2020高考英语新增分方案大一轮人教新课改省份专用讲义：14讲系统突破语法专题专题十二构词法
展开专题十二构词法
名词后缀 |
1．动词变名词的后缀
后缀 | 例词 |
ion/tion/ sion/ation | correct→correction 改正 celebrate→celebration 庆祝；庆祝会 conclude→conclusion 结论；结束 discuss→discussion 讨论；辩论 decide→decision 决定 admit→admission 接纳；准许入学 attract→attraction 吸引 invite→invitation 邀请；请柬 explain→explanation 解释g raduate→graduation 毕业e xpect→expectation 期望；期待 |
er/or | drive→driver 司机；驾驶员 gather→gatherer 收集者；采集者 conduct→conductor 指挥；售票员 teach→teacher 老师 announce→announcer 播音员 |
ment | punish→punishment 惩罚 achieve→achievement 功绩；成就 argue→argument 辩论；论据 treat→treatment 对待；治疗 equip→equipment 装备；设备 govern→government 政府 |
ance/ence | appear→appearance 出现；外貌 guide→guidance 指引；指导 perform→performance 表演；节目 exist→existence 存在；生存 prefer→preference 偏爱 refer→reference 参考；查阅 |
ing | hear→hearing 听力；听觉 begin→beginning 开头；开端 |
ure/ture | fail→failure 失败；没做到 press→pressure 压力 mix→mixture 混合；混合物 depart→departure 离开；出发 |
y | recover→recovery 恢复；痊愈 discover→discovery 发现 |
其他 | choose→choice 选择 vary→variety 多样化；种类 tend→tendency 趋向；趋势 grow→growth 生长；增加 weigh→weight 重量 |
2.形容词变名词的后缀
后缀 | 例词 |
age | short→shortage 不足；短缺 |
cy | efficient→efficiency 效率；功效 fluent→fluency 流利；流畅 accurate→accuracy 准确性 private→privacy 隐私；私密 |
dom | free→freedom 自由；自主 wise→wisdom 明智；智慧 |
ence | different→difference 差异 silent→silence 沉默 |
ness | weak→weakness 虚弱；弱点 kind→kindness 仁慈；好意 careless→carelessness 粗心大意 |
th | strong→strength 力气；强项 warm→warmth 温暖；热情 |
y ty ity | honest→honesty 诚实 difficult→difficulty 困难 cruel→cruelty 残酷；残暴 safe→safety 安全 disable→disability 无能；伤残 responsible→responsibility 责任 |
[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
①(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)This switch has decreased ________ (pollute) in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
解析：pollution decrease“降低，减少”，为及物动词，后接名词作宾语，故填名词pollution。
②(2018·浙江6月高考)Researchers have found that there is a direct link between the increase in food eaten outside the home and the rise in ________(weigh) problems.
解析：weight 根据语境可知，此处表示体重方面的问题，故此处填名词作定语。
③(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)This development was only possible with the________ (introduce) of electricpowered engines and lifts.
解析：introduction 根据空格前面的定冠词the可知此处需要填名词。with the introduction of表示“随着……的引进”。
④(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)She is determined to carry on with her ________(educate)．
解析：education 空格前面有形容词性物主代词her，此处应该使用动词educate的名词形式education。
⑤(2016·浙江10月高考)Magically, that show remains the Great Jason's best ________ (perform) to this day.
解析：performance 根据前面的show可知此处需要填名词。“这是Great Jason's迄今最好的表演”。
形容词、副词后缀 |
1.动词、名词变形容词的常见后缀
后缀 | 例词 |
able | accept→acceptable 可接受的 comfort→comfortable 舒适的 fashion→fashionable 时髦的 suit→suitable 合适的 reason→reasonable 有道理的 |
al | music→musical 音乐的 origin→original 最初的 person→personal 个人的；私人的 center→central 中央的；中心的 nature→natural 自然的；天生的 |
ful | doubt→doubtful 怀疑的 forget→forgetful 健忘的 harm→harmful 有害的 hope→hopeful 有希望的 peace→peaceful 和平的 |
ed | scare→scared 感到恐惧的 confuse→confused 感到困惑的 underline→underlined 下划线的 |
ing | surprise→surprising 令人惊异的 convince→convincing 令人信服的 satisfy→satisfying 令人满意的 |
ible | access→accessible 容易取得的 horror→horrible 可怕的；恐怖的 terror→terrible 可怕的 |
ive | act→active 积极的；活跃的 effect→effective 有效的；生效的 attract→attractive 有吸引力的 impress→impressive 给人深刻印象的 |
ous | continue→continuous 不断的；持续的 anxiety→anxious 忧虑的 caution→cautious 十分小心的；谨慎的 |
some | curiosity→curious 好奇的 humor→humorous 幽默的 tire→tiresome 令人厌倦的 trouble→troublesome 麻烦的 |
y | taste→tasty 美味的；可口的 health→healthy 健康的 wealth→wealthy 富裕的；丰富的 |
ern | east→eastern 东方的；向东的 |
ish | child→childish 孩子气的 fool→foolish 愚蠢的；可笑的 self→selfish 自私的 |
2.形容词变副词的后缀
在形容词后加ly可变成相应意义的副词 | |
直接加ly | clear→clearly清楚地 slow→slowly缓慢地 |
改y为ily | happy→happily高兴地 easy→easily容易地 |
去e加ly | true→truly真诚地；确实 possible→possibly可能地 |
[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
①(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)A taste for meat is ________ (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle.
解析：actually 此处用副词作状语修饰系动词is。
②(2017·全国卷Ⅰ) However, be_________ (care) not to go to extremes.
解析：careful 此处表示“小心不要走极端”。根据语境和be可知此处应用形容词careful作表语。
③(2017·全国卷Ⅲ) It is _____________(certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal.
解析：certainly 此处应该使用副词形式作状语，修饰“fun”。
④(2017·江苏高考改编)Only five years after Steve Jobs' death, smartphones defeated ________ (convention) PCs in sales.
解析：conventional 句意：仅仅在史蒂夫·乔布斯去世五年后，智能手机的销售额就打败了传统的个人电脑。由空格后的名词“PCs”可知，应填形容词形式conventional，表示“传统的”。
⑤(2016·浙江10月高考)I looked ________ (quick) at the clock.
解析：quickly 根据looked可知此处应该使用副词。
⑥(2016·全国卷Ⅰ) The title will be __________ (official) given to me at a ceremony in London.
解析：officially 此处表示(大使)这个头衔将在伦敦的一个仪式上正式授予给我，根据句子结构可知，应该使用副词officially作状语修饰动词given。
⑦(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Recent studies show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks ____________ (regular)．
解析：regularly 此处需要用副词形式修饰动词短语“take short breaks”。
⑧(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)As__________ (nature) architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly how thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.
解析：natural 此处需要用形容词形式作定语修饰后面的名词architects。
[专题过关训练]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．They had both been sentenced to death (die)．
2．The girl then plants a kiss on the grass in a heartwarming show of affection (affect)．
3．My application (apply) was successful and I spent an enjoyable month learning filmmaking.
4．Perhaps he can make his_fortune_(fortunate) at football.
5．I really needed Snow, because it was good for my recovery (recover)．
6．I was supposed to arrive at the airport on time. Unfortunately (fortunate), I was held up by the heavy traffic jam.
7．People certainly have a variety of reasons for going back to school but one important thing to know is, no knowledge is useless (use)．
8．There are so many different labels on food nowadays. They are not only confusing (confuse) but also misleading.
9．Disappointed (disappoint) as I felt at the shabby campus and the poorlyequipped classroom, I found the teachers patient.
10．Similarly (similar), people prefer movies that reflect their mood.
11．I have read lots of inspiring (inspire) stories of kindness.
12．In order to make myself understood, I told him how to go there as clearly (clear) as possible.
13．She always spoke kindly (kind) to the children.
14．I'm looking forward to your kindly reply at your earliest convenience (convenient)．
15．Even closest friends have quarrels, so don't take it too seriously (serious)．
Ⅱ.语法填空
Bri is a junior at Marquette University studying Social Welfare and Justice. She __1__ (original) came from Monterey Park, California. Bri and her four siblings __2__ (adopt) by her two loving parents at a young age. Her parents are a main source of her __3__ (inspire) to explore the world and meet different people. Bri is always __4__ independent girl and moved away from home for college __5__ (experience) a different atmosphere. She went to Milwaukee by __6__ (she) without even visiting the city. She said, “Marquette just felt right to me.”
It is no surprise that Bri began to get __7__ (involve) in many student organizations when she arrived in Marquette. Her faith guided her to join the Midnight Run team and work at Campus Ministry. Midnight Run is an organization led __8__ students and provides services for the homeless and the impoverished population of Milwaukee. Bri quickly took on the leadership role of cocoordinator. Bri also took part in Justice, a student organization __9__ students advocate for change in social justice issues in Milwaukee.
Through volunteering at multiple locations in Milwaukee, she is able to meet a diverse population of individuals and build relationships. She loves it when people are __10__ (passion) about their dreams and she also enjoys pushing individuals to do what they love.
语篇解读：Bri是马凯特大学的大学生，她积极参加各种公益组织，去帮助他人并且维护社会正义。
1.originally 修饰动词came，故用副词形式。
2．were adopted “Bri and her four siblings”与adopt 之间是被动关系，且动作发生在过去，故用一般过去时的被动语态。
3．inspiration 根据语境可知，她想要去探索世界接触不同的人的灵感主要源于她的父母。用在形容词性物主代词之后，故用名词形式，inspiration“灵感”。
4．an 根据语境可知，她一直是一个独立的女孩。故用不定冠词修饰， independent的读音以元音音素开头，故填an。
5．to experience 根据语境可知，为了体验一种不同的氛围，她离开家去上大学。此处用动词不定式短语作状语，表示目的。
6．herself 根据语境可知，她甚至没有游览过密尔沃基，就独自一个人去了那里。by herself表示“独自地”。
7．involved get involved in“参加，参与”，为固定搭配。
8．by 根据语境可知，Midnight Run 是一个由学生领导的组织，故用介词by。
9．where 先行词是organization，定语从句缺少地点状语。
10．passionate 固定搭配be passionate about 表示“热衷于……；热爱……”。
