5 Refers t special areas
(1) defining clause (2) nn-defining clause)
2. Underline the relative clauses in the sentences and decide if they are defining (D) r nn-defining (ND). Translate them int Chinese. Discuss the difference in meaning between the tw types f relative clauses.
( ) 1 He went t a city where irn was prduced in huge quantities.
( ) 2 The bus which was full f turists stpped near the Leaning Twer f Pisa.
( ) 3 Melissa lent me sme mney, which was very generus f her.
( ) 4 The grund is cvered with snw and ice, which makes driving very dangerus.
( ) 5 I met the famus prfessr in the htel, where the meeting was held.
(Answers:
1 D 2 D 3 ND 4 ND 5 ND
EXPRESS YOURSELF
学生活动：Grup Wrk
Chse tw r three envirnmental prblems that are caused by human activity. Offer slutins. Try t use relative clauses where apprpriate.
语法：定语从句
在句中充当定语修饰名词或代词的句子叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词。定语从句可分为两大类：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
对比两句：
This is the huse which/ that we bught last mnth.
这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。
The huse, which we bught last mnth, is very nice.
这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。
限制性定语从句的先行词只能是名词或代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是名词或代词，也可以是短语或句子。
Then he met Mary, wh invited him t a party.
后来他遇到了玛丽，玛丽邀请他参加晚会。（wh指代 Mary）
He changed his mind, which made me very angry.
他改变了主意，这使我很生气。（which指代逗号前的整个主句）
1. 定语从句的关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两类。
2. 关系代词的用法
（1）只能用that引导定语从句的情况：
① 当先行词是 everything, anything, nthing, all, nne, few, little, sme等不定代词时，或当先行词被every, any, all, sme, n, little, few, much等词修饰时。如：
There seems t be nthing that is impssible t him in the wrld.
对他来说，世界上似乎没有什么不可能的事情。
② 当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：
The first American mvie that I watched was Titanic.
我看的第一部美国电影是《泰坦尼克号》。
③ 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如：
This is the best museum that I have visited all my life.
这是我这辈子参观过的最棒的博物馆。
④ 当先行词被 the very, the nly, the first/ last 等修饰时。如：
She is the nly persn that understands me.
她是唯一理解我的人。
⑤ 当先行词前面有wh, which等疑问代词时。如：
Which is the rm that Mr Wang lives in?
王先生住的是哪一个房间？
⑥ 当先行词既指人又指物时。如：
Lk at the man and his dnkey that are walking up the street.
瞧瞧那个正在街上走的人和他的驴子。
（2）只能用which引导定语从句的情况：
① 关系代词前有介词时只能用which。如：
This is the rm in which she lived.
这是她住过的房间。
② 在非限制性定语从句中，关系词指物时只能用which。如：
He will make a trip t Suzhu, which is famus fr its beautiful scenic spts.
他将到苏州去旅行，那里因其美丽的景点而闻名。
③ 先行词本身是that时只能用which。如：
The clck is that which tells the time.
时钟显示时间。
（3）用as引导定语从句的情况：
① 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词被 the same, such, as修饰时，定语从句用as引导。如：
Such prblems as are ften mentined shuld be slved.
类似这样经常被提及的问题应该得到解决。
He wuld like t use the same pen as I used yesterday.
他想用我昨天用过的同一支笔。
I will read as many bks as are required.
要求读多少书我就读多少书。
② 在非限制性定语从句中，as和which都可以用于指代整个主句。
区别在于：as引导时意为“正如”，可位于句首或句中；而which 引导时意为“这一点；这件事”，只能位于句中。
as构成的固定表达：
as is knwn t all
as we all knw
as is ften the case
as is expected
as is ften said
as is reprted
as is hped
as is stressed
（4）定语从句中“介词＋关系代词”的用法：
做介词的宾语的关系代词一般是which和 whm。
“介词＋which/whm”既可以引导限制性定语从句，又可以引导非限制性定语从句。
常见的有以下几种结构：
① 介词＋关系代词
Mandela was the black lawyer t whm I went fr advice.
＝Mandela was the black lawyer whm I went t fr advice.
曼德拉是我向其征求建议的一位黑人律师。
I still remember the day n which we had a big party.
我仍然记得我们举行一场盛大聚会的那一天。
注意：
介词的选择与先行词或者从句的谓语动词有关。把先行词放到从句里写出一个完整的句子，然后再将先行词换成对应的关系代词。
固定短语中的介词不能提到关系代词的前面。如：
He is the man that/whm yur mther tk care f last mnth.
他是你母亲上个月照顾的那个人。
② 名词/ 代词/ 数词＋介词＋关系代词
Last Sunday I bught sme bks frm the bkstre, three f which were English nvels.
＝Last Sunday I bught sme bks frm the bkstre, f which three were English nvels.
上个星期天，我从书店买回几本书，其中3本是英文小说。
③ 形容词最高级＋介词＋关系代词。如：
China has thusands f islands, the largest f which is Taiwan.
中国有成千上万的岛屿，其中最大的是台湾。
（5）定语从句中whse的用法：
① whse既可以指人，又可指物，在定语从句中做定语，表示“……人的；……物的”。如：
The rm whse windw faces suth is mine.
窗户朝南的那个房间是我的。
② whse指物时可用 f which 代替，但语序不同，即
“whse＋名词”相当于“the＋名词＋f which”或“f which＋the＋名词”。如：
The classrm whse dr is brken will sn be repaired.
＝The classrm the dr f which is brken will sn be repaired.
＝The classrm f which the dr is brken will sn be repaired.
门坏了的那间教室将很快得到修缮。
3. 关系副词的用法
当先行词是表时间、地点、方式或原因等的词，且从句缺状语时，从句用关系副词引导。关系副词有时可转化为“介词＋关系代词”。如：
This is the place where we spent ur childhd.
这里是我们度过童年的地方。
注意：
（1）当先行词是表时间、地点、方式、原因等的词时，只有在从句缺状语时才用关系副词引导；否则，用关系代词引导。如：
He'll always remember the day when his grandmther passed away.
他会永远记住他的奶奶去世的那一天。
I will always remember the day that/ which we spent tgether in the cuntryside.
我会永远记住我们在乡下一起度过的那一天。
This is the factry where my father nce wrked.
这是我父亲曾经工作过的工厂。
This is the factry that/which they shwed us arund last year.
这是去年他们领我们参观的工厂。
This is the reasn why/ fr which he was late this mrning.
这是他今天早上迟到的原因。
This is the reasn that/ which may explain his absence.
这是可以解释他缺席的理由。
（2）先行词为 pint, situatin, case, stage, psitin, degree等表抽象的地点和情况的名词时，其后常用where引导定语从句，where在定语从句中做地点状语。而ccasin 作“时机”讲时用when引导；作“场合”讲时用where引导。如：
Tday, we will discuss a number f cases where English beginners fail t use the language prperly.
今天，我们将讨论一些英语初学者使用语言不当的例子。
I can remember very few ccasins when he had t cancel because f ill health.
我记得他因为健康不佳而被迫取消的情况绝无仅有。
（3）先行词是the way （方式、方法），且引导词在定语从句中做状语时可以用in which或that引导从句，也可以省略引导词。如：
The way (that/ in which) he explained the sentence t us was nt difficult t understand.
他解释这个句子的方式并不难懂。
练习：
1. The meeting rm is crwded with children ___________ have pr eyesight, all f them interested in painting.
2. Tang is a passinate dance, ___________ brings the dancers tgether in a way that wrds can't express.
3. I'm taking sme weight-lss pills, ___________ are quite ppular here.
4. It was the largest map ___________ I had ever seen.
5. Mr. Zhang had a lt f friends, nne f ___________ culd lend him any mney.
6. ___________ was annunced in the newspaper, ur cuntry wn 51 gld medals in the 29th Olympic Games.
7. Which was the very htel ___________ was recmmended t yu?
8. Great changes have taken place since then in the factry ___________ we are wrking.
9. Is there anyne in yur class ___________ family is in the cuntry?
10. I can never frget the days ___________ we wrked tgether and the time ___________ we spent tgether.
(Answers:
1. wh/ that 2. which 3. which 4. that 5. whm
6. As 7. that 8. where 9. whse 10. when; that/ which)
四、Summary
重点词汇：blame, ccur, survival, die ut, depend n, at risk
重点句型：关系副词where引导的定语从句；关系副词when 引导的定语从句；关系代词 which 引导的定语从句；“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句；关系副词why 引导的定语从句；含蓄虚拟条件句
重点语法：定语从句
五、Hmewrk
Write a shrt passage t express slutins fr envirnmental prblems.
限制性定语从句
是句中不可缺少的组成部分，主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开
引导词：关系代词和关系副词，做宾语时一些关系代词可以省略
非限制性定语从句
是对主句先行词的补充说明，没有这一从句不影响主句意思完整。一般用逗号把主句和从句分开
引导词：wh, whm, whse, which, when, where 等，不用一般that，不能省略
关系代词
先行词
作用
备注
wh
人
主语
关系代词whm, which, that在从句中做宾语时常可以省略，但在介词后不能省略。
whm
人
宾语
whse
人、物
定语
that
人、物
主语、宾语
which
物、句子
主语、宾语
as
人、物、句子
主语、宾语
as做宾语时一般不省略
关系副词
先行词
作用
备注
when
时间
时间状语
相当于“介词+which”
where
地点
地点状语
相当于“介词+which”
why
原因
原因状语
相当于“fr+which”
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