2021新课标名师导学高考英语译林版第一轮总复习讲义：书面表达造句夯基





造 句 夯 基　　【p201】

　　　　【p201】
1．简单句的五种基本结构。
学写文章，先学造句。学英语造句，从简单句开始是个办法。所谓简单句，就是只含有一个简单主谓结构的句子。下面是我们简单句的五种基本结构。
(1)主＋谓结构
The car stopped.
Tom died.
The boy works hard.
这类句子的谓语动词大多是不及物动词。
(2)主＋系＋表结构
He is a teacher.
The dish smells good.
It looks fine.
这类句子的谓语动词是连系动词。连系动词的主要功能是：
①表存在。如：be, remain, etc.
②表持续。如：continue, keep, stay, etc.
③表感知。如：appear, look, seem, feel, sound, smell, taste, etc.
④表发展变化。如：become, come, get, go, grow, turn, etc.
(3)主＋谓＋宾结构
They enjoy the play.
The students study English.
这类句子的谓语动词是及物动词，对其后的宾语起支配作用。
(4)主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾结构
①Father gave me some money.⇒Father gave some money to me.
这类句子中有两个宾语：直接宾语和间接宾语。一般说来，间接宾语指人，直接宾语指物。这种双宾语式的结构通常可换成介词结构。与give类似的动词常有：allow, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, promise, refuse, return, show, take, tell, throw, write, etc.
②Mother bought me a book. ⇒Mother bought a book for me.
与buy类似的动词常有：book, cook, fetch, find, get, keep, make, order, pay, read, save, spare, etc.
(5)主＋谓＋宾＋宾补结构
I found the apple sweat.
We made him monitor.
He found the teacher out.
He feels everything in good condition.
Mother told me to see grandparents.
Father let me go to see the film.
Someone saw the boy wandering in the street.
The man had the window broken.
这类句子中的宾语补足语可以是：形容词；名词；副词；介词短语；不定式；不定式省to；现在分词；过去分词。
能在这类句子中做谓语的动词有：表示感官的feel, find, hear, notice, observe, see, watch; 表示使役的get, have, let, leave, make以及help, want, believe, think, suppose, etc.
学会了简单句，也就学会了最基本的表达方式。从学习简单句的过程中，体会到学会动词的使用至关重要——动词决定句型。因此要在动词学习上狠下功夫。
2．there be 结构。
学习造句，自然就会接触到又一个常用句型：“there be...”结构。这里的“there”被称为引导词，be表“存在”的意义，成了实义动词。常译成“某时某地有什么”的句式。这个句型简单易学，对于我们初学写作的人特别有用。使用时要注意以下几点：
(1)主谓要保持数的一致
若作语法分析，这种句型属于一种倒装句。there是引导词，不做成分，be是谓语动词，紧跟其后的名词做句子的主语。be用单数还是复数，由最接近它的那个名词(即主语)决定。
例如：
There is a computer in that office.
There are many books in the desk.
There is a telephone and many textbooks on the desk.
There are many books and a telephone on the desk.
(2)there be结构可以采用多种时态形式及各类情态动词
例如：
There was a meeting at the club yesterday.
There is going to be a football match this afternoon.
There will be a good rice harvest this year.
There has not been any rain for some days.
There may be another heavy rain tonight.
There must be something wrong in their country.
There used to be a cinema here.
(3)除了be之外，there be结构还可以用其他动词
例如：
Once upon a time there lived a king in China.
There came a bus then.
There flows a river around the village.
There flies a flag on the top of the building.
　　【p201】
一、汉译英。
1．会议将持续两个小时。
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2．一切看来都不同了。
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3．我收到了笔友从澳大利亚寄来的信。
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4．请把那本字典递给我好吗？
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5．他每个月理一次发。
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6．这事好像有点儿不大对头。
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[答案]
1．The meeting will last two hours.
2．Everything looks different.
3．I received a letter from my pen pal in Australia.
4．Would you please pass me the dictionary?
5．He has his hair cut every month.
6．There seems to be something wrong about it.
二、连词成句(陈述句)。
1．tree / the / has / taller / than / much / before / grown
　
　
2．kind / this / tastes / of / delicious / food
　
　
3．plans / in / May / Day / she / to / the / coming / travel
　
　
4．I / don't / know / I / next / should / what / do
　
　
5．bought / her / a / dictionary / for / father / her / a / as / present / birthday
　
　
6．parents / my / money / leave / some / me
　
　
7．father / to / street / told / not / in / his / play / him / the
　
　
8．should / you / room / tidy / keep / the / clean / and
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9．there / who / clothes / an / emperor/ cared / lived / more / for
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10．comes / the / there / at / door / a / knock
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[答案]
1．The tree has grown much taller than before.
2．This kind of food tastes delicious.
3．She plans to travel in the coming May Day.
4．I don't know what I should do next.
5．Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present.
6．My parents leave me some money.
7．His father told him not to play in the street.
8．You should keep the room clean and tidy.
9．There lived an emperor who cared more for clothes.
10．There comes a knock at the door.
三、改写句子结构，使句子原意不变(用介词for/ to或删除介词for / to)。
1．Robinson Crusoe made himself a boat.
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2．My father has bought me a new bike.
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3．This term I have written my parents three letters.
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4．Mary handed the wallet to the schoolmaster.
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5．Will you please get a new copy for me?
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6．Mother cooks breakfast for us every day.
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7．He did me a big favor.
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8．He paid the shopkeeper some money.
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9．He sold all his books to me.
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10．The waiter brought a bottle of beer to the man.
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[答案]
1．Robinson Crusoe made a boat for himself.
2．My father has bought a new bike for me.
3．This term I have written three letters to my parents.
4．Mary handed the schoolmaster the wallet.
5．Will you please get me a new copy?
6．Mother cooks us breakfast every day.
7．He did a big favor for me.
8．He paid some money to the shopkeeper.
9．He sold me all his books.
10．The waiter brought the man a bottle of beer.
　　　　【p202】
语言是丰富多彩的。人们讲话不可能每句都是一个主谓结构，即不可能将一个简单句用到底，只不过是在认识简单句的基本结构之后，就找到了一块遣词造句的敲门砖。
下面让我们探讨一下句子的扩大方式，首先不妨从分析和拓展句子成分入手。
1．主语的扩展
He is right.(代词做主语)
The student is right.(名词做主语)
His words/actions are right.(带定语的名词做主语)
His saying/doing like that is right.(动名词的复合结构做主语)
It is right for him to say/do that.(真正的主语是不定式结构)
It is right that he says/does that.(that从句做主语)
What he says/does is right.(wh­从句做主语)
以上七句话的意思差不多，但主语的形式却有差异。写作时可以结合上下文及整个文体表达的需要选用不同的表达方式。
2．表语的扩展
Those who helped the old man are students.(名词做表语)
Where he lives is excellent.(形容词做表语)
He was in the office that morning.(介词短语做表语)
Seeing is believing.(动名词做表语)
They seem to have come here.(不完式做表语)
What he says is what he does.(wh­从句做表语)
His advice is that you should study English well.(that从句做表语)
That is how he studies English.(wh­从句做表语)
3．宾语的扩展
She is expecting a test result.(名词做宾语)
They won't hurt us.(代词做宾语)
Does he really mean to leave home？(不定式做宾语)
He stopped smoking last month.(动名词做宾语)
Does Tom understand what I mean？(wh­从句做宾语)
I told him that he should come at once.(双宾语中可能有从句做直接宾语)
注：(1)接不定式做宾语的动词主要有：agree，ask，afford，decide，determine，expect，fail，hope，happen，long，manage，offer，promise，want，wish，etc.
(2)接动名词做宾语的动词主要有advise，admit，avoid，appreciate，enjoy，escape，excuse，finish，imagine，keep，mind，miss，practise，risk，resist，stop，suggest，etc.及以介词结尾的短语动词。
(3)如果不定式、动名词短语或从句做宾语而又带有宾语补足语，则须用it做形式宾语，置于谓语动词与宾补之间，而将真宾语to do/v­ing短语或宾语从句置于句末。形成“主语＋谓语＋it＋宾补＋to do/v­ing/从句”句型。这类句型的谓语动词主要有：think，believe，suppose，consider，take，make, etc.
例如：I think it important for us to study English well.
I suppose it no use saying that again.
I believe it necessary that you should respect your parents.
4．主谓结构加状语
The car stopped just now.
The car immediately stopped.
The car stopped at the gate.
The car stopped when the policeman went up.
一般来说，句子中的状语，要么修饰谓语动词，要么修饰整个句子。其位置比较灵活，可置于被修饰的结构之前，亦可置于之后。
5．在句子中加定语
The dish (over) there smells good.(副词做定语)
The dish on the table smells good.(介词短语做定语)
The dish lying on the table smells good.(现在分词短语做定语)
The dish placed on the table smells good.(过去分词短语做定语)
The dish being cooked smells good.(现在分词做定语)
The dish Mother cooked smells good.(从句做定语)
The vegetarian dish smells good.(形容词做定语)
值得注意的是定语的位置很重要。单个的词做定语，置于被修饰的名词之前，这和汉语一样；而副词，从句，及各种短语做定语，要置于被修饰的名词之后，这些就和汉语不同。
6．学会用并列结构扩大句子
The truck is not new but in good condition.
Both the students and the teachers are going to the theater.
Either you come in or go out，don't be in the way.
Go forward steadily，looking neither left nor right.
On the one hand，he doesn't like the job.But on the other hand，he can't get a better one.So the boy is not happy.
Our teachers are experienced as well as intelligent.
高中阶段学过不少的并列连词及词组。如果能恰当地用来写好并列句，将会给自己的习作扩容不小。例如：
and，also，as well as，both...and...，either...or...，not only...but also...，neither...nor...，besides，but for，on the one hand...on the other hand，therefore，while，etc.
　　【p203】
一、根据中文意思，补全句子。
1．弄丢了那条昂贵的项链让玛丽非常难过。
________ ________ ________ ________ made Mary very sad.
2．什么时候开会还不知道。
________ ________ ________ ________ ________ is unknown.
3．我今天感觉好多了。
I feel ________ ________ today.
4．病人脱险了。
The patient is ________ ________ ________.
5．他设法逃避惩罚。
He tried to escape ________ ________.
6．他们没有宣布会议在哪里召开。
They haven't ________ ________ ________ where the meeting is to take place.
7．他常常坐在我院礼堂的前排。
He often sits ________ ________ ________ ________ in our assembly hall.
8．因为下雨运动会被推迟了。
The game was postponed ________ ________ ________.
9．那个穿黑衣服的男人是我们的物理老师，布朗先生。
The man ________ ________ is Mr.Brown，our physics teacher.
10．我们没有什么好担心的。
We have nothing ________ ________ ________.
[答案]
1．Losing the expensive necklace
2．When to have the meeting
3．much better
4．out of danger
5．being punished
6．made it known
7．in the front row
8．because of rain
9．in black
10．to worry about
二、按括号内提供的词或词组，合成一个句子。
1．Fans waited outside the gym for three hours. They had a look at the sports stars.(so that)
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2．My cousin came to see me. She brought me a full basket of fresh fruits.(and)
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3．John was faced with a bill for $10，000. He has taken an extra job.(as)
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4．The room is very big.It can hold a lot of people.(so...that...)
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5．The girl is very young.She can't dress herself.(too...to...)
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6．You're going to go to bed late.You will get up late.(if)
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7．He has been working for four hours.He is very tired now.(so)
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8．Jane must be very disappointed.She didn't pass the driving test again.(because)
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9．She will leave.I will leave.(not only...but also...)
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10．Jonson's mother didn't speak English.Jonson's father didn't speak English.(neither...nor...)
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[答案]
1．Fans waited outside the gym for three hours so that they had a look at the sports stars.
2．My cousin came to see me and brought me a full basket of fresh fruits.
3．As he was faced with a bill for $10，000, John has taken an extra job.
4．The room is so big that it can hold a lot of people.
5．The girl is too young to dress herself.
6．If you go to bed late，you will get up late.
7．He has been working for four hours so he is very tired now.
8．Jane must be very disappointed because she didn't pass the driving test again.
9．Not only she but also I will leave.
10．Neither Jonson 's mother nor Jonson 's father spoke English.
　　【p204】
学生对英语的学习及驾驭能力体现在有限的知识范围内可以最大限度地调动各种手法把句子写活，使文章生动。仔细阅读下列各组句子，品味同一个意思用多种表达方式所产生的语言效果。
1．运用丰富多彩的词汇。例如：
她英文很好。
She knows English very well.
She has a good command of English.
She has a good knowledge of English.
她对集邮很感兴趣。
She is very interested in collecting stamps.
She takes a great interest in collecting stamps.
我们在回家的路上遇上了大雨。
It rained hard on our way home.
We were caught in hard rain on the way home.
The heavy rain kissed us on the way home.
2.运用多样化的句式。例如：
昨天下午他5：00才回来。
He came here at 5 p．m. yesterday.
He did not come here until 5 p．m. yesterday.
Not until 5 p．m.did he come here yesterday.
It was not until 5 p．m.that he came here yesterday.
3．结合丰富的词汇及多样化的句式。例如：
(1)下班以后，他匆忙回家。
He hurried to leave his office for his home after work.
After work，he left his office，hurrying home.
As soon as he finished his work，he left his office and hurried home.
The moment he finished his task，he went home in a hurry.
Having accomplished his task，he arrived home hurriedly.
After he completed his task，he got home in a hurried way.
(2)昨天他生病了，没有上学。
①用并列句
He was ill so he didn't go to school yesterday.
He was not quite himself yesterday so he didn't attend the class.
He fell ill and therefore he failed to attend the class yesterday.
②用定语从句
The reason why he was absent from class yesterday was that he was ill.
③用状语从句
He was so badly sick that he failed to go to school yesterday.
He suffered from such an illness that he didn't come to class yesterday.
He was absent from class yesterday because he got sick.
As he was ill yesterday，he failed to go to school.
④用名词性从句
That he didn't attend the class yesterday resulted from his illness.
It resulted from his illness that he didn't go to school yesterday.
His illness showed/suggested that he couldn't go to school yesterday.
The fact that he failed to attend the class yesterday was that he fell ill.
That reason why he was absent from class yesterday was that he fell ill.
⑤用非谓语动词
He was too sick to attend the class yesterday.
His being sick led to his absence from class yesterday.
His not attending the class was in that he was ill.
His being unable to attend the class yesterday was due to his illness.
Being ill，he was absent from class yesterday.
⑥用各种短语
His illness prevented/kept/stopped him from attending the class yesterday.
His being sick led to his absence from class yesterday.
His absence from class yesterday resulted from (his) being ill.
It came from his illness that he missed his class yesterday.
His illness resulted in his failing to attend the class yesterday.
He missed his class yesterday for his illness.
His failure to come to class yesterday was due to his illness.
Because of/Owing to his illness，he failed to attend the class.
But for his sickness，he would have attended the class yesterday.
With his sickness，he missed the class yesterday.
⑦用特殊句型
It was his illness that cost him not to attend the class yesterday.
It was because of his illness that he failed to go to school yesterday.
It was because he was in poor health that he failed to go to school yesterday.
Had he not been ill，he would have attended the class yesterday.
Only because he fell ill did he fail to go to school yesterday.
　　【p204】
一、用所给提示翻译句子。
1．我发现这里的食物美味又便宜。(both...and...)
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2．我同桌认为学英语的最佳方法是通过大声朗读。(the best way to do...)
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3．看来没有人知道这件事。(seem)
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4．大多数年轻人都想为自己的梦想而努力工作。(would like)
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5．务必在六点之前完成所有的工作。(be sure to...)
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6．无论我说什么，他总是不同意。(whatever)
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7．玛丽喜欢流行音乐胜过古典音乐。(prefer...to...)
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8．我离开家乡已十年了。(since)
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9．这是他第一次用英语写作。(It is/was the first time...that...)
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10．政府有必要对这个问题采取措施。(It is adj. for sb.to do sth.)
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[答案]
1．I find the food here is both delicious and cheap.
2．My deskmate thinks the best way to learn English is by reading aloud.
3．It seems nobody knows this thing.
4．Most of teenagers would like to work hard for their dreams.
5．Be sure to finish all the work by six o'clock.
6．Whatever I say，he always disagrees.
7．Mary prefers pop music to classical music.
8．It has been ten years since I left my hometown.
9．It is the first time that he has written in English.
10．It is necessary for the government to move on the problem.
二、句型转换。
1．I get up at six thirty every day.(用yesterday morning替代every day)
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2．My sister is thirty__kilos．(对划线部分提问)
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3．Are they American cars? (改为单数)
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4．The policeman caught the thief.(改为过去进行时)
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5．I get to the shopping centre by__bus．(对划线部分进行提问)
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6．It always rains in summer there.(改为一般疑问句，并作肯定回答)
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7．Do you like spring? (加上winter 改为选择疑问句)
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8．It is a fine day today.(改为感叹句)
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9．They are going to see__a__film tomorrow.(对划线部分提问)
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10．He did his homework in the classroom.(改为否定句)
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[答案]
1．I got up at six thirty yesterday morning.
2．What is your sister's weight?
3．Is it an American car?
4．The policeman was catching the thief.
5．How do you get to the shopping centre?
6．Does it always rain in summer there? Yes，it does.
7．Which season do you like，spring or winter?
8．What a fine day today!
9．What are they going to do tomorrow?
10．He didn't do his homework in the classroom.
三、按要求将两个句子合并为一个句子。
1．I live in the room.The windows of the room face south.(含定语从句)
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2．My grandfather told us many stories.These stories are very interesting.(含定语从句)
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3．Who is the boy? The boy is sitting in the centre of the first row.(含定语从句)
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4．The woman is our literature teacher.You saw a woman the other day.(含定语从句)
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5．It won't rain tomorrow.I will go fishing tomorrow.(含状语从句)
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6．The flight is delayed by the storm.The flight has to be rescheduled.(含状语从句)
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7．You call me to say you're not coming.I'll see you at the theatre.(含状语从句)
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8．The situation is dangerous.There is still one possible way to keep away from the danger.(含状语从句)
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9．I don't care about it.Do you have money？(含宾语从句)
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10．When does the train leave？I want to know.(含宾语从句)
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11．Does Mr.White enjoy living in Shanghai？Could you tell us？(含宾语从句)
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________________________________________________________________________12.I'm not sure.Why did she refuse their invitation？(含宾语从句)
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13．What's the important thing? It's what you do，but not what you say.(含表语从句)
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14．What's your question? Who will take over president of the Foundation？(含表语从句)
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15．She fails to get on well with her classmates at school.That is her biggest problem.(含表语从句)
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16．Where does he come from？What is the question？(含表语从句)
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17．Who will go? It is not important.(含表语从句)
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18．How will the book sell? It depends on its author.(含主语从句)
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19．We need money.It is quite clear.(含主语从句)
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20．Can the car be used? It has not been known yet.(含主语从句)
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21．We heard the news.Our team had won.(含同位语从句)
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22．Do you know the measures? We can do with these waste materials.(含同位语从句)
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23．They are arguing about the issue.The issue is whether we can clone human beings.(含同位语从句)
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24．Everyone should believe the idea.The idea is that nature should never be destroyed.(含同位语从句)
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25．She has made a promise.The promise is that she will make experiments on cloning bison.(含同位语从句)
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[答案]
1．I live in the room whose windows face south.
2．My grandfather told us many stories which / that are very interesting.
3．Who is the boy that is sitting in the centre of the first row?
4．The woman whom you saw the other day is our literature teacher.
5．If it doesn't rain tomorrow，I will go fishing.
6．Because the flight is delayed by the storm，it has to be rescheduled.
7．Unless you call me to say you are not coming，I'll see you at the theatre.
8．Although the situation is dangerous，there is still one possible way to keep away from the danger.
9．I don't care about whether you have money or not.
10．I want to know when the train leaves.
11．Could you tell us if/whether Mr.White enjoys living in Shanghai?
12．I'm not sure why she refused their invitation.
13．The important thing is what you do，but not what you say.
14．My question is who will take over president of the Foundation.
15．Her biggest problem is that she fails to get on well with her classmates at school.
16．The question is where he comes from.
17．It is not important who will go.
18．How the book will sell depends on its author.
19．That we need money is quite clear. / It is quite clear that we need money.
20．Whether the car can be used has not been known yet. / It has not been known whether the car can be used yet.
21．We heard the news that our team had won.
22．Do you know the measures that we can do with these waste materials?
23．They are arguing about the issue whether we can clone human beings.
24．Everyone should believe the idea that nature should never be destroyed.
25．She has made a promise that she will make experiments on cloning bison.