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上海市杨浦区2020届高三一模考试英语试题
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杨浦区2019学年第一学期高三模拟质量调研
英语学科试卷
Ⅱ. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Killer Rabbits
You’d never think of rabbits as dreadful, destructive creatures, would you? Rabbits are cute and love-able. However, Australians discovered ___1___ harm these cute creatures can do the hard way.
Rabbits were introduced to Australia in 1788 as food animals. By 1827, they were running around large estates, and in 1859, disaster struck. A man released 12 wild rabbits onto his property for hunting and he ____2____ have thought that was harmless fun. But Australia has no predators（捕食者）___3___ (adapt) to killing rabbits and none of the diseases that kept their populations ____4____ control in Europe. The loose rabbits bred like, well, rabbits, and began to take over the countryside. Within a few decades, there were millions. By 1950, there were 600 million rabbits in Australia.
Six hundred million hungry rabbits could do real harm. They caused more damage than any other species introduced to the continent. They ate native plant species ____5____ they disappeared. They competed for food and shelter with native animals. they caused the extinction or endangerment of numerous plant and animal species. And they were a nightmare for cattle and sheep farmers, ____6____ animals couldn't get enough grass to eat and starved.
The rabbits did some good, of course. They provided food for poor families. They supported fur industries. But their impact on the environment and major livestock economy was too negative ___7___(ignore). People tried trapping them. They even built a huge wall against them. But ____8____(effective) weapon was a virus.
____9____(test) multiple times, the deadly myxoma virus was released on Australia's rabbits in 1950. The virus had been developed very carefully to affect only rabbits. Nearly 100 percent of the rabbits who caught the disease ____10____(die).Populations fell. It was a huge success. Cattle and sheep farming recovered gradually, and threatened plants were better protected. Eventually, rabbits became resistant to the virus.
【答案】1. what
2. must 3. adapted
4. under 5. until
6. whose 7. to be ignored
8. the most effective
9. Having been tested
10. died
【解析】
本文是一篇说明文，介绍了兔子对澳大利亚的环境和畜牧业造成的影响以及当地的应对措施。
【1题详解】
考查宾语从句。句意：然而，澳大利亚人发现了这些可爱的生物所造成的伤害。此处为宾语从句，从句中的do缺少宾语，故填what。
【2题详解】
考查情态动词+have done结构。句意：一个人放了12只野兔到他的地里打猎，他一定认为那是无害的乐趣。must have done表示对过去事情最有把握的肯定推测，表示“一定……”，故填must。
【3题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：但澳大利亚没有适合猎杀兔子的食肉动物，也没有让它们的数量在欧洲得到控制的疾病。be adapted to doing表示“适应做某事”，此处去掉be做后置定语，故填adapted。
【4题详解】
考查介词。句意同上，under control表示“处于控制之下”，故填under。
【5题详解】
考查连词。句意：它们吃本地的植物直到这些植物消失。分析句子结构可知此处缺少连词，根据句意可知此处表示“直到”，故填until。
【6题详解】
考查非限定性定语从句。句意：而对于牛羊养殖户来说，这是一场噩梦，他们的牲畜无法获得足够的草来吃，并且挨饿。此处为非限定性定语从句，animals与先行词farmers之间是所属关系，用关系代词whose在从句中做定语，故填whose。
【7题详解】
考查固定句式和被动语态。句意：但它们对环境和主要畜牧业经济的影响是不容忽视的。too…to表示“太……而不能”，impact与ignore之间是被动关系，故填to be ignored。
【8题详解】
考查形容词最高级。句意：但最有效的武器是病毒。上文提到了人们通过诱捕和筑墙的方式控制兔子的数量，因此此处含有最高级含义，表示“最有效的”，故填the most effective
【9题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：经过多次测试，致命的粘液瘤病毒于1950年在澳大利亚的兔子身上投放。the deadly myxoma virus与test之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，表示被动， 而且test这一动作明显发生在released之前，所以用现在分词的完成被动式做状语，故填Having been tested。
【10题详解】
考查时态。句意：感染这种疾病的兔子几乎100%都死了。事情发生在过去，应该用一般过去时，故填died。
Section B
Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
Bottle Found at Sea Used for Scientific Purpose
Combing the beach for shells, sea glass, or colorful rocks is a leisure activity enjoyed by many. Some even use metal detectors to find buried treasure or other objects. Only the lucky few have ____11____ a message in a bottle that was dropped off by the tide. The tradition of putting a letter to an unknown recipient into a bottle and throwing it into the ocean has an interesting past. An early ____12____ use for the practice was revealed when the oldest recorded message in a bottle was found by Tonya on a beach near Wedge Island, Australia.
Tonya was on a family outing when she noticed the antique glass bottle in the sand and thought it would make a nice ____13____. While she was cleaning the sandy gin bottle, a rolled up paper tied with a ____14____ fell out. The damp page was a message written in German and dated June 12, 1886. According to official documents from the German sailing vessels, Paula, a crew member tossed the bottle overboard a(n) ____15____ 950 km off the coast of Western Australia. Further research authenticated(验证）the letter, which had been sent afloat 132 years ago and is the oldest message in a bottle ever ____16____.
Historians confirm that thousands of similar bottles were cast overboard by German ships between 1864 and 1933. And ____17____ inside were official documents written by the captain of the ship, ___18___ routes, coordinates, and other information. These early messages in a bottle were an attempt by the German Naval Observatory to map ocean ____19____ around the world.
On the back of the notes were ___20___ to write the time and place the bottles were found and return them to the German Naval Observatory in Hamburg or the nearest German authorities. Using this information for reference was an early system of studying patterns in nature and the vast ocean in particular.
【答案】11. H 12. E
13. K 14. A
15. I 16. G
17. B 18. D
19. F 20. J
【解析】
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文，介绍了世界上最古老的漂流瓶里的信息是德国海军天文台试图绘制世界各地洋流的地图。
【11题详解】
考查动词。句意：只有少数幸运的人才会遇到被潮水冲走的漂流瓶里的信息。此处缺少动词做谓语，用的是现在完成时，此处需要填过去分词，根据“Some even use metal detectors to find buried treasure or other objects.”可知此处表示“遇到”，故填H。
【12题详解】
考查形容词。句意：当托尼娅在澳大利亚韦奇岛附近的海滩上发现了瓶中最古老的信息时，这种做法的早期科学用途就被揭示了。修饰名词use用形容词，根据下文所说的“这些早期的信息是德国海军天文台试图绘制世界各地洋流的地图”可知此处表示“科学的”，故填E。
【13题详解】
考查名词。句意：托尼娅正在一个家庭郊游时，她注意到沙子里有一个古董玻璃瓶，她认为这会是一个很好的装饰。做动词make的宾语用名词，根据常识可知，古董玻璃瓶可以作为一个装饰品，故填K。
【14题详解】
考查名词。句意：当她清洗那个满是沙子的杜松子酒瓶子时，一张用绳子绑着的一卷纸掉了出来。做介词with的宾语用名词，根据“a rolled up paper tied”可知此处表示“细绳”，故填A。
【15题详解】
考查形容词。句意：根据德国帆船的官方文件，船员保拉把瓶子扔到离西澳大利亚海岸约950公里的地方。此处缺少形容词做定语修饰950 km，根据“950 km off the coast of Western Australia.”可知此处表示“估算的、大约”，estimated是过去分词转化而来的形容词，表示“估算的”，故填I。
【16题详解】
考查动词。句意：进一步的研究证实了这是一封132年前从海上发出的信，它是迄今为止发现的瓶子里最古老的信息。此处缺少非谓语动词做后置定语修饰the oldest message in a bottle，根据“which had been sent afloat 132 years ago and is the oldest message in a bottle ever”可知此处表示“被发现的”，故填G。
【17题详解】
考查动词。句意：里面有船长写的官方文件，详细说明了航线、坐标和其他信息。分析句子结构可知此处使用的是倒装结构，根据“inside were official documents written by the captain of the ship, ___8___ routes, coordinates, and other information”可知此处表示“包含”，documents与之是被动关系，所以用过去分词，故填B。
【18题详解】
考查形容词。句意同上，修饰名词routes用形容词，根据“routes, coordinates, and other information”可知此处表示“详细的”，故填D。
【19题详解】
考查名词。句意：这些早期的信息是德国海军天文台试图绘制世界各地洋流的地图。做动词map的宾语用名词，根据“an attempt by the German Naval Observatory to map ocean”可知此处表示“洋流”，故填F。
【20题详解】
考查名词。句意：纸条背面有写下发现瓶子的时间和地点并将它们送回汉堡的德国海军天文台或最近的德国当局的指示。分析句子结构可知本句使用的是倒装结构，此处缺少名词做主语，根据“to write the time and place the bottles were found and return them to the German Naval Observatory in Hamburg or the nearest German authorities”可知此处表示“指示”，故填J。
【点睛】本篇第2空难度在于答案依据离空处较远，这就要求同学们耐心阅读，仔细寻找答案依据，切不可急于做选择，首先确定词性再判断词义，首先确定修饰名词use用形容词，从空前上一句或下一句无法判断该词词义，这就需要我们耐心阅读，在后文中寻找依据，根据下文中的“These early messages in a bottle were an attempt by the German Naval Observatory to map ocean ____9____ around the world.”可知，这些早期的信息是德国海军天文台试图绘制世界各地洋流的地图，这属于科学用途，由此可知此处表示“科学的”，故填E。
III. Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
A star athlete stopped by my office and she was eaten up by self-criticism after committing a few errors during a weekend match. “I’m at peak ____21____ and I practise hard. How is this happening?” This student, like many I teach, believes she should be able to ____22____ the outcomes of her life by virtue of her hard work.
I study and write about resilience (复原力), and I’m noticing a(n)____23____ increase in students like this athlete. When they win, they feel powerful and smart. When they fall short of what they imagine they should ____24____, however, they are crushed by self-blame.
We talk often about young adults struggling with failure because their parents have protected them from ____25____. But there is something else at play among the most advantaged in particular: a ____26____ promise that they can achieve anything if they are willing to work for it.
Psychologists have sourced this phenomenon to a misapplication of “mind-set” research, which has found that praising children for ____27____ will increase academic performance. Developed by Stanford psychologist Carol Dweck, mind-set education has spread across classrooms worldwide. But a 2018 analysis found that while praising hard work over ability may benefit economically disadvantaged students, it does not ____28____ help everyone.
One possible explanation comes from Nina Kumar, who argued in a research paper last year that for teens in wealthy, pressure-cooker communities, “It is not a ____29____ of motivation and perseverance that is the big problem. _____30_____, it is unhealthy perfectionism and difficulty with backing off when they should, when the fierce drive for achievements is over the top.” This can _____31_____ physical and emotional stress. In a 2007 study, psychologists Gregory Miller determined that adolescent girls who refused to give up the _____32_____ goals showed elevated levels of CRP, a protein that serves as a marker of systemic inflammation (炎症) linked to diabetes, heart disease and other medical conditions.
The cruel reality is that you can do everything in your power and still fail. This knowledge comes early to underrepresented minorities whose experience of discrimination (歧视) and inequality teaches them to _____33_____ what is, for now, largely beyond their control to change. Yet for others, the belief that success is always within their grasp is a setup. Instead of allowing our kids to beat themselves up when things don’t go their way，we should all question a culture that has taught them that how they perform for others is more important than what _____34_____ inspires them and that where they go to college matters more than the kind of person they are. We should be wise to remind our kids that life has a way of disappointing us when we least _____35_____ it. It’s often the people who learn to say “stuff happens” who get up the fastest.
21. A. coolness B. fitness C. goodness D. readiness
22. A. control B. change C. adjust D. celebrate
23. A. amusing B. inspiring C. troubling D. touching
24. A. apply B. approve C. appreciate D. accomplish
25. A. disbelief B. disagreement C. discovery D. discomfort
26. A. bright B. false C. general D. flexible
27. A. virtue B. ability C. effort D. status
28. A. originally B. obviously C. necessarily D. regularly
29. A. choice B. command C. display D. lack
30. A. Instead B. Otherwise C. Therefore D. However
31. A. result from B. apply for C. associate with D. lead to
32. A. Immoral B. impersonal C. impossible D. impolite
33. A. challenge B. accept C. assess D. inquire
34. A. plainly B. probably C. immediately D. actually
35. A. exhibit B. expect C. establish D. recognize
【答案】21. B 22. A 23. C 24. D 25. D 26. B 27. C 28. C 29. D 30. A 31. D 32. C 33. B 34. D 35. B
【解析】
【分析】
本文是一篇夹叙夹议文，由一个明星运动员在比赛中犯错而自责不已的故事引出了这样一种现象——现在很多孩子秉承一种不健康的完美主义，认为付出努力就应该得到好的结果，这使他们对成就的追求超过了自己的极限并很难在应该放弃的时候放手，从而导致身体和精神上的双重压力，我们需要提醒孩子生活总是在我们最不经意的时候让我们失望。
【21题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：“我正处于最佳状态，我努力训练。这是怎么回事？A. coolness冷静；B. fitness健康、恰当；C. goodness善良；D. readiness愿意。空前说这个运动员是明星运动员，因此她应该是处于最佳的状态，她不明白自己为何还会在比赛中犯错误，故B项正确。
【22题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这个学生，和我教的很多学生一样，相信她应该能够通过努力训练来控制生活的结果。A. control控制；B. change改变；C. adjust调整；D. celebrate庆祝。上文说这个明星运动员处于最佳的状态，她对自己在比赛中犯错自责不已，言外之意，她认为自己努力训练就应该会得到好的结果，因此她相信通过自己的努力训练，她能够控制生活的结果，故A项正确。
【23题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我研究并撰写了关于适应力的文章，我注意到，像这位运动员这样的学生人数出现了令人不安的增长。A. amusing逗乐的；B. inspiring鼓舞人心的；C. troubling令人不安的；D. touching感人的。像这位运动员这样的学生人数的增长是令人不安的，故C项正确。
【24题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，当他们没有达到他们想象的目标时，他们就会自责。A. apply应用；B. approve批准；C. appreciate欣赏；D. accomplish实现、达到。空前说当他们赢了的时候，他们会觉得自己很强大，很聪明，此处与之形成对比，说的是没有实现目标的时候他们的心态，故D项正确。
【25题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们经常谈论年轻人在失败中挣扎，因为他们的父母保护他们免受不适。A. disbelief怀疑；B. disagreement不一致；C. discovery发现；D. discomfort不适、不安。根据空前的“their parents have protected them from”可知，这些在失败中挣扎的年轻人的父母保护他们免受不适，故D项正确。
【26题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但在最有优势的人当中，还有一些事情在起作用：如果他们愿意为之努力，他们就能实现任何目标的错误承诺。A. bright明亮的；B. false错误的、虚假的；C. general普遍的；D. flexible灵活的。根据上文提到的那个明星运动员的例子可知，认为凭借努力就能实现目标的想法是错误的，故B项正确。
【27题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：心理学家将这一现象归因于“思维定势”研究误用，研究发现，表扬孩子的努力会提高学习成绩。A. virtue美德；B. ability能力；C. effort努力；D. status地位。上文说的那个明星运动员认为凭借努力就应该实现目标，因此此处指“表扬孩子的努力”，故C项正确。
【28题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：但2018年的一项分析发现，虽然赞扬努力学习胜过能力可能会使经济条件差的学生受益，但不一定对每个人都有帮助。A. originally最初；B. obviously明显地；C. necessarily必要地、必定地；D. regularly有规律地。根据空前表示让步的while可知，赞扬努力学习胜过能力不一定对每个人都有帮助，故C项正确。
【29题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：一种可能的解释来自妮娜·库马尔，她在去年的一篇研究论文中指出，对于生活在富裕高压社区的青少年来说，最大的问题不是缺乏动力和毅力。A. choice选择；B. command命令；C. display显示；D. lack缺乏。根据空后的“of motivation and perseverance that is the big problem”可知，对于富裕设区的青少年来说最大的问题不是缺乏动力和毅力，故D项正确。
【30题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：相反，是一种不健康的完美主义，当对成就的强烈追求超过了极限时，他们很难在应该放弃的时候放手。A. instead相反；B. Otherwise否则；C. Therefore因此；D. However然而。空前说对于富裕设区的青少年来说最大的问题不是缺乏动力和毅力，此处指出真正的问题所在，用instead引出，故A项正确。
【31题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这会导致身体和精神上的压力。A. result from起因于；B. apply for申请；C. associate with与……联系在一起；D. lead to导致、引起。上文说最大的问题是不健康的完美主义，此处说的是它的危害，即：会导致身体和精神上的双重压力，故D项正确。
【32题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在2007年的一项研究中，心理学家格雷戈里·米勒发现，拒绝放弃不可能实现的目标的少女体内CRP水平升高，CRP是一种蛋白质，可以作为与糖尿病、心脏病和其他疾病相关的全身炎症的标志。A. immoral不道德的；B. impersonal客观的；C. impossible不可能的；D. impolite不礼貌的。上文说当对成就的强烈追求超过了极限时，不健康的完美主义让人们很难在应该放弃的时候放手，这说明它让人拒绝放弃不可能实现的目标，故C项正确。
【33题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们遭受歧视和不平等的经历教会他们接受那些目前在很大程度上超出他们控制范围的改变。A. challenge挑战；B. accept接受；C. assess评定；D. inquire询问。根据空前的“experience of discrimination (歧视) and inequality teaches them”可知，他们遭受歧视和不平等的经历教会他们接受那些在很大程度上超出他们控制范围的改变，故B项正确。
【34题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：这种文化教会了他们在别人面前的表现如何实际上比真正激励他们的东西更重要，他们在哪里上大学比他们是什么样的人更重要。A. plainly坦率地；B. probably可能地；C. immediately立即；D. actually实际上。根据空前的“we should all question a culture that has taught them that how they perform for others is more important than what”可知，我们都应该质疑这样一种文化——成功总是在他们掌控之中，这种文化教会了他们在别人面前的表现如何实际上比真正激励他们的东西更重要，故D项正确。
【35题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们应该明智地提醒我们的孩子，生活总是在我们最不经意的时候让我们失望。A. exhibit展览；B. expect期望、预料；C. establish 建立；D. recognize认出。根据空前的“life has a way of disappointing us when we least”可知，我们应该提醒孩子生活总是在我们最不经意的时候让我们失望，故B项正确。
【点睛】在完形填空的解题过程中，空前上下文出现的表示转折、因果、让步关系的词语往往是重要线索，例如本篇第8空，根据空前的“while praising hard work over ability may benefit economically disadvantaged students”可知，赞扬努力学习胜过能力可能会使经济条件差的学生受益，特别是根据while表示让步关系可知，因此说的是虽然赞扬努力学习胜过能力可能会使经济条件差的学生受益，但不一定对每个人都有帮助，故C项（necessarily）正确。
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
David Miles, an Australian inventor has been accused of cheating desperate farmers by charging up to $50,000 Australian dollars for delivering rain on demand without so much as explaining the technology behind his business.
On the official Miles Research website，Miles explains that in the 1990’s he realized that it was possible to influence weather patterns by creating a bridge between ‘the present’ and a ‘near-future event’ in the physical space-time continuum. He found that by applying small amounts of energy intelligently, even a large, messy weather system approaching from the future could be eased.
While somewhat fascinating, Miles’ explanation does little to explain how he is able to bring rainfall to the lands of farmers. He makes references to famous but debatable concepts like “the butterfly effect”. “We were advised against patenting because if basically exposing how it works, there will be a lot of big companies that invest in hunting out patents,” Miles said “I understand the doubts，the only other way is to fully prove up our science and physics. If we did that, we'll lose it, it will be taken up as a national security interest and it’ll then be weaponized.”
Miles' claims raised suspicions for obvious reasons, including a since-deleted section of his company website, which claimed that his technology used “electromagnetic scalar waves”，which scientists say don’t even exist.
The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) has warned people against doing business with him, but the Australian inventor claims the ACCC is only trying to defame him and his company, as in reality they are success based - if it doesn’t rain, they don’t get paid.
“Consumers signed the agreement that if by the end of June they receive 100mm, they pay $50,000, if they only receive 50mm, they would only pay $25,000. Anything under half，we don’t want to be paid,” Miles said of a handful of Wimmera farmers who agreed to take him up on his offer to deliver rain.
Believe it or not, one of the farmers who paid David Miles for his so-called rain-making capabilities told ABC Radio that he was quite happy with the results.
36. David Miles claims to be capable of ________.
A. influencing the weather system
B. predicting the future events
C. reducing the atmospheric temperature
D. easing the gravitational energy
37. ACCC issued warning against doing business with Miles because________.
A. he charged too much for the services provided
B. there was no solid science to hack up his technology
C. his practice was a threat to national security interest
D. he didn’t officially patent his technology with ACCC
38. According to Miles，how much will be paid if the farmers receive 15mm of rain?
A. $50,000. B. $25,000.
C. $12,500. D. $0.
39. What can be inferred from the passage?
A. Miles needed safer facilities for his business.
B. Miles brought about good crops as expected.
C. Miles wasn’t discouraged by the critics.
D. Miles was arrested by the local police.
【答案】36. A 37. B 38. D 39. C
【解析】
本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了澳大利亚发明家戴维迈尔斯被指控欺骗农民，因为他在没有解释其业务背后的技术的情况下按需提供雨水以收取钱财。
【36题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Miles explains that in the 1990’s he realized that it was possible to influence weather patterns by creating a bridge between ‘the present’ and a ‘near-future event’ in the physical space-time continuum.”可知迈尔斯解释说，在20世纪90年代，他意识到在物理时空连续体中，通过在“当前”和“近期事件”之间建立一座桥梁，有可能影响天气模式，由此可知，大卫·迈尔斯声称能够影响天气系统，故A项正确。
【37题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段中的“including a since-deleted section of his company website, which claimed that his technology used “electromagnetic scalar waves”，which scientists say don’t even exist.”可知，迈尔斯在其公司网站上声称他的技术使用了“电磁标量波”，但科学家称这些技术甚至不存在，由此可知，ACCC警告人们不要与迈尔斯做交易是因为没有可靠的科学来解释他的技术，故B项正确。
【38题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“if they only receive 50mm, they would only pay $25,000. Anything under half，we don’t want to be paid,”可知，如果农民们只得到50毫米的降雨量，他们只会支付25000美元，如果任何低于一半（25毫米）的，他们将不会收费，由此可知，按照迈尔斯的说法，如果农民们得到15毫米的雨水，他不会收取一分钱，故D项正确。
【39题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段中的“We were advised against patenting because if basically exposing how it works, there will be a lot of big companies that invest in hunting out patents,” Miles said “I understand the doubts，the only other way is to fully prove up our science and physics. If we did that, we'll lose it, it will be taken up as a national security interest and it’ll then be weaponized.””可知，迈尔斯说，“我们被建议不要申请专利，因为如果基本上暴露了它的工作原理，将有很多大公司投资于申请专利，我理解这些疑虑，唯一的另一个办法就是充分证明我们的科学和物理学，如果我们这样做（不申请专利），我们就会失去它，它将被视为威胁国家安全利益，然后将被武器化”，由此可知，迈尔斯并没有被评论家们吓倒，故C项正确。
(B)
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40. To have a Stannah stairlift installed, one needs to _________.
A. remodel one’s living room B. schedule an in-home assessment
C. ensure constant power supply D. order a special stairway
41. Jenny may use the Coupon（优惠券）to save some money only if she_________.
A. rents the model advertised on Boston Globe
B. pays for the Stannah model which is on sale
C. purchases one brand new Stannah stairlift
D. publishes post-sale reviews on Trust-pilot
42. Which statement is TRUE about Stannah stair-lift mentioned in the advertisement?
A. It promises to regularly check on the old people who live independently.
B. It can be installed easily by following instructions in the brochure.
C. It provides fast and free repair services by professional technicians.
D. It offers an alternative to old people who don't want to be relocated.
【答案】40. B 41. C 42. D
【解析】
本文是一篇应用文，是斯坦纳家用座椅电梯的广告。
【40题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第五行“Call today to schedule your in-home stairs assessment
”可知，今天打电话来安排你的家庭楼梯评估，由此可知，要安装斯坦纳座椅电梯，需要安排一次住房评估，故B项正确。
【41题详解】
细节理解题。根据圆形图表中的“when purchased from Stannah”及“Only one discount per purchase”可知,珍妮只有在购买一个全新的斯坦纳座椅电梯时才可以使用优惠券享受一折的优惠省下一些钱，故C项正确。
【42题详解】
细节理解题。根据圆形图表下的段落最后一句话“Stannah stair-lifts are an exceptional choice for those desiring lo age gracefully at home.”可知，对于那些想要在家里优雅地老去的人来说，斯坦纳座椅电梯是一个特别的选择，也就是说，它为那些不愿搬迁的老人提供了一种选择，故D项正确。
(C)
How and why, roughly 2 million years ago, early human ancestors evolved large brains and began fashioning relatively advanced stone tools, is one of the great mysteries of evolution. Some researchers argue these changes were brought about by the invention of cooking. They point out that our bite weakened around the same time as our larger brains evolved, and that it takes less energy to absorb nutrients from cooked food. As a result, once they had mastered the art, early chefs could invest less in their digestive systems and thus invest the resulting energy savings in building larger brains capable of complex thought. There is, however, a problem with the cooking theory. Most archaeologists (考古学家）believe the evidence of controlled fire stretches back no more than 790,000 years.
Roger Summons of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has a solution. Together with his team, he analyzed 1.7 million-year-old sand-stones that formed in an ancient river at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania. The region is famous for the large number of human fossils (化石) that have been discovered there, alongside an impressive assembly of stone tools. The sand-stones themselves have previously yielded some of the world’s earliest complex hand axes — large tear-drop-shaped stone tools that are associated with Homo erectus (直立人) . Creating an axe by repeatedly knocking thin pieces off a raw stone in order to create two sharp cutting edges requires a significant amount of planning. Their appearance is therefore thought to mark an important moment in intellectual evolution. Trapped inside the Olduvai sand-stones, the researchers found distinctive but unusual biological molecules（分子）that are often interpreted as biomarkers for heat-tolerant bacteria. Some of these live in water between 85°C and 95°C. The molecules’ presence suggests that an ancient river within the Gorge was once fed by one or more hot springs.
Dr. Summons and his colleagues say the hot springs would have provided a convenient “pre-fire” means of cooking food. In New Zealand，the Maori have traditionally cooked food in hot springs, either by lowering it into the boiling water or by digging a hole in the hot earth. Similar methods exist in Japan and Iceland, so it is plausible, if difficult to prove, that early humans might have used hot springs to cook meat and roots. Richard Wrangham, who devised the cooking theory, is fascinated by the idea. Nonetheless, fire would have offered a distinct advantage to humans, once they had mastered the art of controlling it since, unlike a hot spring, it is a transportable resource.
43. All of the following statements can support the cooking theory EXCEPT__________.
A. cooking enabled early humans to invest less in digestive system
B. cooking enabled early humans to devote more energy to building big brains
C our brain became larger around the same time our digestive system weakened
D. the controlled fire wasn’t mastered until about 790,000 years ago
44. The presence of biological molecules was important because_________.
A. they suggested a possible means of cooking without fire
B. they cast light on how early Homo erectus lived
C. they provided a convenient way of studying stone tools
D. they made studies of pre-historic cultures possible
45. The underlined word “plausible” probably means _________.
A. noticeable B. applicable
C. reasonable D. affordable
46. What may be the conclusion of the study by Dr. Summons and his colleague?
A. Early humans were capable of making complex stone tools.
B. Hot springs help explain how human brains got so big.
C. Homo erectus were adaptable to tough and complex territories.
D. Human brains are highly advanced as shown by their size.
【答案】43. D 44. A 45. C 46. B
【解析】
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文，介绍了烹饪有助于早期类祖先进化出了巨大的大脑。
【43题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中的“They point out that our bite weakened around the same time as our larger brains evolved, and that it takes less energy to absorb nutrients from cooked food. As a result, once they had mastered the art, early chefs could invest less in their digestive systems and thus invest the resulting energy savings in building larger brains capable of complex thought. There is, however, a problem with the cooking theory. Most archaeologists (考古学家）believe the evidence of controlled fire stretches back no more than 790,000 years”可知，他们（研究人员）指出，我们的咬合能力在大脑进化的同时减弱，从熟食中吸收营养所需的能量更少。因此，一旦掌握了这门艺术，早期的厨师就可以减少对消化系统的投资，从而将由此节省的能源投资于培养能够进行复杂思考的更大大脑，然而，烹饪理论有一个问题，大多数考古学家认为，控制火的证据可以追溯到不超过79万年前，由此可知，A、B、C三项可以支持烹饪理论，而D则不能，故D项正确。
【44题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段中的“the researchers found distinctive but unusual biological molecules（分子）that are often interpreted as biomarkers for heat-tolerant bacteria. Some of these live in water between 85°C and 95°C. The molecules’ presence suggests that an ancient river within the Gorge was once fed by one or more hot springs.”可知，研究人员发现了独特的生物分子，通常被解释为耐热细菌的生物标志物，其中一些生活在85°C到95°C之间的水中，这些分子的存在表明，峡谷内的一条古老河流曾经由一个或多个温泉提供水源，再结合第三段中的“Dr. Summons and his colleagues say the hot springs would have provided a convenient “pre-fire” means of cooking food.”可知，萨曼斯博士和他的同事们说，温泉可以提供一种方便的在使用火前烹饪食物的方法，由此可知，生物分子的存在很重要是因为它们显示了不用火做饭的可能方法，故A项正确。
【45题详解】
词义猜测题。根据画线词前的“In New Zealand，the Maori have traditionally cooked food in hot springs, either by lowering it into the boiling water or by digging a hole in the hot earth. Similar methods exist in Japan and Iceland”可知，在新西兰，毛利人有在温泉里煮食物的传统，他们要么把食物放入滚烫的水中，要么在滚烫的泥土上挖一个洞，类似的方法在日本和冰岛也存在，所以早期人类可能用温泉煮肉和树根是合理的，由此可知画线词词义为“合理的”，故C项正确。
【46题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段中的“How and why, roughly 2 million years ago, early human ancestors evolved large brains and began fashioning relatively advanced stone tools, is one of the great mysteries of evolution. Some researchers argue these changes were brought about by the invention of cooking.”可知，大约200万年前，人早期类祖先是如何和为何进化出了巨大的大脑，并开始形成相对先进的石器，这是进化的一大谜团，一些研究人员认为，这些变化是烹饪的发明带来的，再根据第三段中的“Dr. Summons and his colleagues say the hot springs would have provided a convenient “pre-fire” means of cooking food.”可知，萨曼斯博士和他的同事们说，温泉可以提供一种方便的在使用火之前烹饪食物的方法，也就是说温泉是早期人类烹饪方法之一，由此可知，萨曼斯博士和他的同事们会得出这样的结论，即：温泉有助于解释人类的大脑是如何变得如此之大的，故B项正确。
【点睛】本篇第3题词义猜测题的难度较大，抓住画线词前所举的事例是关键，根据画线词前的“In New Zealand，the Maori have traditionally cooked food in hot springs, either by lowering it into the boiling water or by digging a hole in the hot earth. Similar methods exist in Japan and Iceland”可知，在新西兰，毛利人有在温泉里煮食物的传统，他们要么把食物放入滚烫的水中，要么在滚烫的泥土上挖一个洞，类似的方法在日本和冰岛也存在，此处得出结论——所以早期人类可能用温泉煮肉和树根是合理的，由此可知画线词词义为“合理的”。
Section C
Directions: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
Slower Walkers Have Slower Minds, Scientists Reveal
Of all human activities, few are so readily credited with enhancing the power of the mind as going for a good walk. However, those who assume that strolling along at a gentle pace is the symbol of superior intellect should think again, scientists have said. _______47_______
Doctors have long used walking speed to gain a quick and reliable understanding of older peopled mental capability, as it is increasingly recognized that pace is associated with not only muscular strength but also the central nervous system. _______48_______ The relationship was so obvious, however, that the US scientists now say walking tests could be used to provide an early indication of dementia（痴呆）.
Published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, the study revealed an average difference of 16 IQ points between the slowest and the fastest walkers at the age of 45, This reflected both the participants’ natural walking speed and the pace they achieved when asked lo walk as fast as they could. ______49______ Actually, slower walkers were shown to have “speeded aging'' on a 19-measure scale devised by researchers, and their lungs, teeth and immune systems tended to be in worse shape than the people who walked faster.
The 904 New Zealand men and women who were tested at 45 were tracked from the age of three, each undergoing multiple tests over the years. The long-term data collection enabled researchers to establish that kids with lower IQ scores, lower linguistic ability and weaker emotional control tended to have slower walking speeds by middle age. ______50______
The research team said genetic factors may explain the link between walking speed, brain capacity and physical health or that better brain health might promote physical activity, leading to better walking speed. Some of the differences in health and intellect may be the result of lifestyle choices individuals have made.
A. Those with a slower pace also scored less well in physical exercises such as hand-grip strength and biological markers of good health.
B. There are already signs in early life of who would become the slowest walkers.
C. In fact, based on a new series of experiments, they now believe the slower a person’s tendency to walk，the less able their brain.
D. Brain scanning during their final assessment at 45 showed the slower walkers tended to have lower total brain volume and less brain surface area.
E. Until now, however, no one knew it could signify underlying brain health so much earlier in life.
F. Researchers performed walking speed analysis on hundreds of middle-aged people, comparing their psychological results.
【答案】47. C 48. E 49. A 50. D
【解析】
本文是一篇说明文，介绍了科学家发现走得慢的人头脑反应也慢。
【47题详解】
空前说科学家们说那些认为缓步行走是智力超群的象征的人应该三思，此处解释原因，即：步速慢可能代表智力差，故C项（事实上，根据一系列新的实验，他们现在认为一个人走路的速度越慢，大脑的能力就越差）符合语境。
【48题详解】
空前说人们越来越认识到，速度不仅与肌肉力量有关，还与中枢神经系统有关，空后又说这种关系是如此明显以至于美国科学家现在说步行测试可以用来提供痴呆症的早期迹象，因此此处应该会提到步行和生命早期的大脑健康之间的关系，而且还是人们尚未知晓的，与上文形成转折，故E项（然而，直到现在，还没有人知道它能在生命早期预示潜在的大脑健康）符合语境。
【49题详解】
空后说事实上，根据研究人员设计的19个测量尺度，慢行者被证明“加速衰老”，他们的肺、牙齿和免疫系统往往比走得快的人状态更差，因此处讲的应该还是关于步伐较慢的人存在的问题，故A项（那些步伐较慢的人在诸如握力和身体健康等体育锻炼中的得分也较低）符合语境。
【50题详解】
空前说对904名45岁的新西兰男女进行了跟踪调查，他们从3岁开始接受多项测试，长期的数据收集使研究人员能够确定智商分数较低、语言能力较低和情绪控制能力较弱的孩子到中年时往往步行速度较慢，此处承接上文，讲的是这些参与调查的人在中年时时表现出的情况，故D项（45岁时的脑部扫描显示，走得慢的人的脑容量更小，脑表面积也更小）符合语境。
IV. Summary Writing
51.Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
The Psychology of Spending
Dr. Thomas Gilovich, psychology professor at Cornell University, has studied the psychology of spending for over 20 years. According to Dr. Gilovich，“We buy things to make us happy, and we succeed, but only for a while. New things are exciting to us at first, but then we adapt to them.” In other words，once the freshness of our newest purchase wears off, we begin looking for something else to buy to make us happy.
Dr. Gilovich found that our satisfaction with possessions fades over time. Yet our happiness over things we've experienced increases. For that reason, he has concluded that we are spending our money on the wrong things. A study out of San Francisco State University agrees. The research showed that those people who spent money on experiences instead of possessions were happier. They also thought their money was better invested.
To begin with, activities like a trip, adventure, hobby, etc. tend to bring the participants together and unite them over a shared interest. According to Gilovich, “We consume experiences directly with other people.” As a result, these experiences typically create a positive link and good feelings toward the other person or people.
Besides, your experience shows others who you are and what you are. For example, you might be someone who loves taking cooking classes. More than likely, you'll become known by friends and family as a great cook. They won't know you as someone who owns the latest kitchen equipment.
Lastly, planned experiences arc frequently something we look forward to. Then when the moment arrives, if we enjoy the time involved in the activity, we're left with fond memories. These memories will often last a lifetime. Even our worst trips, on many occasions, arc later remembered with laughter.
【答案】After studying the link between spending and happiness for years, Dr. Gilovich has found that experiences rather than possessions paid for will more likely bring long - lasting happiness. Firstly, activities can unite individuals, thus creating a feeling of closeness. Secondly, what we do rather than what we own shows our identity. Lastly, experiences whether good or bad, provide lasting fond memories.
【解析】
【分析】
本篇书面表达是概要写作，要求概括在多年研究消费和幸福之间的联系之后，季洛维奇博士发现，比起花钱买的东西，经历更可能带来长久的幸福。首先，活动可以团结个人，从而创造亲密感。其次，我们所做的比我们所拥有的更能体现我们的身份。最后，无论经历是好是坏，都能带来持久的美好回忆。注意词数要求和使用自己的语言。
【详解】1、写之前，需要认真仔细地读几遍原文材料，让理解更深刻。
2、遵循原文的逻辑顺序，对重要部分的主题、标题、细节进行概括，全面清晰地表明原文信息。
3、给摘要起一个好标题，比如：可以采用文中的主题句。
4、尽量使用自己的话完成，不要引用原文的句子，篇幅控制在原文的三分之一或四分之一长。
V. Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
52. 你估计这位著名艺术家的原版画作要多少钱？（estimate)
53. 本想让自己放松一下的假期结果却成了一场灾难。（intend)
54. 这个手无寸铁的年轻人冒着生命危险阻止了歹徒逃离现场，他足多么勇敢啊! (risk n.)
55. 在当今社会，诱惑和干扰无处不在，自律即使不是最重要的，也是重要的品 质之一，因为它有效地促进了一个人的进步和发展。（where)
【答案】52. How much do you estimate the famous artist’s original painting costs?
53. The holiday intended to relax myself turned out to be a disaster.
54. How brave the unarmed young man was to stop (prevent) the criminal from running away from the scene at the risk of his own life!
55. In today’s society where temptations and distractions are everywhere, self-discipline is one of the most important qualities, if not the most important, for / as it contributes effectively to / promotes / enhances a man’s progress and development.
【解析】
本题考查翻译，注意使用括号内的提示词翻译。
【52题详解】
考查特殊疑问词。根据一可知本句使用特殊疑问句，对价格的提问用how much，陈述的是客观事实，用一般现在时，故翻译为：How much do you estimate the famous artist’s original painting costs?
【53题详解】
考查非谓语动词和固定短语。be intended to表示“意图是、为了”，此处去掉be做后置定语修饰holiday，turn out to be表示“结果是”，语境表明事情发生在过去，用一般过去时，故翻译为：The holiday intended to relax myself turned out to be a disaster.
54题详解】
考查感叹句。根据句意可知本句使用“how+形容词+主语+谓语”形式的感叹句，be brave to do表示“勇敢地做某事”，at the risk of表示“冒……的风险”，prevent/stop sb from doing表示“阻止某人做某事”，语境表明事情发生在过去，用一般过去时，故翻译为：How brave the unarmed young man was to stop (prevent) the criminal from running away from the scene at the risk of his own life!
【55题详解】
考查定语从句。根据句意和提示词可知本句使用where引导的定语从句，指代先行词society并在从句中作地点状语，陈述的是客观事实，用一般现在时，故翻译为：In today’s society where temptations and distractions are everywhere, self-discipline is one of the most important qualities, if not the most important, for / as it contributes effectively to / promotes / enhances a man’s progress and development.
Ⅵ. Guided Writing
56.Directions: Write an English composition in 120 -150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
请简要描述图片，并结合生活实际（自身或他人的例子），谈谈你对于“舒适圈”的看法。
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】Nowadays, many people like to stay in their comfort zone, where there are people and things they are familiar with, and all these can make them feel at ease, helping them gain confidence and satisfaction, However, I think although being stuck in the comfort zone can help us avoid unnecessary challenges, over time, we will have a sense of fear about the world outside the comfort zone, and even find it difficult to adapt to the outside world full of competition, for example, some students lack social skills because they are always stuck in their comfort zone and refuse to make changes, so I think that as young people, we should pick up our courage and bravely jump out of our comfort zone and accept new challenges. Only in this way can we stimulate our potential and create miracles in life.
【解析】
【分析】
本篇书面表达是开放性作文，要求谈谈对“舒适圈”得看法。
【详解】第1步：根据提示可知，本文要求谈谈对“舒适圈”的看法：请简要描述图片，并结合生活实际（自身或他人的例子），谈谈你对于“舒适圈”的看法，时态应为一般现在时。
第2步：根据写作要求，确定关键词（组），如； comfort zone（舒适圈），confidence（自信），satisfaction（满足），challenges（挑战）， stimulate（激发），miracle（奇迹）及potential（潜能）等。
第3步：根据提示及关键词（组）进行遣词造句，注意主谓一致和时态问题。
第4步：连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰，保持卷面的整洁美观。
【点睛】范文语言地道，语篇连贯，词数适当。作者在范文中使用了较多高级词汇和句式，高级词汇有at ease（安逸），be familiar with（熟悉），jump out of(跳出)，fear about （对……感到恐惧），be stuck in（固守于），adapt to（适应）以及pick up（拾起），而且还使用了非限定性定语从句“Nowadays, many people like to stay in their comfort zone, where there are people and things they are familiar with,”，宾语从句“so I think that as young people, we should pick up our courage and bravely jump out of our comfort zone and accept new challenges.”，形式宾语“over time, we will have a sense of fear about the world outside the comfort zone, and even find it difficult to adapt to the outside world full of competition,”，倒装句“Only in this way can we stimulate our potential and create miracles in life.”，非谓语动词“all these can make them feel at ease, helping them gain confidence and satisfaction,”，全文没有语法错误，上下句转换自然流畅。
杨浦区2019学年第一学期高三模拟质量调研
英语学科试卷
Ⅱ. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Killer Rabbits
You’d never think of rabbits as dreadful, destructive creatures, would you? Rabbits are cute and love-able. However, Australians discovered ___1___ harm these cute creatures can do the hard way.
Rabbits were introduced to Australia in 1788 as food animals. By 1827, they were running around large estates, and in 1859, disaster struck. A man released 12 wild rabbits onto his property for hunting and he ____2____ have thought that was harmless fun. But Australia has no predators（捕食者）___3___ (adapt) to killing rabbits and none of the diseases that kept their populations ____4____ control in Europe. The loose rabbits bred like, well, rabbits, and began to take over the countryside. Within a few decades, there were millions. By 1950, there were 600 million rabbits in Australia.
Six hundred million hungry rabbits could do real harm. They caused more damage than any other species introduced to the continent. They ate native plant species ____5____ they disappeared. They competed for food and shelter with native animals. they caused the extinction or endangerment of numerous plant and animal species. And they were a nightmare for cattle and sheep farmers, ____6____ animals couldn't get enough grass to eat and starved.
The rabbits did some good, of course. They provided food for poor families. They supported fur industries. But their impact on the environment and major livestock economy was too negative ___7___(ignore). People tried trapping them. They even built a huge wall against them. But ____8____(effective) weapon was a virus.
____9____(test) multiple times, the deadly myxoma virus was released on Australia's rabbits in 1950. The virus had been developed very carefully to affect only rabbits. Nearly 100 percent of the rabbits who caught the disease ____10____(die).Populations fell. It was a huge success. Cattle and sheep farming recovered gradually, and threatened plants were better protected. Eventually, rabbits became resistant to the virus.
【答案】1. what
2. must 3. adapted
4. under 5. until
6. whose 7. to be ignored
8. the most effective
9. Having been tested
10. died
【解析】
本文是一篇说明文，介绍了兔子对澳大利亚的环境和畜牧业造成的影响以及当地的应对措施。
【1题详解】
考查宾语从句。句意：然而，澳大利亚人发现了这些可爱的生物所造成的伤害。此处为宾语从句，从句中的do缺少宾语，故填what。
【2题详解】
考查情态动词+have done结构。句意：一个人放了12只野兔到他的地里打猎，他一定认为那是无害的乐趣。must have done表示对过去事情最有把握的肯定推测，表示“一定……”，故填must。
【3题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：但澳大利亚没有适合猎杀兔子的食肉动物，也没有让它们的数量在欧洲得到控制的疾病。be adapted to doing表示“适应做某事”，此处去掉be做后置定语，故填adapted。
【4题详解】
考查介词。句意同上，under control表示“处于控制之下”，故填under。
【5题详解】
考查连词。句意：它们吃本地的植物直到这些植物消失。分析句子结构可知此处缺少连词，根据句意可知此处表示“直到”，故填until。
【6题详解】
考查非限定性定语从句。句意：而对于牛羊养殖户来说，这是一场噩梦，他们的牲畜无法获得足够的草来吃，并且挨饿。此处为非限定性定语从句，animals与先行词farmers之间是所属关系，用关系代词whose在从句中做定语，故填whose。
【7题详解】
考查固定句式和被动语态。句意：但它们对环境和主要畜牧业经济的影响是不容忽视的。too…to表示“太……而不能”，impact与ignore之间是被动关系，故填to be ignored。
【8题详解】
考查形容词最高级。句意：但最有效的武器是病毒。上文提到了人们通过诱捕和筑墙的方式控制兔子的数量，因此此处含有最高级含义，表示“最有效的”，故填the most effective
【9题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：经过多次测试，致命的粘液瘤病毒于1950年在澳大利亚的兔子身上投放。the deadly myxoma virus与test之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，表示被动， 而且test这一动作明显发生在released之前，所以用现在分词的完成被动式做状语，故填Having been tested。
【10题详解】
考查时态。句意：感染这种疾病的兔子几乎100%都死了。事情发生在过去，应该用一般过去时，故填died。
Section B
Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
Bottle Found at Sea Used for Scientific Purpose
Combing the beach for shells, sea glass, or colorful rocks is a leisure activity enjoyed by many. Some even use metal detectors to find buried treasure or other objects. Only the lucky few have ____11____ a message in a bottle that was dropped off by the tide. The tradition of putting a letter to an unknown recipient into a bottle and throwing it into the ocean has an interesting past. An early ____12____ use for the practice was revealed when the oldest recorded message in a bottle was found by Tonya on a beach near Wedge Island, Australia.
Tonya was on a family outing when she noticed the antique glass bottle in the sand and thought it would make a nice ____13____. While she was cleaning the sandy gin bottle, a rolled up paper tied with a ____14____ fell out. The damp page was a message written in German and dated June 12, 1886. According to official documents from the German sailing vessels, Paula, a crew member tossed the bottle overboard a(n) ____15____ 950 km off the coast of Western Australia. Further research authenticated(验证）the letter, which had been sent afloat 132 years ago and is the oldest message in a bottle ever ____16____.
Historians confirm that thousands of similar bottles were cast overboard by German ships between 1864 and 1933. And ____17____ inside were official documents written by the captain of the ship, ___18___ routes, coordinates, and other information. These early messages in a bottle were an attempt by the German Naval Observatory to map ocean ____19____ around the world.
On the back of the notes were ___20___ to write the time and place the bottles were found and return them to the German Naval Observatory in Hamburg or the nearest German authorities. Using this information for reference was an early system of studying patterns in nature and the vast ocean in particular.
【答案】11. H 12. E
13. K 14. A
15. I 16. G
17. B 18. D
19. F 20. J
【解析】
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文，介绍了世界上最古老的漂流瓶里的信息是德国海军天文台试图绘制世界各地洋流的地图。
【11题详解】
考查动词。句意：只有少数幸运的人才会遇到被潮水冲走的漂流瓶里的信息。此处缺少动词做谓语，用的是现在完成时，此处需要填过去分词，根据“Some even use metal detectors to find buried treasure or other objects.”可知此处表示“遇到”，故填H。
【12题详解】
考查形容词。句意：当托尼娅在澳大利亚韦奇岛附近的海滩上发现了瓶中最古老的信息时，这种做法的早期科学用途就被揭示了。修饰名词use用形容词，根据下文所说的“这些早期的信息是德国海军天文台试图绘制世界各地洋流的地图”可知此处表示“科学的”，故填E。
【13题详解】
考查名词。句意：托尼娅正在一个家庭郊游时，她注意到沙子里有一个古董玻璃瓶，她认为这会是一个很好的装饰。做动词make的宾语用名词，根据常识可知，古董玻璃瓶可以作为一个装饰品，故填K。
【14题详解】
考查名词。句意：当她清洗那个满是沙子的杜松子酒瓶子时，一张用绳子绑着的一卷纸掉了出来。做介词with的宾语用名词，根据“a rolled up paper tied”可知此处表示“细绳”，故填A。
【15题详解】
考查形容词。句意：根据德国帆船的官方文件，船员保拉把瓶子扔到离西澳大利亚海岸约950公里的地方。此处缺少形容词做定语修饰950 km，根据“950 km off the coast of Western Australia.”可知此处表示“估算的、大约”，estimated是过去分词转化而来的形容词，表示“估算的”，故填I。
【16题详解】
考查动词。句意：进一步的研究证实了这是一封132年前从海上发出的信，它是迄今为止发现的瓶子里最古老的信息。此处缺少非谓语动词做后置定语修饰the oldest message in a bottle，根据“which had been sent afloat 132 years ago and is the oldest message in a bottle ever”可知此处表示“被发现的”，故填G。
【17题详解】
考查动词。句意：里面有船长写的官方文件，详细说明了航线、坐标和其他信息。分析句子结构可知此处使用的是倒装结构，根据“inside were official documents written by the captain of the ship, ___8___ routes, coordinates, and other information”可知此处表示“包含”，documents与之是被动关系，所以用过去分词，故填B。
【18题详解】
考查形容词。句意同上，修饰名词routes用形容词，根据“routes, coordinates, and other information”可知此处表示“详细的”，故填D。
【19题详解】
考查名词。句意：这些早期的信息是德国海军天文台试图绘制世界各地洋流的地图。做动词map的宾语用名词，根据“an attempt by the German Naval Observatory to map ocean”可知此处表示“洋流”，故填F。
【20题详解】
考查名词。句意：纸条背面有写下发现瓶子的时间和地点并将它们送回汉堡的德国海军天文台或最近的德国当局的指示。分析句子结构可知本句使用的是倒装结构，此处缺少名词做主语，根据“to write the time and place the bottles were found and return them to the German Naval Observatory in Hamburg or the nearest German authorities”可知此处表示“指示”，故填J。
【点睛】本篇第2空难度在于答案依据离空处较远，这就要求同学们耐心阅读，仔细寻找答案依据，切不可急于做选择，首先确定词性再判断词义，首先确定修饰名词use用形容词，从空前上一句或下一句无法判断该词词义，这就需要我们耐心阅读，在后文中寻找依据，根据下文中的“These early messages in a bottle were an attempt by the German Naval Observatory to map ocean ____9____ around the world.”可知，这些早期的信息是德国海军天文台试图绘制世界各地洋流的地图，这属于科学用途，由此可知此处表示“科学的”，故填E。
III. Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
A star athlete stopped by my office and she was eaten up by self-criticism after committing a few errors during a weekend match. “I’m at peak ____21____ and I practise hard. How is this happening?” This student, like many I teach, believes she should be able to ____22____ the outcomes of her life by virtue of her hard work.
I study and write about resilience (复原力), and I’m noticing a(n)____23____ increase in students like this athlete. When they win, they feel powerful and smart. When they fall short of what they imagine they should ____24____, however, they are crushed by self-blame.
We talk often about young adults struggling with failure because their parents have protected them from ____25____. But there is something else at play among the most advantaged in particular: a ____26____ promise that they can achieve anything if they are willing to work for it.
Psychologists have sourced this phenomenon to a misapplication of “mind-set” research, which has found that praising children for ____27____ will increase academic performance. Developed by Stanford psychologist Carol Dweck, mind-set education has spread across classrooms worldwide. But a 2018 analysis found that while praising hard work over ability may benefit economically disadvantaged students, it does not ____28____ help everyone.
One possible explanation comes from Nina Kumar, who argued in a research paper last year that for teens in wealthy, pressure-cooker communities, “It is not a ____29____ of motivation and perseverance that is the big problem. _____30_____, it is unhealthy perfectionism and difficulty with backing off when they should, when the fierce drive for achievements is over the top.” This can _____31_____ physical and emotional stress. In a 2007 study, psychologists Gregory Miller determined that adolescent girls who refused to give up the _____32_____ goals showed elevated levels of CRP, a protein that serves as a marker of systemic inflammation (炎症) linked to diabetes, heart disease and other medical conditions.
The cruel reality is that you can do everything in your power and still fail. This knowledge comes early to underrepresented minorities whose experience of discrimination (歧视) and inequality teaches them to _____33_____ what is, for now, largely beyond their control to change. Yet for others, the belief that success is always within their grasp is a setup. Instead of allowing our kids to beat themselves up when things don’t go their way，we should all question a culture that has taught them that how they perform for others is more important than what _____34_____ inspires them and that where they go to college matters more than the kind of person they are. We should be wise to remind our kids that life has a way of disappointing us when we least _____35_____ it. It’s often the people who learn to say “stuff happens” who get up the fastest.
21. A. coolness B. fitness C. goodness D. readiness
22. A. control B. change C. adjust D. celebrate
23. A. amusing B. inspiring C. troubling D. touching
24. A. apply B. approve C. appreciate D. accomplish
25. A. disbelief B. disagreement C. discovery D. discomfort
26. A. bright B. false C. general D. flexible
27. A. virtue B. ability C. effort D. status
28. A. originally B. obviously C. necessarily D. regularly
29. A. choice B. command C. display D. lack
30. A. Instead B. Otherwise C. Therefore D. However
31. A. result from B. apply for C. associate with D. lead to
32. A. Immoral B. impersonal C. impossible D. impolite
33. A. challenge B. accept C. assess D. inquire
34. A. plainly B. probably C. immediately D. actually
35. A. exhibit B. expect C. establish D. recognize
【答案】21. B 22. A 23. C 24. D 25. D 26. B 27. C 28. C 29. D 30. A 31. D 32. C 33. B 34. D 35. B
【解析】
【分析】
本文是一篇夹叙夹议文，由一个明星运动员在比赛中犯错而自责不已的故事引出了这样一种现象——现在很多孩子秉承一种不健康的完美主义，认为付出努力就应该得到好的结果，这使他们对成就的追求超过了自己的极限并很难在应该放弃的时候放手，从而导致身体和精神上的双重压力，我们需要提醒孩子生活总是在我们最不经意的时候让我们失望。
【21题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：“我正处于最佳状态，我努力训练。这是怎么回事？A. coolness冷静；B. fitness健康、恰当；C. goodness善良；D. readiness愿意。空前说这个运动员是明星运动员，因此她应该是处于最佳的状态，她不明白自己为何还会在比赛中犯错误，故B项正确。
【22题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这个学生，和我教的很多学生一样，相信她应该能够通过努力训练来控制生活的结果。A. control控制；B. change改变；C. adjust调整；D. celebrate庆祝。上文说这个明星运动员处于最佳的状态，她对自己在比赛中犯错自责不已，言外之意，她认为自己努力训练就应该会得到好的结果，因此她相信通过自己的努力训练，她能够控制生活的结果，故A项正确。
【23题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我研究并撰写了关于适应力的文章，我注意到，像这位运动员这样的学生人数出现了令人不安的增长。A. amusing逗乐的；B. inspiring鼓舞人心的；C. troubling令人不安的；D. touching感人的。像这位运动员这样的学生人数的增长是令人不安的，故C项正确。
【24题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，当他们没有达到他们想象的目标时，他们就会自责。A. apply应用；B. approve批准；C. appreciate欣赏；D. accomplish实现、达到。空前说当他们赢了的时候，他们会觉得自己很强大，很聪明，此处与之形成对比，说的是没有实现目标的时候他们的心态，故D项正确。
【25题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们经常谈论年轻人在失败中挣扎，因为他们的父母保护他们免受不适。A. disbelief怀疑；B. disagreement不一致；C. discovery发现；D. discomfort不适、不安。根据空前的“their parents have protected them from”可知，这些在失败中挣扎的年轻人的父母保护他们免受不适，故D项正确。
【26题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但在最有优势的人当中，还有一些事情在起作用：如果他们愿意为之努力，他们就能实现任何目标的错误承诺。A. bright明亮的；B. false错误的、虚假的；C. general普遍的；D. flexible灵活的。根据上文提到的那个明星运动员的例子可知，认为凭借努力就能实现目标的想法是错误的，故B项正确。
【27题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：心理学家将这一现象归因于“思维定势”研究误用，研究发现，表扬孩子的努力会提高学习成绩。A. virtue美德；B. ability能力；C. effort努力；D. status地位。上文说的那个明星运动员认为凭借努力就应该实现目标，因此此处指“表扬孩子的努力”，故C项正确。
【28题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：但2018年的一项分析发现，虽然赞扬努力学习胜过能力可能会使经济条件差的学生受益，但不一定对每个人都有帮助。A. originally最初；B. obviously明显地；C. necessarily必要地、必定地；D. regularly有规律地。根据空前表示让步的while可知，赞扬努力学习胜过能力不一定对每个人都有帮助，故C项正确。
【29题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：一种可能的解释来自妮娜·库马尔，她在去年的一篇研究论文中指出，对于生活在富裕高压社区的青少年来说，最大的问题不是缺乏动力和毅力。A. choice选择；B. command命令；C. display显示；D. lack缺乏。根据空后的“of motivation and perseverance that is the big problem”可知，对于富裕设区的青少年来说最大的问题不是缺乏动力和毅力，故D项正确。
【30题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：相反，是一种不健康的完美主义，当对成就的强烈追求超过了极限时，他们很难在应该放弃的时候放手。A. instead相反；B. Otherwise否则；C. Therefore因此；D. However然而。空前说对于富裕设区的青少年来说最大的问题不是缺乏动力和毅力，此处指出真正的问题所在，用instead引出，故A项正确。
【31题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这会导致身体和精神上的压力。A. result from起因于；B. apply for申请；C. associate with与……联系在一起；D. lead to导致、引起。上文说最大的问题是不健康的完美主义，此处说的是它的危害，即：会导致身体和精神上的双重压力，故D项正确。
【32题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在2007年的一项研究中，心理学家格雷戈里·米勒发现，拒绝放弃不可能实现的目标的少女体内CRP水平升高，CRP是一种蛋白质，可以作为与糖尿病、心脏病和其他疾病相关的全身炎症的标志。A. immoral不道德的；B. impersonal客观的；C. impossible不可能的；D. impolite不礼貌的。上文说当对成就的强烈追求超过了极限时，不健康的完美主义让人们很难在应该放弃的时候放手，这说明它让人拒绝放弃不可能实现的目标，故C项正确。
【33题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们遭受歧视和不平等的经历教会他们接受那些目前在很大程度上超出他们控制范围的改变。A. challenge挑战；B. accept接受；C. assess评定；D. inquire询问。根据空前的“experience of discrimination (歧视) and inequality teaches them”可知，他们遭受歧视和不平等的经历教会他们接受那些在很大程度上超出他们控制范围的改变，故B项正确。
【34题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：这种文化教会了他们在别人面前的表现如何实际上比真正激励他们的东西更重要，他们在哪里上大学比他们是什么样的人更重要。A. plainly坦率地；B. probably可能地；C. immediately立即；D. actually实际上。根据空前的“we should all question a culture that has taught them that how they perform for others is more important than what”可知，我们都应该质疑这样一种文化——成功总是在他们掌控之中，这种文化教会了他们在别人面前的表现如何实际上比真正激励他们的东西更重要，故D项正确。
【35题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们应该明智地提醒我们的孩子，生活总是在我们最不经意的时候让我们失望。A. exhibit展览；B. expect期望、预料；C. establish 建立；D. recognize认出。根据空前的“life has a way of disappointing us when we least”可知，我们应该提醒孩子生活总是在我们最不经意的时候让我们失望，故B项正确。
【点睛】在完形填空的解题过程中，空前上下文出现的表示转折、因果、让步关系的词语往往是重要线索，例如本篇第8空，根据空前的“while praising hard work over ability may benefit economically disadvantaged students”可知，赞扬努力学习胜过能力可能会使经济条件差的学生受益，特别是根据while表示让步关系可知，因此说的是虽然赞扬努力学习胜过能力可能会使经济条件差的学生受益，但不一定对每个人都有帮助，故C项（necessarily）正确。
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
David Miles, an Australian inventor has been accused of cheating desperate farmers by charging up to $50,000 Australian dollars for delivering rain on demand without so much as explaining the technology behind his business.
On the official Miles Research website，Miles explains that in the 1990’s he realized that it was possible to influence weather patterns by creating a bridge between ‘the present’ and a ‘near-future event’ in the physical space-time continuum. He found that by applying small amounts of energy intelligently, even a large, messy weather system approaching from the future could be eased.
While somewhat fascinating, Miles’ explanation does little to explain how he is able to bring rainfall to the lands of farmers. He makes references to famous but debatable concepts like “the butterfly effect”. “We were advised against patenting because if basically exposing how it works, there will be a lot of big companies that invest in hunting out patents,” Miles said “I understand the doubts，the only other way is to fully prove up our science and physics. If we did that, we'll lose it, it will be taken up as a national security interest and it’ll then be weaponized.”
Miles' claims raised suspicions for obvious reasons, including a since-deleted section of his company website, which claimed that his technology used “electromagnetic scalar waves”，which scientists say don’t even exist.
The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) has warned people against doing business with him, but the Australian inventor claims the ACCC is only trying to defame him and his company, as in reality they are success based - if it doesn’t rain, they don’t get paid.
“Consumers signed the agreement that if by the end of June they receive 100mm, they pay $50,000, if they only receive 50mm, they would only pay $25,000. Anything under half，we don’t want to be paid,” Miles said of a handful of Wimmera farmers who agreed to take him up on his offer to deliver rain.
Believe it or not, one of the farmers who paid David Miles for his so-called rain-making capabilities told ABC Radio that he was quite happy with the results.
36. David Miles claims to be capable of ________.
A. influencing the weather system
B. predicting the future events
C. reducing the atmospheric temperature
D. easing the gravitational energy
37. ACCC issued warning against doing business with Miles because________.
A. he charged too much for the services provided
B. there was no solid science to hack up his technology
C. his practice was a threat to national security interest
D. he didn’t officially patent his technology with ACCC
38. According to Miles，how much will be paid if the farmers receive 15mm of rain?
A. $50,000. B. $25,000.
C. $12,500. D. $0.
39. What can be inferred from the passage?
A. Miles needed safer facilities for his business.
B. Miles brought about good crops as expected.
C. Miles wasn’t discouraged by the critics.
D. Miles was arrested by the local police.
【答案】36. A 37. B 38. D 39. C
【解析】
本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了澳大利亚发明家戴维迈尔斯被指控欺骗农民，因为他在没有解释其业务背后的技术的情况下按需提供雨水以收取钱财。
【36题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Miles explains that in the 1990’s he realized that it was possible to influence weather patterns by creating a bridge between ‘the present’ and a ‘near-future event’ in the physical space-time continuum.”可知迈尔斯解释说，在20世纪90年代，他意识到在物理时空连续体中，通过在“当前”和“近期事件”之间建立一座桥梁，有可能影响天气模式，由此可知，大卫·迈尔斯声称能够影响天气系统，故A项正确。
【37题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段中的“including a since-deleted section of his company website, which claimed that his technology used “electromagnetic scalar waves”，which scientists say don’t even exist.”可知，迈尔斯在其公司网站上声称他的技术使用了“电磁标量波”，但科学家称这些技术甚至不存在，由此可知，ACCC警告人们不要与迈尔斯做交易是因为没有可靠的科学来解释他的技术，故B项正确。
【38题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“if they only receive 50mm, they would only pay $25,000. Anything under half，we don’t want to be paid,”可知，如果农民们只得到50毫米的降雨量，他们只会支付25000美元，如果任何低于一半（25毫米）的，他们将不会收费，由此可知，按照迈尔斯的说法，如果农民们得到15毫米的雨水，他不会收取一分钱，故D项正确。
【39题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段中的“We were advised against patenting because if basically exposing how it works, there will be a lot of big companies that invest in hunting out patents,” Miles said “I understand the doubts，the only other way is to fully prove up our science and physics. If we did that, we'll lose it, it will be taken up as a national security interest and it’ll then be weaponized.””可知，迈尔斯说，“我们被建议不要申请专利，因为如果基本上暴露了它的工作原理，将有很多大公司投资于申请专利，我理解这些疑虑，唯一的另一个办法就是充分证明我们的科学和物理学，如果我们这样做（不申请专利），我们就会失去它，它将被视为威胁国家安全利益，然后将被武器化”，由此可知，迈尔斯并没有被评论家们吓倒，故C项正确。
(B)
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40. To have a Stannah stairlift installed, one needs to _________.
A. remodel one’s living room B. schedule an in-home assessment
C. ensure constant power supply D. order a special stairway
41. Jenny may use the Coupon（优惠券）to save some money only if she_________.
A. rents the model advertised on Boston Globe
B. pays for the Stannah model which is on sale
C. purchases one brand new Stannah stairlift
D. publishes post-sale reviews on Trust-pilot
42. Which statement is TRUE about Stannah stair-lift mentioned in the advertisement?
A. It promises to regularly check on the old people who live independently.
B. It can be installed easily by following instructions in the brochure.
C. It provides fast and free repair services by professional technicians.
D. It offers an alternative to old people who don't want to be relocated.
【答案】40. B 41. C 42. D
【解析】
本文是一篇应用文，是斯坦纳家用座椅电梯的广告。
【40题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第五行“Call today to schedule your in-home stairs assessment
”可知，今天打电话来安排你的家庭楼梯评估，由此可知，要安装斯坦纳座椅电梯，需要安排一次住房评估，故B项正确。
【41题详解】
细节理解题。根据圆形图表中的“when purchased from Stannah”及“Only one discount per purchase”可知,珍妮只有在购买一个全新的斯坦纳座椅电梯时才可以使用优惠券享受一折的优惠省下一些钱，故C项正确。
【42题详解】
细节理解题。根据圆形图表下的段落最后一句话“Stannah stair-lifts are an exceptional choice for those desiring lo age gracefully at home.”可知，对于那些想要在家里优雅地老去的人来说，斯坦纳座椅电梯是一个特别的选择，也就是说，它为那些不愿搬迁的老人提供了一种选择，故D项正确。
(C)
How and why, roughly 2 million years ago, early human ancestors evolved large brains and began fashioning relatively advanced stone tools, is one of the great mysteries of evolution. Some researchers argue these changes were brought about by the invention of cooking. They point out that our bite weakened around the same time as our larger brains evolved, and that it takes less energy to absorb nutrients from cooked food. As a result, once they had mastered the art, early chefs could invest less in their digestive systems and thus invest the resulting energy savings in building larger brains capable of complex thought. There is, however, a problem with the cooking theory. Most archaeologists (考古学家）believe the evidence of controlled fire stretches back no more than 790,000 years.
Roger Summons of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has a solution. Together with his team, he analyzed 1.7 million-year-old sand-stones that formed in an ancient river at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania. The region is famous for the large number of human fossils (化石) that have been discovered there, alongside an impressive assembly of stone tools. The sand-stones themselves have previously yielded some of the world’s earliest complex hand axes — large tear-drop-shaped stone tools that are associated with Homo erectus (直立人) . Creating an axe by repeatedly knocking thin pieces off a raw stone in order to create two sharp cutting edges requires a significant amount of planning. Their appearance is therefore thought to mark an important moment in intellectual evolution. Trapped inside the Olduvai sand-stones, the researchers found distinctive but unusual biological molecules（分子）that are often interpreted as biomarkers for heat-tolerant bacteria. Some of these live in water between 85°C and 95°C. The molecules’ presence suggests that an ancient river within the Gorge was once fed by one or more hot springs.
Dr. Summons and his colleagues say the hot springs would have provided a convenient “pre-fire” means of cooking food. In New Zealand，the Maori have traditionally cooked food in hot springs, either by lowering it into the boiling water or by digging a hole in the hot earth. Similar methods exist in Japan and Iceland, so it is plausible, if difficult to prove, that early humans might have used hot springs to cook meat and roots. Richard Wrangham, who devised the cooking theory, is fascinated by the idea. Nonetheless, fire would have offered a distinct advantage to humans, once they had mastered the art of controlling it since, unlike a hot spring, it is a transportable resource.
43. All of the following statements can support the cooking theory EXCEPT__________.
A. cooking enabled early humans to invest less in digestive system
B. cooking enabled early humans to devote more energy to building big brains
C our brain became larger around the same time our digestive system weakened
D. the controlled fire wasn’t mastered until about 790,000 years ago
44. The presence of biological molecules was important because_________.
A. they suggested a possible means of cooking without fire
B. they cast light on how early Homo erectus lived
C. they provided a convenient way of studying stone tools
D. they made studies of pre-historic cultures possible
45. The underlined word “plausible” probably means _________.
A. noticeable B. applicable
C. reasonable D. affordable
46. What may be the conclusion of the study by Dr. Summons and his colleague?
A. Early humans were capable of making complex stone tools.
B. Hot springs help explain how human brains got so big.
C. Homo erectus were adaptable to tough and complex territories.
D. Human brains are highly advanced as shown by their size.
【答案】43. D 44. A 45. C 46. B
【解析】
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文，介绍了烹饪有助于早期类祖先进化出了巨大的大脑。
【43题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中的“They point out that our bite weakened around the same time as our larger brains evolved, and that it takes less energy to absorb nutrients from cooked food. As a result, once they had mastered the art, early chefs could invest less in their digestive systems and thus invest the resulting energy savings in building larger brains capable of complex thought. There is, however, a problem with the cooking theory. Most archaeologists (考古学家）believe the evidence of controlled fire stretches back no more than 790,000 years”可知，他们（研究人员）指出，我们的咬合能力在大脑进化的同时减弱，从熟食中吸收营养所需的能量更少。因此，一旦掌握了这门艺术，早期的厨师就可以减少对消化系统的投资，从而将由此节省的能源投资于培养能够进行复杂思考的更大大脑，然而，烹饪理论有一个问题，大多数考古学家认为，控制火的证据可以追溯到不超过79万年前，由此可知，A、B、C三项可以支持烹饪理论，而D则不能，故D项正确。
【44题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段中的“the researchers found distinctive but unusual biological molecules（分子）that are often interpreted as biomarkers for heat-tolerant bacteria. Some of these live in water between 85°C and 95°C. The molecules’ presence suggests that an ancient river within the Gorge was once fed by one or more hot springs.”可知，研究人员发现了独特的生物分子，通常被解释为耐热细菌的生物标志物，其中一些生活在85°C到95°C之间的水中，这些分子的存在表明，峡谷内的一条古老河流曾经由一个或多个温泉提供水源，再结合第三段中的“Dr. Summons and his colleagues say the hot springs would have provided a convenient “pre-fire” means of cooking food.”可知，萨曼斯博士和他的同事们说，温泉可以提供一种方便的在使用火前烹饪食物的方法，由此可知，生物分子的存在很重要是因为它们显示了不用火做饭的可能方法，故A项正确。
【45题详解】
词义猜测题。根据画线词前的“In New Zealand，the Maori have traditionally cooked food in hot springs, either by lowering it into the boiling water or by digging a hole in the hot earth. Similar methods exist in Japan and Iceland”可知，在新西兰，毛利人有在温泉里煮食物的传统，他们要么把食物放入滚烫的水中，要么在滚烫的泥土上挖一个洞，类似的方法在日本和冰岛也存在，所以早期人类可能用温泉煮肉和树根是合理的，由此可知画线词词义为“合理的”，故C项正确。
【46题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段中的“How and why, roughly 2 million years ago, early human ancestors evolved large brains and began fashioning relatively advanced stone tools, is one of the great mysteries of evolution. Some researchers argue these changes were brought about by the invention of cooking.”可知，大约200万年前，人早期类祖先是如何和为何进化出了巨大的大脑，并开始形成相对先进的石器，这是进化的一大谜团，一些研究人员认为，这些变化是烹饪的发明带来的，再根据第三段中的“Dr. Summons and his colleagues say the hot springs would have provided a convenient “pre-fire” means of cooking food.”可知，萨曼斯博士和他的同事们说，温泉可以提供一种方便的在使用火之前烹饪食物的方法，也就是说温泉是早期人类烹饪方法之一，由此可知，萨曼斯博士和他的同事们会得出这样的结论，即：温泉有助于解释人类的大脑是如何变得如此之大的，故B项正确。
【点睛】本篇第3题词义猜测题的难度较大，抓住画线词前所举的事例是关键，根据画线词前的“In New Zealand，the Maori have traditionally cooked food in hot springs, either by lowering it into the boiling water or by digging a hole in the hot earth. Similar methods exist in Japan and Iceland”可知，在新西兰，毛利人有在温泉里煮食物的传统，他们要么把食物放入滚烫的水中，要么在滚烫的泥土上挖一个洞，类似的方法在日本和冰岛也存在，此处得出结论——所以早期人类可能用温泉煮肉和树根是合理的，由此可知画线词词义为“合理的”。
Section C
Directions: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
Slower Walkers Have Slower Minds, Scientists Reveal
Of all human activities, few are so readily credited with enhancing the power of the mind as going for a good walk. However, those who assume that strolling along at a gentle pace is the symbol of superior intellect should think again, scientists have said. _______47_______
Doctors have long used walking speed to gain a quick and reliable understanding of older peopled mental capability, as it is increasingly recognized that pace is associated with not only muscular strength but also the central nervous system. _______48_______ The relationship was so obvious, however, that the US scientists now say walking tests could be used to provide an early indication of dementia（痴呆）.
Published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, the study revealed an average difference of 16 IQ points between the slowest and the fastest walkers at the age of 45, This reflected both the participants’ natural walking speed and the pace they achieved when asked lo walk as fast as they could. ______49______ Actually, slower walkers were shown to have “speeded aging'' on a 19-measure scale devised by researchers, and their lungs, teeth and immune systems tended to be in worse shape than the people who walked faster.
The 904 New Zealand men and women who were tested at 45 were tracked from the age of three, each undergoing multiple tests over the years. The long-term data collection enabled researchers to establish that kids with lower IQ scores, lower linguistic ability and weaker emotional control tended to have slower walking speeds by middle age. ______50______
The research team said genetic factors may explain the link between walking speed, brain capacity and physical health or that better brain health might promote physical activity, leading to better walking speed. Some of the differences in health and intellect may be the result of lifestyle choices individuals have made.
A. Those with a slower pace also scored less well in physical exercises such as hand-grip strength and biological markers of good health.
B. There are already signs in early life of who would become the slowest walkers.
C. In fact, based on a new series of experiments, they now believe the slower a person’s tendency to walk，the less able their brain.
D. Brain scanning during their final assessment at 45 showed the slower walkers tended to have lower total brain volume and less brain surface area.
E. Until now, however, no one knew it could signify underlying brain health so much earlier in life.
F. Researchers performed walking speed analysis on hundreds of middle-aged people, comparing their psychological results.
【答案】47. C 48. E 49. A 50. D
【解析】
本文是一篇说明文，介绍了科学家发现走得慢的人头脑反应也慢。
【47题详解】
空前说科学家们说那些认为缓步行走是智力超群的象征的人应该三思，此处解释原因，即：步速慢可能代表智力差，故C项（事实上，根据一系列新的实验，他们现在认为一个人走路的速度越慢，大脑的能力就越差）符合语境。
【48题详解】
空前说人们越来越认识到，速度不仅与肌肉力量有关，还与中枢神经系统有关，空后又说这种关系是如此明显以至于美国科学家现在说步行测试可以用来提供痴呆症的早期迹象，因此此处应该会提到步行和生命早期的大脑健康之间的关系，而且还是人们尚未知晓的，与上文形成转折，故E项（然而，直到现在，还没有人知道它能在生命早期预示潜在的大脑健康）符合语境。
【49题详解】
空后说事实上，根据研究人员设计的19个测量尺度，慢行者被证明“加速衰老”，他们的肺、牙齿和免疫系统往往比走得快的人状态更差，因此处讲的应该还是关于步伐较慢的人存在的问题，故A项（那些步伐较慢的人在诸如握力和身体健康等体育锻炼中的得分也较低）符合语境。
【50题详解】
空前说对904名45岁的新西兰男女进行了跟踪调查，他们从3岁开始接受多项测试，长期的数据收集使研究人员能够确定智商分数较低、语言能力较低和情绪控制能力较弱的孩子到中年时往往步行速度较慢，此处承接上文，讲的是这些参与调查的人在中年时时表现出的情况，故D项（45岁时的脑部扫描显示，走得慢的人的脑容量更小，脑表面积也更小）符合语境。
IV. Summary Writing
51.Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
The Psychology of Spending
Dr. Thomas Gilovich, psychology professor at Cornell University, has studied the psychology of spending for over 20 years. According to Dr. Gilovich，“We buy things to make us happy, and we succeed, but only for a while. New things are exciting to us at first, but then we adapt to them.” In other words，once the freshness of our newest purchase wears off, we begin looking for something else to buy to make us happy.
Dr. Gilovich found that our satisfaction with possessions fades over time. Yet our happiness over things we've experienced increases. For that reason, he has concluded that we are spending our money on the wrong things. A study out of San Francisco State University agrees. The research showed that those people who spent money on experiences instead of possessions were happier. They also thought their money was better invested.
To begin with, activities like a trip, adventure, hobby, etc. tend to bring the participants together and unite them over a shared interest. According to Gilovich, “We consume experiences directly with other people.” As a result, these experiences typically create a positive link and good feelings toward the other person or people.
Besides, your experience shows others who you are and what you are. For example, you might be someone who loves taking cooking classes. More than likely, you'll become known by friends and family as a great cook. They won't know you as someone who owns the latest kitchen equipment.
Lastly, planned experiences arc frequently something we look forward to. Then when the moment arrives, if we enjoy the time involved in the activity, we're left with fond memories. These memories will often last a lifetime. Even our worst trips, on many occasions, arc later remembered with laughter.
【答案】After studying the link between spending and happiness for years, Dr. Gilovich has found that experiences rather than possessions paid for will more likely bring long - lasting happiness. Firstly, activities can unite individuals, thus creating a feeling of closeness. Secondly, what we do rather than what we own shows our identity. Lastly, experiences whether good or bad, provide lasting fond memories.
【解析】
【分析】
本篇书面表达是概要写作，要求概括在多年研究消费和幸福之间的联系之后，季洛维奇博士发现，比起花钱买的东西，经历更可能带来长久的幸福。首先，活动可以团结个人，从而创造亲密感。其次，我们所做的比我们所拥有的更能体现我们的身份。最后，无论经历是好是坏，都能带来持久的美好回忆。注意词数要求和使用自己的语言。
【详解】1、写之前，需要认真仔细地读几遍原文材料，让理解更深刻。
2、遵循原文的逻辑顺序，对重要部分的主题、标题、细节进行概括，全面清晰地表明原文信息。
3、给摘要起一个好标题，比如：可以采用文中的主题句。
4、尽量使用自己的话完成，不要引用原文的句子，篇幅控制在原文的三分之一或四分之一长。
V. Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
52. 你估计这位著名艺术家的原版画作要多少钱？（estimate)
53. 本想让自己放松一下的假期结果却成了一场灾难。（intend)
54. 这个手无寸铁的年轻人冒着生命危险阻止了歹徒逃离现场，他足多么勇敢啊! (risk n.)
55. 在当今社会，诱惑和干扰无处不在，自律即使不是最重要的，也是重要的品 质之一，因为它有效地促进了一个人的进步和发展。（where)
【答案】52. How much do you estimate the famous artist’s original painting costs?
53. The holiday intended to relax myself turned out to be a disaster.
54. How brave the unarmed young man was to stop (prevent) the criminal from running away from the scene at the risk of his own life!
55. In today’s society where temptations and distractions are everywhere, self-discipline is one of the most important qualities, if not the most important, for / as it contributes effectively to / promotes / enhances a man’s progress and development.
【解析】
本题考查翻译，注意使用括号内的提示词翻译。
【52题详解】
考查特殊疑问词。根据一可知本句使用特殊疑问句，对价格的提问用how much，陈述的是客观事实，用一般现在时，故翻译为：How much do you estimate the famous artist’s original painting costs?
【53题详解】
考查非谓语动词和固定短语。be intended to表示“意图是、为了”，此处去掉be做后置定语修饰holiday，turn out to be表示“结果是”，语境表明事情发生在过去，用一般过去时，故翻译为：The holiday intended to relax myself turned out to be a disaster.
54题详解】
考查感叹句。根据句意可知本句使用“how+形容词+主语+谓语”形式的感叹句，be brave to do表示“勇敢地做某事”，at the risk of表示“冒……的风险”，prevent/stop sb from doing表示“阻止某人做某事”，语境表明事情发生在过去，用一般过去时，故翻译为：How brave the unarmed young man was to stop (prevent) the criminal from running away from the scene at the risk of his own life!
【55题详解】
考查定语从句。根据句意和提示词可知本句使用where引导的定语从句，指代先行词society并在从句中作地点状语，陈述的是客观事实，用一般现在时，故翻译为：In today’s society where temptations and distractions are everywhere, self-discipline is one of the most important qualities, if not the most important, for / as it contributes effectively to / promotes / enhances a man’s progress and development.
Ⅵ. Guided Writing
56.Directions: Write an English composition in 120 -150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
请简要描述图片，并结合生活实际（自身或他人的例子），谈谈你对于“舒适圈”的看法。
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】Nowadays, many people like to stay in their comfort zone, where there are people and things they are familiar with, and all these can make them feel at ease, helping them gain confidence and satisfaction, However, I think although being stuck in the comfort zone can help us avoid unnecessary challenges, over time, we will have a sense of fear about the world outside the comfort zone, and even find it difficult to adapt to the outside world full of competition, for example, some students lack social skills because they are always stuck in their comfort zone and refuse to make changes, so I think that as young people, we should pick up our courage and bravely jump out of our comfort zone and accept new challenges. Only in this way can we stimulate our potential and create miracles in life.
【解析】
【分析】
本篇书面表达是开放性作文，要求谈谈对“舒适圈”得看法。
【详解】第1步：根据提示可知，本文要求谈谈对“舒适圈”的看法：请简要描述图片，并结合生活实际（自身或他人的例子），谈谈你对于“舒适圈”的看法，时态应为一般现在时。
第2步：根据写作要求，确定关键词（组），如； comfort zone（舒适圈），confidence（自信），satisfaction（满足），challenges（挑战）， stimulate（激发），miracle（奇迹）及potential（潜能）等。
第3步：根据提示及关键词（组）进行遣词造句，注意主谓一致和时态问题。
第4步：连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰，保持卷面的整洁美观。
【点睛】范文语言地道，语篇连贯，词数适当。作者在范文中使用了较多高级词汇和句式，高级词汇有at ease（安逸），be familiar with（熟悉），jump out of(跳出)，fear about （对……感到恐惧），be stuck in（固守于），adapt to（适应）以及pick up（拾起），而且还使用了非限定性定语从句“Nowadays, many people like to stay in their comfort zone, where there are people and things they are familiar with,”，宾语从句“so I think that as young people, we should pick up our courage and bravely jump out of our comfort zone and accept new challenges.”，形式宾语“over time, we will have a sense of fear about the world outside the comfort zone, and even find it difficult to adapt to the outside world full of competition,”，倒装句“Only in this way can we stimulate our potential and create miracles in life.”，非谓语动词“all these can make them feel at ease, helping them gain confidence and satisfaction,”，全文没有语法错误，上下句转换自然流畅。
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