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2021届高考英语一轮复习考点14非谓语动词一考点归纳 试卷
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考点14 非谓语动词(一)
高考频度:★★★★★
【命题解读】
非谓语动词是具有动词的特征,因此它有时态的变化、语态的变化,各种形式具有自己的意义。
近年来,高考对非谓语动词的可知主要集中在非谓语动词的句法功能(作宾语、主语、 补语,表语和状语);现在分词和过去分词用法的区别和辨析;现在分词和过去分词的时态和语态及其构成;现在分词和过去分词在上下文中的联和状语系和纽带作用等。
另外,对于动词不定式主要考查一些固定搭配、固定句型和在句子中的句法功能。
【命题预测】
预测2021年高考非谓语动词仍将是考查的重点热点。非谓语动词在语法填空、短文改错中必考点。
考查其句法功能;考查V-ing与V-ed的辨析仍然是重点。
【复习建议】
1. 掌握非谓语动词的基本用法和含义;
2. 掌握非谓语动词的时态和语态;
3. 掌握非谓语动词的句法功能;
4. 掌握非谓语动词在不同的语境、语意下的运用。
非谓语动词基本概念
1)非谓语动词的各种形式
非谓语动词
主动语态
被动语态
意义
不定式
一般式
to do
to be done
不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或几乎同时fasheng
进行式
to be doing
不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生
完成式
to have done
to have been done
不定式的动作发生在句中谓语动词的动作之前
现在分词/动名词
一般式
doing
being done
其表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生,或几乎上同时发生
完成式
having done
having been done
其表示的动作先于句中谓语动词的动作发生
过去
分词
done
与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系;或者表动词在谓语动词发生之前已经完成
2)非谓语动词的句法功能:
功能
形式
主语
宾语
表语
定语
状语
补语
不定式
√
√
√
√
√
√
V-ing
√
√
√
√
√
√
V-ed
√
√
√
√
3)动词不定式的逻辑主语与V-ing形式的逻辑主语
动词不定式的逻辑主语
1.在动词不定式的复合结构,即“介词for+宾语代词或名词+十动词不定式”结构中,for后的代词或名词的形式是不定式的逻辑主语。例如:
It's very important for us to study English w创于我们来说学好英语是很重要的。
2.在“It's +形容词(good, kind, nice, foolish, clever, polite, rude, stupid, wish..)
of结构+动词不定式”结构中,of 后的代词或名词在形式上是不定式的逻辑主语。例如:
It's very kind of you to tell m你来告诉我真的太好了。
V-ing形式的逻辑主语
1. 如果作主语的-ing形式需要自己的逻辑主语时,一般用物主代词或名词所有格(即名词后加"s)。
His father's falling ill worried him greatly.他父亲生病使他很着急。( his father是falling ill 的逻辑主语)
Your coming to work with us will be a great encouragement.你来和我们]一道工作,对我们是很大的鼓舞。(your 是coming to work with的逻辑主语)
2. -ing形式作宾语时,其逻辑主语常是句子中的主语。如要明确动作的执行者,也可以在ing形式前加上名词或代词表示逻辑主语。
I can't imagine John's giving a speech in front of so many我不能想像约翰会在这么多人前面发言。(John是giving a speech的逻辑主语)
The boss understood him/his wanting to leave. 都板明白他为什么要离职。(“他”是wanting to leave逻辑主语)
考向一非谓语动词作状语
1. 不定式作状语
(1)作目的状语,常见固定结构: just to,only to(仅仅为了),in order to,so as to,so(such)... as to...(如此……以便……)注意其他非谓语动词形式不能用作目的状语。
☞He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
(2)作结果状语,表示出乎意料的结果,经常与only连用。
☞We hurried to the station,only to be told that the train had left.
我们急匆匆赶到车站,结果被告知火车已开走了。
(3)作原因状语
①形容词或过去分词作表语时,后面可接不定式作原因状语。常见词有:happy,lucky,sorry,proud,disappointed,surprised,ready,delighted,clever,foolish,pleased等。
☞We’re proud to be young people of China.
作为中国青年我们感到自豪。
②在“主语+系动词+表语(形容词)+to do”结构中,不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。该结构中常用的形容词有:easy,difficult,important,interesting,pleasant,comfortable,dangerous等。
☞The chair is very comfortable to sit on.
这把椅子坐上去很舒服。
2.分词作状语(表时间、原因、条件、结果、方式或伴随、让步等)
(1)作状语的分词要求其逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致。
☞Satisfied with what he did,the teacher praised him in class.
由于老师对他所做的事情很满意,于是在班上表扬了他。
(2)若现在分词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,则用现在分词的完成形式(having done)。
☞Having cleaned the desks,we began reading.
擦完桌子后,我们便开始看书。
(3)若与句中主语为逻辑上的动宾关系,且先于谓语动词动作发生,用现在分词完成式的被动形式(having been done)。
☞Having been shown the classrooms,we were taken to see the library.
我们被领着看了教室后,又被带去看图书馆。
(4)如句子的主语是分词动作的承受者,则要用过去分词(done)。
☞Seen from the top of the mountain,the city is very beautiful.
从山顶上看,这座城市很漂亮。
(5)如句子的主语是分词动作的发出者,就用现在分词形式(doing)。
☞Seeing from the top of the hill,we find the park even more beautiful.
从山顶上看,我们发现这个公园显得更加美丽。
【知识拓展】
1. 现在分词与过去分词作状语在"逻辑"方面的差异:
过去分词作状语时,过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间通常构成逻辑上的动宾关系。
现在分词作状语时,现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
☞Given more attention,the trees could have grown better.如果对这些树多关心一些,它们本来会长得更好。
☞Not knowing what to do,he went to his parents for help.由于不知如何办是好,他去找父母帮忙。
2. 现在分词与过去分词作状语在"时间"方面的差异:
过去分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前,或表示一种状态,与谓语动作同时发生或存在。现在分词的一般式表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生或在说话时正在进行;现在分词的完成式(having done)表示发生在谓语动作之前的一个"主动"动作;现在分词的完成式的被动式(having been done)表示发生在谓语动作之前的一个"被动"动作,常常和表示次数的短语以及时间段(for短语)连用,此时不能被过去分词所替换。在其他情况下通常被过去分词所替换,从而使句式更简洁。
☞Written in a hurry,this article was not so good!因为写得匆忙,这篇文章不是很好!
☞Reading carefully,he found something he had not known before.他仔细读书时,发现了一些从前不知道的东西。
☞Having been discussed several times,the decision was finally made.进行了几次讨论之后,终于作出了决定。
部分过去分词因来源于系表结构,作状语时不表示 "被动关系",其前不用being。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有:lost(陷入某种状态);seated(坐);hidden(躲);stationed(驻扎);lost/absorbed in (沉溺于);dressed in(穿着);tired of(厌烦)等。
☞Lost/Absorbed in deep thought,he didn’t hear the sound.因为沉溺于思考之中,所以他没听到那个声音。
☞Faced with difficulties,we must try to overcome them.在遇到困难的时候,我们必须设法克服。
注意:
分词(短语) 作状语时,其逻辑上的主语要与句子的主语保持一致;否则分词(短语)就要有自己的逻辑主语(用名词或代词的主格来表示)。这种结构称为独立主格结构。独立主格结构常放在句首。表示时间、条件、原因时,其作用分别相当于一个时间、条件、原因状语从句。表示伴随方式时,相当于一个并列句。
☞The signal given,the bus started.信号一发出,汽车就开动了。
☞The football match(being) over,crowds of people poured out into the street.
足球赛一结束,人群便涌到大街上。
1.(2020·新课标I卷语法填空)Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments onboard Chang’e-4 66. (find) and study areas of the South Pole-Aitken basin.
【答案】to find
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:中国的研究者希望使用嫦娥四号上的设备来发现和研究南极艾特肯盆地。此处表示目的,应使用不定式作目的状语。故填to find。
2. (2020·新课标III卷语法填空)The next morning he hired a boat and set out 67. (find) the well-known painter.
【答案】 to find
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:第二天早上,他租了一条船,出发去找这位著名的画家。结合句意表示“出发去做某事”短语为set out to do sth.,后跟不定式做目的状语。故填to find。
3.(2020·浙江卷语法填空) Agriculture gave people their first experience of the power of technology 60.(change)lives.
【答案】 to change
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:农业让人们第一次体验到技术改变生活的力量。分析句子,简单句中已有动词gave故提示词部分需用非谓语动词。分析句意,此处需用不定式表示目的。故填to change。
4.(2020·浙江卷语法填空)Later,they learned to work with the seasons (season),planting at the right time and,in dry areas, 63. (make)use of annual floods to irrigate(灌溉)their fields.
【答案】 making
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:后来,他们学会了因地制宜,在适当的时间播种,在干旱地区,利用每年的洪水来灌溉农田。分析句子,make所处的分句中无主语,故此处需用非谓语动词。make use of和逻辑主语they之间表示“主动”关系。所以此处用现在分词形式(doing)形式做状语。故填making。
5.(2020·江苏卷)Technological innovations, ____ good marketing, will promote the sales of these products.
A. combined with B. combining with C. having combined with D. to be combined with
【答案】A
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:技术创新与良好的市场营销相结合,将促进这些产品的销售。此处是短语:be combined with“与……结合/联合”,本句中省略be动词,使用过去分词做状语。故选A。
考向二非谓语动词作宾语
1)不定式作宾语
下列动词只能用不定式作宾语,请牢记下面的口诀
决心学会想希望,拒绝设法愿假装。
主动答应选计划,同意请求帮一帮。
decide/determine,learn,want,expect/hope/wish; refuse,manage,care,pretend; offer,promise,choose,plan; agree,ask/beg,help。
此外,afford,strive,happen,wait,threaten等也要用不定式作宾语。
☞She pretended not to see me when I passed by.
当我经过时,她假装没看见我。
2)V-ing作宾语
【巧学妙记】巧记跟动名词的动词:
考虑建议盼原谅,承认推迟没得想;
避免错过继续练,否认完成就欣赏;
禁止想象才冒险,不禁介意准逃亡
consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon,
admit, delay/put off, fancy;
avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice,
deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate;
forbid, imagine, risk,
can’t help, mind, allow/permit, escape.
一些动词后只能跟动名词作宾语。
【巧学妙记】
☞I would appreciate your calling back this afternoon. 今天下午如果你能给我回电话,我将非常感激。
☛Mary is considering changing her job. 玛丽正在考虑换工作。
3)一些动词既能跟不定式又能跟V-ing作宾语
1. (1) forget to do sth.忘记去做某事(未做)
forget doing sth.忘记做过某事(已做)
(2) remember to do sth.记着去做某事
remember doing sth. 记得做过某事
(3) stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事
stop doing sth. 停止做某事
(4) regret to do sth. 对尚未做的或正在做的事情表示遗憾;
regret doing sth对已做的事情表示后悔
(5) mean to do sth. 打算、意欲做某事
mean doing sth.意味着做某事
(6) can’t help to do(不能帮忙做…)
can’t help doing (禁不住做…)
can't help but do sth忍不住做某事,不禁做某事,不得不干…
☛I forgot to close the door before I left the room. 在我离开房间前,忘记关门。
☛I forgot having closed the door. 我忘记关门。
☞I didn’t mean to hurt you.我本无意伤害你。
☞Doing morning exercises means getting up early. 做早操意味着早起床。
4) 动词作介词的宾语时,要用动名词形式,不能用动词不定式。常见的含有介词的动词短语:be/get used to(习惯于), feel like(想要), insist on(坚持), get down to(开始认真做某事), devote...to...(致力于……), object to(反对), stick to(坚持), give up(放弃)等。此外,介词后跟动名词的结构:have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.;have fun (in) doing sth.
It’s quite hot today. Do you feel like going for a swim? 今天很热。你想去游泳吗?
I had as much fun sailing the seas as I now do working with students.
我现在与学生们打交道和我过去航海一样开心。
(1)当非谓语动词位于介词but, except后时,习惯上要用不定式。并且,当其前有实义动词do及相关形式时,则不定式要省略to;若其前没有动词do,则不定式通常带to。
We had no choice but to wait.
我们除了等待之外别无选择。
I could do nothing except agree.
我除了同意,什么都做不了。
(2)but后总跟省略不定式符号to的短语:do nothing but...只能……; cannot help but...禁不住……;cannot but...不得不……;cannot choose but...只得……
(1)当非谓语动词位于介词but, except后时,习惯上要用不定式。并且,当其前有实义动词do及相关形式时,则不定式要省略to;若其前没有动词do,则不定式通常带to。
We had no choice but to wait.
我们除了等待之外别无选择。
I could do nothing except agree.
我除了同意,什么都做不了。
(2)but后总跟省略不定式符号to的短语:do nothing but...只能……; cannot help but...禁不住……;cannot but...不得不……;cannot choose but...只得……
1. (2020·新课标I卷短文改错)My mom told me how to preparing it
【答案】 preparing改为prepare。
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:我妈妈告诉我如何准备这道菜。分析句子可知,“how+不定式”作told的宾语,to是不定式符号,后应接动词原形,故将preparing改为prepare。
2.【2019·新课标II卷·语法填空】A 90-year-old has been awarded“Woman Of The Year”for ___61___ (be)Britain's oldest full-time employee-still working 40 hours a week.
【答案】 being
【解析】考查非谓语动词。根据其前介词for可知,此处用动名词形式作宾语,故填being。
3. 【2019·浙江卷·语法填空】But some students didn't want ___63___ (wear) the uniform.
【答案】to wear
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:但是,有一些学生不想穿学生服。want to do sth想要做某事,这里是动词不定式作to的宾语。故填to wear。
考向三 独立主格结构
一、独立主格结构的形式
独立结构可分为两部分,一部分事名词或代词(主格),起着逻辑主语的作用;另一部分由形容词、副词、名词、分词、不定式、介词短语等构成,表示前面名词或代词的状态或动作。
1. 名词/代词+形容词
☞I heard that she got injured in the accident , my heart full of worry. 我听说她在这次事故中受了伤,内心充满担忧。
☞He stood silent in the moon-light, his door open .月光下,门开着,他默默地站在那。
2. 名词/代词+现在分词
☞Winter coming ,it gets colder and colder. 冬天来了,天气越来越冷了。
☞The rain having stopped ,he went out for a walk. 雨停了,他出去散散步。
3. 名词/代词+过去分词
☞More time given ,we should have done it much better. 如果给我们更多时间,我们会做的更好。
☞The boy stood there , his right hand raised. 那个男生站在那里,右手高举。
4. 名词/代词(主格)+不定式
☞Here are the first two volumes , the third one to come out next month.
☞这是前俩卷,第三卷将于下雨问世。
☞The two boy said good-bye to each other ,one to go home ,the other to go to his friend\s
俩个男孩彼此道了别,一个回了家,另一个去了他朋友家。
5. 名词/代词+介词短语
☞The huntsman entered the forest ,gun in hand. 那个猎人手里提着枪走进了树林。
注意:这里 gun in hand 还可以说成 with a gun in hand。 但不可以说 a gun in hand 或 gun in his hand。
6. 名词/代词+副词
☞Nobody in ,the thief took a lot of things away. 由于没有人,小偷拿走了许多东西。
☞Lunch over ,he left the house .But he was thinking.午饭结束,他离开了路。但他还在考虑。
7. 名词/代词+名词
☞He fought the wolf ,a stick his only weapon. 他和狼搏斗着,唯一的为武器是一根棍棒。
8. with 复合结构
它的构成是:“with+宾语+宾语补足语”。宾语由代词、名词、名词词组充当,宾语由分词、不定式、形容词、副词、介词短语、名词等充当。
☞Holms and Watson sat with the light on for half an hour.
福尔摩斯和沃森坐着,让灯亮了半个小时。(介词短语)
☞He used to sleep with the door open . 他过去常开着门睡觉 (形容词)
☞With a boy leading the way ,they started towards the village.
由一个小男孩领着路,他们朝那个村子去了。(现在分词)
☞With the work done ,he went home. 工作做完后,他回了家。(过去分词)
☞With you to help us, we will finish the task in time
有你来帮忙,我们将会及时完成任务。(不定式)
☞Hong Kong looks more beautiful with thou-sands of lights on night .
夜里,香港万盏灯火,分外美丽。(副词)
从以上例句可以看出:在with 复合结构中,宾语和宾补之间形成逻辑上的主谓关系。当这种主谓关系表现为主动语态是,用现代分词:当这种主谓关系表现为被动语态是,用过去分词:当这种主谓关系表示将来意义是,用不定时:当这种主谓关系辨识伴随意义时,用现在分词或副词。
二、独立主格结构的用法
它表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等,相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
1. 作时间状语
☞The work done(=After the work had been done) , we went home. 工作完成后,我们才回家。
2. 作条件状语
☞Weather permitting(=If weather permits) , they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.
如果天气允许的话,他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
3. 作原因状语
☞An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow) , the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲,教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
4. 作伴随状语
☞He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head) .
他躺在草地上,两手交叉枕在脑后。
5. 表补充说明
☞A hunter came in, his face red with cold(=and his face was red with cold) .
一个猎人走了进来,他的脸冻得通红。
注:独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时,相当于一个状语从句,一般放在句首,表示原因时还可放在句末;表伴随状况或补充说明时,相当于一个并列句,通常放于句末。
1.(2020·新课标III卷语法填空)And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds69. (surround) the mountain tops, he was reduced to tears.
【答案】 surrounding
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:当他看到雾气从河上升起,山顶上乌云环绕,他不禁流下了眼泪。分析句子结构可知,the soft clouds 69 (surround) the mountain tops是独立主格结构做状语,surround在句中应用非谓语动词形式,与逻辑主语clouds构成主动关系,故应用现在分词。故填surrounding。
2. Much time _____ sitting at a desk, office workers are generally troubled by health problems.
A. being spent B. having spent
C. spent D. spending
【参考答案】C
【答案解析】考查独立主格结构。句意:上班族们坐在办工座前太久,一般会受到健康问题的困扰。分析句子结构可知,分词的逻辑主语和后面主句的主语不一致,应用独立主格结构。分词主语和分词动作之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系,且动作已完成,故用过去分词。故选C项。
题组一 基础过关
1.The teacher who volunteered (teach) in the poor village school was spoken highly of by many people.
2.I wonder how ________ (solve) this problem.
3.__________(compete) more effectively with others, more and more people equip themselves with a higher education.
4.When her mother came into her study, Mary pretended ________ (sleep).
5.We hurried to the classroom only _______(find) none there.
6. She asked us ________(attend) the meeting on time.
7.Could you please remind me __________ (take) my camera tomorrow morning?
8.His father is said ________ (work) in American four years ago.
9.The house ________ (build) next month is intended for my father.
10.In his attempt __________ (climb) the mountain, John fell and injured his backbone, which cost him the use of his legs.
11.On arrival there ,they set about _________(perform)the experiment with the professor.
12.The committee ________________(consist) of ten experts will take charge of the investigation.
13.________ (absorb) in painting, John didn't notice evening approaching.
14.The sales usually take place outside the house, with the audience ________ (seat) on chairs.
15.It is no use __________(cry) over spilled milk .
16.I am looking forward to ________ (invite) to the party to be held next week .
17.While shopping people sometimes can't help ______ (persuade) to buy something they don't really need.
18.Enough attention should be paid to ______ (improve) your pronunciation and intonation.
19.If you have trouble____________(learn)English you can turn to Professor Li for help.
20.You can't imagine what great trouble they have _____ (solve) the problem.
题组二 能力提升
非谓语动词专项综合训练(本题共10小题,每题1.5分,共15分)
America is a 1._________(develop) country. It has a history of more than 200 years. When it was founded,only men were permitted _2________(attend) school. Women could not get a higher education or hold public office.The women's place was considered to be at home.Women _3_______(work)outside were not common.They usually had poor jobs and little respect to them. However,with time _4______(pass) by,colleges or universities 5.________(found) for women have increased. In the early part of the century,women were finally allowed 6.
________(vote).During and since World War Ⅱ,women have been regarded as a necessary part of the country. Today,many women hold important positions or careers. But many women are not 7.________(satisfy) with their today's situation.They claim that they don’t get__8_______(pay) as the same as men for the same job. Some top positions___9_______(hold) by men in the past are still in men's hands.In many ways, women's life is still dominated by her husband or father. So there is still a long way for them 10._____(go).
题组三 体验真题
1.(2020·新课标I卷语法填空)Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments onboard Chang’e-4 66. (find) and study areas of the South Pole-Aitken basin.
2. (2020·新课标III卷语法填空)The next morning he hired a boat and set out 67. (find) the well-known painter.
3. (2020·浙江卷语法填空) Agriculture gave people their first experience of the power of technology 60.(change)lives.
4.(2020·新课标I卷短文改错)My mom told me how to preparing it
5. (2020·浙江卷语法填空)Later,they learned to work with the seasons (season),planting at the right time and,in dry areas, 63. (make)use of annual floods to irrigate(灌溉)their fields.
6. (2020·江苏卷)Technological innovations, ____ good marketing, will promote the sales of these products.
A. combined with B. combining with C. having combined with D. to be combined with
7. (2020·(天津卷)英语笔试(第一次))___________in 1931, the Empire State Building, the highest skyscraper until 1954, inspired the imagination of the world.
A.Having completed B.Being completed
C.Completed D.Completing
8. 【2019·新课标I卷·语法填空】Modem methods ___of__ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive ___64___ (perform) consistently over a large area.
9. 【2019·新课标II卷·短文改错】All the football players on the playground cheered loudly, say that I had a talent for football.
10. 【2019·北京卷·语法填空】Nervously ___2___ (face) challenges, I know I will whisper to _myself_(I) the two simple words “Be yourself”.
11. 【2019·江苏卷·单项填空】 30.__________ the convenience of digital payment, many senior citizens started to use smart phones.
A. To enjoy B. Enjoying C. To have enjoyed D. Enjoy
12. .【2019·新课标II卷·语法填空】A 90-year-old has been awarded“Woman Of The Year”for ___61___ (be)Britain's oldest full-time employee-still working 40 hours a week.
13. 【2019·新课标II卷·语法填空】When we got a call ___68___ (say)she was short-listed,we thought it was ___a__ joke.
14. 【2019·浙江卷·语法填空】But some students didn't want ___63___ (wear) the uniform.
15. 【2018·北京】3. _________ along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience
A. Travel B. Traveling C. Having traveled D. Traveled
题组一 基础过关
1.【答案】 to teach
【解析】考查动词不定式。volunteer to do sth.自愿做某事,固定搭配,所以空处动词需用其不定式形式。故填to teach.
2.【答案】to solve
【解析】句意:我想知道如何解决这个问题。分析句子结构,此空考查疑问代词+动词不定式结构作宾语;此处由 how可知,how to do“如何.....”,此语境是“如何解决这个问题”。根据分析,故填to solve.
3.【答案】To compete
【解析】考查动词不定式。句意:为了更有效地与他人竞争,越来越多的人接受高等教育。此处表示目的,要用动词不定式,句首首字母要大写,故填To compete.
4.【答案】to be sleeping
【解析】考查动词不定式的进行式。分析句子结构,pretend to do为固定用法,设空处需填非谓语动词,结合语境“当她妈妈走进她的书房时,玛丽假装正在睡觉”可知,此处表示她妈妈进来的那个时间点Mary正在进行的行为,需用不定式的进行式。故填to be sleeping.
5.【答案】to find
【解析】考查动词不定式。句意:我们匆匆赶到教室,却发现那里一个人也没有。only+动词不定式表示预料之外的结果,故填to find.
6.【答案】to attend
【解析】考查动词不定式。句意:她要求我们准时参加会议。ask sb. to do sth.要求某人干某事。故填to attend.
7.【答案】to take
【解析】考查动词不定式。句意:你能提醒我明天早上拿相机吗?remind sb. to do sth.提醒某人干某事。故填to take.
8.【答案】to have worked
【解析】考查不定式的完成式。句意:据说他的父亲四年前已经去美国工作了。be said to do固定短语“据说做某事”,分析句子结构可知,work动作发生在is said之前,所以用动词不定式的完成式to have done,故填to have worked.
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:下个月要建的房子是给我父亲的。因next month可知,房子还未建,故用to do不定式表示将来,the house与build之间是被动关系,故用to be done形式。故填to be built.
10.【答案】to climb
【解析】句意:约翰试图爬山时摔了一跤,伤到了脊椎骨,这使他失去了双腿。名词attempt后常接不定式做定语,故填to climb.
11.【答案】performing
【解析】考查动名词。set about着手,开始做…...,固定短语,且about是介词,其后加perform的动名词形式。故填performing.
12.【答案】consisting
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:由十名专家组成的委员会将负责这项调查。句子有谓语动词will take charge of,这里需要非谓语动词;committee和consist是逻辑主谓关系,所以用现在分词作定语,consist of由……组成,无被动语态,故填consisting.
13.【答案】Absorbed
【解析】考查过去分词。句意:约翰沉浸在绘画中,没有注意到夜晚来临。be absorbed in固定搭配,意为“全神贯注于”,此处是省略形式,完整的表达是Because John was absorbed in painting,主从句的主语相同,从句中的连词、主语和be动词可以省略,句首首字母大写。故填Absorbed.
14.【答案】seated
【解析】考查非谓语动词和with的复合结构。句意:销售通常在屋外进行,观众坐在椅子上。seat作为动词用时是及物动词,后面跟人。本题后面是一个with的复合结构,宾语是audience,其与seat之间是动宾关系,所以空处需用过去分词seated作宾补。故填seated.
15.【答案】crying
【解析】考查动名词用法 。句意:覆水难收。习惯用法:It's no use doing sth.做某事是没有用的,it是形式主语,动名词作真正的主语,故填crying.
16.【答案】being invited
【解析】考查动名词的被动形式。句意:我期待着被邀请参加下周举办的聚会。to为介词,look forward to doing sth.期待做某事,固定短语;主语I和动词invite之间是被动关系,需用being done的形式。故填being invited.
17.【答案】being persuaded
【解析】考查动名词的被动语态。句意:在购物的时候人们有时会忍不住被说服去买一些他们并不真正需要的东西。can't help doing忍不住做某事,为固定短语,此处动词persuade和主语people构成动宾关系,所以应使用动名词的被动语态,故填being persuaded.
18.【答案】improving
【解析】考查固定搭配和动名词。pay attention to doing sth.注意做某事,固定搭配,此处to是介词,其后需接动名词作宾语。故填improving.
19.【答案】learning
【解析】考查动名词。句意:如果你学英语有困难,你可以向李教授求助。固定搭配have trouble doing做......有困难,故填learning.
20.【答案】solving
【解析】考查动名词。分析句子结构可知,have trouble (in) doing sth.做某事有困难,固定搭配,所以空处动词需用其动名词形式。故填solving.
题组二 能力提升
1.【答案】developed
【解析】此题考查非谓语动词的用法。句意:美国是一个发达国家。Developing发展中的,developed发达的。根据常识,美国是一个发达国家,故填developed.
2.【答案】to attend
【解析】此题考查非谓语动词的用法。句意:美国刚成立时只允许男子到学校上学。固定短语be permitted to do sth允许做某事,故填to attend.
3.【答案】working
【解析】此题考查非谓语动词的用法。句意:妇女在外面工作并不常见。句子有谓语动词were not common,这里需要非谓语动词;women和work outside是逻辑主谓关系,所以用现在分词作定语。故填working.
4.【答案】passing
【解析】此题考查非谓语动词和with的复合结构。句意:然而,随着时间的推移,为妇女建立的大学或学院有所增加。本题后面是一个with的复合结构,宾语是time,其与pass之间是主谓关系,所以空处需用现在分词passing作宾补。故填passing.
5.【答案】founded
【解析】此题考查非谓语动词的用法。句意:同上。句子有谓语动词have increased,这里需要非谓语动词;colleges or universities 和found for women是逻辑动宾关系,所以用过去分词作定语。故填founded.
6.【答案】to vote
【解析】此题考查非谓语动词的用法。句意:在本世纪初,妇女终于可以投票选举。固定短语be allowed to do sth允许做某事,故填to vote.
7.【答案】satisfied
【解析】此题考查形容词词的用法。句意:但是许多妇女对她们今天的处境并不满意。固定短语be satisfied对。。。满意,satisfied是由过去分词转化成的形容词。故填satisfied.
8.【答案】paid
【解析】此题考查非谓语动词的用法。句意:他们声称,在同一份工作中,他们得到的报酬与男人不一样。短语get paid表示“得到报酬,挣钱”。故填paid.
9.【答案】held
【解析】此题考查非谓语动词的用法。句意:一些在过去由男性担任的高层职位现在仍然掌握在男性手中 。句子有谓语动词have increased,这里需要非谓语动词;Some top positions 和hold是逻辑动宾关系,所以用过去分词作定语。故填held.
10【答案】to go
【解析】此题考查非谓语动词的用法。句意:所以他们还有很长的路要走。短语a long way to go有很长一段路要走。故填to go.
题组三 体验真题
1.【答案】to find
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:中国的研究者希望使用嫦娥四号上的设备来发现和研究南极艾特肯盆地。此处表示目的,应使用不定式作目的状语。故填to find。
2.【答案】 to find
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:第二天早上,他租了一条船,出发去找这位著名的画家。结合句意表示“出发去做某事”短语为set out to do sth.,后跟不定式做目的状语。故填to find。
3.【答案】 to change
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:农业让人们第一次体验到技术改变生活的力量。分析句子,简单句中已有动词gave故提示词部分需用非谓语动词。分析句意,此处需用不定式表示目的。故填to change。
4.【答案】 preparing改为prepare。
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:我妈妈告诉我如何准备这道菜。分析句子可知,“how+不定式”作told的宾语,to是不定式符号,后应接动词原形,故将preparing改为prepare。
5.【答案】 making
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:后来,他们学会了因地制宜,在适当的时间播种,在干旱地区,利用每年的洪水来灌溉农田。分析句子,make所处的分句中无主语,故此处需用非谓语动词。make use of和逻辑主语they之间表示“主动”关系。所以此处用现在分词形式(doing)形式做状语。故填making。
6.【答案】A
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:技术创新与良好的市场营销相结合,将促进这些产品的销售。此处是短语:be combined with“与……结合/联合”,本句中省略be动词,使用过去分词做状语。故选A。
7.【答案】C
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:1931年完工的帝国大厦是1954年之前最高的摩天大楼,它激发了全世界的想象力。句中谓语动词是inspired,此处用非谓语动词。主语the Empire State Building和动词complete是被动关系,用过去分词作状语。A项是现在分词的完成式,不表被动。B项是doing的被动式。故选C。
8.【答案】to perform
【解析】考查非谓语动词。主系表结构之后,常用不定式作原因或目的状语,句意:跟踪北极熊的现代方法只是在二十世纪八十年代以来开始采用,并且在如此大区域内持续采用是昂贵的,故此处用to perform。
9.【答案】All the football players on the playground cheered loudly, that I had a talent for football.
【解析】考查现在分词。本句句意:操场上所有的足球运动员大声欢呼,说我有足球天赋。句中谓语动词为cheered,say在这里作伴随状语。与主语players是主动关系,故将say改为saying。
10.【答案】facing
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:紧张地面对挑战,我知道我将轻声对自己说两个简单的字“做你自己”。分析句式可知,此处是做句子的状语,要用非谓语动词,其逻辑主语是I,与逻辑主语之间是主动关系,用现在分词作状语。故填facing。
11.【答案】A
【解析】考查非谓语动词。此处是不定式作目的状语。句意:为了享受数字支付的方便,很多老年市民开始使用智能手机。故选A。
12.【答案】 being
【解析】考查非谓语动词。根据其前介词for可知,此处用动名词形式作宾语,故填being。
13.【答案】saying
【解析】考查非谓语动词。根据其后所接的宾语从句可知,此处用现在分词形式saying作后置定语,解释名词call的内容,call与say是主动关系,故填saying。
14.【答案】to wear
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:但是,有一些学生不想穿学生服。want to do sth想要做某事,这里是动词不定式作to的宾语。故填to wear。
15.【答案】B
【解析】考查动名词。句意:沿着丝绸之路旅行是一次既有趣又有益的经历。“____ along the old Silk Road”做主语,要用动名词,故B选项正确。
高考频度:★★★★★
【命题解读】
非谓语动词是具有动词的特征,因此它有时态的变化、语态的变化,各种形式具有自己的意义。
近年来,高考对非谓语动词的可知主要集中在非谓语动词的句法功能(作宾语、主语、 补语,表语和状语);现在分词和过去分词用法的区别和辨析;现在分词和过去分词的时态和语态及其构成;现在分词和过去分词在上下文中的联和状语系和纽带作用等。
另外,对于动词不定式主要考查一些固定搭配、固定句型和在句子中的句法功能。
【命题预测】
预测2021年高考非谓语动词仍将是考查的重点热点。非谓语动词在语法填空、短文改错中必考点。
考查其句法功能;考查V-ing与V-ed的辨析仍然是重点。
【复习建议】
1. 掌握非谓语动词的基本用法和含义;
2. 掌握非谓语动词的时态和语态;
3. 掌握非谓语动词的句法功能;
4. 掌握非谓语动词在不同的语境、语意下的运用。
非谓语动词基本概念
1)非谓语动词的各种形式
非谓语动词
主动语态
被动语态
意义
不定式
一般式
to do
to be done
不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或几乎同时fasheng
进行式
to be doing
不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生
完成式
to have done
to have been done
不定式的动作发生在句中谓语动词的动作之前
现在分词/动名词
一般式
doing
being done
其表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生,或几乎上同时发生
完成式
having done
having been done
其表示的动作先于句中谓语动词的动作发生
过去
分词
done
与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系;或者表动词在谓语动词发生之前已经完成
2)非谓语动词的句法功能:
功能
形式
主语
宾语
表语
定语
状语
补语
不定式
√
√
√
√
√
√
V-ing
√
√
√
√
√
√
V-ed
√
√
√
√
3)动词不定式的逻辑主语与V-ing形式的逻辑主语
动词不定式的逻辑主语
1.在动词不定式的复合结构,即“介词for+宾语代词或名词+十动词不定式”结构中,for后的代词或名词的形式是不定式的逻辑主语。例如:
It's very important for us to study English w创于我们来说学好英语是很重要的。
2.在“It's +形容词(good, kind, nice, foolish, clever, polite, rude, stupid, wish..)
of结构+动词不定式”结构中,of 后的代词或名词在形式上是不定式的逻辑主语。例如:
It's very kind of you to tell m你来告诉我真的太好了。
V-ing形式的逻辑主语
1. 如果作主语的-ing形式需要自己的逻辑主语时,一般用物主代词或名词所有格(即名词后加"s)。
His father's falling ill worried him greatly.他父亲生病使他很着急。( his father是falling ill 的逻辑主语)
Your coming to work with us will be a great encouragement.你来和我们]一道工作,对我们是很大的鼓舞。(your 是coming to work with的逻辑主语)
2. -ing形式作宾语时,其逻辑主语常是句子中的主语。如要明确动作的执行者,也可以在ing形式前加上名词或代词表示逻辑主语。
I can't imagine John's giving a speech in front of so many我不能想像约翰会在这么多人前面发言。(John是giving a speech的逻辑主语)
The boss understood him/his wanting to leave. 都板明白他为什么要离职。(“他”是wanting to leave逻辑主语)
考向一非谓语动词作状语
1. 不定式作状语
(1)作目的状语,常见固定结构: just to,only to(仅仅为了),in order to,so as to,so(such)... as to...(如此……以便……)注意其他非谓语动词形式不能用作目的状语。
☞He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
(2)作结果状语,表示出乎意料的结果,经常与only连用。
☞We hurried to the station,only to be told that the train had left.
我们急匆匆赶到车站,结果被告知火车已开走了。
(3)作原因状语
①形容词或过去分词作表语时,后面可接不定式作原因状语。常见词有:happy,lucky,sorry,proud,disappointed,surprised,ready,delighted,clever,foolish,pleased等。
☞We’re proud to be young people of China.
作为中国青年我们感到自豪。
②在“主语+系动词+表语(形容词)+to do”结构中,不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。该结构中常用的形容词有:easy,difficult,important,interesting,pleasant,comfortable,dangerous等。
☞The chair is very comfortable to sit on.
这把椅子坐上去很舒服。
2.分词作状语(表时间、原因、条件、结果、方式或伴随、让步等)
(1)作状语的分词要求其逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致。
☞Satisfied with what he did,the teacher praised him in class.
由于老师对他所做的事情很满意,于是在班上表扬了他。
(2)若现在分词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,则用现在分词的完成形式(having done)。
☞Having cleaned the desks,we began reading.
擦完桌子后,我们便开始看书。
(3)若与句中主语为逻辑上的动宾关系,且先于谓语动词动作发生,用现在分词完成式的被动形式(having been done)。
☞Having been shown the classrooms,we were taken to see the library.
我们被领着看了教室后,又被带去看图书馆。
(4)如句子的主语是分词动作的承受者,则要用过去分词(done)。
☞Seen from the top of the mountain,the city is very beautiful.
从山顶上看,这座城市很漂亮。
(5)如句子的主语是分词动作的发出者,就用现在分词形式(doing)。
☞Seeing from the top of the hill,we find the park even more beautiful.
从山顶上看,我们发现这个公园显得更加美丽。
【知识拓展】
1. 现在分词与过去分词作状语在"逻辑"方面的差异:
过去分词作状语时,过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间通常构成逻辑上的动宾关系。
现在分词作状语时,现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
☞Given more attention,the trees could have grown better.如果对这些树多关心一些,它们本来会长得更好。
☞Not knowing what to do,he went to his parents for help.由于不知如何办是好,他去找父母帮忙。
2. 现在分词与过去分词作状语在"时间"方面的差异:
过去分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前,或表示一种状态,与谓语动作同时发生或存在。现在分词的一般式表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生或在说话时正在进行;现在分词的完成式(having done)表示发生在谓语动作之前的一个"主动"动作;现在分词的完成式的被动式(having been done)表示发生在谓语动作之前的一个"被动"动作,常常和表示次数的短语以及时间段(for短语)连用,此时不能被过去分词所替换。在其他情况下通常被过去分词所替换,从而使句式更简洁。
☞Written in a hurry,this article was not so good!因为写得匆忙,这篇文章不是很好!
☞Reading carefully,he found something he had not known before.他仔细读书时,发现了一些从前不知道的东西。
☞Having been discussed several times,the decision was finally made.进行了几次讨论之后,终于作出了决定。
部分过去分词因来源于系表结构,作状语时不表示 "被动关系",其前不用being。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有:lost(陷入某种状态);seated(坐);hidden(躲);stationed(驻扎);lost/absorbed in (沉溺于);dressed in(穿着);tired of(厌烦)等。
☞Lost/Absorbed in deep thought,he didn’t hear the sound.因为沉溺于思考之中,所以他没听到那个声音。
☞Faced with difficulties,we must try to overcome them.在遇到困难的时候,我们必须设法克服。
注意:
分词(短语) 作状语时,其逻辑上的主语要与句子的主语保持一致;否则分词(短语)就要有自己的逻辑主语(用名词或代词的主格来表示)。这种结构称为独立主格结构。独立主格结构常放在句首。表示时间、条件、原因时,其作用分别相当于一个时间、条件、原因状语从句。表示伴随方式时,相当于一个并列句。
☞The signal given,the bus started.信号一发出,汽车就开动了。
☞The football match(being) over,crowds of people poured out into the street.
足球赛一结束,人群便涌到大街上。
1.(2020·新课标I卷语法填空)Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments onboard Chang’e-4 66. (find) and study areas of the South Pole-Aitken basin.
【答案】to find
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:中国的研究者希望使用嫦娥四号上的设备来发现和研究南极艾特肯盆地。此处表示目的,应使用不定式作目的状语。故填to find。
2. (2020·新课标III卷语法填空)The next morning he hired a boat and set out 67. (find) the well-known painter.
【答案】 to find
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:第二天早上,他租了一条船,出发去找这位著名的画家。结合句意表示“出发去做某事”短语为set out to do sth.,后跟不定式做目的状语。故填to find。
3.(2020·浙江卷语法填空) Agriculture gave people their first experience of the power of technology 60.(change)lives.
【答案】 to change
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:农业让人们第一次体验到技术改变生活的力量。分析句子,简单句中已有动词gave故提示词部分需用非谓语动词。分析句意,此处需用不定式表示目的。故填to change。
4.(2020·浙江卷语法填空)Later,they learned to work with the seasons (season),planting at the right time and,in dry areas, 63. (make)use of annual floods to irrigate(灌溉)their fields.
【答案】 making
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:后来,他们学会了因地制宜,在适当的时间播种,在干旱地区,利用每年的洪水来灌溉农田。分析句子,make所处的分句中无主语,故此处需用非谓语动词。make use of和逻辑主语they之间表示“主动”关系。所以此处用现在分词形式(doing)形式做状语。故填making。
5.(2020·江苏卷)Technological innovations, ____ good marketing, will promote the sales of these products.
A. combined with B. combining with C. having combined with D. to be combined with
【答案】A
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:技术创新与良好的市场营销相结合,将促进这些产品的销售。此处是短语:be combined with“与……结合/联合”,本句中省略be动词,使用过去分词做状语。故选A。
考向二非谓语动词作宾语
1)不定式作宾语
下列动词只能用不定式作宾语,请牢记下面的口诀
决心学会想希望,拒绝设法愿假装。
主动答应选计划,同意请求帮一帮。
decide/determine,learn,want,expect/hope/wish; refuse,manage,care,pretend; offer,promise,choose,plan; agree,ask/beg,help。
此外,afford,strive,happen,wait,threaten等也要用不定式作宾语。
☞She pretended not to see me when I passed by.
当我经过时,她假装没看见我。
2)V-ing作宾语
【巧学妙记】巧记跟动名词的动词:
考虑建议盼原谅,承认推迟没得想;
避免错过继续练,否认完成就欣赏;
禁止想象才冒险,不禁介意准逃亡
consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon,
admit, delay/put off, fancy;
avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice,
deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate;
forbid, imagine, risk,
can’t help, mind, allow/permit, escape.
一些动词后只能跟动名词作宾语。
【巧学妙记】
☞I would appreciate your calling back this afternoon. 今天下午如果你能给我回电话,我将非常感激。
☛Mary is considering changing her job. 玛丽正在考虑换工作。
3)一些动词既能跟不定式又能跟V-ing作宾语
1. (1) forget to do sth.忘记去做某事(未做)
forget doing sth.忘记做过某事(已做)
(2) remember to do sth.记着去做某事
remember doing sth. 记得做过某事
(3) stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事
stop doing sth. 停止做某事
(4) regret to do sth. 对尚未做的或正在做的事情表示遗憾;
regret doing sth对已做的事情表示后悔
(5) mean to do sth. 打算、意欲做某事
mean doing sth.意味着做某事
(6) can’t help to do(不能帮忙做…)
can’t help doing (禁不住做…)
can't help but do sth忍不住做某事,不禁做某事,不得不干…
☛I forgot to close the door before I left the room. 在我离开房间前,忘记关门。
☛I forgot having closed the door. 我忘记关门。
☞I didn’t mean to hurt you.我本无意伤害你。
☞Doing morning exercises means getting up early. 做早操意味着早起床。
4) 动词作介词的宾语时,要用动名词形式,不能用动词不定式。常见的含有介词的动词短语:be/get used to(习惯于), feel like(想要), insist on(坚持), get down to(开始认真做某事), devote...to...(致力于……), object to(反对), stick to(坚持), give up(放弃)等。此外,介词后跟动名词的结构:have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.;have fun (in) doing sth.
It’s quite hot today. Do you feel like going for a swim? 今天很热。你想去游泳吗?
I had as much fun sailing the seas as I now do working with students.
我现在与学生们打交道和我过去航海一样开心。
(1)当非谓语动词位于介词but, except后时,习惯上要用不定式。并且,当其前有实义动词do及相关形式时,则不定式要省略to;若其前没有动词do,则不定式通常带to。
We had no choice but to wait.
我们除了等待之外别无选择。
I could do nothing except agree.
我除了同意,什么都做不了。
(2)but后总跟省略不定式符号to的短语:do nothing but...只能……; cannot help but...禁不住……;cannot but...不得不……;cannot choose but...只得……
(1)当非谓语动词位于介词but, except后时,习惯上要用不定式。并且,当其前有实义动词do及相关形式时,则不定式要省略to;若其前没有动词do,则不定式通常带to。
We had no choice but to wait.
我们除了等待之外别无选择。
I could do nothing except agree.
我除了同意,什么都做不了。
(2)but后总跟省略不定式符号to的短语:do nothing but...只能……; cannot help but...禁不住……;cannot but...不得不……;cannot choose but...只得……
1. (2020·新课标I卷短文改错)My mom told me how to preparing it
【答案】 preparing改为prepare。
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:我妈妈告诉我如何准备这道菜。分析句子可知,“how+不定式”作told的宾语,to是不定式符号,后应接动词原形,故将preparing改为prepare。
2.【2019·新课标II卷·语法填空】A 90-year-old has been awarded“Woman Of The Year”for ___61___ (be)Britain's oldest full-time employee-still working 40 hours a week.
【答案】 being
【解析】考查非谓语动词。根据其前介词for可知,此处用动名词形式作宾语,故填being。
3. 【2019·浙江卷·语法填空】But some students didn't want ___63___ (wear) the uniform.
【答案】to wear
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:但是,有一些学生不想穿学生服。want to do sth想要做某事,这里是动词不定式作to的宾语。故填to wear。
考向三 独立主格结构
一、独立主格结构的形式
独立结构可分为两部分,一部分事名词或代词(主格),起着逻辑主语的作用;另一部分由形容词、副词、名词、分词、不定式、介词短语等构成,表示前面名词或代词的状态或动作。
1. 名词/代词+形容词
☞I heard that she got injured in the accident , my heart full of worry. 我听说她在这次事故中受了伤,内心充满担忧。
☞He stood silent in the moon-light, his door open .月光下,门开着,他默默地站在那。
2. 名词/代词+现在分词
☞Winter coming ,it gets colder and colder. 冬天来了,天气越来越冷了。
☞The rain having stopped ,he went out for a walk. 雨停了,他出去散散步。
3. 名词/代词+过去分词
☞More time given ,we should have done it much better. 如果给我们更多时间,我们会做的更好。
☞The boy stood there , his right hand raised. 那个男生站在那里,右手高举。
4. 名词/代词(主格)+不定式
☞Here are the first two volumes , the third one to come out next month.
☞这是前俩卷,第三卷将于下雨问世。
☞The two boy said good-bye to each other ,one to go home ,the other to go to his friend\s
俩个男孩彼此道了别,一个回了家,另一个去了他朋友家。
5. 名词/代词+介词短语
☞The huntsman entered the forest ,gun in hand. 那个猎人手里提着枪走进了树林。
注意:这里 gun in hand 还可以说成 with a gun in hand。 但不可以说 a gun in hand 或 gun in his hand。
6. 名词/代词+副词
☞Nobody in ,the thief took a lot of things away. 由于没有人,小偷拿走了许多东西。
☞Lunch over ,he left the house .But he was thinking.午饭结束,他离开了路。但他还在考虑。
7. 名词/代词+名词
☞He fought the wolf ,a stick his only weapon. 他和狼搏斗着,唯一的为武器是一根棍棒。
8. with 复合结构
它的构成是:“with+宾语+宾语补足语”。宾语由代词、名词、名词词组充当,宾语由分词、不定式、形容词、副词、介词短语、名词等充当。
☞Holms and Watson sat with the light on for half an hour.
福尔摩斯和沃森坐着,让灯亮了半个小时。(介词短语)
☞He used to sleep with the door open . 他过去常开着门睡觉 (形容词)
☞With a boy leading the way ,they started towards the village.
由一个小男孩领着路,他们朝那个村子去了。(现在分词)
☞With the work done ,he went home. 工作做完后,他回了家。(过去分词)
☞With you to help us, we will finish the task in time
有你来帮忙,我们将会及时完成任务。(不定式)
☞Hong Kong looks more beautiful with thou-sands of lights on night .
夜里,香港万盏灯火,分外美丽。(副词)
从以上例句可以看出:在with 复合结构中,宾语和宾补之间形成逻辑上的主谓关系。当这种主谓关系表现为主动语态是,用现代分词:当这种主谓关系表现为被动语态是,用过去分词:当这种主谓关系表示将来意义是,用不定时:当这种主谓关系辨识伴随意义时,用现在分词或副词。
二、独立主格结构的用法
它表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等,相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
1. 作时间状语
☞The work done(=After the work had been done) , we went home. 工作完成后,我们才回家。
2. 作条件状语
☞Weather permitting(=If weather permits) , they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.
如果天气允许的话,他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
3. 作原因状语
☞An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow) , the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲,教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
4. 作伴随状语
☞He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head) .
他躺在草地上,两手交叉枕在脑后。
5. 表补充说明
☞A hunter came in, his face red with cold(=and his face was red with cold) .
一个猎人走了进来,他的脸冻得通红。
注:独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时,相当于一个状语从句,一般放在句首,表示原因时还可放在句末;表伴随状况或补充说明时,相当于一个并列句,通常放于句末。
1.(2020·新课标III卷语法填空)And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds69. (surround) the mountain tops, he was reduced to tears.
【答案】 surrounding
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:当他看到雾气从河上升起,山顶上乌云环绕,他不禁流下了眼泪。分析句子结构可知,the soft clouds 69 (surround) the mountain tops是独立主格结构做状语,surround在句中应用非谓语动词形式,与逻辑主语clouds构成主动关系,故应用现在分词。故填surrounding。
2. Much time _____ sitting at a desk, office workers are generally troubled by health problems.
A. being spent B. having spent
C. spent D. spending
【参考答案】C
【答案解析】考查独立主格结构。句意:上班族们坐在办工座前太久,一般会受到健康问题的困扰。分析句子结构可知,分词的逻辑主语和后面主句的主语不一致,应用独立主格结构。分词主语和分词动作之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系,且动作已完成,故用过去分词。故选C项。
题组一 基础过关
1.The teacher who volunteered (teach) in the poor village school was spoken highly of by many people.
2.I wonder how ________ (solve) this problem.
3.__________(compete) more effectively with others, more and more people equip themselves with a higher education.
4.When her mother came into her study, Mary pretended ________ (sleep).
5.We hurried to the classroom only _______(find) none there.
6. She asked us ________(attend) the meeting on time.
7.Could you please remind me __________ (take) my camera tomorrow morning?
8.His father is said ________ (work) in American four years ago.
9.The house ________ (build) next month is intended for my father.
10.In his attempt __________ (climb) the mountain, John fell and injured his backbone, which cost him the use of his legs.
11.On arrival there ,they set about _________(perform)the experiment with the professor.
12.The committee ________________(consist) of ten experts will take charge of the investigation.
13.________ (absorb) in painting, John didn't notice evening approaching.
14.The sales usually take place outside the house, with the audience ________ (seat) on chairs.
15.It is no use __________(cry) over spilled milk .
16.I am looking forward to ________ (invite) to the party to be held next week .
17.While shopping people sometimes can't help ______ (persuade) to buy something they don't really need.
18.Enough attention should be paid to ______ (improve) your pronunciation and intonation.
19.If you have trouble____________(learn)English you can turn to Professor Li for help.
20.You can't imagine what great trouble they have _____ (solve) the problem.
题组二 能力提升
非谓语动词专项综合训练(本题共10小题,每题1.5分,共15分)
America is a 1._________(develop) country. It has a history of more than 200 years. When it was founded,only men were permitted _2________(attend) school. Women could not get a higher education or hold public office.The women's place was considered to be at home.Women _3_______(work)outside were not common.They usually had poor jobs and little respect to them. However,with time _4______(pass) by,colleges or universities 5.________(found) for women have increased. In the early part of the century,women were finally allowed 6.
________(vote).During and since World War Ⅱ,women have been regarded as a necessary part of the country. Today,many women hold important positions or careers. But many women are not 7.________(satisfy) with their today's situation.They claim that they don’t get__8_______(pay) as the same as men for the same job. Some top positions___9_______(hold) by men in the past are still in men's hands.In many ways, women's life is still dominated by her husband or father. So there is still a long way for them 10._____(go).
题组三 体验真题
1.(2020·新课标I卷语法填空)Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments onboard Chang’e-4 66. (find) and study areas of the South Pole-Aitken basin.
2. (2020·新课标III卷语法填空)The next morning he hired a boat and set out 67. (find) the well-known painter.
3. (2020·浙江卷语法填空) Agriculture gave people their first experience of the power of technology 60.(change)lives.
4.(2020·新课标I卷短文改错)My mom told me how to preparing it
5. (2020·浙江卷语法填空)Later,they learned to work with the seasons (season),planting at the right time and,in dry areas, 63. (make)use of annual floods to irrigate(灌溉)their fields.
6. (2020·江苏卷)Technological innovations, ____ good marketing, will promote the sales of these products.
A. combined with B. combining with C. having combined with D. to be combined with
7. (2020·(天津卷)英语笔试(第一次))___________in 1931, the Empire State Building, the highest skyscraper until 1954, inspired the imagination of the world.
A.Having completed B.Being completed
C.Completed D.Completing
8. 【2019·新课标I卷·语法填空】Modem methods ___of__ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive ___64___ (perform) consistently over a large area.
9. 【2019·新课标II卷·短文改错】All the football players on the playground cheered loudly, say that I had a talent for football.
10. 【2019·北京卷·语法填空】Nervously ___2___ (face) challenges, I know I will whisper to _myself_(I) the two simple words “Be yourself”.
11. 【2019·江苏卷·单项填空】 30.__________ the convenience of digital payment, many senior citizens started to use smart phones.
A. To enjoy B. Enjoying C. To have enjoyed D. Enjoy
12. .【2019·新课标II卷·语法填空】A 90-year-old has been awarded“Woman Of The Year”for ___61___ (be)Britain's oldest full-time employee-still working 40 hours a week.
13. 【2019·新课标II卷·语法填空】When we got a call ___68___ (say)she was short-listed,we thought it was ___a__ joke.
14. 【2019·浙江卷·语法填空】But some students didn't want ___63___ (wear) the uniform.
15. 【2018·北京】3. _________ along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience
A. Travel B. Traveling C. Having traveled D. Traveled
题组一 基础过关
1.【答案】 to teach
【解析】考查动词不定式。volunteer to do sth.自愿做某事,固定搭配,所以空处动词需用其不定式形式。故填to teach.
2.【答案】to solve
【解析】句意:我想知道如何解决这个问题。分析句子结构,此空考查疑问代词+动词不定式结构作宾语;此处由 how可知,how to do“如何.....”,此语境是“如何解决这个问题”。根据分析,故填to solve.
3.【答案】To compete
【解析】考查动词不定式。句意:为了更有效地与他人竞争,越来越多的人接受高等教育。此处表示目的,要用动词不定式,句首首字母要大写,故填To compete.
4.【答案】to be sleeping
【解析】考查动词不定式的进行式。分析句子结构,pretend to do为固定用法,设空处需填非谓语动词,结合语境“当她妈妈走进她的书房时,玛丽假装正在睡觉”可知,此处表示她妈妈进来的那个时间点Mary正在进行的行为,需用不定式的进行式。故填to be sleeping.
5.【答案】to find
【解析】考查动词不定式。句意:我们匆匆赶到教室,却发现那里一个人也没有。only+动词不定式表示预料之外的结果,故填to find.
6.【答案】to attend
【解析】考查动词不定式。句意:她要求我们准时参加会议。ask sb. to do sth.要求某人干某事。故填to attend.
7.【答案】to take
【解析】考查动词不定式。句意:你能提醒我明天早上拿相机吗?remind sb. to do sth.提醒某人干某事。故填to take.
8.【答案】to have worked
【解析】考查不定式的完成式。句意:据说他的父亲四年前已经去美国工作了。be said to do固定短语“据说做某事”,分析句子结构可知,work动作发生在is said之前,所以用动词不定式的完成式to have done,故填to have worked.
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:下个月要建的房子是给我父亲的。因next month可知,房子还未建,故用to do不定式表示将来,the house与build之间是被动关系,故用to be done形式。故填to be built.
10.【答案】to climb
【解析】句意:约翰试图爬山时摔了一跤,伤到了脊椎骨,这使他失去了双腿。名词attempt后常接不定式做定语,故填to climb.
11.【答案】performing
【解析】考查动名词。set about着手,开始做…...,固定短语,且about是介词,其后加perform的动名词形式。故填performing.
12.【答案】consisting
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:由十名专家组成的委员会将负责这项调查。句子有谓语动词will take charge of,这里需要非谓语动词;committee和consist是逻辑主谓关系,所以用现在分词作定语,consist of由……组成,无被动语态,故填consisting.
13.【答案】Absorbed
【解析】考查过去分词。句意:约翰沉浸在绘画中,没有注意到夜晚来临。be absorbed in固定搭配,意为“全神贯注于”,此处是省略形式,完整的表达是Because John was absorbed in painting,主从句的主语相同,从句中的连词、主语和be动词可以省略,句首首字母大写。故填Absorbed.
14.【答案】seated
【解析】考查非谓语动词和with的复合结构。句意:销售通常在屋外进行,观众坐在椅子上。seat作为动词用时是及物动词,后面跟人。本题后面是一个with的复合结构,宾语是audience,其与seat之间是动宾关系,所以空处需用过去分词seated作宾补。故填seated.
15.【答案】crying
【解析】考查动名词用法 。句意:覆水难收。习惯用法:It's no use doing sth.做某事是没有用的,it是形式主语,动名词作真正的主语,故填crying.
16.【答案】being invited
【解析】考查动名词的被动形式。句意:我期待着被邀请参加下周举办的聚会。to为介词,look forward to doing sth.期待做某事,固定短语;主语I和动词invite之间是被动关系,需用being done的形式。故填being invited.
17.【答案】being persuaded
【解析】考查动名词的被动语态。句意:在购物的时候人们有时会忍不住被说服去买一些他们并不真正需要的东西。can't help doing忍不住做某事,为固定短语,此处动词persuade和主语people构成动宾关系,所以应使用动名词的被动语态,故填being persuaded.
18.【答案】improving
【解析】考查固定搭配和动名词。pay attention to doing sth.注意做某事,固定搭配,此处to是介词,其后需接动名词作宾语。故填improving.
19.【答案】learning
【解析】考查动名词。句意:如果你学英语有困难,你可以向李教授求助。固定搭配have trouble doing做......有困难,故填learning.
20.【答案】solving
【解析】考查动名词。分析句子结构可知,have trouble (in) doing sth.做某事有困难,固定搭配,所以空处动词需用其动名词形式。故填solving.
题组二 能力提升
1.【答案】developed
【解析】此题考查非谓语动词的用法。句意:美国是一个发达国家。Developing发展中的,developed发达的。根据常识,美国是一个发达国家,故填developed.
2.【答案】to attend
【解析】此题考查非谓语动词的用法。句意:美国刚成立时只允许男子到学校上学。固定短语be permitted to do sth允许做某事,故填to attend.
3.【答案】working
【解析】此题考查非谓语动词的用法。句意:妇女在外面工作并不常见。句子有谓语动词were not common,这里需要非谓语动词;women和work outside是逻辑主谓关系,所以用现在分词作定语。故填working.
4.【答案】passing
【解析】此题考查非谓语动词和with的复合结构。句意:然而,随着时间的推移,为妇女建立的大学或学院有所增加。本题后面是一个with的复合结构,宾语是time,其与pass之间是主谓关系,所以空处需用现在分词passing作宾补。故填passing.
5.【答案】founded
【解析】此题考查非谓语动词的用法。句意:同上。句子有谓语动词have increased,这里需要非谓语动词;colleges or universities 和found for women是逻辑动宾关系,所以用过去分词作定语。故填founded.
6.【答案】to vote
【解析】此题考查非谓语动词的用法。句意:在本世纪初,妇女终于可以投票选举。固定短语be allowed to do sth允许做某事,故填to vote.
7.【答案】satisfied
【解析】此题考查形容词词的用法。句意:但是许多妇女对她们今天的处境并不满意。固定短语be satisfied对。。。满意,satisfied是由过去分词转化成的形容词。故填satisfied.
8.【答案】paid
【解析】此题考查非谓语动词的用法。句意:他们声称,在同一份工作中,他们得到的报酬与男人不一样。短语get paid表示“得到报酬,挣钱”。故填paid.
9.【答案】held
【解析】此题考查非谓语动词的用法。句意:一些在过去由男性担任的高层职位现在仍然掌握在男性手中 。句子有谓语动词have increased,这里需要非谓语动词;Some top positions 和hold是逻辑动宾关系,所以用过去分词作定语。故填held.
10【答案】to go
【解析】此题考查非谓语动词的用法。句意:所以他们还有很长的路要走。短语a long way to go有很长一段路要走。故填to go.
题组三 体验真题
1.【答案】to find
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:中国的研究者希望使用嫦娥四号上的设备来发现和研究南极艾特肯盆地。此处表示目的,应使用不定式作目的状语。故填to find。
2.【答案】 to find
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:第二天早上,他租了一条船,出发去找这位著名的画家。结合句意表示“出发去做某事”短语为set out to do sth.,后跟不定式做目的状语。故填to find。
3.【答案】 to change
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:农业让人们第一次体验到技术改变生活的力量。分析句子,简单句中已有动词gave故提示词部分需用非谓语动词。分析句意,此处需用不定式表示目的。故填to change。
4.【答案】 preparing改为prepare。
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:我妈妈告诉我如何准备这道菜。分析句子可知,“how+不定式”作told的宾语,to是不定式符号,后应接动词原形,故将preparing改为prepare。
5.【答案】 making
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:后来,他们学会了因地制宜,在适当的时间播种,在干旱地区,利用每年的洪水来灌溉农田。分析句子,make所处的分句中无主语,故此处需用非谓语动词。make use of和逻辑主语they之间表示“主动”关系。所以此处用现在分词形式(doing)形式做状语。故填making。
6.【答案】A
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:技术创新与良好的市场营销相结合,将促进这些产品的销售。此处是短语:be combined with“与……结合/联合”,本句中省略be动词,使用过去分词做状语。故选A。
7.【答案】C
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:1931年完工的帝国大厦是1954年之前最高的摩天大楼,它激发了全世界的想象力。句中谓语动词是inspired,此处用非谓语动词。主语the Empire State Building和动词complete是被动关系,用过去分词作状语。A项是现在分词的完成式,不表被动。B项是doing的被动式。故选C。
8.【答案】to perform
【解析】考查非谓语动词。主系表结构之后,常用不定式作原因或目的状语,句意:跟踪北极熊的现代方法只是在二十世纪八十年代以来开始采用,并且在如此大区域内持续采用是昂贵的,故此处用to perform。
9.【答案】All the football players on the playground cheered loudly, that I had a talent for football.
【解析】考查现在分词。本句句意:操场上所有的足球运动员大声欢呼,说我有足球天赋。句中谓语动词为cheered,say在这里作伴随状语。与主语players是主动关系,故将say改为saying。
10.【答案】facing
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:紧张地面对挑战,我知道我将轻声对自己说两个简单的字“做你自己”。分析句式可知,此处是做句子的状语,要用非谓语动词,其逻辑主语是I,与逻辑主语之间是主动关系,用现在分词作状语。故填facing。
11.【答案】A
【解析】考查非谓语动词。此处是不定式作目的状语。句意:为了享受数字支付的方便,很多老年市民开始使用智能手机。故选A。
12.【答案】 being
【解析】考查非谓语动词。根据其前介词for可知,此处用动名词形式作宾语,故填being。
13.【答案】saying
【解析】考查非谓语动词。根据其后所接的宾语从句可知,此处用现在分词形式saying作后置定语,解释名词call的内容,call与say是主动关系,故填saying。
14.【答案】to wear
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:但是,有一些学生不想穿学生服。want to do sth想要做某事,这里是动词不定式作to的宾语。故填to wear。
15.【答案】B
【解析】考查动名词。句意:沿着丝绸之路旅行是一次既有趣又有益的经历。“____ along the old Silk Road”做主语,要用动名词,故B选项正确。
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