2021届高考英语通用版一轮复习考点专讲：考点53语法填空学案

考点53 语法填空
高考频度：★★★★★

【考点解读】
在一篇约200词左右的短文中留出10个空白，部分空白后面给出单词的基本形式，要求考生根据上下文在空白处填写1个适当的单词或所给单词的正确形式。
语法填空则更侧重考查考生语法和词汇在语境中的运用，强调词汇的变形。同时强调语篇分析能力，凸显交际性和语境化特征。
【考点统计】
2016—2019年高考新课标全国卷语法填空考点统计
年份
试卷类型
体裁
词数
话题
考点分布
2019年
新课标卷I
说明文
185
介绍了北极熊的生存现状
提示词7个
61.同位语从句 62. 副词用法
63. 介词64. 非谓语动词
65. 时态66. 名词67. 非谓语动词68. 形容词比较级69. 定冠词
70. 主谓一致。
新课标卷II
记叙文
195
九十高龄的Irene作为英国最年长的全职员工，，她被颁发 “年度女士”称号。
提示词7个
61.非谓语动词62.定语从句
63.副词用法64.动词时态
65.不定式作定语66.动词时态
67.并列连词68.非谓语动词
69.冠词用法70.形容词作表语
新课标卷III
记叙文
180
作者去夏威夷度假途中的经历以及到了主人家后受到的礼遇。
提示词7个
61.副词62.不定式63.介词
64.定语从句65.一般过去时
66.名词67.形容词68.副词
69.一般过去时的被动语态70.分词
2018年
新课标卷I
说明文
196
跑步的好处，它可以帮助人们延年益寿
提示词7个
61.副词的级 62. 不定式63.动名词64.时态65.比较句型66.定语从句67.名词数68. 词形变化
69.词形变化。70.代词或名词
新课标卷II
说明文
208
中国为保护环境在农作物种植上做了一些变化并得到了世界上的知名人士的认可
提示词7个
61.时态62. 冠词63. 副词64. 非谓语动词65. 连词66. 词性转换67.词性转换68. 时态69. 定语从句70. 省略句
新课标卷III
记叙文
193
在中非偶遇大猩猩，彼此惊恐的经历
提示词7个
61.宾语从句62.冠词63.最高级
64. 动词65. 非谓语66. 名词
67. 动词短语68. 代词69. 时态
70. 非谓语
2017年
新课标卷I
说明文
223
低脂肪、低盐的饮食趋势及其对人们健康的影响
提示词7个
61. 介词62. 名词的数63. 非谓语动词64. 谓语动词65. 冠词66. 比较级67. 主谓一致68. 非谓语动词69. 形容词70. 定语从句
新课标卷II
说明文
201
世界第一个地铁的形成和发展
提示词7个
61.名词的数62.介词63.非谓语动词64.冠词65.被动语态66.副词67.代词68. 时态69. 名词70. 形容词
新课标卷III
说明文
215
Sarah Thomas在学业和诱人的职业面前所做出的选择。
提示词7个
61. 非谓语动词62. 冠词63.时态和语态64. 定语从句65. 非谓语动词
66. 名词67. 名词的数68. 介词69. 动词时态70. 副词
2016年
新课标卷I
记叙文
197
作者的成都之旅及其与大熊猫之间的故事
提示词7个
61.名词62.时态和语态63.副词64.介词65.定语从句66.非谓语67. 非谓语
68.代词69.复数70.冠词
新课标卷II
说明文
192
缓解工作中的压力的一些方法
提示词7个
61.形容词的比较级62.词性转换63. 主谓一致和时态64.介词65.连词66.名词复数67. 词性转换68.冠词
69.非谓语动词70.祈使句
新课标卷III
说明文
196
筷子的材质和中国使用筷子的历史及文化内涵
提示词7个
61.and 连词62.时态和语态
63.非谓语动词 64.非谓语动词
65.状语从66.副词67.定语从句
68.名词69.时态和主谓一致
70.介词

作为高考新题型的语法填空试题，近年高考英语该题型具有下面这些特点：文章以记叙文和说明文为主，文章长度控制在190～220词，10道题中，有6～7个试题给出提示词，要求考生；考查的要点分为词法和语法两部分，词法部分包括：1)词类的转换，结合语境考查给出的提示词的名词、形容词或副词变化；2)介词的固定搭配，名词的复数形式及运用；语法部分包括：时态和语态的综合运用，非谓语动词，各种从句等。
从近年课标卷的语法填空试题看，给出提示词的考点主要包括：词类的转换(名词与动词的转换，形容词与副词的转换）；形容词比较级与最高级的变化；名词单复数的变化；动词的时态语态、情态动词和虚拟语气、谓语动词与非谓语动词的变化等。给出提示词考点多为实词，所填写的词汇根据语境和短文或对话内容可以是1～3个单词。挖空分布均匀，考点的安排注重多样化。不给提示词的考点主要包括：连词（并列连词和从属连词）、介词（动词与介词的搭配、介词与名词的搭配、代词和冠词等。
【解题技巧】
第一部分 有提示词题目的解题技巧
有提示词题目是指＂使用括号中词语的正确形式填空＂这类题，近年来的高考题只考查谓语动词的时态和被动语态、非谓语动词、形容词和副词的比较级、词类转化等四种情况。
专题一　谓语动词
【考点】
谓语
时态
主动
被动
一般现在时
do/does
am/is/are done
现在完成时
have/has done
have/has been done
现在进行时
am/is/are doing
am/is/are being done
一般过去时
did
was/were done
过去完成时
had done
had been done
过去进行时
was/were doing
was/were being done
一般将来时
will do
will be done
过去将来时
would do
would be done
【解题技巧】
当句子缺少谓语动词时， 括号中的动词就是谓语动词。此时，要根据语境确定用哪种时态，根据主语与该动词的主动或被动关系确定用主动语态还是用被动语态。具体解题技巧如下：
第一步：确定句中是否缺谓语或并列谓语，如缺谓语动词，则填谓语动词。
第二步：若为谓语动词，就要看主语与谓语之间是主动关系还是被动关系，以确定用主动语态还是被动语态，同时还要根据语境考虑用哪种时态。
第三步：要注意主谓一致。

1.He ______(pretend) that a tiger toy was real and giving it a voice.
【解析】在主语He后， pretend显然是谓语动词；giving it(the tiger)a voice的主语应当是He, 因此， and giving与谓语动词是并列关系；由此推断，谓语动词应是过去进行时，故填was pretending。
【答案】was pretending
2.One day, Nick invited his friends to supper. He was cooking some delicious food in the kitchen. Suddenly, he ________ (find) that he had run out of salt.
【解析】在主语he后，find显然为谓语动词；由前面句意可知，此处为一般过去时，故填found。
【答案】found
3. I was on my way to the Taiyetos Mountains. The sun was setting when my car ________(break) down near a remote village.
【解析】在when后的分句中，my car是主语，其后的break应为谓语动词；由全文可知，这是叙述过去的经历，用一般过去时；再说was / were doing... when...did...是一个固定句型，when后面的句子的谓语用一般过去时， 表示＂正在做某事， 就在这个时候突然发生了另外一事＂， 故填broke。
【答案】broke
专题二 非谓语动词
【考点】
非谓语(无时态，有语态)
主动
被动
doing
being done
having done
have been done
to do
to be done
to have done
to have been done
【解题技巧】
当句中已有谓语动词又没有并列连词与括号中的动词并列，该动词就是非谓语动词。
此时，就要根据非谓语动词的用法确定用具体的某种形式。如作主语或宾语，就用动名词 (表一般意义)或不定式形式(表具体意义)；作目的状语或在形容词后作状语，用不定式；作伴随状语或作定语，要根据与逻辑主语的关系，用现在分词或过去分词；有时也要根据句式搭配来确定，如see/hear/ notice sb.do/doing sth., spend...doing sth.等。具体解题技巧如下：
第一步：若句中已有谓语，也不是作并列谓语时，应为非谓语动词。
第二步：根据非谓语动词在句中所作句子成分、句式的特殊要求，或某些词语的特殊要求，确定用哪种非谓语动词形式。如作目的状语一般用不定式形式，作主语或宾语用­ing形式或不定式，在enjoy, finish等动词后作宾语用­ing形式，在decide, refuse等动词后作宾语要用不定式形式等等。
第三步：确定非谓语动词与其逻辑主语是主动还是被动关系。
第四步：根据非谓语动词的动作与谓语动词的动作发生的先后关系确定用一般式还是用完成式。

1.I noticed a man ________ (sit) at the front.
【解析】句中已有谓语动词noticed，且sit前没有并列连词， 因此sit是非谓语动词；由固定句式notice sb. doing / do sth.(注意到某人在做/做了某事)可知填sitting或sit, 但根据文中提供的情境，不难推出作者＂注意到＂时，那个人是＂正坐在＂作者前面的，故填sitting更准确、更切实际、也更生动。
【答案】sitting
2.＂In the beginning, there was only a very small amount of unfairness in the world, but everyone added a little, always________(think) that it was only small and not very important, and look where we have ended up today.＂
【解析】此句已有谓语added，并且没有并列连词，又因为everyone与think为主动关系，故用thinking作added的伴随状语。
【答案】thinking
3.While she was getting me ________(settle) into a tiny but clean room, the head of the village was tying up his horse to my car...
【解析】由settle sb. into...(使某人舒服地处于某处)可知，me与settle是被动关系，要用过去分词作宾补，故填settled，构成＂get＋宾语＋过去分词＂结构。句中getting me settled into...的意思是＂安排我住进……＂。
【答案】settled
专题三 形容词和副词的比较级或最高级
【考点】
形容词作定语，形容词和副词的比较等级或最高级，词义比较等。
【解题技巧】
当括号中所给词是形容词或副词，且空格处需要的仍是形容词或副词时，要根据语境，理解句意，若该词意思不变，逻辑上讲得通，就很可能填该词的比较级(或最高级)；若需要用与该词意义相反的词逻辑才通顺的，就要在该词前加表示否定或相反意义的前缀。注意：要善于分析语境，辨别省略了than...的隐性比较级。具体解题技巧如下：
第一步：分析结构，确定所给词在句子中作定语还是状语。
第二步：根据结构、语境或句子意义确定是填比较级还是最高级。

1.The water was simply the container for an act of kindness and love. Nothing could be ________(sweet)．
【解析】用nothing 与an act of kindness and love 相对比，这里是用比较级的否定形式表示最高级。
【答案】sweeter
2. If he thought he could escape attention by sitting at the back, he was wrong. It might have made it a little______ (hard) for everybody because it meant they had to turn around, but that didn’t stop the kids in the class.
【解析】此处仍需填形容词，结合上下文意思，＂任何人想看他可能会显得有点难，因为要转过头来。＂应填比较级harder。
【答案】harder
3.He was very tired after doing this for a whole day, but he felt very happy since the crop did ＂grow＂ ________(high)．
【解析】此处grow表示become，为系动词，系动词后应用形容词作表语，而high本身就是形容词，无需作词类转换；由语境可知，比拔苗前＂更高了＂，故用high的比较级higher。
【答案】higher
专题四 词类转换
【考点】词类转换多以派生词变化为主：
形容词→副词
wide→widely
形容词→形容词比较级/最高级
wide→wider/widest
形容词→名词
wide→width
形容词→动词
wide→ widen
动词→名词
instruct → instruction (s)
特殊变性
happy →happily, simple →simply，
true →truly, arrange →arrangement，
judge →judgment
【解题技巧】
当空格处所需词类与括号中所给词的词类不同时，就需要词类转化。我们可据以下3条规则顺利解题：
(1)作主语或宾语用名词形式；(2)作定语、表语或补足语用形容词形式；(3)修饰动词、形容词或另一副词，作状语，用副词形式。具体解题技巧如下：
第一步：分析结构，确定要填的词在句中充当哪种句子成分。在名词前作定语、在系动词后作表语、作主语和宾语的补足语，一般要用形容词；修饰动词、形容词或副词，或修饰整个句子，作状语，用副词；作主语或宾语用名词，或者在冠词、形容词性物主代词或名词所有格后，用名词。
第二步：根据构词法将括号中的词变成所需要的词类。
注意：
1. 有时不但要注意词性转换，而且还要考虑用表示相反意义的前缀或后缀， 其逻辑意义才通顺；
2. 当所给词的词性与空格处所需词的词性相同时， 无需改变词性， 就可能是加只改变词义但不改变词性的前缀了。

1.For some reason he sat beside Mary. Mary felt__________(please), because there were many empty seats in the room.
【解析】felt为连系动词，后面要接形容词或分词作其表语，因此变成形容词性分词pleased。
【答案】pleased
2. Jane knew from past experience that her________(choose) of ties hardly ever pleased her father.
【解析】在that引导的宾语从句中作主语应当用名词，或者说，在形容词性物主代词后，一定是用名词形式，故填choice。
【答案】choice
3. He failed his maths examination because of his________(care) work.
【解析】在名词前作定语， 要用形容词； 由failed...可知， 要填表示否定意义的careless(粗心大意的), 意义才通顺。
【答案】careless
4.In Alaska, the wolf almost ________(appear) a few years ago, because hunters were killing hundreds of them for sport.
【解析】在句中作谓语， 应填谓语动词； appear本身就是动词， 无需作词性变化； 但是根据后文可知， 意思是＂狼在几年前就差不多消失了＂， 故填与appear意义相反的disappear; 又由a few years ago可知， 要用一般过去式。
【答案】disappear
第二部分 无提示词题目的解题技巧
无提示词题目指的是＂在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）＂这类题，五年来，这类题只考代词、冠词、关联词和介词。那么什么情况下填代词？何时填冠词？何时填关联词？ 何时填介词呢？
专题一　代词
【考点】不定代词、指示代词和替代词的用法，it 的用法和人称代词的主格和宾格。
人称代词
(主格/宾格)
反身代词
名词性物
主代词
常考的不定代词
指示代词
I/me
myself
mine
other/
another
this/
that
you
yourself/
yourselves
yours
both/neither/either
he/him
himself
his
all / none
she/her
herself
hers
nothing/
nobody
these/
those
it
itself
its
everything/
everybody
we/us
ourselves
ours
anything/
anybody
they/them
themselves
theirs
something/
somebody
【解题技巧】
当句子缺主语或宾语时，填代词：人称代词主格和宾格、指示代词或it。因为充当主语或宾语的应是名词或代词，而在语法填空的纯空格中一般是不要求考生填名词的，所以只要句子缺主语或宾语，就填代词。此时，要根据前后语境，看该空格是指人还是事物，指男还是指女，是单数还是复数。除人称代词外，也有可能是填不定代词等。还有可能是填作形式主语或形式宾语的it，替代后面作真正的主语或宾语的不定式、动名词或从句。解题技巧如下：
第一步：分析句子结构。若句子缺主语，则要填代词主格、指示代词、不定代词或it；若动词或介词后面缺宾语，则要填代词的宾格、指示代词、不定代词或it。如果该宾格与主语是同一人，应用反身代词。
第二步：理解句子意思。根据各个代词的意义和用法，以及句子所需的意义，填入合适的代词。

1.Behind him were other people to whom he was trying to talk, but after some minutes ________ walked away and sat near me, looking annoyed.
【解析】因but后的并列句中缺主语，应填代词； 根据语境，不难推断坐到我附近的应是他后面的那些人，即other people， 指人，是复数，作主语，应当填they。
【答案】they
2. I rose from my seat I sat next to the man and introduced myself. We had an amazing conversation. He got off the bus before me and I felt very happy the rest of the way home. I’m glad I made a choice. It made ______ of us feel good.
【解析】此处作made的宾语，用代词，由上文＂We (I and the mentally disabled man) had an amazing conversation＂可知，指作者和那个智障人，故填both。
【答案】both
3.＂Do you need those glasses for medical reasons？＂...Then he took________ off, gave a big smile and said,
＂That is cool.＂
【解析】空格处于动词took和介词off之间，该处缺宾语，指代前面的glasses。
【答案】them
专题二 限定词
【考点】冠词、形容词性物主代词或作定语用的不定代词：
冠词
形容词性物主代词
作定语用的代词
a(一个)
my
some (一些)
your
an(一个)
his
another (另一个)
her
the(那个，这个)
its
other (其他的)
our
their
【解题技巧】
在作主语、宾语或表语的名词或＂形容词＋名词＂前，一般要用限定词。
限定词是指冠词、形容词性物主代词，或可以作定语的不定代词等。此时，要根据句子的意思来确定空格的语境意义，由此来判断具体填什么词。如表示特指，大体相当于＂这、这些、那、那些＂时用the；表示＂一(个、本、座……)＂时用不定冠词a或an；表示＂某人的＂，用物主代词；表示＂一些＂用some，表示＂另一个＂用another，表示＂其他的＂用other等。解题技巧如下：
第一步：分析句子结构。若空格后的名词或者＂形容词＋名词＂前没有形容词性物主代词、不定代词、冠词等限定词时，很可能是填限定词。
第二步：理解句子意思。根据所需意义选择恰当的限定语，如需＂一(个、座、次……)＂填不定冠词，需
　　　　＂某人的＂填物主代词，需＂其它的＂填other。

1. I sat next to the man and introduced myself. We had_________ amazing conversation.
【解析】作宾语的名词amazing conversation前应填限定词；根据习惯搭配可知填不定冠词an，因为have a conversation 意为＂谈话＂。
【答案】an
2. But she quickly realized that it wasn’t her, it was probably the fact that she sat in ________ last row.
【解析】last row为＂形容词＋名词＂前没有限定词，根据结构应该填限定词，the last...为固定搭配。
【答案】the
3. The head of the village was tying up his horse to my car to pull it to ________small town some 20 kilometres away where there was a garage.
【解析】作宾语的名词small town前应填限定语； 由句意可知， 此处指将车拉到离那里大约有20公里远的＂一个小镇＂去修， 表示＂一个＂， 用不定冠词， small以辅音开头， 故填a。
【答案】a
专题三　介词
【考点】
before在(时、空)之前
across 横过、在……上
till 直到……
like 像……
after在(时、空)之后
through 在……中穿过
for 表原因、目的
to 表方向
above在……上面
by 在……旁边，乘船、车等
behind在……后面
of 表所属关系
over 在……正上方
with 表伴随(具有)
beside 在……旁
around 在……周围
under 在……正下方
at、in、on表时间、地点
near附近……
up向上
on 在……表面
between表在二者之间
along沿着……
down向下
in 在……里面
among表在三者之间
from 来自……
off 远
as作为
beyond
超出……范围
toward 朝、
向……

【解题技巧】
当空格后的名词、代词或动名词不是作主语、表语，也不是作动词的宾语时，填介词。因为名词和代词最典型的用法是作主语或宾语，既然不作主语和动词的宾语，就应是作介词的宾语了，所以要填介词。具体填什么介词，由介词与该名词的搭配及其意义来决定，也可能是由动词或谓语与介词的句式搭配来决定。具体解题技巧如下：
第一步：若空格后是名词、代词、动名词或what从句，且他们不是作主语或作动词的宾语时，很可能就是填介词。
第二步：根据具体的语境或空格所在的句子意思来确定填哪个介词。

1. I didn’t want to be laughed at for talking to him but I didn’t like leaving him ________his own either.
【解析】his own在句中不作主语， 也不作动词的宾语，就应是作介词的宾语，空格处应填介词；on one’s own(＝alone)是固定搭配，所以填on。
【答案】on
2. The new boy looked at the teacher _______ a few seconds and all the other students wondered what the boy would do.
【解析】a few seconds在句中不作主语，也不作动词的宾语，就应是作介词的宾语，空格处应填介词；表时间段应该用介词for。
【答案】for
3. The only reason a man would sell sale________ a lower price would be because he wait desperate for money.
【解析】名词a low price 在句中不作主语，也不作动词的宾语，应为介词的宾语，根据习惯搭配可知，用介词at。
【答案】at
专题四　关联词
【考点】
定语从句
关系代词
who (主语)　whom (宾语)　that(主语/宾语)　which(主语/宾语)　whose(所有格)
关系副词
when(时间)　where(地点)　why(原因)　how(方式)
名词性
从句
连词
that，if，whether
连接代词
that，which，who，whom，whose，as，what，whether
连接副词
when，why，where，how(＋ever)
连词
因果关系
because, as, since, so
转折关系
though, but
假设关系
if, unless　
让步关系
though, although
时间关系
when, while, as, before, after, until, since
结果关系
so...that...，such...that...
比较关系
as...as...，than
【解题技巧】
当空格前后都是句子(一个主谓关系算一个句子)，且这两个句子之间没有关联词时，填关联词；若并列的两个或几个单词或短语之间没有连词，填表示联合、选择、转折等意义的连词(and/but/so/or)；从属句间常依据句子的属性是名词性从句、形容词性从句还是副词性从句来确定其关联词。具体解题技巧如下：
第一步：分析结构，若两个句子(有两个主谓结构)之间，没有句号或分号，也没有连接词，空格必填连接词(此处的连接词包括并列连词，如：and, but, or, while, so, for等；引导状语从句的从属连词；引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词；引导名词性从句的连接代词、连接副词和连词that, if, whether)。
第二步：根据两句之间的意义和逻辑关系，或根据句式结构来确定是并列结构还是某种主从复合句。
第三步：若是主从复合句，要根据从句的特点，结合连词的意义和作用，确定填具体的某个连接词。

1. Behind him were other people to ________ he was trying to talk，...
【解析】空格前后都是句子且这两个句子之间没有关联词， 应填关联词； 后面一句应当这样理解he was trying to talk to the people, 可见， 后面一句是定语从句， 先行词是people, 直接在介词后应用关系代词whom引导定语从句。
【答案】whom
2. _______ he thought he could escape attention by sitting at the back, he was wrong.
【解析】该处为两个简单句，应填关联词，根据句意可知为让步关系。
【答案】Though/ Although
3.The new boy looked at the teacher for a few seconds and all the other students wondered _________ the boy would do.
【解析】空格前后都是句子且这两个句子之间没有关联词， 应填关联词；该处缺宾语，what引导宾语从句。
【答案】what
专题五　情态动词和助动词
【考点】
情态动词1
can，will，shall，may，must，need
情态动词2
could，would，should，might
助动词1
do，does，did
助动词2
have，has，had
【解题技巧】
1．若句子结构较完整，空格后的谓语动词是原形，特别是与上下文时态不一致或主谓不一致时，很可能是填情态动词，或强调谓语的do, does, did, 或构成部分倒装的助动词do，does，did等；
2．还要注意有可能是部分倒装，填助动词have，has，had与主语后的过去分词以构成完成时；
3．填it或that，以构成it is/ was...that...这个强调句型。

1. Listen to these words from Darwin P．Kingsley: ＂You have powers you never dreamed of. You can do things you never thought you ________do. There are no limitations in what you can do except the limitations of your own mind.＂
【解析】因空格后的do是原形，而thought是一般过去时，所以空格处应当是填情态或助动词；又由前面You can do things和后文的you can do可以得到启示，此处也填can, 只不过用其过去式(由thought可知)，故填could。句意是＂你能做你(以前)从未想到过你能做的事＂。
【答案】could
2. I explained that while I didn’t carry any cash, I________ happen to have a new blanket, and asked him if he could use it. He was thrilled.
【解析】因谓语动词happen是原形，而前后语境的谓语动词都是过去式，时态不一致，所以此处应填情态动词或助动词；由句意＂我解释说， 虽然我没有带现金， 但我的确恰好有一张新毯子＂， 故填助动词did，对谓语动词进行强调。
【答案】did
第三部分 特殊句式及固定搭配
专题一 特殊句式
考点一 倒装句
1.在英语中，把谓语全部放在主语之前的倒装句，称为完全倒装句。常见的完全倒装句有以下几种：
①在there引导的句子中，谓语是be, exist, live, lie等表示状态的动词时，用完全倒装句。
②地点状语位于句首，主语为名词且谓语为不及物动词时，用完全倒装句。
③作表语的形容词、分词或介词短语置于句首时，用完全倒装句。
④表示地点和动作转移的副词，如:here, there, up, down, in, away, out等置于句首且主语是名词时，句子用完全倒装。
注意：当主语是代词时，不倒装。如：
☛Here comes the bus./Here it comes.
2.在英语中，把助动词、情态动词或be动词移到主语之前称为部分倒装。常见的部分倒装句有以下几种：
①当so/neither/nor位于句首时，可将其后的部分谓语置于主语之前，构成部分倒装。
②＂only+状语/状语从句＂位于句首时，主句中的主语和谓语要部分倒装。
③表示否定意义的副词或介词短语放在句首时要部分倒装。此类副词或介词短语主要有not, little, hardly, never, by no means, on no condition, in no case, nowhere, seldom, nor等。
④在含有had/were/should的虚拟条件句中，可以省略if，将 had/were/should放在主语之前，构成部分倒装。
⑤hardly...when..., no sooner...than..., not only...but also...等引导两个分句，且hardly, no sooner, not only等提到句首时，前一个分句用部分倒装，后一个分句不变。
⑥在so...that...句式中，如果so引导的部分位于句首，主句中的主语和谓语需要部分倒装。
⑦as/though引导的让步状语从句中，将表语置于句首构成部分倒装。

Only when he reached the tea-house _______he realize it was the same place he’d been in last year. 
【解析】分析句子结构可知，此处应该填助动词did，构成倒装句。句意：只有当他到达茶馆时，他才意识到他去年也来过这家茶馆。only修饰状语从句when he reached the tea-house放在句首，主句要用部分倒装语序，根据语境为一般过去时，所以填助动词did。
【答案】did　
考点二 强调句
强调句型的基本结构为：It is/was+被强调部分+that/who...。在这个句型中，it没有词汇意义，只是引出被强调的成分。如果被强调的成分是表示人的词，用who或that来连接都可以。如果是其他成分，则一律用that来连接。被强调部分错综复杂，容易与其他从句混淆。区分的方法是把句中的It is/was和that/who去掉，如果句子成立，且句意通顺，就是强调句型，否则就不是强调句型。如：It is Jane that/who has been living in London since she left China.去掉It is和that/who，还原为Jane has been living in London since she left China.作为句子完全成立，由此可以判断该句为强调句型。
使用强调句型的几个注意事项：
(1)被强调成分是主语，who/that之后的谓语动词应该在人称和数上与原句中的主语保持一致。
☛It is I who am right. 对的是我。
☛ It is he who is wrong.错的是他。
☛ It is the students who are lovely.可爱的是学生们。
(2)被强调成分即使是在句子中作时间状语、地点状语、原因状语等，也不能用when, where, because，而要用that。
☛It was after the war was over that Einstein was able to come back to his research work again.正是在战后爱因斯坦才得以重返研究工作。
☛It was in front of the bank that the lady was robbed.那位女士是在银行前面遭遇抢劫的。
☛It was because of the heavy rain that he came late.他是因为下大雨来晚的。
(3)被强调成分是作主语的代词时用主格，是作宾语的代词时用宾格。It was he that helped me yesterday.昨天是他帮助了我。
☛It was me that he helped yesterday. 他昨天帮助的是我。
(4)被强调部分既包括人又包括物，用that不用who。
☛It was the things and people that they remembered that they were talking about.他们谈论的是他们记得的人和事。
【易混易错】
强调句型与主语从句、状语从句、定语从句的区别
1.强调句型与主语从句的比较
强调句型将句子中的it is/was与that/who同时省去，句子仍然成立；而包含主语从句的句子用that从句代替it，句子成立。如：
☛It was Li Lei’s brother that you met in the street yesterday.你昨天在街上遇到的是李雷的哥哥。
(本句若将It was 及that同时省去为：You met Li Lei’s brother in the street yesterday.句子同样成立，因此本句是强调句型。)
☛It is exciting that we have succeeded in sending up Shenzhou X.我们成功地发射了神舟十号这件事情真令人兴奋。(本句若将It is 及that同时省去为：We have succeeded exciting in sending up Shenzhou X.显然句子错误，因此，本句不是强调句型，that引导主语从句，it是形式主语。)
2.强调句型与定语从句的比较
强调句型中的it没有实际意义，it is/was与that/who去掉后句子结构仍然完整。但定语从句中的it be和作主语的that去掉后句子结构不完整。
3.强调句型与状语从句的比较
强调句型中的it is/was与that/who同时省去，句子仍然成立；而包含状语从句的句子it是主语。如：
☛It was 8 o’clock when they went home.他们回家时是8点。
(句中代词it作主语，指代时间，when引导时间状语从句)
☛It was at 8 o’clock that they went home.他们是在8点回家的。
(本句是强调句型，at 8 o’clock是被强调部分)


It was not until near the end of the letter _______ she mentioned her own plan. 
【解析】分析句子结构可知，此处构成not until的强调句型，应填that。句意：直到将近信的结尾她才提到自己的计划。本题为强调句型，被强调部分为not until near the end of the letter。原句为：She didn’t mention her own plan until near the end of the letter.。
【答案】that
考点三 祈使句

________(knock) at the door before you enter my room, please. 
【解析】分析句子成分可知，空格前没有主语，后面有before引导的时间状语从句，由此可判断，此处构成祈使句，所以填knock。
【答案】Knock
专题二 固定搭配
考点1 常见词组
as a matter of fact；be proud of； by the way；come from；according to；congratulate...on...；devote...to...；earn one’s living；keep one’s word； make up one’s mind； be concerned about...；catch up with...； keep an eye on...；concentrate on...等。
考点2 特殊固定用法
keep...doing sth.；prevent...from doing...；like doing...；need doing； feel like doing； get sth. done； have sth. done；have sb. doing/do sth.；enjoy doing； succeed in doing等。
考点3 常用句型
so/such...that...
It is...(for sb./of sb.) to do sth.
There is no doubt/need that...
There is no sense in doing sth.
It’s ( high) time that sb. did/should do sth.
It is no good/use doing sth.
not only...but also...
It is/was the first (second) time that sb. has done/had done sth.
It is no wonder that...
特殊句型结构及固定搭配在语法填空中主要考查对其掌握的熟悉程度，所以我们要善于积累，牢记固定搭配和特殊句型，答题时注意固定搭配的介词、名词、动词的形式和特殊句型的形式主语、连接词及相应时态的运用等。
代词it在特殊句型中非常活跃，所以考生需要特别注意包含it的常用句型：
1.用在动词 like, love, dislike, hate, appreciate等后作宾语。如：
☛I hate it when people talk with their mouths full.我讨厌人们满嘴食物说话。
2.作形式主语或形式宾语
①用于＂It is+adj./n.+不定式或动词-ing形式或that从句＂中。如：
☛It is certain that he will succeed.他一定会成功。
②用于＂It seems/appears/happens/occurs to sb.+that 从句＂中。如：
☛It occurred to me that I should ask the police for help.我突然想起我应该向警方求助。
③用于＂It looks as if/as though...＂中。如:
☛It looks as if we’re going to miss the plane.似乎我们要误了班机了。
④用于＂It is+过去分词+that从句＂中。如:
☛It is believed that he will be admitted to Beijing University.人们相信他将被北京大学录取。
⑤用于＂think/find/make+it+adj./n.+不定式或动词-ing形式或 that从句＂中。如：
☛I make it a rule to walk two miles a day.我通常每天步行两英里路。
⑥用于 take it for granted that..., bring it to one’s attention that...,see to it that...等句型中。如：
☛We take it for granted that water is free at restaurants.我们认为在餐馆里水免费饮用是理所当然的事情。
3.构成特定句型
①It is/has been...since...
☛It is almost ten years since he enjoyed himself so much.将近有十年时间他没这么高兴过了。
②It was (not)/will(not) be...before...
☛It was not long before he sensed the danger of the position.不久他就感受到此处的危险。
③It is sb.’s turn to do sth.
☛It’s my turn to look after the baby.轮到我看孩子了。

1.When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough _______ (cool) the house during the hot day;_______ the same time, they warm up again for the night.
【解析】根据语境可知，第一空处应该用动词不定式，构成adj./adv.+enough to do结构，所以第一空填to cool；根据语境可知；第二空填介词at，构成短语at the same time，表示＂同时＂。
【答案】to cool; at　
2. Keep________ (hold) your position for a while. It helps develop your strength and flexibility.
【解析】根据语境可知，此处作动词keep的宾语，构成固定搭配，keep doing sth.意思是＂继续做某事＂因此填动词-ing形式。
【答案】holding
3.It took years of work ________(reduce) the industrial pollution and clean the water.
【解析】It takes/took (sb.)+...+to do sth.为固定句型，意思是＂做某事花费(某人)多长时间＂。所以此处填动词不定式。
【答案】to reduce　


题组一（2019年高考真题）
Cloze 1（2019·新课标I卷）
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
The polar bear is found in the Arctic Circle and some big land masses as far south as Newfoundland. While they are rare north of 88°,there is evidence ___61___ they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada. It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been ___62___ (poor) studied; however, biologists calculate that there are about 20,000-25,000 polar bears worldwide.
Modem methods ___63___ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive ___64___ (perform) consistently over a large area. In recent years some Inuit people in Nunayut ___65___ (report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a ___66___ (believe) that populations are increasing. Scientists have responded by ___67___ (note) that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion(错觉) that populations are ___68___ (high) than they actually are. Of ___69___ nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six ___70___ (be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.
Cloze 2（2019·新课标II卷）
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
A 90-year-old has been awarded “Woman Of The Year”for ___61___ (be)Britain's oldest full-time employee-still working 40 hours a week. Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, ___62___ she opened with her late husband Les. Her years of hard work have ___63___(final)been acknowledged after a customer nominated(提名)her to be Cheshire's Woman Of The Year.
Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award，proud Irene ___64___(declare) she had no plans ___65___ (retire) from her 36-year-old business. Irene said，“I don't see any reason to give up work. I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I ___66___(make) over the years. I work not because I have to, ___67___ because I want to.”
Granddaughter Gayle Parks，31-who works alongside her in the family business-said it remained unknown as to who nominated Irene for the award. She said，“We don't have any idea who put grandma forward. When we got a call ___68___ (say)she was short-listed，we thought it was ___69___ joke. But then we got an official letter and we were blown away. We are so proud of her. It's ___70___ (wonder).”
Cloze 3（2019·新课标III卷）
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
On our way to the house，it was raining ___61___ hard that we couldn't help wondering how long it would take ___62___ (get)there. It was in the middle of Pearl City.
We were first greeted with the barking by a pack ___63___ dogs，seven to be exact. They were well trained by their masters ___64___ had great experience with caring for these animals. Our hosts shared many of their experiences and ___65___(recommend)wonderful places to eat，shop，and visit. For breakfast，we were able to eat papaya(木瓜)and other fruits from their trees in the backyard.
When they were free from work，they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting ___66___(compete)to watch，together with the story behind it. They also shared with us many ___67___(tradition)stories about Hawaii that were ___68___ (huge)popular with tourists. On the last day of our week-long stay，we ___69___(invite)to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars，___70___ (listen)to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
Cloze 3（2019·浙江卷）
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。
There are several reasons why school uniforms are good idea. First of all, uniforms help the school look smart. The students feel that they belong to a particular group. When every pupil in the school wears the uniform, nobody ___56___ (have) to worry about fashion(时尚). Everybody wears___57___ same style of clothes. Uniforms can be useful in unexpected ways, A school in Ireland has introduced an interesting new uniform. On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth ___58___gives off light in the dark. When the children are walking or ___59___ (cycle) to school on dark mornings, car drivers can ___60___ (easy) see them.
But can uniforms help improve school standards? The answer ___61___ this question is not clear. One study in America found that students' grades ___62___ (improve) a little after the school introduced uniforms. But some students didn't want ___63___ (wear) the uniform. Other American studies showed no ___64___(connect) between uniforms and school performance.
School uniforms are ___65___ (tradition) in Britain, but some schools are starting to get rid of them. Some very good schools don't have a uniform policy. However, uniforms are still popular. Pupils at about 90 percent of British secondary schools wear uniforms.
题组二（2018年高考真题）
Cloze 1（2018·新课标I卷）
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years 61 (long) than non-runners. You don’t have to run fast or for long 62 (see) the benefit. You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of 63 (die) early by running.
While running regularly can’t make you live forever, the review says it 64 (be) more effective at lengthening life 65 walking, cycling or swimming. Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 66 showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all 67 (cause).
The best exercise is one that you enjoy and will do. But otherwise … it’s probably running. To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to 68 (strength) your leg muscles (肌肉), avoid hills and get good running shoes. Running is cheap, easy and it’s always 69 (energy). If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give 70 a try.
Cloze 2（2018·新课标II卷）
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Diets have changed in China — and so too has its top crop. Since 2011,the country ___61___（grow）more corn than rice. Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over ___62___ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.
A taste for meat is ___63___ (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle. Another reason for corn's rise: The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice ___64___ (improve) water quality. Corn uses less water ___65___ rice and creates less fertilizer(化肥) runoff. This switch has decreased ___66___ (pollute) in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total ___67___ (globe)fertilizer consumption. The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government ___68___ (start) a soil-Clozeing program ___69___ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers - and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons. That prevented the emission(排放) of 51.8 million tons of carbon dioxide. China's approach to protecting its environment while ___70___ (feed) its citizens "offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide." says the bank's Juergen Voegele.
Cloze 3（2018·新课标III卷）
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
I'm not sure _____61_____ is more frightened, me or the female gorilla(大猩猩）that suddenly appears out of nowhere. I'm walking on a path in the forest in the Central African Republic. Unexpectedly, I'm face-to-face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at ____62____ top of her lungs. That makes her baby scream, and then a 400-pound male appears. He screams the___63___(loud)of all. The noise shakes the trees as the male beats his chest and charges toward me. I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid ____64____(look) directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel____65____(challenge).
My name is Mireya Mayor. I'm a ___66___(science)who studies animals such as apes and monkeys. I was searching ___67___ these three western lowland gorillas I'd been observing. No one had seen them for hours, and my colleagues and I were worried.
When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find ____68____(they) alive. True to a gorilla's unaggressive nature, the huge animal ____69____(mean)me no real harm. He was just saying: "I'm king of this forest, and here is your reminder!" Once his message was delivered, he allowed me ____70____ (stay)and watch.
题组三（2017年高考真题）
Cloze1(2017·新课标全国卷I)
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
There has been a recent trend in the food service industry toward lower fat content and less salt. This trend, which was started by the medical community（医学界） 61 a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side 62 (effect) such as overweight and heart disease — the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.
Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet. They are required 63 (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions. When fat and salt 64 (remove) from food, the food tastes as if is missing something. As 65 result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing. Even 66 (bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up. Fast food ___67___ (be) full of fat and salt; by 68 (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.
Having enough fat and salt in your meals will reduce the urge to snack(吃点心) between meals and will improve the taste of your food. However, be 69 (care) not to go to extremes. Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 70 is not good for the health.
Cloze2（2017·新课标全国卷II）
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
In 1863the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible 61 (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and 62 work. It took three years to complete and was built using an interesting method. This included digging up the road, 63 (lay) the track and then building a strong roof over 64 top. When all those had been done, the road surface was replaced.
Steam engines 65 (use) to pull the carriages and it must have been 66 (fair)unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise. However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using 67 every day.
Later, engineers 68 (manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels (隧道）, which became known to the tube. This development was only possible with the 69 (introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts. The central London Railway was one of the most 70 (success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900. It had white-painted tunnels and bright red carriages, and proved extremely popular with the public.
Cloze3(2017·新课标全国卷III)
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
She looks like any other schoolgirl, fresh-faced and full of life. Sarah Thomas is looking forward to the challenge of her new A-level course. But unlike her school friends, 16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term 61 (rest). Instead, she is earning £6500 a day as 62 model in New York.
Sarah 63 (tell) that she could be Britain’s new supermodel earning a million dollars in the next year. Her father Peter, 44, wants her to give up school to model full-time. But Sarah, 64 has taken part in shows along with top models, wants 65 (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty. She is determined to carry on with her 66 (educate).
She has turned down several 67 (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies. After school she plans to take a year off to model full-time before going to university to get a degree 68 engineering or architecture.
Sarah says, ＂My dad thinks I should take the offer now. But at the moment, school 69 (come) first. I don’t want to get too absorbed in modeling. It is 70 (certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal. I don’t want to have nothing else to fall back on when I can’t model any more.＂
Cloze4(2017·浙江卷)
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。
Last October, while tending her garden in Mora, Sweden, Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small 56 (carrot) and was about to throw them away. But something made her look closer, and she noticed a 57 (shine) object. Yes, there beneath the leafy top of one tiny carrot was her long-lost wedding ring.
Pahlsson screamed 58 loudly that her daughter came running from the house. ＂She thought I had hurt 59 (I),＂says Pahlsson.
Sixteen years 60 (early), Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring 61 (cook) a meal. When she wanted to put the ring back on later, it was gone. She suspected that one of her three daughters — then ten, eight, and six—had picked it up, but the girls said they hadn’t. Pahlsson and her husband 62 (search) the kitchen, checking every corner, but turned up nothing. ＂I gave up hope of finding my ring again,＂ she says. She never replaced it.
Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got 63 (sweep) into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, 64 it remained until the carrot’s leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it. For Pahlsson, its return was 65 wonder.
题组四（名校模拟题）
Cloze 1(江西省上高二中2019届高三5月全真模拟)
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Almost all the ice covering the Bering Sea has melted(融化), scientists have confirmed, 1 (throw) communities living around 2 (it) shores into disorder. The region’s ice cover 3 (normal) lasts for at least another month, and this year it has disappeared earlier than any other year except 2017.
Living in 4 northern Pacific Ocean between Alaska and Russia, the Bering Sea is experiencing the climate change and has drawn attention this year for record-breaking levels of winter melting. In February, rising Arctic temperatures 5 (lead) to around half the region’s disappearing in the space of two weeks.
A report 6 (send) by the International Arctic Research Centre at the University of Alaska Fairbanks has outlined the real-world effects of these surprising environmental 7 (change) on the many communities 8 live in the Bering Sea region.
In their report, the International Arctic Research Centre scientists wrote that while not every year will be as bad as this one, ice 9 (form) is likely to remain low if the Bering Sea’s waters remain warm. They also warn that communities will need to “prepare for more winters 10 low sea ice and stormy conditions”.
Cloze 2(2019·江西高考模拟)
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Ballet is a formal kind of dance performance with a rich and interesting history. The word “ballet” comes from the French language, and 1. (be) based on the Italian word “balletto.” “Balletto” means a little dance. Ballet’s early roots began in Italy in the late 1400s. But it was in France 2. ballet developed into the form we know today.
The French ruler Louis the Fourteenth had a big influence 3. the direction of ballet in its early history. He ruled France for seventy-two years, 4. (start) in 1643. He started dancing as a boy and worked hard daily.
Louis the Fourteenth turned ballet into a form of dance that reflected 5. (he) power and influence. Ballet’s many rules and 6. (extreme) detailed movements expressed a person’s power and social relations. The king made sure that ballet became a 7. (require) for the people of his court. He also started the Royal Academy of Dance, 8. important people could learn this art. The aim of this dance was self-control, order and perfection.
Ballet slowly changed from a dance at the king’s court to one 9. (perform) by professional dancers. When Louis the Fourteenth died in 1715, ballet 10. (bring) to other parts of Europe and was developing in other ways.
Cloze 3(四川省成都市第七中学2019届高三毕业班零诊模拟考试 )
Chantelle Brow n-Young was not born with vitiligo (白癜风), but it has made her famous. She is the first supermodel with the skin condition, 1 causes areas of skin to lose their colour.
Chantelle was born in Toronto, Canada. At the age of four she started to develop 2 (patch) of white skin and 3 (diagnose) with vitiligo. No one really knows why one percent of people 4 (have) this skin condition, and there is no real cure.
At school, Chantelle was bullied for being different. The other kids often called her a ‘cow’, because of 5 way her skin looked. She moved school several times and finally left school at 16. From now on, she decided, she 6 (be) proud of her skin.
She got down to 7 (post) photos of herself on Facebook and soon was ‘spotted’ by a Canadian YouTube star, Shannon Boodram, who asked her to be in a music video. It was while she was doing that 8 her really ‘big break’ happened. Tyra Banks asked her to be on America’s Next Top Model.
She didn’t w in, but she became famous. Her 9 (profession) name now is Winnie Harlow , and she has nearly three million followers on Instagram.
Little 10 little, she is changing people’s ideas about what beauty is.
Cloze 4(安徽省江淮十校2019届高三第二次联考英语试题)
阅读下面材料，在空白处填人适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。
Whether they' re playing on TV screens or pnnted in newspapers, adverts are everywhere.
Actually, it is quite normal for the average person 1 (live) in a city to see thousands of ads every single day. However, ads are not just a tool for getting people to buy things; they also serve 2 a window into cultures, societies and history.
Modern adverts began to appear in 3 18th and 19th centuries,since advances in printing techniques allowed more detailed images 4 (produce) in newspapers and magazines.
Looking at some of these early ads 5 (be) like taking a step back in time to another world. For example, an 1881 advert for French cigarettes 6 (promise) that its product would “give immediate relief" to a list of medical conditions, including breathing problems. And a 1955 US ad advised mothers to mix the sugary soft drink A 7 Up with 7 (they) baby's milk.
Nowadays, of course, the harmful 8 (effect) of both smoking and sugary drinks have been well known. But although these adverts seem 9 (usual) to us now, perhaps future generations may consider some of today's ads to be just as strange. It is believed that advertising can often be an indicator for 10 society considers to be socially acceptable and desirable at the time.
题组一
Cloze 1
【语篇解读】本文为科普文类说明文，介绍了北极熊的生存现状。
61. that
【解析】考查同位语从句。根据句子结构分析可知，主句为there be句型，且结构完整，空格后为同位语从句，解释说明中心词evidence的内容，故填that。
62. poorly
【解析】考查副词用法。根据句意和结构分析可知，此处用副词poorly修饰谓语动词has been studied，意为“研究很少”。故填poorly。
63. of/for
【解析】考查介词用法。此处tracking polar bear populations作Modern methods的定语，用of 连接，“methods of doing sth.”,意为“……的方法”，构成固定结构。或者意为“对于跟踪北极熊的方法”用for。故填of/for。
64. to perform
【解析】考查非谓语动词。主系表结构之后，常用不定式作原因或目的状语，句意：跟踪北极熊的现代方法只是在二十世纪八十年代以来开始采用，并且在如此大区域内持续采用是昂贵的，故此处用to perform。
65. have reported
【解析】考查时态。根据上下文语境，尤其是时间状语in recent years可知，主句用现在完成时态，故填have reported。
66. belief
【解析】考查名词。根据其前不定冠词和其后的同位语从句可知，空格处为名词形式，故填belief。
67. noting
【解析】考查非谓语动词。根据其前介词by可知，此处用动名词主动形式，故填noting。
68. higher
【解析】考查形容词比较级。根据其后than they actually are可知，此处为形容词的比较级，故填higher。
69. the
【解析】考查定冠词。此处为特指，意为“在已知的19个北极熊亚种群中”，故填the。
70. are
【解析】考查主谓一致。根据three are declining，此处数词six作主语，代指前文中的“polar bear subpopulations”，故用复数谓语，一般现在时，故填are。
Cloze2
【语篇解读】本文为记叙文。讲述了九十高龄的Irene作为英国最年长的全职员工，依然在宠物店做着朝九晚五的工作，没有退休的打算，她被颁发 “年度女士”称号。
61.being
【解析】考查非谓语动词。根据其前介词for可知，此处用动名词形式作宾语，故填being。
62.which
【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知，先行词为the pet shop，在非限制性定语从句中作opened一词的宾语，故用which。
63.finally
【解析】考查副词用法。根据空格所处位置可知，此处应用副词形式作状语，修饰谓语动词have been acknowledged，意为“最终得以认可”，故填finally。
64.declared
【解析】考查谓语动词。根据上下文可知，该句主语为Irene，此处为谓语成分，根据后文had 以及said 可知用一般过去时态，故填declared。
65.to retire
【解析】考查不定式作定语。此处用to do sth做后置定语,用来修饰前面的名词plan,表示“……的计划”，故填to retire。
66.have made
【解析】考查动词时态。根据该定语从句中的时间状语“over the years”可知，此处用现在完成时态，句意：我喜欢到这里来看看我的家人和我这些年来交到的朋友们。故填have made。
67.but
【解析】考查并列连词。根据句意逻辑可知，此处为转折关系，句意：我工作不是因为我不得不做，而是因为我想做。此处用but与前文not 呼应，构成“不是……而是 ……”之意，故填but。
68.saying
【解析】考查非谓语动词。根据其后所接的宾语从句可知，此处用现在分词形式saying作后置定语，解释名词call的内容，call与say是主动关系，故填saying。
69.a
【解析】考查冠词用法。根据句意“我们还以为这是一个玩笑” 可知，此处joke为泛指，故填a。
70.wonderful
【解析】考查形容词作表语。根据句子结构可知，在系动词is之后用形容词形式作表语，故填wonderful。
Cloze 3
【语篇解读】这是一篇记叙文。作者讲述了他们去夏威夷度假途中的经历以及到了主人家后受到的礼遇，主人热情招待他们，还在工作之余带他们参加了很多当地的活动。
61.
【解析】考查副词。句意：在我们去那座房子的路上，雨下得如此大以至于我们不能不想还要多久才能到达那里。“so…that…”意为“如此……以至于…”，引导结果状语从句。故填so。
62.
【解析】考查不定式。句中的would提示我们作者还没有到达那座房子，wondering后的句子不缺谓语，此处应填非谓语动词，故填to get。
63.
【解析】考查介词。“a pack of”意为“一群”。故填of。
64.
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：它们被他们的主人训练地很好，它们的主人在照顾这些动物方面很有经验。先行词为masters（主人），且从句缺主语。故关系词填who。
65.
【解析】考查一般过去时。句意：我们的主人跟我们分享了很多他们的经历并推荐了一些很好的吃饭、购物和参观的地方。“and”前后两个动作“shared”与“recommended”是并列关系，时态一致。故填recommended。
66.
【解析】考查名词。由空格前的不定冠词an与空格后的不定式to watch可以确定空格处应该填名词形式。故填competition。
67.
【解析】考查形容词。空格修饰名词stories，应用形容词形式，tradition的形容词为traditional，故填traditional。
68.
【解析】考查副词。空格处单词修饰形容词popular，应用副词形式，huge的副词为hugely，故填hugely。
69.
【解析】考查一般过去时的被动语态。由“on the last day of our week-long stay”可知，句子时态为一般过去时。根据句意：我们被邀请去参加一场私人音乐会，所以用被动语态。主语为we，故填were invited。
70.
【解析】考查分词。本句谓语动词为“were invited”，所以70题空格处动词listen应用非谓语动词形式。听音乐这个动作是由we发出的，所以选用现在分词形式。也可由and前后连接两个并列的结构这一规律解题，and后meeting interesting locals为分词形式，故空格处填listening。
Cloze4
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了学生穿校服的几个好处。
56. has/will have
【解析】考查时态。句意：当每个学生在校穿校服时，没有人会担心时尚问题。本句是when引导的时间状语从句，遵循主将从现原则，因此，主句可以使用将来时will do；根据语境可知，本文叙述的是客观事实，因此，本句亦可用一般现在时，主语是nobody，谓语用has。故填will have/has。
57.the
【解析】考查冠词。句意：每个人都穿相同风格的衣服。same是形容词，意思是“相同的”，常与the连用修饰名词。故填the。
58. that/which
【解析】考查定语从句。这是个限制性定语从句，先行词是cloth，指物，从句中缺少主语，因此，可以用that或which引导。故填that/which。
59. cycling
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：当孩子们在黑暗的早晨步行或骑车上学时，汽车司机很容易看到它们。or连接两个并列成分，根据or前的walking可知，此处要用cycling。故填cycling。
60. easily
【解析】考查副词。分析句式可知，设空处所给词是修饰动词see，修饰动词要用副词，因此，用easy的副词形式。故填easily。
61. to
【解析】考查介词。句意：这个问题的答案不清楚。the key/answer to ...这是固定搭配，“……的答案是……”。故填to。
62. improved
【解析】考查时态。句意：美国的一项研究发现，在学校引入校服后，学生的成绩有所提高。本句是after引导的时间状语从句，前后时态保持一致，从句使用了一般过去式，主句用一般过去式。故填improved。
63. to wear
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：但是，有一些学生不想穿学生服。want to do sth想要做某事，这是want的固定用法。故填to wear。
64. connection/connections
【解析】考查名词。句意：其他的美国研究表明校服和学校表现之间没有联系。no是形容词，形容词修饰名词，位于名词前，名词可用复数也可用单数形式。connect是动词，“联系”的意思，因此，要用其名词形式。故填connection/connections。
65. traditional
【解析】考查形容词。句意：穿校服在英国是一个传统，但是一些学校开始允许学生上学不用穿校服。are是系动词，其后常用形容词作表语，tradition是名词，“传统”的意思，因此，用其形容词形式。故填traditional。
题组二
Cloze 1
【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了跑步的好处，它可以帮助人们延年益寿。
61. longer　
【解析】考查副词的比较级。医学报告显示：经常跑步的人比不跑步的人多活3年。根据than可知用比较级，故填longer。
62. to see
【解析】考查不定式作目的状语。你不必跑地太快或时间太长就能看到它的好处。此处不定式作目的状语，故填to see。
63.dying
【解析】考查动名词。你也许喝酒、吸烟或超重，但仍然通过跑步会减少早亡的风险。此处of是介词，其后用动名词。故填dying。
64.is
【解析】考查动词的时态。医学报告显示：跑步比散步、骑车和游泳更能有效地延长寿命。这里叙述的是一个事实，故用一般现在时。故填is。
65.than
【解析】考查比较句型。跑步比散步、骑车和游泳更能有效地延长寿命。根据文章中的more effective可知此处填than。
66.that或which
【解析】考查定语从句的关系词。此处a study是先行词，其在定语从句中作主语，故填that或which。
67.causes
【解析】考查名词复数。一项研究表明，仅仅每天5到10分钟的跑步，就能减少各种原因的心脏病和早亡。根据句意用复数形式。故填causes。
68.strengthen
【解析】考查词形变化。锻炼以增强你腿上的肌肉。此处to是不定式符合，其后用动词原形。故填strengthen。
69.energetic
【解析】考查词形变化。跑步总是让人充满活力的。根据it’s可知，系动词后用形容词作表语。故填energetic。
70.it或running
【解析】考查代词或名词的用法。我们都应该试试跑步。此处give it a try意为：试试。此处it可以指running。故填it或running。
Cloze 2
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文中讲述了中国为保护环境在农作物种植上做了一些变化并得到了世界上的知名人士的认可。
61. has grown
【解析】考查时态。since加时间点，主句要用现在完成时。句意：2011年以来，中国种植的玉米比水稻多。故填has grown。
62. the
【解析】考查冠词。句意：玉米产量在过去25年里增长了近125%，而大米只增长了7%。故是特指在过去的25年里。故填the。
63. actually
【解析】考查副词。句意：对肉的需求实际上是这种变化的背后原因。句子结构完整，用副词修饰句子。故填actually。
64. to improve
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：为了改善水质政府鼓励农民种植玉米而不是大米。没有连词可以且谓语动词是encourages，故improve应该用非谓语动词。此处表示目的，故用不定式。故填to improve。
65. than
【解析】考查连词。句意：玉米比大米使用的水更少。根据关键词less可知，填比较连词。故填than。
66. pollution
【解析】考查词性转换。句意：这一转变减少了中国较大的湖泊和水库的污染，使人们的饮用水更加安全。has decreased后跟名词作宾语，故填pollution。
67. global
【解析】考查词性转换。句意：中国约占全球化肥总消费量的30%。fertilizer consumption是名词短语，故应该用形容词修饰。故填global。
68.started
【解析】考查谓语动词。句意：在2005年政府开始了一项土壤测试项目。本句是when引导的定语从句，由于时间是2005年，故用过去时。故填started。
69. that/which
【解析】考查定语从句关系词。根据空后的谓语动词gives可知，该空缺少主语，指代program并且引导后面的句子。指物用that/which，故填that或者which。
70. feeding
【解析】考查省略句。句意：中国在养活了中国人民的同时又保护了环境。这一做法为全世界的农业和粮食政策制定人提供了很有用的经验。空格处表示正在进行的动作，while后面省略掉了China is，省略句的原则：在时间状语从句、条件状语从句、，让步状语从句中，如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致且含有be动词时，那么可以把主语和be动词一块省略。故填feeding。
Cloze 3
【文章大意】本文为记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者在中非偶遇大猩猩，彼此惊恐的经历。
61. which/who
【解析】考查宾语从句。句意：我不确定哪一个更害怕，我，还是突然出现的雌性大猩猩。此处为宾语从句，空格处表示选择，所以用which或者who。
62. the
【解析】考查冠词。此处为固定短语at the top of，此处表示以最大的肺活量喊叫。
63. loudest
【解析】考查最高级。根据后面的of all可知，他声音最大，所以用最高级loudest。
64. looking
【解析】考查动词。动词avoid后要加doing。此处表示避免直接看他的眼睛。用looking。
65. challenged
【解析】考查非谓语。根据语境可知，此处表示不直视他的眼睛，他就不会感到被挑战性。feel为系动词，表示“被挑战”，用过去分词challenged。
65. scientist
【解析】考查名词。根据语境可知，我是一名科学家。scientist科学家。
67.for
【解析】考查动词短语搭配。search for是固定搭配，表示“寻找”，表示“我”在寻找“我”研究的三只西部低地大猩猩。
68. them
【解析】考查代词。此处做find 的宾语，所以用宾格them。
69. meant
【解析】考查谓语动词。分析本句的句子成分可知，本句缺少谓语，再根据总体时态可知要用一般过去时，所以用meant。
70. to stay
【解析】考查非谓语动词。固定短语allow sb to do允许某人做某事，应该用to stay。
题组三
Cloze 1
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了对于食物中的脂肪和盐分，人们的态度不一。脂肪和盐分对于健康来说是必不可少的，但如果人们摄入过多的脂肪和盐分，自身的健康将会受到损害。
61. as 考查介词。句意：这一趋势最初始于医学界作为一种对抗心脏病的方法。as表示“作为，以……身份”，故填as。
62. effects 考查单复数。分析语境可知作者表达的意思是“一些不为人知的副作用”，根据前文的some可知“side effect”(副作用)有很多，故填effects。
63. to process 考查不定式。句意：他们被要求加工食物。require表示“要求”，require sb. to do sth.表示“要求某人做某事”，被动形式为“sb. be required to do sth.”(某人被要求做某事)。故填to process。
64. are removed 考查被动语态。句意：当脂肪和盐分从食物中被去掉。分析可知fat，salt和move之间是被动关系，脂肪和盐分是两种东西，且是被人们去掉，所以用被动语态。故填are removed。
65. a 考查冠词。固定短语as a result表示“结果”。句意：结果，人们将吃更多的食物去弥补损失的东西。故填a。
66. worse 考查比较级。句意：更糟糕的是，人们所吃快餐的数量增加了。故填worse。
67. is 考查主谓一致。句意：快餐食物中满是脂肪和盐。fast food的意思是“快餐”，表示一类食物，为不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式。故填is。
68. eating 考查动名词。句意：通过吃更多的快餐，人们将在饮食中摄入超过需求量的脂肪和盐。根据前文中的by可知此处应该填名词、动名词，所以填eating。
69. careful 考查形容词。句意：然而，注意不要走极端。分析语境可知be后面应该用形容词作表语，故填careful。
70. which 考查非限制性定语从句。句意：很可能摄入过多的脂肪和盐，那对健康没有好处。分析可知which is not good for the health为非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面的整句话。
Cloze 2
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了地铁的最初发展史。
61.crowds考查名词，此处表示复数概念，crowd前没有冠词，且它是可数名词，故填crowds。
62.from 考查介词，to and from来回，故填from。
63.laying考查动词，这里是由and连接的三个动词-ing形式，故填laying。
64.the考查名词，top是名词，前要用冠词，故填the.
65.were used考查被动语态，此处表示过去的被动，故填were used。
66.fairly 考查副词，这里fair是形容词，pleasant也是形容词，所以需要将fair变为副词来修饰形容词，故填fairly。
67.it考查代词，这里用it指代前句的railway,故填it。
68.managed 考查动词，此处表示过去的情况，所以这里也应用一般过去时，故填managed。
69.introduction考查词性转换，空格前是the,后面应该是名词，故填名词introduction。
70.successful考查形容词，空格前是most,其后要跟形容词构成最高级，故填successful。
Cloze 3
【文章大意】本文主要介绍了Sarah Thomas在学业和诱人的职业面前所做出的选择，她认为在青少年时期要把学业放在首位。
61. resting 考查非谓语动词。固定短语：spend time doing sth花费时间做某事。
62. a 考查冠词。model是可数名词，前面没有限定词，而此处泛指 ＂一个＂，故填a。
63. was told / has been told 考查动词的时态和语态。根据语境可判断出谓语动词应该用一般过去时或现在完成时的被动形式，又因主语Sarah是第三人称单数，故填was told / has been told。
64. who 考查定语从句。非限制性定语从句中缺少主语，且先行词为Sarah，指人，要用who。
65. to prove 考查非谓语动词。want to do sth.想要做某事。
66. education 考查词形转换。形容词性物主代词后面应该接名词形式。
67. invitations 考查名词单复数。several修饰可数名词复数形式，故填invitations。
68. in 考查介词。in表示＂在某方面＂，获得某项学位 ＂get a degree in…＂。
69. comes 考查动词。根据语境可知Sarah认为当下应该是学业第一，说明现在的情况应该用一般现在时。
70. certainly 考查副词。修饰动词应该用副词形式，故填certainly。
Cloze 4
【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了Lena Pahlsson在花园里拔胡萝卜时，找到了丢失已久的结婚戒指的故事。
56. carrots 【解析】考查名词。根据＂a handful of ＂可知要用carrot的复数形式，故填carrots。
57. shiny/shining 【解析】考查形容词。a为冠词，object为名词，横线处应填写形容词。故填shiny或shining。
58. so 【解析】考查固定结构。根据空后的＂loudly that her daughter came running from the house＂可知这里为so…that结构，意为＂如此……以至于＂，故填so。
59. myself 【解析】考查代词。主语为I，横线处为宾语，根据语境可知这里指她以为＂我＂弄伤了自己。故填myself。
60. earlier 【解析】考查形容词。这里指早在十六年前，故填earlier。
61. to cook 【解析】考查动词不定式。一个句子不能出现双重谓语，所以此处要用不定式作目的状语。故填to cook。
62. searched 【解析】考查动词时态。根据＂but turned up nothing＂可知这里是叙述过去发生的事情，要用一般过去时，故填searched。
63. swept 【解析】考查动词。ring与sweep之间是被动关系，要用被动语态。故填swept。
64. where 【解析】考查连接词。分析句子结构可知，所填词引导定语从句，定语从句中缺少地点状语，先行词为the garden，表示地点，故填关系副词where。
65. a 【解析】考查冠词。wonder是可数名词的单数形式，且此处表示泛指，因此其前应加不定冠词a。故填a。
题组四
Cloze 1
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。几乎所有覆盖白令海的冰都已经融化，影响了周围地区的生活。
1. throwing
【解析】考查现在分词。分析句子可知throw在句中做状语，与逻辑主语“all the ice covering the Bering Sea has melted”为逻辑上的主谓关系，要用其现在分词形式，故填throwing.
2. its【解析】考查形容词性物主代词。句意：科学家们已经证实，几乎所有覆盖白令海的冰都已融化，使生活在其海岸周围的社区陷入混乱。分析句子可知空格处修饰shores, 是指白令海（它的）的海岸，故填its。
3. normally
【解析】考查副词。空格处修饰动词cover, 要用副词，故填normally。
4. the
【解析】考查冠词。northern Pacific Ocean为地名，海洋、江河、海峡、海湾名称前一般要加定冠词the, 故填the。
5. led
【解析】
考查时态。分析句子可知lead在句中为谓语，与主语之间是主动关系，根据时间状语In February可知应用一般过去时，故填led。
6. sent
【解析】考查过去分词。分析句子可知send在句中为非谓语，与逻辑主语a report之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，要用send的过去分词形式，故填sent。
7. changes
【解析】考查名词单复数。change为可数名词，根据these可知要用其复数形式，故填changes。
8. which/that
【解析】考查定语从句。分析句子可知 ___ live in the Bering Sea region.为定语从句，缺少引导词。先行词为many communities指物，引导词在从句中做主语，所以用which/that引导。故填which/that。
9. formation
【解析】考查名词。句意：在他们的报告中，国际北极研究中心的科学家写道，虽然不是每年都会像这次一样糟糕，但如果白令海的水域保持温暖，冰的形成（概率）可能会很低。空格处做句子的主语，要填名词，form的名词形式为formation, 且ice formation为固定搭配，意为“冻结成冰，成冰作用”符合句意。故填formation。
10. with
【解析】考查介词。句意：他们还警告社区要为以后更多具有低海浮冰和暴风雨天气状况的冬天做准备。with意为“具有带有”符合句意，且with放在这里形成with结构做winter的后置定语，故填with。
Cloze2
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了芭蕾舞的起源与发展。
1. is
【解析】考查主谓一致。句中主语为The word “ballet”，故谓语动词用单数形式，根据前后句可知，用一般现在时。句意：“ballet”一词来源于法语，源于意大利语“balletto”。故填is。
2. that
【解析】考查强调句。强调句结构为it’s +强调部分+that从句。这里强调地点状语in France。句意：但正是在法国，芭蕾舞发展成了我们今天所知的形式。故填that。
3. on/upon
【解析】考查短语。短语have an influence on/upon对……有影响。句意：法国统治者路易十四在芭蕾的早期历史上对其发展方向产生了重大影响。故填on/upon。
4. starting
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句中逻辑主语为He，与start之间为主动关系，故用现在分词作状语。句意：从1643年开始，他统治法国72年。故填starting。
5. his
【解析】考查代词。修饰名词power and influence，前用形容词性物主代词。句意：路易十四把芭蕾变成了一种舞蹈形式，反映了他的权力和影响。故填his。
6. extremely
【解析】考查副词。修饰形容词detailed，前用副词形式。句意：芭蕾舞的许多规则和极其细致的动作表达了一个人的权力和社会关系。故填extremely。
7. requirement
【解析】考查名词。根据前面的不定冠词a可知，后接名词形式。句意：国王确保芭蕾成为宫廷人民的必修课。故填requirement。
8. where
【解析】考查定语从句。句中先行词为the Royal Academy of Dance，在非限定性定语从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where引导。句意：他还创办了皇家舞蹈学院，在那里重要人物可以学习这种艺术。故填where。
9. performed
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句中逻辑主语为Ballet，与perform之间为被动关系，故用过去分词。句意：芭蕾舞慢慢地从宫廷舞蹈变成了由专业舞者表演的舞蹈。故填performed。
10. was brought
【解析】考查语态。主语ballet与动词bring之间为被动关系，故用被动语态，根据时间状语in 1715可知用一般过去时。句意：当路易十四世于1715年去世时，芭蕾被带到欧洲其他地区，并以其他方式发展。故填was brought。
Cloze 3
【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文，患白癜风的女孩Chantelle Brown改变了人们对白癜风以及美好事物的理解。
1.which
【解析】考查定语从句。本题定语从句的先行词是the skin condition，关系代词which指代先行词引导非限制性定语从句并在句中做主语。关系代词that不能引导非限制性定语从句的。
2.patches
【解析】考查名词。名词patch小块，补丁；本句中该词的复数形式做动词develop的宾语。句意：四岁的时候她开始长出一块又一块的白色皮肤并被诊断为白癜风。
3.was diagnosed
【解析】考查固定短语。短语be diagnosed with…被诊断为…；该短语在句中和started to…构成并列谓语。句意：四岁的时候她开始长出一块又一块的白色皮肤并被诊断为白癜风。
4.have
【解析】考查时态。本句是一个评价性的句子，所以要使用一般现在时。句意：没有人真正值得为什么有百分之一的人患上这种皮肤病。
5.the
【解析】考查冠词。定冠词the表示特指，不定冠词a/an表示泛指。本句中the way her skin looked特指她患上白癜风的皮肤看起来的样子。
6.would be
【解析】考查时态。因为被同学欺凌，她多次搬家，在16岁的时候离开了学校，在那时她决定要为自己的皮肤而骄傲。她在过去的时间决定未来要让自己对皮肤自豪，所以使用过去将来时。
7.posting
【解析】考查动名词。动词短语get down to开始认真做某事；其中的to是介词，后面要接动名词做宾语，所以本句使用动名词短语posting…做宾语。
8.that
【解析】考查强调句型。强调句型的基本结构为It is/was被强调成分that/who其它成分；其最大的特点就是去掉it is/was…that/who…句子仍然成立。要注意强调句型能强调除谓语动词以为的所有的句子成分。本句强调的是时间状语while she was doing that。横线处使用that与it was构成强调句型。
9.professional
【解析】考查形容词。形容词professional职业的；专业的；该词在句中作定语修饰名词name。
10.by
【解析】考查固定短语。短语little by little逐渐地；逐渐地她慢慢改变了人们对美的理解。
Cloze 4
【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。介绍了广告不仅仅是一种让人们购买物品的工具，它也是文化、社会和历史的窗口。
1.living
【解析】考查现在分词。句意：事实上，生活在城市里的普通人每天看到成千上万的广告是很正常的。分析句子可知，person与living在逻辑上是主动关系，所以用现在分词。故填 living 。
2.as
【解析】考查介词。句意：然而，广告不仅仅是一种让人们购买物品的工具，它也是文化、社会和历史的窗口。serve as “ 充当,起作用”为固定短语。故填 as。
3.the
【解析】考查冠词。句意：现代广告在18世纪和19世纪开始出现，因为印刷技术的进步允许在报纸和杂志上制作更详细的图片。世纪前加定冠词the。故填the 。
4.to be produced
【解析】考查动词不定式。句意：现代广告在18世纪和19世纪开始出现，因为印刷技术的进步允许在报纸和杂志上制作更详细的图片。分析句子可知，allow为谓语动词且涉及allow sb/sth to do sth “允许某人/某物做某事”的用法。 detailed images 与produce在逻辑上是被动关系。所以用to be produced。 故填to be produced 。
5.is
【解析】考查主谓一致。句意：看一看这些早期的广告，就像倒退一步回到另一个时代。分析句子可知，句子为一般现在时。主语为“Looking at some of these early ads”为动名词做主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数。故填is 。
6.promised
【解析】考查一般过去时。句意：例如，1881年的一则法国香烟广告承诺其产品将“立即缓解包括呼吸问题在内的一系列疾病。分析句子可知，句子为一般过去时，主语为1881 advert for French cigarettes，谓语为promised。故填promised 。
7.their
【解析】考查代词。句意：1955年美国的一则广告建议母亲们将含糖的软饮料和婴儿的牛奶混合起来。their为形容词性物主代词后接名词 baby's milk。故填 their。
8.effects
【解析】考查名词复数。句意：当然，现在吸烟和含糖饮料的有害影响是众所周知的。effect为可数名词，根据句意，这里指的吸烟和含糖饮料的有害影响。所以用复数形式。故填effects 。
9.unusual
【解析】考查形容词。句意：但是，尽管这些广告在我们现在看来很不寻常。seem为半系动词后接形容词作表语，根据句意，所以填usual的反义词unusual。故填unusual 。
10.what
【解析】考查连接词。句意：人们认为，广告往往可以作为社会当时认为可以接受并且受欢迎的指示物。分析句子可知，for后接宾语从句作宾语。宾语从句中，consider缺少宾语，根据句意，用what作consider的宾语。故填what。