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2021高三统考人教英语一轮（经典版）学案：第二部分专题一第7讲情态动词和虚拟语气
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第7讲 情态动词和虚拟语气
考情纵览
情态动词和虚拟语气在近5年新课标全国卷的高考试题中出现的频率并不是很高，仅在2015年全国卷Ⅰ和2016年全国卷Ⅱ的短文改错中有所涉及，但由于其表达的特有效果，也使得它成为必学的语法之一，尤其是在书面表达中，如能恰当地使用它，会起到显著的提分作用，也避免了表达的单调性，例如在写一封信向好友表达建议时，重复使用You should ... 既显单调又因强调的语气影响了交际效果，那么这时我们就可用You'd better ... /You might as well ... /Why not ...？等，灵活地表达建议。
考点一 情态动词的基本用法
情态动词的基本用法也是历年考查的热点之一。除了掌握它们的基本含义外，一些特殊含义也要引起我们的注意。如：must表示“非得，偏要”；shall用于第二、三人称表示警告、命令、威胁、允诺、规定等；should意为“竟然”。解决此类问题，一方面要注意情态动词的基本含义，另一方面，要注意特殊语境下的特殊含义。
1．can和could的用法
(1)表示“能力”。
①The boy can recite the long poem very easily.
这个男孩能很容易地背诵这首长诗。
[注意] be able to亦是表“能力”，但更侧重于表示克服种种困难后，所能达到的能力。
We were able to finish it ahead of time， though it was such a tough task.
尽管任务艰巨，我们仍能提前完成。
(2)表示惊讶，常用在否定句和疑问句中。
②How could you do such a silly thing?
你怎么能做那样的蠢事呢？
(3)could用于疑问句。表示礼貌地请求别人做某事，意为“能，可以”。
③—This dish is really delicious.Could you please say it in Chinese?
—Sure, we call it “doufu”．
——这道菜真的很好吃，你能不能用汉语说出菜名是什么？
——当然可以，我们称之为“豆腐”。
(4)表示允许或许可(口语中常用)。
④—What should I wear to the party?
—Well, it isn't very formal.You can wear whatever you like.
——我应该穿什么参加晚会？
——晚会不太正式，你可以穿自己喜欢的任何衣服。
(5)cannot ... too＋adj./cannot ... adj.＋enough表示“无论……也不过分”；“越……越好”。
⑤You can't be too careful while crossing the road.
过马路时你越小心越好。
2．may和might的用法(用于倒装句中)
(1)may和might表示“许可”，“可能性”，“祝愿”(用于倒装句中)等意义。
①May you succeed!
祝你成功！
[注意] 当may用于疑问句时，其否定回答是“No, ... mustn't.”。
—May I take this book out of the reading room?
—No, you mustn't.You must read it here.
——我可以把书拿出阅览室吗？
——不，绝不可以，你必须在这儿读。
(2)“may/might as well＋动词原形”意为“最好……；倒不如……”。
②If you think the price of beef is too high, you may as well buy some pork. It depends on you.
如果你认为牛肉太贵的话，你不妨买些猪肉。你自己决定。
3．must的用法
(1)表示禁止(用于否定句)。
①You mustn't park here！It's an emergency exit.
你不可以在这儿停车！这是紧急出口。
(2)表必要性，意为“必须”，强调主观方面的必须，其否定形式是needn't/don't have to。
②—Shall I inform him of the change of the schedule right now?
—I am afraid you must，in case he comes late for the meeting.
——我现在通知他日程表的变动吗？
——恐怕你必须通知他，以免他开会迟到。
(3)表示偏执，固执，意为“非得，偏要”。用于疑问句或条件从句中。
③—Where did you get this book?
—I picked it up from a secondhand bookshop if you must know.
——你在哪里弄到的这本书？
——如果你偏要知道，我是在一家二手书店买到的。
4．shall和should的用法
(1)shall的用法
a．用于第一、第三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见和向对方请示。
①Shall I go out for a walk after supper?
晚饭后我可以散散步吗？
b．用于第二、第三人称陈述句中，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁，或用于正式法律、条规中。
②—Will you read me a story, mummy?
—OK. You shall have one if you go to bed as soon as possible.
——妈妈，给我讲个故事好吗？
——好的，如果你尽快上床睡觉我就给你讲一个。
(2)should的用法
a．表示一种“义务，职责”或表示劝告、建议、命令，通常理解为“应该”。
③You should take the medicine with a full glass of water.
你应该用满满一杯水来服这种药。
④You should learn to respect your elders.
你应该学会尊敬长者。
b．表示惊奇、赞叹、不满等情绪，意为“竟然”。
⑤It never occurred to me that she should lie to me again.
我从来没有想到她竟然又骗我。
5．will和would的用法
(1)表示意志、意愿和决心。
①I have told him again and again to stop smoking, but he will not listen.
我已再三告诉他戒烟，但是他就是不听。
(2)will可以表习惯或反复发生的动作，有“总是”或“总要”之意。
②Every morning he will have a walk along this river.
每天早晨，他总是沿着这条小河散步。
(3)would可以表示过去的习惯性动作，比used to正式。
③He would go to bed strictly at 9, and on Sundays would not have lunch anywhere except in that restaurant.
他总是9点准时上床睡觉。星期日总在那家饭店吃午饭。
6．need/dare
need和dare既可用作情态动词，也可用作实义动词。用作情态动词时，主要用于否定句和疑问句。用作实义动词时，可用于各种时态。
(1)用作情态动词
①They dare not ask for any more money.
他们不敢再要钱了。
②It's quite warm here; we needn't turn the heating on yet.
这里很温暖。我们还不必开暖气。
(2)用作实义动词
③You don't need to do it yourself.
你不必亲自做这件事。
④Most people hate Harry but they don't dare to say so.
大多数人都对哈利敢怒不敢言。
即时练1 单句语法填空
①—Could I use your bike tomorrow morning?
—Yes, you .
② I have a word with you？It won't take long.
③—The room is so dirty. we clean it?
—Of course.
④—I've prepared all kinds of food for the picnic.
—Do you mean we bring anything with us?
⑤—Why didn't you come to Simon's party last night?
—I wanted to, but my mom simply not let me go out so late at night.
⑥Just as Jane is doing her homework, you bother her with playing the piano now?
答案：①can ②Can/May ③Shall ④needn't ⑤would
⑥must
考点二 情态动词表推测
1．情态动词表对现在情况的推测
(1)can用于肯定句中表示客观的可能性，意为“有时会”；用于疑问句中可以表示推测，意为“可能”，有时表示一种惊讶的语气；用于否定句中也可以表示推测，can't意为“不可能”，语气很强烈。
①It is usually warm in my hometown in March, but it can be rather cold sometimes.
我的家乡在三月份通常很暖和，但有时候也会相当冷。
②Mr Bush is on time for everything. How can it be that he was late for the meeting?
布什先生做什么事情都很准时，他怎么可能开会迟到呢？
③—Let's visit Tom together, Stephen.
—There's no need to do so.He can't be at home, because I saw him board the flight to Beijing this morning.
——史蒂芬，咱们一起去拜访汤姆吧。
——没必要这样做。他不可能在家，因为今天早晨我看见他登上了飞往北京的航班。
(2)may/might用于肯定句中可以用来表示不十分肯定的推测，意为“有可能”；用于否定句中也可以表示推测，may not意为“可能不”，表示一种不太确定的语气。
④—What are you doing this Saturday?
—I'm not sure, but I might go to the Rolling Stones concert.
——本周六你打算做什么？
——说不准，不过或许我会去滚石演唱会。
(3)must表示推测时只能用于肯定句中，意为“一定，必定”，表示十分肯定的语气(在疑问句中或否定句中要用can/could)。
⑤They must be waiting for us. Let's hurry up.
他们一定在等我们，让我们快点吧。
(4)should用来表示推测时意为“应该”，即含有“按道理来说应当如此”的意思。
⑥There shouldn't be any difficulty about passing the road test since you have practiced a lot in the driving school.
因为你在驾校训练了那么多，通过路考应该没什么困难。
2．情态动词对过去情况的推测
基本构成：情态动词＋have done，具体用法如下：
情态动词
＋have done
用法
例句
must have done
想必/准是/一定做了，否定式为：can't/couldn't＋have done
It must have rained last night, for the road is quite muddy.
昨晚一定下雨了，因为路很泥泞。
can/could
have done
1.本来能够做
2.过去可能会做
Can he have gone to his aunt's？
他有可能去他姨妈家了吗？
cannot/
could not
have done
1.过去不可能做
2.过去没能够做
He cannot have forgotten it.
他不可能忘了那件事。
may/might
have done
也许/或许已经做了……，一般只用于肯定句或否定句中(在否定句中表示“可能不”)，不用于疑问句。用might则表示语气更加弱
①It's too late. I think he may have gone to bed.
太晚了，我想他或许已经睡了。
②He may not have finished the work.
他也许还没完成那项工作。
续表
情态动词
＋have done
用法
例句
should/ought to have done
本该做而实际上未做
You ought to have done this exercise more carefully.
你本应该更仔细地做这个练习。
should not/ought not to have done
本不该做而做了
You shouldn't have told her the truth.
你本不该告诉她真相。
needn't have done
本不必做而做了
You needn't have taken a taxi here, for it was just one kilometre from my home.
你本来不必在这里乘坐出租车的，因为这里离我家才一公里远。
即时练2 单句语法填空
①Although you find bargains in London, it's not generally a cheap place to shop.
②He be the wanted man; he's exactly like the one in this picture.
③Life is unpredictable; even the poorest become the richest.
④I (work) out the problem, but I was too nervous.
⑤—Sorry, Professor Smith. I didn't finish the assignment yesterday.
—Oh, you (do) it as yesterday was the deadline.
答案：①can ②must ③may/might ④could have worked ⑤should have done
考点三 虚拟语气在条件句中的用法
1．虚拟语气在非真实性条件句中的基本形式
虚拟条件从句
主句
与现在事实
相反的假设
if＋主语＋动词的过去式(be动词用were)
主语＋should/would/could/might＋动词原形
与过去事实
相反的假设
if＋主语＋had＋过去分词
主语＋should/would/could/might＋have＋过去分词
与将来事实
相反的假设
1.if＋主语＋动词的过去式
2.if＋主语＋were to＋动词原形
3.if＋主语＋should＋动词原形
主语＋should/would/could/might＋动词原形
2．当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为“错综时间条件句”，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作出相应调整。
Maybe if I had studied science, and not literature then, I would be able to give you more help.
也许如果当时我学习的是理科而不是文科的话，那么我现在就可以给你更多的帮助了。
3．if省略句
在虚拟条件状语从句中可省略if，把were, had, should提到句首，变为倒装句式。
Had I known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy would have been saved.
如果那时我了解这个电脑程序的话，那么我会省下大量的时间和精力。
4．含蓄条件句
有时为了表达的需要，在虚拟语气中并不总是出现if引导的条件从句，而是通过其他手段来代替条件从句。其主要表现形式如下：
由without, but for, under, or, otherwise等构成的结构暗含了非真实虚拟条件。
①Without your help, we couldn't have made such rapid progress.
→But for your help, ...
→If it had not been for your help, ...
→Had it not been for your help, ...
若没有你的帮助，我们不可能取得如此快速的进步。
②He telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or I would have known nothing about it.(连词)
他打电话告诉了我你的生日，否则，我对此一点都不知道。
③But for their help, we could not have finished the program in time.
如果没有他们的帮助，我们不可能按时完成那个项目。
[注意] 该考点中注意逆向考查方式，即：常规考查时，一般考查虚拟语气的结构；而逆向考查时，虚拟语气是情景，考查真实的情况。
即时练3 单句语法填空
①If I were you, I (seize) the chance to go abroad.
②If you (take) my advice, you would not have failed in the exams.
③If you (study) hard before, you would be a college student now.
④ you come earlier, you would have caught the bus.
⑤I was ill that day. Otherwise, I (take) part in the sports meeting.
答案：①would seize ②had taken ③had studied ④Had ⑤would have taken
考点四 虚拟语气的其他情况
1．虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法
(1)wish后面的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，表示一种不可能实现的愿望。从句谓语动词构成形式为：
①I wish (that) I were a bird and could fly freely in the sky.
我希望我现在是一只小鸟，能在天空自由飞翔。
②—How much of the foreign expert's speech have you understood?
—Next to nothing. I wish I had worked harder at English.
——那位外国专家的演讲你懂多少？
——几乎什么也不懂，要是我过去更刻苦学习英语就好了。
(2)某些表示坚持、建议、命令和要求的动词后的宾语从句中，谓语形式常采用“(should＋)动词原形”。这类动词包括advise, insist, order, suggest, command, demand, propose, require等。
[注意] (1)动词insist如果表示“坚持说，坚持认为”，宾语从句不用虚拟语气。同样，当suggest作“表明，暗示”讲时，其后的宾语从句也不用虚拟语气。
Her pale face suggested that she was ill.
她苍白的脸色表明她病了。
He insisted that he was innocent.
他坚持说他是无辜的。
(2)表“建议，要求，命令”类的词后跟名词性从句，从句中的谓语用“(should＋)动词原形”。
The suggestion is that our school (should) provide more books about popular science.
建议我们学校提供更多关于大众科学的书籍。
③Teachers recommend parents not allow their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety.
老师们建议，为了安全起见父母不要让他们12岁以下的孩子骑车上学。
(3)would rather后面的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，表示愿望，意为“宁愿，但愿”。从句谓语动词构成形式为：
④George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but I'd rather he focused more on its culture.
乔治将要谈论关于他的国家的地理情况，但是我宁愿他更多地谈它的文化(方面的情况)。
2．虚拟语气在主语从句，表语从句和同位语从句中的用法
(1)在“It is necessary/important/strange/suggested/demanded/ordered/requested＋that从句”中，谓语动词用should＋动词原形，should可以省略。
①It is strange that he (should) react in this way.
很奇怪，他竟然作出这样的反应。
②It is required that middle school students (should) take at least one hour exercise every day.
中学生被要求每天至少进行一个小时的锻炼。
(2)当表示建议、提议、命令、要求等的名词作主语时，其表语从句或同位语从句中的谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”。常见的这类名词有：
advice 建议 decision 决定 demand 要求
desire 渴望 idea 想法 motion 动议；提议
order 命令 plan 计划 proposal 提议
request 要求 recommendation 建议 suggestion建议
③His suggestion is that we (should) persuade her to stay here first.(表语从句)
他的建议是我们首先说服她待在这儿。
④We agreed to his suggestion that we (should) go to Beijing for sightseeing.(同位语从句)
我们同意他提出的去北京观光的建议。
3．虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法
It is (high/about) time (that) ... 句型中，定语从句的谓语动词用过去式，或用“should＋动词原形”(其中should不能省略)。此句型意为“(现在)该……”，用来表示提议。
It is (high) time (that) you went/should go to school.
你该去上学了。
4．as if/as though引导的表语从句和方式状语从句中常用虚拟语气
He stood up and offered her his seat, as if he had read her mind.
他站起来给她让座，好像他读懂了她的心思。
[注意] 如果表示的事情可能会发生，那么从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。
It looks as if it is going to rain.
天看上去似乎要下雨。
5．if only后面的谓语动词常用一般过去时(对现在虚拟)、过去完成时(对过去虚拟)与过去将来时(对将来虚拟)，表示强烈的愿望
Look at the trouble we're in.If only we had taken our teacher's advice!
看看我们所处的困境，要是我们接受老师的建议就好了！
即时练4 单句语法填空
①I wish I (meet) that film star yesterday.
②He suggested that we (start) off early the next day.
③It is strange that he (act) towards his parents like that.
④We would rather our daughter (stay) at home with us, but it is her choice, and she is not a child any longer.
⑤He speaks Chinese so fluently as if he (be) a Chinese.
⑥Looking around the town, he felt as though he (be) away for ages.
⑦It is high time (that) you (study) hard.
⑧It's too bad that I failed in the math exam. If only I (work) hard at it!
答案：①had met ②(should) start ③(should) have acted ④stayed ⑤were ⑥had been ⑦studied/should study ⑧had worked
误区一 情态动词基本用法的误用
(1)【误】I won't thank you too much for all your help to my son while we were away from home.
【正】I can't thank you too much for all your help to my son while we were away from home.
[分析] 固定句型can't/couldn't ... too ... 意为“再……都不为过”。
(2)—Need I tell him everything that has happened to his father?
【误】—Yes, you need.
【正】—Yes, you must.
[分析] must意为“必须”，强调责任或义务。
(3)—Must I work out the problem tonight?
【误】—No, you mustn't.
【正】—No, you needn't.
[分析] needn't意为“不必”，而mustn't表示禁止，意为“不得，一定不要，不允许”。
误区二 情态动词表示“推测”语气的误用
【误】I didn't see Mary at the meeting yesterday. She must have been ill, I guess.
【正】I didn't see Mary at the meeting yesterday. She might have been ill, I guess.
[分析] 考查情态动词表示推测语气的运用。根据“I guess”可知，这是一种不太有把握的推测，而且又是肯定句，因此must改为might。must表示推测意义时，语气较强，较肯定；can/could多用于否定或疑问句中。
[注意] 造成以上错误主要是因为对情态动词的基本用法和含义掌握不够准确，应加强对考点一、二的学习，并要格外留意特殊的情态动词的特有用法，还要注意避免中式思维。
误区三 “情态动词＋have done”表示“虚拟”语气的误用
【误】The plant is dead. Maybe I should give it more water.
【正】The plant is dead. Maybe I should have given it more water.
[分析] 根据第一句可知，植物已经死亡，所以应该是自责，故用should have done表示“本应该做……而未做”。
误区四 虚拟语气的误用
(1)【误】Sorry, I am too busy now. If I have time, I would certainly go for an outing with you.
【正】Sorry, I am too busy now. If I had time, I would certainly go for an outing with you.
[分析] 分析语境可知，从句是对现在情况的假设，应用虚拟语气，故谓语动词用过去式。
(2)【误】I'd rather I have a room of my own, however small it is.
【正】I'd rather I had a room of my own, however small it is.
[分析] would rather后接宾语从句时，从句要用虚拟语气。根据语境可知，此句是对现在情况的假设，故谓语动词用过去式。
(3)【误】It's time (that) they go home.
【正】It's time (that) they went home.
【正】It's time (that) they should go home.
[分析] 在It's time ... 句型中，that从句谓语动词应用过去式或用“should＋动词原形”(其中should不能省略)表虚拟。
(4)【误】Without your help, we didn't make so much progress.
【正】Without your help, we wouldn't have made so much progress.
[分析] 此为含蓄条件句，根据题意可知，表达的是对“过去”的虚拟，因此主句谓语动词应用wouldn't have done的形式。
(5)【误】If his television set had not been stolen yesterday, he would have watched TV now.
【正】If his television set had not been stolen yesterday, he would watch TV now.
[分析] 此为错综时间条件句，从句是对过去情况的假设，而主句是对现在情况的假设，需分别对待。
[注意] 造成上面错误的原因在于对虚拟语气理解不透彻，要学好虚拟语气除要牢固把握if引导的非真实条件句中的虚拟语气外，还要掌握虚拟语气的特殊情况。应加强对考点三、四的学习，此外建议考生每种情况挑选一个例句去加以背诵，这样在碰到问题时便会迎刃而解。
1．(2019·天津高考)The workers were not better organized, otherwise they (accomplish) the task in half the time.
答案：would have accomplished
2．(2019·江苏高考)What a pity! You missed the sightseeing, or we (have) a good time together.
答案：would have had
3．(2018·北京高考)In today's information age, the loss of data cause serious problems for a company.
答案：can
4．(2018·北京高考)They might have found a better hotel if they (drive) a few more kilometers.
答案：had driven
5．(2018·江苏高考)There is a good social life in the village, and I wish I (have) a second chance to become more involved.
答案：had
6．(2017·天津高考)My room is a mess, but I clean it before I go out tonight. I can do it in the morning.
答案：needn't
1．若句中谓语动词为原形，在其前设纯空格题时，注意考虑情态动词。然后根据句意或句式结构填入恰当的情态动词。
2．一旦判断所给动词在句中作谓语，就要考虑其时态、语态、语气、主谓一致等。注意虚拟语气中的时态，除了if虚拟条件句，还应注意虚拟语气的标志词，如suggest, would rather, as if, wish, otherwise, or, but for等。
1．(2018·江苏高考)It's strange that he could have taken the books without the owner's permission.
答案：could→should
2．(2018·天津高考)I can't find my purse. I must have left it in the supermarket yesterday, but I'm not sure.
答案：must→could
3．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Some classmates suggest we can go to places of interest nearby.
答案：去掉can或can→should
4．(2015·四川高考)If you are me, would you talk to them?
答案：are→were
5．(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)We must found ways to protect our environment.
答案：found→find,
1．看句中情态动词是否运用正确。
2．看是否考查虚拟语气。若是考查虚拟语气，注意分清主句与分句中的时态关系以及不同句式中的虚拟语气构成形式。
第7讲 情态动词和虚拟语气
考情纵览
情态动词和虚拟语气在近5年新课标全国卷的高考试题中出现的频率并不是很高，仅在2015年全国卷Ⅰ和2016年全国卷Ⅱ的短文改错中有所涉及，但由于其表达的特有效果，也使得它成为必学的语法之一，尤其是在书面表达中，如能恰当地使用它，会起到显著的提分作用，也避免了表达的单调性，例如在写一封信向好友表达建议时，重复使用You should ... 既显单调又因强调的语气影响了交际效果，那么这时我们就可用You'd better ... /You might as well ... /Why not ...？等，灵活地表达建议。
考点一 情态动词的基本用法
情态动词的基本用法也是历年考查的热点之一。除了掌握它们的基本含义外，一些特殊含义也要引起我们的注意。如：must表示“非得，偏要”；shall用于第二、三人称表示警告、命令、威胁、允诺、规定等；should意为“竟然”。解决此类问题，一方面要注意情态动词的基本含义，另一方面，要注意特殊语境下的特殊含义。
1．can和could的用法
(1)表示“能力”。
①The boy can recite the long poem very easily.
这个男孩能很容易地背诵这首长诗。
[注意] be able to亦是表“能力”，但更侧重于表示克服种种困难后，所能达到的能力。
We were able to finish it ahead of time， though it was such a tough task.
尽管任务艰巨，我们仍能提前完成。
(2)表示惊讶，常用在否定句和疑问句中。
②How could you do such a silly thing?
你怎么能做那样的蠢事呢？
(3)could用于疑问句。表示礼貌地请求别人做某事，意为“能，可以”。
③—This dish is really delicious.Could you please say it in Chinese?
—Sure, we call it “doufu”．
——这道菜真的很好吃，你能不能用汉语说出菜名是什么？
——当然可以，我们称之为“豆腐”。
(4)表示允许或许可(口语中常用)。
④—What should I wear to the party?
—Well, it isn't very formal.You can wear whatever you like.
——我应该穿什么参加晚会？
——晚会不太正式，你可以穿自己喜欢的任何衣服。
(5)cannot ... too＋adj./cannot ... adj.＋enough表示“无论……也不过分”；“越……越好”。
⑤You can't be too careful while crossing the road.
过马路时你越小心越好。
2．may和might的用法(用于倒装句中)
(1)may和might表示“许可”，“可能性”，“祝愿”(用于倒装句中)等意义。
①May you succeed!
祝你成功！
[注意] 当may用于疑问句时，其否定回答是“No, ... mustn't.”。
—May I take this book out of the reading room?
—No, you mustn't.You must read it here.
——我可以把书拿出阅览室吗？
——不，绝不可以，你必须在这儿读。
(2)“may/might as well＋动词原形”意为“最好……；倒不如……”。
②If you think the price of beef is too high, you may as well buy some pork. It depends on you.
如果你认为牛肉太贵的话，你不妨买些猪肉。你自己决定。
3．must的用法
(1)表示禁止(用于否定句)。
①You mustn't park here！It's an emergency exit.
你不可以在这儿停车！这是紧急出口。
(2)表必要性，意为“必须”，强调主观方面的必须，其否定形式是needn't/don't have to。
②—Shall I inform him of the change of the schedule right now?
—I am afraid you must，in case he comes late for the meeting.
——我现在通知他日程表的变动吗？
——恐怕你必须通知他，以免他开会迟到。
(3)表示偏执，固执，意为“非得，偏要”。用于疑问句或条件从句中。
③—Where did you get this book?
—I picked it up from a secondhand bookshop if you must know.
——你在哪里弄到的这本书？
——如果你偏要知道，我是在一家二手书店买到的。
4．shall和should的用法
(1)shall的用法
a．用于第一、第三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见和向对方请示。
①Shall I go out for a walk after supper?
晚饭后我可以散散步吗？
b．用于第二、第三人称陈述句中，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁，或用于正式法律、条规中。
②—Will you read me a story, mummy?
—OK. You shall have one if you go to bed as soon as possible.
——妈妈，给我讲个故事好吗？
——好的，如果你尽快上床睡觉我就给你讲一个。
(2)should的用法
a．表示一种“义务，职责”或表示劝告、建议、命令，通常理解为“应该”。
③You should take the medicine with a full glass of water.
你应该用满满一杯水来服这种药。
④You should learn to respect your elders.
你应该学会尊敬长者。
b．表示惊奇、赞叹、不满等情绪，意为“竟然”。
⑤It never occurred to me that she should lie to me again.
我从来没有想到她竟然又骗我。
5．will和would的用法
(1)表示意志、意愿和决心。
①I have told him again and again to stop smoking, but he will not listen.
我已再三告诉他戒烟，但是他就是不听。
(2)will可以表习惯或反复发生的动作，有“总是”或“总要”之意。
②Every morning he will have a walk along this river.
每天早晨，他总是沿着这条小河散步。
(3)would可以表示过去的习惯性动作，比used to正式。
③He would go to bed strictly at 9, and on Sundays would not have lunch anywhere except in that restaurant.
他总是9点准时上床睡觉。星期日总在那家饭店吃午饭。
6．need/dare
need和dare既可用作情态动词，也可用作实义动词。用作情态动词时，主要用于否定句和疑问句。用作实义动词时，可用于各种时态。
(1)用作情态动词
①They dare not ask for any more money.
他们不敢再要钱了。
②It's quite warm here; we needn't turn the heating on yet.
这里很温暖。我们还不必开暖气。
(2)用作实义动词
③You don't need to do it yourself.
你不必亲自做这件事。
④Most people hate Harry but they don't dare to say so.
大多数人都对哈利敢怒不敢言。
即时练1 单句语法填空
①—Could I use your bike tomorrow morning?
—Yes, you .
② I have a word with you？It won't take long.
③—The room is so dirty. we clean it?
—Of course.
④—I've prepared all kinds of food for the picnic.
—Do you mean we bring anything with us?
⑤—Why didn't you come to Simon's party last night?
—I wanted to, but my mom simply not let me go out so late at night.
⑥Just as Jane is doing her homework, you bother her with playing the piano now?
答案：①can ②Can/May ③Shall ④needn't ⑤would
⑥must
考点二 情态动词表推测
1．情态动词表对现在情况的推测
(1)can用于肯定句中表示客观的可能性，意为“有时会”；用于疑问句中可以表示推测，意为“可能”，有时表示一种惊讶的语气；用于否定句中也可以表示推测，can't意为“不可能”，语气很强烈。
①It is usually warm in my hometown in March, but it can be rather cold sometimes.
我的家乡在三月份通常很暖和，但有时候也会相当冷。
②Mr Bush is on time for everything. How can it be that he was late for the meeting?
布什先生做什么事情都很准时，他怎么可能开会迟到呢？
③—Let's visit Tom together, Stephen.
—There's no need to do so.He can't be at home, because I saw him board the flight to Beijing this morning.
——史蒂芬，咱们一起去拜访汤姆吧。
——没必要这样做。他不可能在家，因为今天早晨我看见他登上了飞往北京的航班。
(2)may/might用于肯定句中可以用来表示不十分肯定的推测，意为“有可能”；用于否定句中也可以表示推测，may not意为“可能不”，表示一种不太确定的语气。
④—What are you doing this Saturday?
—I'm not sure, but I might go to the Rolling Stones concert.
——本周六你打算做什么？
——说不准，不过或许我会去滚石演唱会。
(3)must表示推测时只能用于肯定句中，意为“一定，必定”，表示十分肯定的语气(在疑问句中或否定句中要用can/could)。
⑤They must be waiting for us. Let's hurry up.
他们一定在等我们，让我们快点吧。
(4)should用来表示推测时意为“应该”，即含有“按道理来说应当如此”的意思。
⑥There shouldn't be any difficulty about passing the road test since you have practiced a lot in the driving school.
因为你在驾校训练了那么多，通过路考应该没什么困难。
2．情态动词对过去情况的推测
基本构成：情态动词＋have done，具体用法如下：
情态动词
＋have done
用法
例句
must have done
想必/准是/一定做了，否定式为：can't/couldn't＋have done
It must have rained last night, for the road is quite muddy.
昨晚一定下雨了，因为路很泥泞。
can/could
have done
1.本来能够做
2.过去可能会做
Can he have gone to his aunt's？
他有可能去他姨妈家了吗？
cannot/
could not
have done
1.过去不可能做
2.过去没能够做
He cannot have forgotten it.
他不可能忘了那件事。
may/might
have done
也许/或许已经做了……，一般只用于肯定句或否定句中(在否定句中表示“可能不”)，不用于疑问句。用might则表示语气更加弱
①It's too late. I think he may have gone to bed.
太晚了，我想他或许已经睡了。
②He may not have finished the work.
他也许还没完成那项工作。
续表
情态动词
＋have done
用法
例句
should/ought to have done
本该做而实际上未做
You ought to have done this exercise more carefully.
你本应该更仔细地做这个练习。
should not/ought not to have done
本不该做而做了
You shouldn't have told her the truth.
你本不该告诉她真相。
needn't have done
本不必做而做了
You needn't have taken a taxi here, for it was just one kilometre from my home.
你本来不必在这里乘坐出租车的，因为这里离我家才一公里远。
即时练2 单句语法填空
①Although you find bargains in London, it's not generally a cheap place to shop.
②He be the wanted man; he's exactly like the one in this picture.
③Life is unpredictable; even the poorest become the richest.
④I (work) out the problem, but I was too nervous.
⑤—Sorry, Professor Smith. I didn't finish the assignment yesterday.
—Oh, you (do) it as yesterday was the deadline.
答案：①can ②must ③may/might ④could have worked ⑤should have done
考点三 虚拟语气在条件句中的用法
1．虚拟语气在非真实性条件句中的基本形式
虚拟条件从句
主句
与现在事实
相反的假设
if＋主语＋动词的过去式(be动词用were)
主语＋should/would/could/might＋动词原形
与过去事实
相反的假设
if＋主语＋had＋过去分词
主语＋should/would/could/might＋have＋过去分词
与将来事实
相反的假设
1.if＋主语＋动词的过去式
2.if＋主语＋were to＋动词原形
3.if＋主语＋should＋动词原形
主语＋should/would/could/might＋动词原形
2．当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为“错综时间条件句”，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作出相应调整。
Maybe if I had studied science, and not literature then, I would be able to give you more help.
也许如果当时我学习的是理科而不是文科的话，那么我现在就可以给你更多的帮助了。
3．if省略句
在虚拟条件状语从句中可省略if，把were, had, should提到句首，变为倒装句式。
Had I known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy would have been saved.
如果那时我了解这个电脑程序的话，那么我会省下大量的时间和精力。
4．含蓄条件句
有时为了表达的需要，在虚拟语气中并不总是出现if引导的条件从句，而是通过其他手段来代替条件从句。其主要表现形式如下：
由without, but for, under, or, otherwise等构成的结构暗含了非真实虚拟条件。
①Without your help, we couldn't have made such rapid progress.
→But for your help, ...
→If it had not been for your help, ...
→Had it not been for your help, ...
若没有你的帮助，我们不可能取得如此快速的进步。
②He telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or I would have known nothing about it.(连词)
他打电话告诉了我你的生日，否则，我对此一点都不知道。
③But for their help, we could not have finished the program in time.
如果没有他们的帮助，我们不可能按时完成那个项目。
[注意] 该考点中注意逆向考查方式，即：常规考查时，一般考查虚拟语气的结构；而逆向考查时，虚拟语气是情景，考查真实的情况。
即时练3 单句语法填空
①If I were you, I (seize) the chance to go abroad.
②If you (take) my advice, you would not have failed in the exams.
③If you (study) hard before, you would be a college student now.
④ you come earlier, you would have caught the bus.
⑤I was ill that day. Otherwise, I (take) part in the sports meeting.
答案：①would seize ②had taken ③had studied ④Had ⑤would have taken
考点四 虚拟语气的其他情况
1．虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法
(1)wish后面的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，表示一种不可能实现的愿望。从句谓语动词构成形式为：
①I wish (that) I were a bird and could fly freely in the sky.
我希望我现在是一只小鸟，能在天空自由飞翔。
②—How much of the foreign expert's speech have you understood?
—Next to nothing. I wish I had worked harder at English.
——那位外国专家的演讲你懂多少？
——几乎什么也不懂，要是我过去更刻苦学习英语就好了。
(2)某些表示坚持、建议、命令和要求的动词后的宾语从句中，谓语形式常采用“(should＋)动词原形”。这类动词包括advise, insist, order, suggest, command, demand, propose, require等。
[注意] (1)动词insist如果表示“坚持说，坚持认为”，宾语从句不用虚拟语气。同样，当suggest作“表明，暗示”讲时，其后的宾语从句也不用虚拟语气。
Her pale face suggested that she was ill.
她苍白的脸色表明她病了。
He insisted that he was innocent.
他坚持说他是无辜的。
(2)表“建议，要求，命令”类的词后跟名词性从句，从句中的谓语用“(should＋)动词原形”。
The suggestion is that our school (should) provide more books about popular science.
建议我们学校提供更多关于大众科学的书籍。
③Teachers recommend parents not allow their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety.
老师们建议，为了安全起见父母不要让他们12岁以下的孩子骑车上学。
(3)would rather后面的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，表示愿望，意为“宁愿，但愿”。从句谓语动词构成形式为：
④George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but I'd rather he focused more on its culture.
乔治将要谈论关于他的国家的地理情况，但是我宁愿他更多地谈它的文化(方面的情况)。
2．虚拟语气在主语从句，表语从句和同位语从句中的用法
(1)在“It is necessary/important/strange/suggested/demanded/ordered/requested＋that从句”中，谓语动词用should＋动词原形，should可以省略。
①It is strange that he (should) react in this way.
很奇怪，他竟然作出这样的反应。
②It is required that middle school students (should) take at least one hour exercise every day.
中学生被要求每天至少进行一个小时的锻炼。
(2)当表示建议、提议、命令、要求等的名词作主语时，其表语从句或同位语从句中的谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”。常见的这类名词有：
advice 建议 decision 决定 demand 要求
desire 渴望 idea 想法 motion 动议；提议
order 命令 plan 计划 proposal 提议
request 要求 recommendation 建议 suggestion建议
③His suggestion is that we (should) persuade her to stay here first.(表语从句)
他的建议是我们首先说服她待在这儿。
④We agreed to his suggestion that we (should) go to Beijing for sightseeing.(同位语从句)
我们同意他提出的去北京观光的建议。
3．虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法
It is (high/about) time (that) ... 句型中，定语从句的谓语动词用过去式，或用“should＋动词原形”(其中should不能省略)。此句型意为“(现在)该……”，用来表示提议。
It is (high) time (that) you went/should go to school.
你该去上学了。
4．as if/as though引导的表语从句和方式状语从句中常用虚拟语气
He stood up and offered her his seat, as if he had read her mind.
他站起来给她让座，好像他读懂了她的心思。
[注意] 如果表示的事情可能会发生，那么从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。
It looks as if it is going to rain.
天看上去似乎要下雨。
5．if only后面的谓语动词常用一般过去时(对现在虚拟)、过去完成时(对过去虚拟)与过去将来时(对将来虚拟)，表示强烈的愿望
Look at the trouble we're in.If only we had taken our teacher's advice!
看看我们所处的困境，要是我们接受老师的建议就好了！
即时练4 单句语法填空
①I wish I (meet) that film star yesterday.
②He suggested that we (start) off early the next day.
③It is strange that he (act) towards his parents like that.
④We would rather our daughter (stay) at home with us, but it is her choice, and she is not a child any longer.
⑤He speaks Chinese so fluently as if he (be) a Chinese.
⑥Looking around the town, he felt as though he (be) away for ages.
⑦It is high time (that) you (study) hard.
⑧It's too bad that I failed in the math exam. If only I (work) hard at it!
答案：①had met ②(should) start ③(should) have acted ④stayed ⑤were ⑥had been ⑦studied/should study ⑧had worked
误区一 情态动词基本用法的误用
(1)【误】I won't thank you too much for all your help to my son while we were away from home.
【正】I can't thank you too much for all your help to my son while we were away from home.
[分析] 固定句型can't/couldn't ... too ... 意为“再……都不为过”。
(2)—Need I tell him everything that has happened to his father?
【误】—Yes, you need.
【正】—Yes, you must.
[分析] must意为“必须”，强调责任或义务。
(3)—Must I work out the problem tonight?
【误】—No, you mustn't.
【正】—No, you needn't.
[分析] needn't意为“不必”，而mustn't表示禁止，意为“不得，一定不要，不允许”。
误区二 情态动词表示“推测”语气的误用
【误】I didn't see Mary at the meeting yesterday. She must have been ill, I guess.
【正】I didn't see Mary at the meeting yesterday. She might have been ill, I guess.
[分析] 考查情态动词表示推测语气的运用。根据“I guess”可知，这是一种不太有把握的推测，而且又是肯定句，因此must改为might。must表示推测意义时，语气较强，较肯定；can/could多用于否定或疑问句中。
[注意] 造成以上错误主要是因为对情态动词的基本用法和含义掌握不够准确，应加强对考点一、二的学习，并要格外留意特殊的情态动词的特有用法，还要注意避免中式思维。
误区三 “情态动词＋have done”表示“虚拟”语气的误用
【误】The plant is dead. Maybe I should give it more water.
【正】The plant is dead. Maybe I should have given it more water.
[分析] 根据第一句可知，植物已经死亡，所以应该是自责，故用should have done表示“本应该做……而未做”。
误区四 虚拟语气的误用
(1)【误】Sorry, I am too busy now. If I have time, I would certainly go for an outing with you.
【正】Sorry, I am too busy now. If I had time, I would certainly go for an outing with you.
[分析] 分析语境可知，从句是对现在情况的假设，应用虚拟语气，故谓语动词用过去式。
(2)【误】I'd rather I have a room of my own, however small it is.
【正】I'd rather I had a room of my own, however small it is.
[分析] would rather后接宾语从句时，从句要用虚拟语气。根据语境可知，此句是对现在情况的假设，故谓语动词用过去式。
(3)【误】It's time (that) they go home.
【正】It's time (that) they went home.
【正】It's time (that) they should go home.
[分析] 在It's time ... 句型中，that从句谓语动词应用过去式或用“should＋动词原形”(其中should不能省略)表虚拟。
(4)【误】Without your help, we didn't make so much progress.
【正】Without your help, we wouldn't have made so much progress.
[分析] 此为含蓄条件句，根据题意可知，表达的是对“过去”的虚拟，因此主句谓语动词应用wouldn't have done的形式。
(5)【误】If his television set had not been stolen yesterday, he would have watched TV now.
【正】If his television set had not been stolen yesterday, he would watch TV now.
[分析] 此为错综时间条件句，从句是对过去情况的假设，而主句是对现在情况的假设，需分别对待。
[注意] 造成上面错误的原因在于对虚拟语气理解不透彻，要学好虚拟语气除要牢固把握if引导的非真实条件句中的虚拟语气外，还要掌握虚拟语气的特殊情况。应加强对考点三、四的学习，此外建议考生每种情况挑选一个例句去加以背诵，这样在碰到问题时便会迎刃而解。
1．(2019·天津高考)The workers were not better organized, otherwise they (accomplish) the task in half the time.
答案：would have accomplished
2．(2019·江苏高考)What a pity! You missed the sightseeing, or we (have) a good time together.
答案：would have had
3．(2018·北京高考)In today's information age, the loss of data cause serious problems for a company.
答案：can
4．(2018·北京高考)They might have found a better hotel if they (drive) a few more kilometers.
答案：had driven
5．(2018·江苏高考)There is a good social life in the village, and I wish I (have) a second chance to become more involved.
答案：had
6．(2017·天津高考)My room is a mess, but I clean it before I go out tonight. I can do it in the morning.
答案：needn't
1．若句中谓语动词为原形，在其前设纯空格题时，注意考虑情态动词。然后根据句意或句式结构填入恰当的情态动词。
2．一旦判断所给动词在句中作谓语，就要考虑其时态、语态、语气、主谓一致等。注意虚拟语气中的时态，除了if虚拟条件句，还应注意虚拟语气的标志词，如suggest, would rather, as if, wish, otherwise, or, but for等。
1．(2018·江苏高考)It's strange that he could have taken the books without the owner's permission.
答案：could→should
2．(2018·天津高考)I can't find my purse. I must have left it in the supermarket yesterday, but I'm not sure.
答案：must→could
3．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Some classmates suggest we can go to places of interest nearby.
答案：去掉can或can→should
4．(2015·四川高考)If you are me, would you talk to them?
答案：are→were
5．(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)We must found ways to protect our environment.
答案：found→find,
1．看句中情态动词是否运用正确。
2．看是否考查虚拟语气。若是考查虚拟语气，注意分清主句与分句中的时态关系以及不同句式中的虚拟语气构成形式。
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