2020高考英语新增分方案大一轮人教新课改省份专用讲义：14讲系统突破语法专题专题一名词与冠词

展开

专题一名词与冠词

名词的单复数
1．规则名词的6种复数变化形式
变化规则
例词
一般情况下
在词尾直接加s
mouth→mouths house→houses
以s，x，ch，
sh结尾的名词
在词尾加es
glass→glasses match→matches
以辅音字母＋y结尾的名词
变y为i，再加es
country→countries factory→factories
以元音字母＋y结尾的名词
在词尾直接＋s
holiday→holidays monkey→monkeys
以o结尾的名词
一般在词尾加s
piano→pianos photo→photos
有些在词尾加es
hero→heroes potato→potatoes
以f, fe结尾的名词
一般要变f或fe为v＋es
self→selves
wolf→wolves
少数直接加s
roof→roofs belief→beliefs

①下列以f结尾的名词既可以变f为v后再加es，也可以直接在f后加s：
handkerchief→handkerchiefs/handkerchieves, scarf→scarfs/scarves
②巧记变f或fe为v＋es的名词：
[巧学助记]　为了自己(self)活命(life)，小偷(thief)和他的妻子(wife)手里拿着刀子(knife)和一片树叶(leaf)站在架子(shelf)上，把狼(wolf)劈成两半(half)。
2．不规则名词的3种复数变化形式
变化规则
例词
单复数同形
deer, sheep, means, series, works, Chinese, Swiss, aircraft, spacecraft
变内部元音
foot→feet, tooth→teeth, goose→geese man→men, woman→women, mouse→mice
外来名词
medium→media
phenomenon→phenomena
analysis→analyses
[名师指津]　①fish表示不同种类的鱼时，其复数形式为fishes，而表示同一种鱼时，其单复数形式相同；②people指“人们”时单复数同形，指“民族”时，其复数为peoples。
3．合成名词的2种复数形式
(1)若有主体名词，则把主体名词变成复数；若无主体名词，则把最后一部分变成复数。
passerby→passersby, sisterinlaw→sistersinlaw, grownup→grownups, housewife→housewives
(2)“man/woman＋n.”变复数时，作定语的man/woman和主体名词都要变复数：women engineers。
[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
① (2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all ________ (cause)．
解析：causes　此处的cause是可数名词，表示“原因”。根据其前的all可知，应该使用复数形式，故填causes。
②(2018·浙江11月高考)One study showed that ________ (woman) who drank a lot of coffee, like eight or more cups per day, while they were pregnant were more likely to have children with birth defects.
解析：women　根据该句后半部分的they可知，空格处应该用复数形式，故填women。
③(2018·浙江6月高考) Making Chinese ________ (dish) is seen as especially troublesome.
解析：dishes　此处表示“中国的饭菜”，当然不止一种，因此该名词应该用复数形式，故填dishes。
④(2017·浙江11月高考)You wouldn't think that a few ________ (month) of exercise in your teens would be enough ...
解析：months　空格前面有a few作限定词且表示肯定，因此后面的名词应该用复数形式，所以使用months。
⑤(2017·浙江6月高考)Last October, while tending her garden in Mora, Sweden, Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small _________(carrot) and was about to throw them away.
解析：carrots　根据空格前面的“a handful of”可知，此处要用名词的复数形式。
⑥(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)This trend, which was started by the medical community (医学界) as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side________ (effect) such as overweight and heart disease — the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.
解析：effects　此处根据空格前面的some以及空格后面列举的两个例子“overweight and heart disease”可知，应用effect的复数形式。
⑦(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible__________ (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.
解析：crowds　根据空格前面的形容词terrible可知此处填名词，crowd表示“人群”，是可数名词，前面没有不定冠词a，所以用名词的复数形式。
⑧(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)The instructor kept repeating the ________ (word)，“Speed up！”“Slow down！”“Turn left！”
解析：words　根据后面的举例可知，此处应用word的复数形式。
⑨(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)The nursery team switches him every few ________ (day) with his sister so that while one is being bottlefed, the other is with mum — she never suspects.
解析：days　every few days表示“每隔几天”，此处应该使用名词的复数形式days。
⑩(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Recent __________(study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.
解析：studies　Recent是形容词，修饰名词，“Recent _______”在句中作主语，根据谓语动词show可知，主语需要用复数形式。

不可数名词

1．常见的不可数名词
一般来说，物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的，因此没有复数形式，一般也不能用a或an修饰。
通常只用作不可数的名词有：milk, music, homework, housework, weather, news, butter, information, bread, advice, progress, orange (橙汁), equipment, meat, fun, luggage, luck, work (工作), traffic, furniture, wealth, word (消息), room (空间), man (人类)等。
[名师指津]　word意为“消息”，room意为“空间”，man意为“人类”时通常不带任何修饰词。
2．抽象名词的具体化
(1)具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考的有：
单词
抽象名词意义
具体化名词意义
success
成功
成功的人或事物
pleasure
乐趣
令人感到高兴的人或事物
attraction
吸引
有吸引力的人或事物
beauty
美；美丽
美丽的人或事物
comfort
安慰；慰藉
令人感到安慰的人或事物
danger
危险
令人感到危险的人或事物
delight
高兴
令人感到高兴的事
failure
失败
失败的人或事物
surprise
惊奇
令人感到惊奇的人或事物
shock
震惊
令人感到震惊的人或事物
pride
骄傲
令人感到骄傲的人或事物

I'm disappointed that the experiment turned out to be a complete failure again.
我很失望，这次试验证明又是一次完全的失败。
(2)抽象名词与a/an连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。
①Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.
在那些艰难的时期，能够买得起一杯饮料都会是一件令人感到欣慰的事。
②—A serious fire broke out in the village.
—Yes, news came as a shock to me.
——那个村庄发生了一起严重的大火。
——是的，这对我来说是一件令人震惊的事情。

名词所有格

1．有生命名词的3种所有格
情况
构成
示例
不以s结尾的名词
加's
Mary's email children's books
以s结尾的复数名词
加'
the girls' dormitory the teachers' reading room
以s结尾的单数名词或专有名词
加's或'
our boss' office Engels's works

2．无生命名词的2种所有格
(1)通常用of所有格表示
The capital of Peru is Lima, which is in the west on the coast.秘鲁的首都是利马，位于西部沿海地区。
(2)表示时间、距离、国家、城市、机构、节日等的名词通常用's所有格表示。
Beijing's parks北京的公园
the factory's output工厂的产量
3．双重所有格
双重所有格的构成形式为：名词＋of＋名词的所有格/名词＋of＋名词性物主代词。
He is a friend of my father's.他是我父亲的一个朋友。
[名师指津]　名词所有格作定语主要表示事物间的关系(如所属关系、主谓关系、动宾关系等)，而名词作定语则主要表示被修饰名词的特征、性别、用途、功能、内容等。

不定冠词的用法及固定搭配

1．不定冠词的基本用法
(1)表示类指，或指某类中的“任何一个”。
A virus is a very small living thing that causes disease.
病毒是一种引发疾病的微生物。
(2)表示泛指。当说话人第一次提及某人或某物时通常用不定冠词，因此由不定冠词构成的名词词组往往带有不确定的含义，相当于“a certain”。
The story happened in a small town in Victoria.
故事发生在维多利亚的一个小镇上。
(3)表示量指。不定冠词表示“一”这个数量，但数的概念没有one强烈。
I watch TV for six or seven hours a day.
我一天要看六七个小时的电视。
(4)表示“每一”，相当于per，用在表示价格、速度、频率等的短语中。
Prices start at ￡13.95 a yard for printed cotton.
印花棉布以每码13.95英镑的价格起售。
(5)表示“同一，相同”，相当于“the same”。
They happen to be of an age and wear clothes of a color.
他们碰巧同龄而且穿着同样颜色的衣服。
2．不定冠词用于固定搭配中
as a result因此，结果　　　　 as a rule通常
as a whole大体上 as a matter of fact事实上
at a loss不知所措 in a hurry匆忙
in a word总之 in a sense在某种意义上
in a way在某种程度上 in a short while不久
keep an eye on照看，留意 pay a visit to拜访
put an end to结束 once in a while偶尔
once upon a time从前 all of a sudden突然
be on a diet节食 have a gift for在某方面有天赋
have/catch a cold感冒 make a living谋生
have/take a rest休息 give sb. a lift让某人搭便车

[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
① (2017·浙江11月高考)Like many things in life, it's ________ ongoing process, and the best part of the process is that there's enough room for improvement.
解析：an　process为可数名词，表示“过程”，此处为泛指，又因空格处后面有一个限定词ongoing，其发音以元音音素开头，故应填不定冠词an。
②(2017·浙江6月高考)For Pahlsson, its return was _______wonder.
解析：a　wonder为可数名词，表示“奇迹，奇事”，此处为泛指，故要用不定冠词a。
③(2017·全国卷Ⅰ) When fat and salt are removed from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something. As _________ result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.
解析：a　as a result为固定搭配，意为“结果”。
④(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Instead, she is earning ￡6,500 a day as ________ model in New York.
解析：a　此处意为“作为纽约的一名模特”，在单数可数名词model前应该使用不定冠词a，表示“一，一名”。
⑤(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)They live far from the school, and it takes them about ________ hour and a half to go to work every day.
解析：an　hour的读音以元音音素开头，且是可数名词，所以填an。
⑥(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for _______ while, exercising, or doing something you enjoy.
解析：a　for a while为固定搭配，意为“一会儿”。
⑦(2015·浙江高考)On the right side of the class was the road.I was always interested to see the drivers in ________ hurry in the morning.
解析：a　in a hurry“匆匆忙忙”，为固定短语。

定冠词the的用法及固定搭配

1．定冠词the的用法
(1)表示特指的人或物，或者双方都知道的或心中都明白的人或物，或者指上文已经提到过的人或事物。
Do you know the man standing at the gate of the door?
你认识那个站在门口的人吗？
(2)用在世界上独一无二的名词前。
The earth goes around the sun.
地球围绕太阳转。
(3)用于序数词、形容词的最高级前。
Is this the first time you have visited Qingdao?
这是你第一次游览青岛吗？
China is one of the richest countries in natural resources in the world.在自然资源方面，中国是世界上最富有的国家之一。
(4)用在表示姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人或夫妻俩；或用于形容词/分词前，表示一类人或物。
the wounded 伤员　the rich 富人
(5)用在逢十的年代前，表示“在某世纪几十年代”。
in the 1990's在20世纪90年代
(6)用在“by＋the＋单位计量词”中。
I hired the car by the hour.
我按小时租车。
(7)用在表示身体部位的名词前，表示“打、抓住某人身体的某个部位”。
The police caught the thief by the arm.
警察抓住了小偷的胳膊。
(8)与形容词或副词的比较级连用，一般用于以下两种情况：
①用于“the＋比较级．..，the＋比较级．..”结构中，表示“越……越……”之意。
The more we do for the people, the happier we'll be.
我们为人民做得越多就越幸福。
②用在“the＋比较级＋of the two”结构中，表示“两个中较……的一个”。
She is the taller of the two girls.
她是两个女孩子中个子较高的那一个。
2．定冠词the用于固定搭配中
make the most/best of充分利用　 in the end最后
by the way顺便说一下 in the distance在远处
in the way挡道 on the whole总的来说
at the same time同时 on the other hand另一方面
to tell the truth说实话 for the time being暂时
on the spot在现场 not in the least一点也不
the other day前几天 take the place of代替
at the moment此刻，目前 to the point中肯，切题
in the middle of在……中间 all the best一切顺利

[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
①(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over ________ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.
解析：the　此处特指过去的25年，故用the。
②(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Unexpectedly, I'm facetoface with the gorilla, who begins screaming at ________ top of her lungs.
解析：the　at the top of one's lungs为固定搭配，意为“尽量大声地，声嘶力竭地”。
③(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)I still remember how hard ________ first day was.
解析：the/my　表示第几天，序数词前要加定冠词the或者用限定词进行修饰。
④(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)This included digging up the road, laying the track and then building a strong roof over _______ top.
解析：the　top是名词，前面要用冠词，此处特指在(地铁的)顶部建造一个结实的顶，所以用定冠词the。
⑤(2016·浙江高考)Every time he arrived home at ________ end of the day, we'd greet him at the door.
解析：the　at the end of“在……结束时”，为固定搭配。
⑥(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)The nursery team switches him every few days with his sister so that while one is being bottlefed, ________ other is with mum — she never suspects.
解析：the　此处表示双胞胎大熊猫中的另一只，两者之间的“另一个”应该使用the other。
⑦(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)But in that case, we will learn little about ________ world.
解析：the　此处特指我们所生活的这个世界。
⑧(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)The adobe dwellings (土坯房) built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even________ most modern of architects and engineers.
解析：the　在形容词最高级的前面用定冠词the。

零冠词的用法及固定搭配

1．零冠词的用法
(1)专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前，一般不加冠词。
He is living in Canada now.
他现在住在加拿大。
(2)季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐前一般不加冠词。
We usually have breakfast at 7 o'clock.
我们通常7点吃早饭。
(3)在学科名称、球类运动、棋类游戏等名词前不用冠词。
I'm interested in English.我对英语很感兴趣。
He is fond of playing chess.他喜欢下棋。
(4)表示头衔和职务的名词作表语、同位语或宾语补足语时，其前通常不用冠词。
Dr. Peter Spence, headmaster of the school, told us, “A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.”
这所学校的校长彼得·斯彭思博士告诉我们说：“这里五分之一的学生都会到牛津大学或者剑桥大学继续学习。”
(5)用于与by连用的表示交通工具、通信工程的名词前。
Are you going there by plane or by ship?
你是乘飞机还是乘船去那里？
(6)系动词turn(变成)后跟单数名词作表语时不用冠词。
His brother has turned writer.
他弟弟已成为一名作家。
(7)在as/though引导的部分倒装句中，“零冠词＋单数名词＋as/though＋主语＋谓语”意为“尽管……但是……”。
Hero as he is, he has some shortcomings.
尽管他是个英雄，但是他也有一些缺点。
(8)用在“名词＋介词短语”的独立主格结构中。
The teacher came in, book in hand.
老师手里拿着一本书走进来。
2．零冠词用于固定搭配中
at present目前　　　　　 take part in参加
in peace平静 by chance/accident碰巧
on purpose故意 on second thoughts再一想
ahead of time提前 in advance提前
by law根据法律 by mistake由于差错
under repair处于维修中 lose heart灰心
day and night整日整夜 from morning till night从早到晚
out of control失控 out of work失业
in danger处于危险之中 at risk有危险

[专题过关训练]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．And it evaluates how well you combine your listening, reading, speaking and writing skills (skill) to perform academic tasks.
2．Many of these had benefited from the government's special new policies encouraging people to start their own businesses (business)．
3．My immediate excitement gave in to excuses (excuse) as the weeks passed.
4．The British have many traditions_(tradition) but there is nothing more quintessential (典型的) than taking afternoon tea.
5．Some people are so rude. Who sends an email or a text message that just says “Thank you”？
6．The teacher decided to teach us a very important lesson.
7．We also visited the Three Gorges Dam, a symbol of Chinese pride and power.
8．No one will ever know what mix of talent, ambition, energy and luck made Dickens such a distinguished writer.
9．Personally, I think teachers and parents should take measures (measure) to limit their children's Internet time.
10．This isn't the first time technology has changed our manners (manner)．
11．Antarctica, the coldest place on Earth, is the fifth largest continent in the world.
12．When my father bought me a computer as a birthday present last year, I felt very excited.
13．The camp is at the bottom of a mountain close to a beautiful river.
14．It is a great honour for me to take part in the volunteer work, and I learn the significance of helping others.
Ⅱ.运用语法写靓句
1．被邀请来参加这次聚会我深感荣幸。(consider, honor)
I_consider_it_a_great_honor_to_be_invited_to_this_party.
2．如果您能帮我，我将感激不尽。(appreciate, hand)
I_would_appreciate_it_if_you_could_give_me_a_hand.
3．作为一名英语方面的专家，您能否就如何提升英语写作技能给我一些建议？(expert, give sb. some advice on)
As_an_expert_in_English,_can_you_give_me_some_advice_on_how_to_improve_my_writing_skills?
4．都说老师们过着简朴的生活，但我认为当老师很有意义。(be said to, live, meaningful)
Teachers_are_said_to_live_a_simple_life,_but_I_think_being_a_teacher_is_meaningful.
5．张华，我们班的班长，昨天被选为我们学校的学生会主席。(monitor, elect, the Students' Union)
Zhang_Hua,_monitor_of_our_class,_was_elected_chairman_of_the_Students'_Union_of_our_school_yesterday.
6．我写信是想让您帮我个忙。(favor)
I_am_writing_to_ask_you_to_do_me_a_favor.
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2019·青岛调研)The tea culture of China is __1__ (amaze) and has a long history.Tea drinking was widespread in China for about one thousand years before __2__ (appear) in Europe.
Tea drinking in China enjoys wide popularity.Many people nowadays go to expensively decorated teahouses __3__ (talk) business.However, tea drinking is very complex.Many factors contribute to __4__ enjoyable experience.It starts with the surroundings.In the past, tea drinking took place in a setting __5__ “spring water runs oil marble”．At present, in order to create such atmosphere, teahouses __6___ (decorate) with traditional paintings and furniture.Besides, there is always a __7__ (perform) of a traditional Chinese musical instrument, such as the guzheng, pipa and erhu.
Black tea, together __8__ green tea, oolong tea and pu'er tea __9__ (rank) the top four favourites.The first three types of tea are processed using similar methods but pu'er tea uses a __10__ (total) different method.

1．amazing　应用形容词形式作表语，amazing“令人吃惊的”。
2．appearing　介词before后应用动名词形式。
3．talking/to talk　此处表示伴随或目的，故用现在分词或动词不定式。
4．an　experience此处作“经历”讲，为可数名词，用不定冠词表示泛指；又因enjoyable的读音是以元音音素开头的单词，故用an。
5．where　先行词为setting，在定语从句中关系词作地点状语，故用where。
6．are decorated　主语teahouses与decorate之间为被动关系，根据时间状语“At present”可知应用一般现在时的被动语态。
7．performance　不定冠词后应用名词形式。
8．with　together with为固定搭配，意为“与……一起”。
9．ranks　together with连接名词作主语时，谓语动词与第一个名词保持一致，故此处的动词用第三人称单数。
10．totally　修饰形容词different应用副词形式。