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2020届新高考英语二轮教师用书：第二板块专题一第二部分第3讲主旨大意题
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第三讲 主旨大意题
[整体感知·明方向]
主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的题目，因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。此类题目可分为三大类，即标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。要做好主旨大意题，我们首先必须了解其正确选项和干扰选项的特征。
常见设问方式
1．标题归纳题
The best title of the passage is ________.
Which of the following is the best title of the passage?
What would be the best title for the passage?
The most appropriate title of the passage is ________.
2．文章大意题
What's the main idea/point of the passage?
The passage is mainly about ________.
What is the text mainly about?
The general/main idea of the passage is about ________.
3．段落大意题
What does the author tell us in Paragraph...?
The main idea of the second paragraph probably is ________.
The first paragraph is mainly about ________.
Which of the following can best summarize Par.1？
正确选项特征
干扰选项特征
1.涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。
2.确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。
3.精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。
1.过于笼统，不知所云
所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容。
2.以偏概全，主次不分
所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词为选项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。
3.移花接木，偷换概念
所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上，若不留神，极易选错答案。
4.无中生有，生搬硬套
所给选项的关键词语虽然在文章中谈到了，但经过仔细阅读分析之后，发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。
[分类例析·通技法]
标题归纳题
◆[解题攻略]
理解标题的3大特点，巧用3大方法确定文章标题
一个好的标题应具备三大特点：
1．概括——准确而又简短；
2．针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符；
3．醒目——能引发读者的阅读欲望。
因此有必要掌握以下三大方法：
1．正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；
2．反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文章对照，一一排除不符选项；
3．研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等。
◆[典例](2019·全国卷Ⅱ，阅读D)Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms(微生物)from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station，so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week.How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem？It's turning to a bunch of high school kids.But not just any kids.It is depending on NASA HUNCH high school classrooms，like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport，New York.
HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers.For the past two years，Gordon's students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity，and they think they're close to a solution(解决方案)．“We don't give the students any breaks.They have to do it just like NASA engineers，”says Florence Gold，a project manager.
“There are no tests，”Gordon says.“There is no graded homework.There almost are no grades，other than‘Are you working towards your goal？’Basically，it's ‘I've got to produce this product and then，at the end of the year，present it to NASA.’Engineers come and really do an inperson review，and ...it's not a very nice thing at times.It's a hard business review of your product.”
Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact(影响)on college admissions and practical life skills.“These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back.I don't teach.”And that annoying bacteria？Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem，readying a workable solution to test in space.
35．What is the best title for the text?
A．NASA：The Home of Astronauts
B．Space：The Final Homework Frontier
C．Nature：An Outdoor Classroom
D．HUNCH：A College Admission Reform
[解题思路]
[第一步] 读文章，概括文意
本文讲述了美国国家航空航天局创办了一个名为HUNCH的项目，一群高中生在项目中研究如何杀死国际空间站的细菌。
[第二步] 析选项，斟酌判断
A
NASA：宇航员的家
文中虽提到有关NASA方面的内容，但这不是文章主要内容。
以偏概全，主次不分
B
太空：高中生前沿研究
Space对应太空研究，Final Homework对应高中教育，Frontier突出了领先性
涵盖性强，覆盖全文
C
大自然：一个课外教室
并不聚焦太空领域
无中生有
D
HUNCH：大学入学改革
HUNCH主要是太空研究
无中生有
[答案] B
文章大意题
◆[解题攻略]
掌握寻找主题句的4个小窍门，快速确定文章大意
文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思想服务的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心的基础上的。找出每小段的主题句，各段的主题句常在该段的首句或尾句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要进一步加工概括。观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的“重心”和支撑性细节。 用浏览法(skimming)，即快速阅读文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主题线索和主题信息的方法可以快速找到主题句。 以下是找主题句的四个小窍门：
1．段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however，but，in fact，actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。
2．首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。
3．作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。
4．表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore，thus，in short，conclude，conclusion等词。
◆[典例](2019·全国卷Ⅱ，阅读C)Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach's Bar Louie counter by herself，quietly reading her ebook as she waits for her salad.What is she reading？None of your business！Lunch is Bechtel's “me” time.And like more Americans，she's not alone.
A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America.More than half(53 percent)have breakfast alone and nearly half (46 percent)have lunch by themselves.Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore,74 percent，according to statistics from the report.
“I prefer to go out and be out.Alone，but together，you know？”Bechtel said，looking up from her book.Bechtel，who works in downtown West Palm Beach，has lunch with coworkers sometimes，but like many of us，too often works through lunch at her desk.A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder.She returns to work feeling energized.“Today，I just wanted some time to myself，”she said.
Just two seats over，Andrew Mazoleny，a local videographer，is finishing his lunch at the bar.He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom he's on a firstname basis if he wants to have a little interaction(交流)．“I reflect on how my day's gone and think about the rest of the week，”he said.“It's a chance for selfreflection.You return to work recharged and with a plan.”
That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone.There was a time when people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one，but those days are over.Now，we have our smartphones to keep us company at the table.“It doesn't feel as alone as it may have before all the advances in technology，”said Laurie Demeritt，whose company provided the statistics for the report.
31．What is the text mainly about?
A．The trend of having meals alone.
B．The importance of selfreflection.
C．The stress from working overtime.
D．The advantage of wireless technology.
[解题思路]
[第一步] 读文章，概括文意
本文主要讲述了现如今，在美国，越来越多的人选择自己吃饭，他们希望以此争取一些自己独立的时间。本文侧重培养学生的文化意识。
[第二步] 析选项，斟酌判断
A
独自吃饭的趋势，本文都是围绕eat alone展开。
涵盖性强，覆盖全文
B
自我反省的重要性文中没有提到
无中生有，生搬硬套
C
加班带来的压力文中有提到，但不是本文的重点
以偏概全，主次不分
D
无线科技的优点，文中没有提到
无中生有，生搬硬套
[答案] A
段落大意题
◆[解题攻略]
归纳段落大意的2种方法
[方法1] 概括段落大意
要准确概括某段的大意，务必要知道该段的逻辑结构。
(1)如果该段是按总分顺序组织，首句做总的说明，其他句子对其进行具体论述，这种结构的主题句就在段首；
(2)如果按分总顺序组织，主题句就在段尾；
(3)如果按分总分的顺序组织，则主题句就在这段话的中间；
(4)如果按总分总的顺序，段落结构相对难度较低，我们可以很明显的看到一段的首句和末句的内容几乎完全一致，正确答案就呼之欲出了；
(5)如果按并列式行文，这种结构的段落一般会在一段中讨论两个平行的内容，整个段落可以从中间处分开，前后是平行关系，这样的段落结构对应的答案通常也会是很明显的并列关系；
(6)如果对比各事物，那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意。
[方法2] 揣摩段落大意
有时，作者可能不直接写出主题句，而是通过各种方法暗示给读者，这就需要充分发挥读者的想象力与判断力，揣摩段落大意。
◆[典例](2019·江苏卷Ⅱ，阅读B节选)Most of us，when we talk about volcanoes，think of the classic cone(圆锥体)shapes of a Fuji or Kilimanjaro，which are created when erupting magma(岩浆)piles up.These can form remarkably quickly.In 1943，a Mexican farmer was surprised to see smoke rising from a small part of his land.In one week he was the confused owner of a cone five hundred feet high.Within two years it had topped out at almost fourteen hundred feet and was more than half a mile across.Altogether there are some ten thousand of these volcanoes on Earth，all but a few hundred of them extinct.There is，however，a second less known type of volcano that doesn't involve mountain building.These are volcanoes so explosive that they burst open in a single big crack，leaving behind a vast hole，the caldera.Yellowstone obviously was of this second type，but Christiansen couldn't find the caldera anywhere.
59．What does the second paragraph mainly talk about?
A．The shapes of volcanoes.
B．The impacts of volcanoes.
C．The activities of volcanoes.
D．The heights of volcanoes.
[解题思路]
[第一步] 读文章，概括段意
本段主要讲述了两种火山的形状。
[第二步] 析选项，斟酌判断
A
火山的形状
A项是对本段内容的精炼概括和总结。
涵盖性强，覆盖全段
B
火山的影响
本段没有提到
无中生有，生搬硬套
C
火山的活动
本段确实说到了火山的活动，但不是本段主流。
以偏概全，主次不分
D
火山的高度
本段只提到一句，无足轻重
以偏概全，主次不分
[答案] A
[小题夯基练]
1．Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks.His strange habit makes sense when you consider that he's an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter，including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road.What is even more interesting is that one of Stein's jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bag.
Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year.So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts(收银台)．The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California，including Los Angeles.Eyeing these headwinds，plasticbag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.
Among the bag makers' argument；many cities with bans still allow shoppers to purchase paper bags，which are easily recycled but require more energy to produce and transport.And while plastic bags may be ugly to look at，they represent a small percentage of all garbage on the ground today.
The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement：reusable shopping bags.The stronger a reusable bag is，the longer its life and the more plasticbag use it cancels out.However，longerlasting reusable bags often require more energy to make.One study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic.
Environmentalists don't dispute(质疑)these points.They hope paper bags will be banned someday too and want shoppers to use the same reusable bags for years.
Q：What is the best title for the text?
A．Plastic，Paper or Neither
B．Industry，Pollution and Environment
C．Recycle or Throw Away
D．Garbage Collection and Waste Control
解析：A [根据最后一段中的内容可知，本文主要讲述了塑料袋和可重复使用纸袋的利弊。故选A。]
2．The Sahara Festival is a celebration of the very recent past.The threeday event is not fixed to the same dates each year，but generally takes place in November or December.It is well attended by tourists，but even better attended by locals.
During the opening ceremonies，after the official greetings from the government leaders，people who attend the festival begin to march smartly before the viewing stands，and white camels transport their riders across the sands.Horsemen from different nations display their beautiful clothes and their fine horsemanship.One following another，groups of musicians and dancers from all over the Sahara take their turn to show off their wonderful traditional culture.Groups of men in blue and yellow play horns and beat drums as they dance in different designs.On their knees in the sand，a group of women in long dark dresses dance with their hair：their long，dark，shiny hair is thrown back and forth in the wind to the rhythm of their dance.
…
Q：This passage mainly tells readers ________.
A．what happens on the opening day of the Sahara Festival
B．how people celebrate during the threeday Sahara Festival
C．what takes place at the closing ceremonies of the Sahara Festival
D．how animals race on the first and the last days of the Sahara Festival
解析：A [从文中第二段第一句话“During the opening ceremonies，”可以看出，本文主要是介绍“撒哈拉节”开幕式上的活动。故选A。]
3．Handshaking，though a European practice is often seen in big cities of China.Nobody knows exactly when the practice started in Europe.It is said that long long ago in Europe when people met，they showed their unarmed(无武器的)hands to each other as a sign of goodwill.As time went on and trade in cities grew rapidly，people in cities began to clap each other's hands to make a deal or to reach an agreement.This practice was later changed into shaking hands among friends on meeting or leaving each other.“Let's shake (hands)on it”sometimes means agreement reached.
Do the Europeans shake hands wherever they go and with whomever they meet？No.Sometimes the Chinese abroad reach out their hands too often to be polite.It is really very impolite to give your hand when the other party，especially when it is a woman，shows little interest in shaking hands with you and when the meeting does not mean anything to him or her.Even if，for politeness，he holds out his unwilling hand in answer to your uninvited hand，just touch it slightly.There is generally a misunderstanding(误解)among the Chinese that westerners are usually open and straightforward，while the Chinese are rather reserved(保守的)in manner.But in fact some people in western countries more reserved than some Chinese today.So it is a good idea to shake hands with a westerner only when he shows interest in further relations with you.
Q：The first paragraph mainly tells us ________.
A．where handshaking was first practised
B．how handshaking came about
C．about the relationship between handshaking and trade
D．about the practice of handshaking both in Europe and in China
解析：B [在文章第一段说明了握手的来历。实际上也就是谈论握手是怎样产生的。故选B。]
[大题提能练]
A
(2020·石家庄市高三模拟一)A new“Magic Bench” designed by Disney Research lets you interact(互动)with lovely animated(动画的)characters—and no special glasses or earphones are required.Instead，the complete environment—the seat，the sitter and the cartoon characters—is mirrored on a screen opposite the bench making it possible for others to watch the scene unfold.
How does the illusion work？A camera and sensor catch images and gather depth information about physical objects—the bench and the person.And then a computer translates them into the 3D animations.Meanwhile sensors of touch built into the bench deliver shaking that is happening at the same time and speed to animated actions on the screen，creating the illusion that the animated figures are occupying realworld space next to the user.
“Our goal for this project was：hear characters coming，see them enter the space，and feel them sit next to you，”said Moshe Mahler，principal digital artist at Disney Research.Unlike the traditional mobile technology，one of whose limitations is that only a single user can see its illusion，the Magic Bench allows groups of people to gather in a single environment and collectively participate in an augmented reality(扩充实境)experience，all at the same time.
In a video show，a small cartoon donkey runs into view and kicks the bench，causing a sharp sound and making the seated person jump in surprise.Another test shows two people on the bench，reacting as they“feel” an animated rabbit skip up beside them and jump up and down.When a user passes his hand over the rabbit，a shadow moves across its head，as though it were occupying the same physical space as the person next to it.
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了迪斯尼公司设计的“Magic Bench”，它能使观众与卡通人物互动，该互动通过将座位、模特和卡通人物映在长椅对面的屏幕上，让观众更加身临其境。
1．What does the Magic Bench need to work properly?
A．Special glasses.
B．Earphones.
C．A mirror.
D．A screen.
解析：D [考查细节理解。根据第一段第二句“Instead，the complete environment—the seat，the sitter and the cartoon characters—is mirrored on a screen opposite the bench making it possible for others to watch the scene unfold”可知，屏幕是该互动技术所需要的，故D项正确。]
2．What does the underlined word“illusion”in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A．The shaking that is happening.
B．The 3D animations on the screen.
C．The figures about physical objects.
D．The interaction with animated figures.
解析：D [考查词义猜测。根据第一段的内容，尤其是第一句中“lets you interact(互动)with lovely animated(动画的)characters”可知，这种方式让观众和可爱的动画人物互动；结合第二段第一句“How does the illusion work？”可知，该句提问这种和动画人物互动的技术是如何运作的，由此可推知，画线词是指“和动画人物的互动”，故D项正确。]
3．How is the Magic Bench different from the traditional technology?
A．Its fantasy can be seen only by a single user.
B．It is designed to create more animated characters.
C．It allows many people to experience the fantasy together.
D．Its user and the animated character occupy the same space.
解析：C [考查细节理解。根据第三段第二句“Unlike the traditional mobile technology，one of whose limitations is that only a single user can see its illusion，the Magic Bench allows groups of people to gather in a single environment and collectively participate in an augmented reality(扩充实境)experience，all at the same time”可知，与传统移动技术不同的是，传统移动技术的限制之一是只有一个用户可以看到这种互动，而Magic Bench允许一群人聚集在一个单独的环境中集体同时参与互动体验。故C项正确。]
4．Which is the best title of the text?
A．Magic Bench Puts You in the Picture
B．Audiences Become Cartoon Characters
C．Entertainment Industry Enters a New Stage
D．Disney's Cartoon Figures Come into Reality
解析：A [考查标题判断。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了迪斯尼公司设计的能使观众与卡通人物互动的“Magic Bench”，该互动通过将座位、模特和卡通人物映在长椅对面的屏幕上，让观众更加身临其境。故A项最适合作本文标题。]
B
(2020·昆明市高三质检)Fiveyearold Prisilla Perez，a student at Meador Elementary School in Willis，was unhappy with her recent haircut，which resulted from a severe disease.When students in her class started calling Prisilla a boy，she felt ashamed，often crying and losing focus in school.
Her teacher，Shannon Grimm，sympathized with her unhappiness.Grimm and Prisilla's mom were concerned，but their ideas didn't work.“We had classroom discussions about how girls have short hair and boys have long hair，and I showed them photos of movie stars with different looks，”Grimm said.“However，it wasn't sinking in.”
Grimm thought about Prisilla throughout the winter break，and one morning，she had an idea：Cut off her hair—a scary thought for Grimm，who wore her hair long and took pride in it.“I've never had short hair，and I stressed about it for two weeks before making a decision，”she said.On Jan.4，Grimm invited a hairstylist friend to her home.“I told him to keep going，even if I cried，”she said.
The class loved their teacher's new do，especially Prisilla，who excitedly ran off the school bus that afternoon yelling，“Mom，Ms.Grimm cut her hair！”The teacher also bought matching bows for herself and the girl，so they could style their hair together.
In February，the teacher recommended Prisilla for the school district's Student of the Month Award，but during the Monday ceremony，she received a surprise“hero medal”from the girl.“Now we have matching awards，”says Grimm.
Prisilla's mother，Maria，said that Grimm's thoughtfulness brought her to tears.“I was shocked.I was crying.I couldn't believe it—she did something I wouldn't have the bravery to do.I will never forget that.”
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了Grimm老师剪短头发以帮助学生Prisilla的故事。
5．Why was Prisilla unhappy at school?
A．She wasn't satisfied with her teacher.
B．She couldn't concentrate in class.
C．She was laughed at by her classmates.
D．She couldn't get on well with others.
解析：C [考查细节理解。根据第一段第二句“When students in her class started calling Prisilla a boy，she felt ashamed，often crying and losing focus in school”可知，Prisilla在学校不开心是因为她被同学嘲笑。]
6．What made Grimm have her own hair cut?
A．Praise from her students.
B．Devotion to her students.
C．Request of Prisilla's mother.
D．Suggestion from the hairstylist.
解析：B [考查推理判断。根据第三段的内容，尤其是“Grimm thought about Prisilla...she had an idea：Cut off her hair”可知，Prisilla因为是短头发而被同学嘲笑，为了安慰Prisilla，Grimm 老师决定把自己的头发剪短。由此可推知，Grimm老师出于对学生的关爱才剪短了头发。]
7．What can we know about Grimm?
A．She had her hair cut together with Prisilla.
B．She expressed her sincere thanks to her pupils.
C．She hesitated a lot before having her hair cut.
D．She won a gold medal for facing difficulties bravely.
解析：C [考查细节理解。根据第三段第二句中的“I've never had short hair，and I stressed about it for two weeks before making a decision”可知，Grimm 老师剪短头发之前很犹豫。]
8．What is the text mainly about?
A．How Grimm helped her student out.
B．What problem Prisilla had at school.
C．Why Prisilla won the Month Award.
D．When Grimm got her new hairstyle.
解析：A [考查主旨大意。通读全文可知，Prisilla因为是短头发而被同学嘲笑，她在学校很不开心，Grimm老师为了帮助、安慰她剪短了自已的头发，故A项正确。]
C
In the 1760s，Mathurin Roze opened a series of shops that boasted(享有)a special meat soup called consommé.Although the main attraction was the soup，Roze's chain shops also set a new standard for dining out，which helped to establish Roze as the inventor of the modern restaurant.
Today，scholars have generated large amounts of instructive research about restaurants.Take visual hints that influence what we eat：diners served themselves about 20 percent more pasta(意大利面食) when their plates matched their food.When a darkcolored cake was served on a black plate rather than a white one，customers recognized it as sweeter and more tasty.
Lighting matters，too.When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness，they couldn't tell how much they'd had；those given extralarge shares ate more than everyone else，but were none_the_wiser—they didn't feel fuller，and they were just as ready for dessert.
Time is money，but that principle means different things for different types of restaurants.Unlike fastfood places，fine dining shops prefer customers to stay longer and spend.One way to encourage customers to stay and order that extra round：put on some Mozart(莫扎特)．When classical，rather than pop music was playing，diners spent more.Fast music hurried diners out.Particular scents also have an effect：diners who got the scent of lavender(熏衣草)stayed longer and spent more than those who smelled lemon，or no scent.
Meanwhile，things that you might expect to discourage spending—“bad”tables，crowding，high prices—don't necessarily.Diners at bad tables—next to the kitchen door，say—spent nearly as much as others but soon fled.It can be concluded that restaurant keepers need not“be overly concerned about‘bad’tables，”given that they're profitable.As for crowds，a Hong Kong study found that they increased a restaurant's reputation，suggesting great food at fair prices.And doubling a buffet's price led customers to say that its pizza was 11 percent tastier.
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文，主要通过引入现代餐馆的鼻祖马蒂兰·罗兹制订的标准以及学者对于餐馆的研究来介绍现代餐馆在经营中影响食客消费的几个要素：视觉要素(餐具、灯光)、听觉要素(音乐)、嗅觉要素(气味)、其他要素(桌位、拥挤程度和价格)。本文旨在通过现代餐馆的经营理念，让考生了解西方现代餐馆的经营之道。
9．The underlined phrase“none the wiser”in Paragraph 3 most probably implies that the customers were ________.
A．not aware of eating more than usual
B．not willing to share food with others
C．not conscious of the food quality
D．not fond of the food provided
解析：A [词义猜测题。根据第三段中的“...those given extralarge shares ate more than everyone else，but were none_the_wiser—they didn't fell fuller...”可知，那些被给以大份饭菜的食客比其他人吃得多，但他们没觉得更饱，这说明在黑暗的就餐环境下，食客并不清楚自己多吃了多少，所以此处的none the wiser是“不清楚，不知道”之意。故选A项。]
10．How could a fine dining shop make more profit?
A．Playing classical music.
B．Introducing lemon scent.
C．Making the light brighter.
D．Using plates of larger size.
解析：A [细节理解题。根据第四段中的“when classical，rather than pop music was playing，diners spent more.”可知，当演奏古典音乐而不是流行音乐的时候，食客们会花更多的钱。spent more 就是对题干中make more profit的语意转化。故选A项。]
11．What does the last paragraph talk about?
A．Tips to attract more customers.
B．Problems restaurants are faced with.
C．Ways to improve restaurants' reputation.
D．Common misunderstandings about restaurants.
解析：D [段落大意题。根据最后一段首句中的“things that you might expect to discourage spending—‘bad’tables，crowding，high prices—don't necessarily”可知，你可能认为会打消你消费的念头的东西——位置“不好”的桌位、拥挤和价格高——未必如此(指在某些人看来，这些不利因素未必不会带来利润的增加)。由此可知，作者认为这些对于餐馆的常见观点是一种误解，故选D项。]
第三讲 主旨大意题
[整体感知·明方向]
主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的题目，因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。此类题目可分为三大类，即标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。要做好主旨大意题，我们首先必须了解其正确选项和干扰选项的特征。
常见设问方式
1．标题归纳题
The best title of the passage is ________.
Which of the following is the best title of the passage?
What would be the best title for the passage?
The most appropriate title of the passage is ________.
2．文章大意题
What's the main idea/point of the passage?
The passage is mainly about ________.
What is the text mainly about?
The general/main idea of the passage is about ________.
3．段落大意题
What does the author tell us in Paragraph...?
The main idea of the second paragraph probably is ________.
The first paragraph is mainly about ________.
Which of the following can best summarize Par.1？
正确选项特征
干扰选项特征
1.涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。
2.确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。
3.精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。
1.过于笼统，不知所云
所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容。
2.以偏概全，主次不分
所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词为选项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。
3.移花接木，偷换概念
所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上，若不留神，极易选错答案。
4.无中生有，生搬硬套
所给选项的关键词语虽然在文章中谈到了，但经过仔细阅读分析之后，发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。
[分类例析·通技法]
标题归纳题
◆[解题攻略]
理解标题的3大特点，巧用3大方法确定文章标题
一个好的标题应具备三大特点：
1．概括——准确而又简短；
2．针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符；
3．醒目——能引发读者的阅读欲望。
因此有必要掌握以下三大方法：
1．正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；
2．反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文章对照，一一排除不符选项；
3．研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等。
◆[典例](2019·全国卷Ⅱ，阅读D)Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms(微生物)from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station，so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week.How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem？It's turning to a bunch of high school kids.But not just any kids.It is depending on NASA HUNCH high school classrooms，like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport，New York.
HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers.For the past two years，Gordon's students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity，and they think they're close to a solution(解决方案)．“We don't give the students any breaks.They have to do it just like NASA engineers，”says Florence Gold，a project manager.
“There are no tests，”Gordon says.“There is no graded homework.There almost are no grades，other than‘Are you working towards your goal？’Basically，it's ‘I've got to produce this product and then，at the end of the year，present it to NASA.’Engineers come and really do an inperson review，and ...it's not a very nice thing at times.It's a hard business review of your product.”
Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact(影响)on college admissions and practical life skills.“These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back.I don't teach.”And that annoying bacteria？Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem，readying a workable solution to test in space.
35．What is the best title for the text?
A．NASA：The Home of Astronauts
B．Space：The Final Homework Frontier
C．Nature：An Outdoor Classroom
D．HUNCH：A College Admission Reform
[解题思路]
[第一步] 读文章，概括文意
本文讲述了美国国家航空航天局创办了一个名为HUNCH的项目，一群高中生在项目中研究如何杀死国际空间站的细菌。
[第二步] 析选项，斟酌判断
A
NASA：宇航员的家
文中虽提到有关NASA方面的内容，但这不是文章主要内容。
以偏概全，主次不分
B
太空：高中生前沿研究
Space对应太空研究，Final Homework对应高中教育，Frontier突出了领先性
涵盖性强，覆盖全文
C
大自然：一个课外教室
并不聚焦太空领域
无中生有
D
HUNCH：大学入学改革
HUNCH主要是太空研究
无中生有
[答案] B
文章大意题
◆[解题攻略]
掌握寻找主题句的4个小窍门，快速确定文章大意
文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思想服务的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心的基础上的。找出每小段的主题句，各段的主题句常在该段的首句或尾句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要进一步加工概括。观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的“重心”和支撑性细节。 用浏览法(skimming)，即快速阅读文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主题线索和主题信息的方法可以快速找到主题句。 以下是找主题句的四个小窍门：
1．段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however，but，in fact，actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。
2．首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。
3．作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。
4．表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore，thus，in short，conclude，conclusion等词。
◆[典例](2019·全国卷Ⅱ，阅读C)Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach's Bar Louie counter by herself，quietly reading her ebook as she waits for her salad.What is she reading？None of your business！Lunch is Bechtel's “me” time.And like more Americans，she's not alone.
A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America.More than half(53 percent)have breakfast alone and nearly half (46 percent)have lunch by themselves.Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore,74 percent，according to statistics from the report.
“I prefer to go out and be out.Alone，but together，you know？”Bechtel said，looking up from her book.Bechtel，who works in downtown West Palm Beach，has lunch with coworkers sometimes，but like many of us，too often works through lunch at her desk.A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder.She returns to work feeling energized.“Today，I just wanted some time to myself，”she said.
Just two seats over，Andrew Mazoleny，a local videographer，is finishing his lunch at the bar.He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom he's on a firstname basis if he wants to have a little interaction(交流)．“I reflect on how my day's gone and think about the rest of the week，”he said.“It's a chance for selfreflection.You return to work recharged and with a plan.”
That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone.There was a time when people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one，but those days are over.Now，we have our smartphones to keep us company at the table.“It doesn't feel as alone as it may have before all the advances in technology，”said Laurie Demeritt，whose company provided the statistics for the report.
31．What is the text mainly about?
A．The trend of having meals alone.
B．The importance of selfreflection.
C．The stress from working overtime.
D．The advantage of wireless technology.
[解题思路]
[第一步] 读文章，概括文意
本文主要讲述了现如今，在美国，越来越多的人选择自己吃饭，他们希望以此争取一些自己独立的时间。本文侧重培养学生的文化意识。
[第二步] 析选项，斟酌判断
A
独自吃饭的趋势，本文都是围绕eat alone展开。
涵盖性强，覆盖全文
B
自我反省的重要性文中没有提到
无中生有，生搬硬套
C
加班带来的压力文中有提到，但不是本文的重点
以偏概全，主次不分
D
无线科技的优点，文中没有提到
无中生有，生搬硬套
[答案] A
段落大意题
◆[解题攻略]
归纳段落大意的2种方法
[方法1] 概括段落大意
要准确概括某段的大意，务必要知道该段的逻辑结构。
(1)如果该段是按总分顺序组织，首句做总的说明，其他句子对其进行具体论述，这种结构的主题句就在段首；
(2)如果按分总顺序组织，主题句就在段尾；
(3)如果按分总分的顺序组织，则主题句就在这段话的中间；
(4)如果按总分总的顺序，段落结构相对难度较低，我们可以很明显的看到一段的首句和末句的内容几乎完全一致，正确答案就呼之欲出了；
(5)如果按并列式行文，这种结构的段落一般会在一段中讨论两个平行的内容，整个段落可以从中间处分开，前后是平行关系，这样的段落结构对应的答案通常也会是很明显的并列关系；
(6)如果对比各事物，那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意。
[方法2] 揣摩段落大意
有时，作者可能不直接写出主题句，而是通过各种方法暗示给读者，这就需要充分发挥读者的想象力与判断力，揣摩段落大意。
◆[典例](2019·江苏卷Ⅱ，阅读B节选)Most of us，when we talk about volcanoes，think of the classic cone(圆锥体)shapes of a Fuji or Kilimanjaro，which are created when erupting magma(岩浆)piles up.These can form remarkably quickly.In 1943，a Mexican farmer was surprised to see smoke rising from a small part of his land.In one week he was the confused owner of a cone five hundred feet high.Within two years it had topped out at almost fourteen hundred feet and was more than half a mile across.Altogether there are some ten thousand of these volcanoes on Earth，all but a few hundred of them extinct.There is，however，a second less known type of volcano that doesn't involve mountain building.These are volcanoes so explosive that they burst open in a single big crack，leaving behind a vast hole，the caldera.Yellowstone obviously was of this second type，but Christiansen couldn't find the caldera anywhere.
59．What does the second paragraph mainly talk about?
A．The shapes of volcanoes.
B．The impacts of volcanoes.
C．The activities of volcanoes.
D．The heights of volcanoes.
[解题思路]
[第一步] 读文章，概括段意
本段主要讲述了两种火山的形状。
[第二步] 析选项，斟酌判断
A
火山的形状
A项是对本段内容的精炼概括和总结。
涵盖性强，覆盖全段
B
火山的影响
本段没有提到
无中生有，生搬硬套
C
火山的活动
本段确实说到了火山的活动，但不是本段主流。
以偏概全，主次不分
D
火山的高度
本段只提到一句，无足轻重
以偏概全，主次不分
[答案] A
[小题夯基练]
1．Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks.His strange habit makes sense when you consider that he's an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter，including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road.What is even more interesting is that one of Stein's jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bag.
Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year.So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts(收银台)．The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California，including Los Angeles.Eyeing these headwinds，plasticbag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.
Among the bag makers' argument；many cities with bans still allow shoppers to purchase paper bags，which are easily recycled but require more energy to produce and transport.And while plastic bags may be ugly to look at，they represent a small percentage of all garbage on the ground today.
The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement：reusable shopping bags.The stronger a reusable bag is，the longer its life and the more plasticbag use it cancels out.However，longerlasting reusable bags often require more energy to make.One study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic.
Environmentalists don't dispute(质疑)these points.They hope paper bags will be banned someday too and want shoppers to use the same reusable bags for years.
Q：What is the best title for the text?
A．Plastic，Paper or Neither
B．Industry，Pollution and Environment
C．Recycle or Throw Away
D．Garbage Collection and Waste Control
解析：A [根据最后一段中的内容可知，本文主要讲述了塑料袋和可重复使用纸袋的利弊。故选A。]
2．The Sahara Festival is a celebration of the very recent past.The threeday event is not fixed to the same dates each year，but generally takes place in November or December.It is well attended by tourists，but even better attended by locals.
During the opening ceremonies，after the official greetings from the government leaders，people who attend the festival begin to march smartly before the viewing stands，and white camels transport their riders across the sands.Horsemen from different nations display their beautiful clothes and their fine horsemanship.One following another，groups of musicians and dancers from all over the Sahara take their turn to show off their wonderful traditional culture.Groups of men in blue and yellow play horns and beat drums as they dance in different designs.On their knees in the sand，a group of women in long dark dresses dance with their hair：their long，dark，shiny hair is thrown back and forth in the wind to the rhythm of their dance.
…
Q：This passage mainly tells readers ________.
A．what happens on the opening day of the Sahara Festival
B．how people celebrate during the threeday Sahara Festival
C．what takes place at the closing ceremonies of the Sahara Festival
D．how animals race on the first and the last days of the Sahara Festival
解析：A [从文中第二段第一句话“During the opening ceremonies，”可以看出，本文主要是介绍“撒哈拉节”开幕式上的活动。故选A。]
3．Handshaking，though a European practice is often seen in big cities of China.Nobody knows exactly when the practice started in Europe.It is said that long long ago in Europe when people met，they showed their unarmed(无武器的)hands to each other as a sign of goodwill.As time went on and trade in cities grew rapidly，people in cities began to clap each other's hands to make a deal or to reach an agreement.This practice was later changed into shaking hands among friends on meeting or leaving each other.“Let's shake (hands)on it”sometimes means agreement reached.
Do the Europeans shake hands wherever they go and with whomever they meet？No.Sometimes the Chinese abroad reach out their hands too often to be polite.It is really very impolite to give your hand when the other party，especially when it is a woman，shows little interest in shaking hands with you and when the meeting does not mean anything to him or her.Even if，for politeness，he holds out his unwilling hand in answer to your uninvited hand，just touch it slightly.There is generally a misunderstanding(误解)among the Chinese that westerners are usually open and straightforward，while the Chinese are rather reserved(保守的)in manner.But in fact some people in western countries more reserved than some Chinese today.So it is a good idea to shake hands with a westerner only when he shows interest in further relations with you.
Q：The first paragraph mainly tells us ________.
A．where handshaking was first practised
B．how handshaking came about
C．about the relationship between handshaking and trade
D．about the practice of handshaking both in Europe and in China
解析：B [在文章第一段说明了握手的来历。实际上也就是谈论握手是怎样产生的。故选B。]
[大题提能练]
A
(2020·石家庄市高三模拟一)A new“Magic Bench” designed by Disney Research lets you interact(互动)with lovely animated(动画的)characters—and no special glasses or earphones are required.Instead，the complete environment—the seat，the sitter and the cartoon characters—is mirrored on a screen opposite the bench making it possible for others to watch the scene unfold.
How does the illusion work？A camera and sensor catch images and gather depth information about physical objects—the bench and the person.And then a computer translates them into the 3D animations.Meanwhile sensors of touch built into the bench deliver shaking that is happening at the same time and speed to animated actions on the screen，creating the illusion that the animated figures are occupying realworld space next to the user.
“Our goal for this project was：hear characters coming，see them enter the space，and feel them sit next to you，”said Moshe Mahler，principal digital artist at Disney Research.Unlike the traditional mobile technology，one of whose limitations is that only a single user can see its illusion，the Magic Bench allows groups of people to gather in a single environment and collectively participate in an augmented reality(扩充实境)experience，all at the same time.
In a video show，a small cartoon donkey runs into view and kicks the bench，causing a sharp sound and making the seated person jump in surprise.Another test shows two people on the bench，reacting as they“feel” an animated rabbit skip up beside them and jump up and down.When a user passes his hand over the rabbit，a shadow moves across its head，as though it were occupying the same physical space as the person next to it.
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了迪斯尼公司设计的“Magic Bench”，它能使观众与卡通人物互动，该互动通过将座位、模特和卡通人物映在长椅对面的屏幕上，让观众更加身临其境。
1．What does the Magic Bench need to work properly?
A．Special glasses.
B．Earphones.
C．A mirror.
D．A screen.
解析：D [考查细节理解。根据第一段第二句“Instead，the complete environment—the seat，the sitter and the cartoon characters—is mirrored on a screen opposite the bench making it possible for others to watch the scene unfold”可知，屏幕是该互动技术所需要的，故D项正确。]
2．What does the underlined word“illusion”in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A．The shaking that is happening.
B．The 3D animations on the screen.
C．The figures about physical objects.
D．The interaction with animated figures.
解析：D [考查词义猜测。根据第一段的内容，尤其是第一句中“lets you interact(互动)with lovely animated(动画的)characters”可知，这种方式让观众和可爱的动画人物互动；结合第二段第一句“How does the illusion work？”可知，该句提问这种和动画人物互动的技术是如何运作的，由此可推知，画线词是指“和动画人物的互动”，故D项正确。]
3．How is the Magic Bench different from the traditional technology?
A．Its fantasy can be seen only by a single user.
B．It is designed to create more animated characters.
C．It allows many people to experience the fantasy together.
D．Its user and the animated character occupy the same space.
解析：C [考查细节理解。根据第三段第二句“Unlike the traditional mobile technology，one of whose limitations is that only a single user can see its illusion，the Magic Bench allows groups of people to gather in a single environment and collectively participate in an augmented reality(扩充实境)experience，all at the same time”可知，与传统移动技术不同的是，传统移动技术的限制之一是只有一个用户可以看到这种互动，而Magic Bench允许一群人聚集在一个单独的环境中集体同时参与互动体验。故C项正确。]
4．Which is the best title of the text?
A．Magic Bench Puts You in the Picture
B．Audiences Become Cartoon Characters
C．Entertainment Industry Enters a New Stage
D．Disney's Cartoon Figures Come into Reality
解析：A [考查标题判断。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了迪斯尼公司设计的能使观众与卡通人物互动的“Magic Bench”，该互动通过将座位、模特和卡通人物映在长椅对面的屏幕上，让观众更加身临其境。故A项最适合作本文标题。]
B
(2020·昆明市高三质检)Fiveyearold Prisilla Perez，a student at Meador Elementary School in Willis，was unhappy with her recent haircut，which resulted from a severe disease.When students in her class started calling Prisilla a boy，she felt ashamed，often crying and losing focus in school.
Her teacher，Shannon Grimm，sympathized with her unhappiness.Grimm and Prisilla's mom were concerned，but their ideas didn't work.“We had classroom discussions about how girls have short hair and boys have long hair，and I showed them photos of movie stars with different looks，”Grimm said.“However，it wasn't sinking in.”
Grimm thought about Prisilla throughout the winter break，and one morning，she had an idea：Cut off her hair—a scary thought for Grimm，who wore her hair long and took pride in it.“I've never had short hair，and I stressed about it for two weeks before making a decision，”she said.On Jan.4，Grimm invited a hairstylist friend to her home.“I told him to keep going，even if I cried，”she said.
The class loved their teacher's new do，especially Prisilla，who excitedly ran off the school bus that afternoon yelling，“Mom，Ms.Grimm cut her hair！”The teacher also bought matching bows for herself and the girl，so they could style their hair together.
In February，the teacher recommended Prisilla for the school district's Student of the Month Award，but during the Monday ceremony，she received a surprise“hero medal”from the girl.“Now we have matching awards，”says Grimm.
Prisilla's mother，Maria，said that Grimm's thoughtfulness brought her to tears.“I was shocked.I was crying.I couldn't believe it—she did something I wouldn't have the bravery to do.I will never forget that.”
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了Grimm老师剪短头发以帮助学生Prisilla的故事。
5．Why was Prisilla unhappy at school?
A．She wasn't satisfied with her teacher.
B．She couldn't concentrate in class.
C．She was laughed at by her classmates.
D．She couldn't get on well with others.
解析：C [考查细节理解。根据第一段第二句“When students in her class started calling Prisilla a boy，she felt ashamed，often crying and losing focus in school”可知，Prisilla在学校不开心是因为她被同学嘲笑。]
6．What made Grimm have her own hair cut?
A．Praise from her students.
B．Devotion to her students.
C．Request of Prisilla's mother.
D．Suggestion from the hairstylist.
解析：B [考查推理判断。根据第三段的内容，尤其是“Grimm thought about Prisilla...she had an idea：Cut off her hair”可知，Prisilla因为是短头发而被同学嘲笑，为了安慰Prisilla，Grimm 老师决定把自己的头发剪短。由此可推知，Grimm老师出于对学生的关爱才剪短了头发。]
7．What can we know about Grimm?
A．She had her hair cut together with Prisilla.
B．She expressed her sincere thanks to her pupils.
C．She hesitated a lot before having her hair cut.
D．She won a gold medal for facing difficulties bravely.
解析：C [考查细节理解。根据第三段第二句中的“I've never had short hair，and I stressed about it for two weeks before making a decision”可知，Grimm 老师剪短头发之前很犹豫。]
8．What is the text mainly about?
A．How Grimm helped her student out.
B．What problem Prisilla had at school.
C．Why Prisilla won the Month Award.
D．When Grimm got her new hairstyle.
解析：A [考查主旨大意。通读全文可知，Prisilla因为是短头发而被同学嘲笑，她在学校很不开心，Grimm老师为了帮助、安慰她剪短了自已的头发，故A项正确。]
C
In the 1760s，Mathurin Roze opened a series of shops that boasted(享有)a special meat soup called consommé.Although the main attraction was the soup，Roze's chain shops also set a new standard for dining out，which helped to establish Roze as the inventor of the modern restaurant.
Today，scholars have generated large amounts of instructive research about restaurants.Take visual hints that influence what we eat：diners served themselves about 20 percent more pasta(意大利面食) when their plates matched their food.When a darkcolored cake was served on a black plate rather than a white one，customers recognized it as sweeter and more tasty.
Lighting matters，too.When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness，they couldn't tell how much they'd had；those given extralarge shares ate more than everyone else，but were none_the_wiser—they didn't feel fuller，and they were just as ready for dessert.
Time is money，but that principle means different things for different types of restaurants.Unlike fastfood places，fine dining shops prefer customers to stay longer and spend.One way to encourage customers to stay and order that extra round：put on some Mozart(莫扎特)．When classical，rather than pop music was playing，diners spent more.Fast music hurried diners out.Particular scents also have an effect：diners who got the scent of lavender(熏衣草)stayed longer and spent more than those who smelled lemon，or no scent.
Meanwhile，things that you might expect to discourage spending—“bad”tables，crowding，high prices—don't necessarily.Diners at bad tables—next to the kitchen door，say—spent nearly as much as others but soon fled.It can be concluded that restaurant keepers need not“be overly concerned about‘bad’tables，”given that they're profitable.As for crowds，a Hong Kong study found that they increased a restaurant's reputation，suggesting great food at fair prices.And doubling a buffet's price led customers to say that its pizza was 11 percent tastier.
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文，主要通过引入现代餐馆的鼻祖马蒂兰·罗兹制订的标准以及学者对于餐馆的研究来介绍现代餐馆在经营中影响食客消费的几个要素：视觉要素(餐具、灯光)、听觉要素(音乐)、嗅觉要素(气味)、其他要素(桌位、拥挤程度和价格)。本文旨在通过现代餐馆的经营理念，让考生了解西方现代餐馆的经营之道。
9．The underlined phrase“none the wiser”in Paragraph 3 most probably implies that the customers were ________.
A．not aware of eating more than usual
B．not willing to share food with others
C．not conscious of the food quality
D．not fond of the food provided
解析：A [词义猜测题。根据第三段中的“...those given extralarge shares ate more than everyone else，but were none_the_wiser—they didn't fell fuller...”可知，那些被给以大份饭菜的食客比其他人吃得多，但他们没觉得更饱，这说明在黑暗的就餐环境下，食客并不清楚自己多吃了多少，所以此处的none the wiser是“不清楚，不知道”之意。故选A项。]
10．How could a fine dining shop make more profit?
A．Playing classical music.
B．Introducing lemon scent.
C．Making the light brighter.
D．Using plates of larger size.
解析：A [细节理解题。根据第四段中的“when classical，rather than pop music was playing，diners spent more.”可知，当演奏古典音乐而不是流行音乐的时候，食客们会花更多的钱。spent more 就是对题干中make more profit的语意转化。故选A项。]
11．What does the last paragraph talk about?
A．Tips to attract more customers.
B．Problems restaurants are faced with.
C．Ways to improve restaurants' reputation.
D．Common misunderstandings about restaurants.
解析：D [段落大意题。根据最后一段首句中的“things that you might expect to discourage spending—‘bad’tables，crowding，high prices—don't necessarily”可知，你可能认为会打消你消费的念头的东西——位置“不好”的桌位、拥挤和价格高——未必如此(指在某些人看来，这些不利因素未必不会带来利润的增加)。由此可知，作者认为这些对于餐馆的常见观点是一种误解，故选D项。]
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