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上海市嘉定区2020届高三一模考试英语试题
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2019学年度嘉定区高三年级第一次质量调研
英语试卷
I. Listening Comprehension
Section A （10分）
Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.
1. A. Terrific. B. Tough. C. Exciting. D. Well-paid.
2. A. Have her parents live on campus.
B. Call local hotels again in a few days.
C. Phone the Cliffside Inn for a reservation.
D. Ask her parents to come on another weekend.
3. A. Put on a coat at once. B. Exchange the tickets.
C. Take care of his cold. D. Watch the game at home.
4. A. She has to post a letter instead. B. She can’t send the message right now.
C. She’s not sure if the computer is fixed. D. She has to turn down the man’s request.
5. A. The book is much too long. B. He hasn’t read the book yet.
C. He seldom reads such a book. D. The book is very interesting.
6. A. He has already seen the film. B. He is unlikely to go to the cinema.
C. He has just recovered from the flu. D. He doesn’t think highly of the film.
7. A. Think about getting a job at another place. B. Find a suitable job to work happily.
C. Sign up for more than one journalism class. D. Call the news agency about the job.
8. A. She wishes she had seen the play.
B. The scenery could have been more realistic.
C. The makeup wasn’t as good as the scenery.
D. The actors should have worn ancient makeup.
9. A. She contacts her parents occasionally.
B. She phones her parents regularly at weekends.
C. She visits her parents when the fares are down.
D. She often calls her parents regardless of the rate.
10. A. They cannot finish the assignment until Thursday.
B. They have plenty of time to work on the assignment.
C. The assignment looks easy but actually quite difficult.
D. The assignment is difficult for them to complete on time.
Section B （15分）
Directions: In Section B, you will hear two passages and one longer conversation. After each passage or conversation, you will be asked several questions. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.
Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.
11. A. How to share responsibilities. B. How to motivate themselves.
C. How to respond to challenges. D. How to code computer games.
12. A. They don’t receive grades. B. They don’t have to take exams.
C. They can do whatever they like. D. They must study math and English.
13. A. More schools are trying the creative approach to teaching.
B. More students are being sent to hike across the Alps.
C. More teenagers are coming to study at the school.
D. More teachers are designing “challenge” projects.
Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.
14. A. To take photos for an investigation.
B. To pursue his hobby of photography.
C. To recover from an illness and gain health.
D. To further his interest in the American West.
15. A. Walter Smith began to study Blackfoot culture as a part-time job.
B. The Blackfoot community was a great attraction to other Americans.
C. Walter Smith was devoted to protecting and spreading Blackfoot culture.
D. The Blackfoot officially received its name for the color of their footwear.
16. A. Walter Smith’s life-long dream to enter the Blackfoot world.
B. Walter Smith’s efforts to save an endangered culture.
C. Walter Smith’s journey to Blackfoot’s community.
D. The precious pictures of the Blackfoot Indians.
Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.
17. A. Talking about the latest movies freely online. B. Watching movies on the big theatre screens.
C. Watching movies with her best friends. D. Seeing new movies on weekends.
18. A. Because he wants to save money and snacks as well.
B. Because he can avoid being influenced by spoilers (剧透).
C. Because he wants to interact freely while watching movies.
D. Because action movies shown at the theatre have the similar plot.
19. A. They enjoy watching superhero movies.
B. They like sharing the latest movies online.
C. They appreciate interacting freely with friends.
D. They are fond of guessing the plot of new movies.
20. A. Watch the new movie with the woman on DVD.
B. Wait to be informed about the contents of the movie.
C. Watch the superhero movie when the DVD comes out.
D. Rent the cheapest DVD to watch whatever movies available.
II. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A （10分）
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
This is where my kids grew up
For years now, I’ve been wanting to sell our home, the place where my husband and I raised our kids. But to me, this house is more than just a building. In the front room, there’s a wall that has hundreds of pencil lines. Every growth stage ___1___(mark) in pencils, with each child’s name and the date.
Of all the objects and all the memories, it’s this one thing in a home that’s ___2___(hard) to leave behind. Our kids grow in so many ways, but the wall is physical evidence of their progress. Friends I know have visited their previous home only ___3___(discover) their wall of heights has been freshly painted over. Over the years, I’ve talked about how much I would hate leaving that wall behind when I moved, ___4___ the last marks were made 10 years ago when my kids stopped growing. So one day, while I was at work, my children decided to do ___5___ about it.
They hired Jacquie Manning, a professional photographer ___6___ work is about capturing the beautiful things in life. She came to our house while I was at work, and over several hours, ___7___(take) photos of the hundreds of drawings and lines, little grey fingerprints, and old marks. Somehow, she managed to photograph ___8___ we had experienced in all those years. Afterwards, she put all the photos together into one image, ___9___(transform) them into a beautiful history of my family.
Three weeks later, my children’s wonderful gift made its way to me —___10___ life-size photo of the pencil lines and fingerprints that represents entire lifetimes of love and growth.
【答案】1. is marked
2. the hardest
3. to discover
4. even though/ even if
5. something
6. whose 7. took
8. what 9. transforming
10. a
【解析】
这是一篇记叙文。作者讲述了家里有孩子成长的印记，所以舍不得搬家，后来孩子把墙上的痕迹拍照合成了图像留作纪念。
【1题详解】
考查时态和语态。根据语境可知，本句描述的是现在的情况，用一般现在时，主语Every growth stage（单三形式）与动词mark之间是被动关系，用is marked。故填is marked。
【2题详解】
考查形容词。根据上文的Of all the objects and all the memories可知，此处是指所有物品和记忆里面，墙上的铅笔线条是最难割舍的，因此，此处用形容词的最高级。故填the hardest。
【3题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：我认识的朋友拜访过他们以前的家，发现他们的高墙上刚刚粉刷过。分析句式可知，此处要用非谓语动词作结果状语，根据句意和语境可知，发现墙刚刷过是让作者意外的结果，用不定式做结果状语。故填to discover。
【4题详解】
考查连词。上一句句意：这么多年来，我一直在说我搬家的时候会多么不愿意离开那堵墙；后一句句意：最后的标记是10年前我的孩子停止成长时留下的。结合前后两句的句意可知，是让步关系，用even though/ even if 引导。故填even though/ even if。
【5题详解】
考查代词。根据下文作者的孩子请了专业的摄影师去家里拍照可知，此处是指孩子们决定做一些事情。故填something。
【6题详解】
考查定语从句。这是个定语从句，先行词是a professional photographer，指人，关系词在从句中作定语，用whose引导。故填whose。
【7题详解】
考查时态。根据上文的So one day, 可知，叙述的是过去的事情，用一般过去式。故填took。
【8题详解】
考查宾语从句。句意：不管怎样，她设法拍下了那些年我们经历的一切。这是个宾语从句，从句缺少宾语，连接词做experience的宾语，结合句意，故填what。
【9题详解】
考查非谓语动词。设空处做前面句子的状语，所给动词用其非谓语形式，逻辑主语she与transform之间是主动关系，用现在分词作状语。故填transforming。
【10题详解】
考查冠词。根据后面的名词photo是个可数名词单数可知，此处需用冠词a修饰，表示“一个”。故填a。
Section B（10分）
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one more word than you need.
Emphasizing social play in kindergarten improves academics
Emphasizing social play and students helping one another in kindergarten improves academic outcomes, self-control and attention regulation, finds new UBC research. The study, published in the journal PLoS One, found this approach to kindergarten curriculum also _____11_____ children’s joy in learning and teachers’ enjoyment of teaching.
“Before children have the ability to sit for long periods _____12_____ information, they need to be allowed to be _____13_____ and be encouraged to learn by doing,” said Dr. Adele Diamond, the study’s lead author. “Indeed, people of all ages learn better by doing than by being told.”
Through a controlled experiment, Diamond and her colleagues _____14_____ the effectiveness of a curriculum called Tools of the Mind (Tools). The curriculum was introduced to willing kindergarten teachers and 351 children with different backgrounds in 18 public schools.
Tools was developed in 1993 by two American researchers. Its basic _____15_____ is that social-emotional development and improving self-control is as important as teaching academic skills and content. The Tools _____16_____ the role of social play in developing skills such as self-control, selective attention and planning. “Skills like self-control and selective attention are necessary for learning. They are often more strongly associated with school readiness (入学准备) than intelligence quotient (IQ),” said Diamond. “This experiment is the first to show _____17_____ of a curriculum emphasizing social play.”
Teachers reported more _____18_____ behavior and greater sense of community in Tools classes. Late in the school year, Tools teachers reported they still felt _____19_____ and excited about teaching, while teachers in the control group were exhausted. “I have enjoyed seeing the _____20_____ progress my students have made in writing and reading.” said a Tools teacher in Vancouver. “I have also enjoyed seeing the students get so excited about coming to school and learning. They loved all the activities so much that many students didn’t want to miss school, even if they were sick.”
【答案】11. G 12. H
13. F 14. J
15. B 16. A
17. I 18. D
19. E 20. C
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。UBC的新研究发现，在幼儿园强调社交游戏和学生互相帮助可以提高学习成绩、自我控制和注意力调节。文章主要介绍了一门名为“思维工具”(Tools of the Mind，简称Tools)的课程的有效性。
【11题详解】
考查动词。根据最后一段的Late in the school year, Tools teachers reported they still felt _____9_____ and excited about teaching, while teachers in the control group were exhausted.可知，这种幼儿园课程设置的方法也增加了孩子们学习的乐趣和教师教学的乐趣。故选G。
【12题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：阿黛尔·戴蒙德博士说:“在孩子们能够长时间坐着获取信息之前，他们需要被允许活跃，并被鼓励在实践中学习。”。本句的谓语为have，设空处需用现在分词做伴随状语，结合句意可知，用absorbing。故选H。
【13题详解】
考查形容词。句意同上。设空处位于be后，用形容词作表语，结合句意可知，用active。故选F。
【14题详解】
考查动词。根据下文介绍了实验的结果可知，此处是指通过一项对照实验，戴蒙德和她的同事们分析了一门名为“思维工具”(Tools of the Mind，简称Tools)的课程的有效性。根据语境可知，要用一般过去式。故选J。
【15题详解】
考查名词。句意：它的基本原则是，社会情感发展和提高自我控制能力与教授学术技能和内容同样重要。结合上文“Before children have the ability to sit for long periods _____2_____ information, they need to be allowed to be _____3_____ and be encouraged to learn by doing,” 可知，这是它的原则。故选B。
【16题详解】
考查动词。根据上文可知，工具强调的是社会角色在发展自我控制、选择性注意和计划等技能中的作用。emphasize强调，根据句意可知，此处陈述的是客观事实，用一般现在时，主语是The Tools （一门课程名称），因此谓语用单三形式。故选A。
【17题详解】
考查名词。句意：这个实验首次显示了强调社交游戏的课程的好处。结合下文语境及句意可知，此处是指展示的好处。故选I。
【18题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：在工具课上，教师报告了更多的帮助行为和更强的社区意识。根据上文提到工具课的好处可知，此处是指帮助性的行为，位于名词前需用现在分词作定语，用helping。故选D。
【19题详解】
考查形容词。句意：工具组的教师报告说，他们仍然对教学感到充满热情和兴奋，而对照组的教师则筋疲力尽。根据空前的felt和空后的and excited可知，此处用修饰人的形容词，energized充满热情的。故选E。
【20题详解】
考查形容词。根据下文的“I have also enjoyed seeing the students get so excited about coming to school and learning.可知，学生们取得了很大的进步，enormous形容词，意思是“巨大的”。故选C。
III. Reading Comprehension
Section A （15分）
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
In product design, imagining users’ feelings leads to more original outcomes
Researchers find that in new product design, connecting with users’ heart, rather than their head, can lead to more original and creative outcomes.
Developing original and ___21___ products is critical to a company’s long-term success. Thus, understanding what influences originality can have important and potentially ___22___ consequences for businesses. Ravi Mehta, a professor of business administration, shows that adopting a(n) ___23___ that imagines how the user would feel while using a product leads designers to experience greater empathy（同感）, which ___24___ creativity and, in turn, outcome originality for new product design.
There are two ways that the product designer can ___25___ the consumer’s product usage. One focuses on objective use of the product—how consumers might use the product, that is, an “objective –imagination” approach. The other focuses on feelings—how the product makes the consumer feel, a “feelings-imagination” approach.
Consumers always want to have new products that solve problems more efficiently and at a less cost. So product designers ___26___ this trap of being very objective in focusing on the use of a product. That’s important, but the ___27___ of usage can only attract consumers in some ways.___28___, the feelings-imagination approach leads designers to experience greater empathy, which makes them more ___29___ to the consumers’ ideas. This leads to greater outcome originality. Mehta said, “when you imagine consumers and focus on their feelings, that’s powerful and will lead to something much more innovative than only focusing on a product’s usage.” The research shows that a feelings-based approach is ___30___ to the commonly used objective-based approach, the researchers wrote. It not only helps product designers build a better product, but it also helps them create more innovative products.
The implications of the findings extend to everyday consumers, who now play a role in shaping companies’ design. Mehta said, “Marketers are increasingly ___31___ consumers for new product ideas.”___32___, there was a very successful campaign a few years ago that focused on getting consumers to create a new potato chip flavor.
The experiments demonstrated a ___33___effect of adopting a feelings-imagination approach. That suggests that these designers may ___34___ imagining users’ feelings. In this way, designers can develop products that could ___35___ to the masses. Companies can easily adopt this process and promote feelings-imagination exercises through their websites or social media.
21. A. primary B. innovative C. natural D. domestic
22. A. temporary B. slight C. indefinite D. profitable
23. A. policy B. proposal C. approach D. standard
24. A. enhances B. exhibits C. illustrates D. explores
25. A. recommend B. extend C. exploit D. imagine
26. A. fall apart B. figure out C. fall into D. turn into
27. A. originality B. objectivity C. creativity D. flexibility
28. A. In conclusion B. In addition C. As a result D. By contrast
29. A. open B. harmful C. resistant D. equal
30. A. evident B. superior C. relevant D. alert
31. A. joining in B. applying to C. turning to D. taking in
32. A. In reality B. In other words C. What’s more D. For example
33. A. dramatic B. positive C. negative D. serious
34. A. depend on B. benefit from C. contribute to D. involve in
35. A. appeal B. refer C. adapt D. commit
【答案】21. B 22. D 23. C 24. A 25. D 26. C 27. B 28. D 29. A 30. B 31. C 32. D 33. B 34. B 35. A
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。研究人员发现，在新产品设计中，与用户的心灵而不是他们的头脑相联系，可以带来更多原创和创造性的结果。文中提到两种方法，一种是“客观-想象”方法，另一种是“感觉-想象”的方法。实验证明了采用感觉-想象方法的效果，设计师可以开发出能够吸引大众的产品。
【21题详解】
考查形容词辨析。句意：开发原创和创新的产品对一个公司的长期成功至关重要。A. primary 初级的；B. innovative 创新的；C. natural 自然的；D. domestic 国内的。根据下文的in turn, outcome originality for new product design.可知，此处用new的同义词。故选B。
【22题详解】
考查形容词辨析。句意：因此，了解是什么影响了原创性可以对企业产生重要和潜在的盈利结果。A. temporary暂时的；B. slight 轻微的；C. indefinite 不确定的；D. profitable 有益的，有利可图的。根据下文中提到更少的成本，更大的结果可知，此处是指好处。故选D。
【23题详解】
考查名词辨析。句意：企业管理学教授拉维•梅塔(Ravi Mehta)表示，采用一种方法，想象用户在使用产品时的感受，会让设计师产生更大的同理心，从而增强创造力，进而为新产品设计带来原创。A. policy 政策；B. proposal 建议；C. approach 方法；D. standard 标准。根据下文的There are two ways that the product designer can 可知，此处是采用一种方法。故选C。
【24题详解】
考查动词辨析。句意同上。A. enhances提高；B. exhibits展览；C. illustrates说明；D. explores 探索。根据上一句的using a product leads designers to experience greater empathy,可知，会增强创造力。故选A。
【25题详解】
考查动词辨析。句意：产品设计者有两种方法来想象消费者的产品使用情况。A. recommend推荐；B. extend延伸；C. exploit开发；D. imagine 想象。根据下文的that is, an “objective –imagination” approach. 可知，此处用imagine。故选D。
【26题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：因此，产品设计师在关注产品的使用时，会陷入一个非常客观的陷阱。A. fall apart 崩溃；B. figure out明白；C. fall into 陷入；D. turn into 变成。根据下文的the feelings-imagination approach leads designers to experience greater empathy, which makes them more ___9___ to the consumers’ ideas. 可知，关注产品的使用会让他们陷入陷阱。故选C。
【27题详解】
考查名词辨析。句意：这很重要，但客观的使用只能在某些方面吸引消费者。A. originality B. objectivity C. creativity D. flexibility 根据上文提到的“objective –imagination” approach. 及本句句意可知，此处是指客观的使用。故选B。
【28题详解】
考查介词短语辨析。句意：感觉-想象的方法使设计师体验到更大的同理心，这使他们对消费者的想法更开放。A. In conclusion 总之；B. In addition 此外；C. As a result 结果；D. By contrast 相比之下。文章提到了两种方法，上文说到了一种，本句是介绍第二种，因此，By contrast 衔接上下文。故选D。
【29题详解】
考查形容词辨析。句意同上。 A. open 开放的；B. harmful有害的；C. resistant 抵抗的；D. equal 平等的。结合上文对客观想象的评价接but the ___7___ of usage can only attract consumers in some ways可知，此处是指感觉想象更开放。故选A。
【30题详解】
考查形容词辨析。句意：研究表明，基于感觉的方法比基于目标的方法更有效。A. evident 明显的；B. superior出众的；C. relevant相关的；D. alert 警惕的。根据下文的It not only helps product designers build a better product, but it also helps them create more innovative products.可知，感觉的方法比基于目标的方法更有效。故选B。
【31题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：梅塔说，营销人员越来越多地向消费者寻求新产品创意。A. joining in 加入；B. applying to应用；C. turning to转向；D. taking in 吸收。根据下文的there was a very successful campaign a few years ago that focused on getting consumers to create a new potato chip flavor. 可知，现在很多营销人员转向消费者去寻找创意。故选C。
【32题详解】
考查短语辨析。句意：几年前有一个非常成功的活动，重点是让消费者创造一种新的薯片口味。A. In reality实际上；B. In other words换句话说；C. What’s more 更重要的是；D. For example 例如。根据上文说营销人员越来越多地向消费者寻求新产品创意可知，此处提到薯片是举的一个例子。故选D。
【33题详解】
考查形容词辨析。句意：实验证明了采用感觉-想象方法的积极效果。A. dramatic 戏剧的；B. positive 积极的；C. negative消极的；D. serious 严重的。结合上文指出感觉想象是很好的方法，根据下文的In this way, designers can develop products that could ___15___ to the masses. 可知，这种方法是有积极的效果的。故选B。
【34题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：这表明，这些设计师可以从想象用户的感受中获益。A. depend on 依靠；B. benefit from 从……中受益；C. contribute to 有助于；D. involve in 涉及。文中指出感觉想象效果很好，根据上文的The experiments demonstrated a ___13___effect of adopting a feelings-imagination approach. 可知，设计师从中受益。故选B。
【35题详解】
考查动词辨析。句意：通过这种方式，设计师可以开发出能够吸引大众的产品。A. appeal吸引；B. refer涉及；C. adapt 适应；D. commit 承诺。上文中指出感觉-想象的方法使设计师体验到更大的同理心，这使他们对消费者的想法更开放。由此可知，这种方法更能吸引大众。appeal to吸引。故选A。
Section B（22分）
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
When she was ten years old, Isadora Duncan dropped out of school to teach people dance. If that job was left to any other ten-year-old, it would have turned out frustrating, difficult, and a little discouraging.
But Duncan was different. Not only was she already talented enough to earn money even at that age, but she also had a rare kind of confidence that helped her treat troubles as fuel —something to elevate the fire that is already burning inside of her.
It’s no surprise, then, that when she moved to New York to join a theatre company, she found herself restricted. The existing dancing style, their way of operating—all of this seemed to her the work of a misguided past. Duncan was very direct about what she wanted, confidently telling people she had a different vision of dance that she was going to spread in the world. This, naturally, led to ridicule and laughs early on, but as she built up her work, these instances became less frequent. Today, she is remembered as “The Mother of Dance,” with much of the modern art owing its expressive style to her influence. Inspired by the ancient Greeks, she brought the style to life.
In her autobiography (自传), one of the things Duncan frequently refers to as the basis of her expressive spirit is the fact that she had a childhood where she wasn’t constantly watched. The expectations of her mother (who raised her) were open-ended. It was the freedom of this lifestyle that drove her to see what she could do.
Growing up, before she left school, she was told one of two things: that she was either completely useless or that she was a genius. There was nothing in between. Even when she started working, people either bowed to her or they basically ignored her. But there wasn’t one moment Duncan doubted her own genius.
There is an old quotation “if you judge a fish by its ability to climb a tree, it will live its whole life believing that it is stupid.” And it captures an important truth. At school, Isadora Duncan was a failure. In the dance hall, she gave form to brilliance.
36. What does the underlined phrase “treat troubles as fuel” mean?
A. Duncan used troubles to push her forward towards her dream.
B. Duncan was good at burning away everyday troubles.
C. Troubles turned Duncan into a confident girl.
D. Troubles lit the fire of dancing in Duncan.
37. Which of the following is TRUE about Duncan?
A. Her experience in New York was the foundation of her career.
B. Her teaching job when she was little destroyed her confidence.
C. Her dancing style was not very well received at the beginning.
D. Her mother set higher expectation on her than she could bear.
38. What does the author try to tell the readers in the last paragraph?
A. It is useless climbing a tree to catch fish.
B. Everybody is a genius in his own way.
C. Miseries come from human stupidity.
D Teachers can impact students greatly.
39. What is this passage mainly about?
A. Isadora Duncan’s childhood and her achievements today.
B. Duncan’s career development and other dancers’ opinions of her.
C. Isadora Duncan’s early experiences and the reasons for her success.
D. Duncan’s high status in the dancing world and her unique expressive style.
【答案】36. A 37. C 38. B 39. C
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇夹叙夹议的文章。伊莎多拉·邓肯十岁时辍学去教别人跳舞，文章主要介绍了她的早期的经历以及其取得成功的原因。
【36题详解】
词义猜测题。根据上文说即使在那个年龄，她也有足够的天赋去挣钱，而且她还有一种罕见的自信，尤其是破折号后的something to elevate the fire that is already burning inside of her （能让她心中燃烧的火焰更旺）可推测出划线部分的意思应为“用困难推动她向梦想前进”。故选A。
【37题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段的Duncan was very direct about what she wanted, confidently telling people she had a different vision of dance that she was going to spread in the world. This, naturally, led to ridicule and laughs early on, but as she built up her work, these instances became less frequent. 可知，她自信地告诉人们她对舞蹈有不同的看法，她将在世界上传播。很自然，这在一开始就引起了人们的嘲笑和大笑，但随着她的工作越来越多，这样的事情就不那么频繁了。由此可知，她的舞蹈风格一开始不被人们接受。故选C。
【38题详解】
推理判断题。最后一段引用古话:“如果你以爬树的能力来判断一条鱼，它终其一生都会认为自己是愚蠢的。”接着又指出在学校里，伊莎多拉·邓肯是个失败者。在舞厅里，她光彩夺目。由此可推断出，作者在最后一段想要告诉我们每个人都是独特的天才。故选B。
【39题详解】
主旨大意题。伊莎多拉·邓肯十岁时辍学去教别人跳舞，文章主要介绍了她的经历以及所取得的成功。故选C。
【点睛】词义猜测题是高考阅读理解中常考题型之一，可以大致分为①定义猜词，可以根据定义信息和举例猜测词义。如文中常用refer to，be called或that’s to say，such as等。②逻辑猜词可以根据同义词、反义词、因果关系词等猜测词义，例如，similarly，the same as，but，however，while，on the other hand, since ,because等，所猜词与这些提示词前/后面部分的含义一样、相反或是前因后果。③语法猜词，可以根据构词法，再结合上下文进行猜词。④语境猜词，猜测词义离不开上下文的语境，通过上下文提供的情景和线索进行合理的分析，同时还要关注其所在的整段及整篇文章。⑤指代猜词即找出人称代词、指示代词、关系代词或关系副词等所指代的内容，做题时要注意指代词的位置，以便于判断，然后用所找的指代内容替换划线代词，核实其逻辑、意义、位置等是否一致，最后比较所找部分与选项，确定意思最接近的选项。本文中的第1小题是词义猜测题，该小题属于逻辑猜词，该词后的破折号后的句子对划线句子进行了解释说明，根据前后的逻辑关系再结合上下文，可以准确的猜测出该句的意思，再对应四个选项，即可得出答案。
(B)
Taking your pulse during physical activity allows you to measure how hard you are exercising. You should exercise to stay within your target heart range.
Increasing your heart rate is a key part of exercise, but it is important that your heart rate is not too high or too low. If you are a beginner, you should also be able to breathe comfortably while exercising. This will ensure that you are exercising at a level that is safe and effective for your body.
The chart below illustrates target heart rate ranges for exercise based on the maximal heart rate for selected ages. Here are the steps for using the chart:
40. Which of the following is TRUE?
A. Exercise intensity can be reflected by a person’s heart rate.
B. The faster your heart rate is, the more effective the exercise is.
C. Vigorous exercise will definitely present a threat to people’s safety.
D. The target exercise heart rate range for a 45-year-old is 90–149 BPM.
41. A 34-year-old man is running and the number of pulses he takes for 15 seconds is 40.
His fitness coach had better tell him _____________.
A. “You are doing fine.” B. “You can run faster.”
C. “You should slow down a bit.” D. “You should drink some water.”
42. What is the purpose of this passage?
A. To advise people to form a habit of taking their pulses while exercising.
B. To inform people of the target heart rate zone for those aged 60 and under.
C. To tell people the importance of maintaining moderate amount of exercise.
D. To show people how to measure heart rate to keep proper exercise intensity.
【答案】40. A 41. C 42. D
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。文章通过告诉读者如何给自己把脉以及用两个表格向人们展示如何测量心率以保持适当的运动强度。
【40题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段的内容Taking your pulse during physical activity allows you to measure how hard you are exercising. You should exercise to stay within your target heart range.及表格上的数据可知，一个人的心率可以反映运动强度。故选A。
【41题详解】
细节理解题。根据表格中给的测量心率的方法可知，此人的每分钟的心率是40*4=160，结合数据表格，年龄34从35岁那一栏可知，大于百分之85，根据图表说明可知，属于剧烈运动，因此他的健康教练应该告诉他放慢一点。故选C。
【42题详解】
推理判断题。文章通过告诉读者如何给自己把脉以及用两个表格向人们展示如何测量心率以保持适当的运动强度。由此可知，文章的目的是向人们展示如何测量心率以保持适当的运动强度。故选D。
(C)
A tiny clue found in ancient deposits has unlocked big secrets about Greenland’s past and future climate. Just beyond the northwest edge of the vast Greenland Ice Sheet, researchers have discovered lake mud that have survived the last ice age. The mud, and remains of common flies in it, record two interglacial periods（间冰期）in northwest Greenland.
Although researchers have long known these two periods—the early Holocene and Last Interglacial—experienced warming in the Arctic, the mix of fly species shows that Greenland was even warmer than previously thought. “As far as we know, it has never been found in Greenland. We think this is the first time anyone has reported it in ancient deposits or modern lakes there,” Axford said. “We were really surprised to see how far north it migrated (迁徙).”
This new information could help researchers better measure Greenland’s sensitivity to warming, by testing and improving models of climate and ice sheet behaviour. Those models could then improve predictions of how Greenland’s ice sheet might respond to man-made global warming. After all, Greenland covers 80 per cent of the Arctic country and holds enough ice to equal 20 feet of global sea level. “Northwest Greenland might feel really remote, but what happens to that ice sheet is going to matter to everyone in every coastal city around the world,” said Yarrow Axford, an associate professor in the team. “One of the big uncertainties in climate science is how fast the Earth changes when it gets warmer. Geology gives us an opportunity to see what happened when the Earth was warmer than today,” said Axford.
People might be surprised to see how today’s Greenland looked during the last two interglacial periods. During the Last Interglacial, global sea levels increased by 15 to 30 feet, largely due to thinning of Greenland and Antarctica’s ice sheets. However, now researchers believe northern Greenland’s ice sheet experienced stronger warming than previously thought, which could mean that Greenland is more responsible for that sea-level rise.
Finding lake deposits older than about 10,000 years, however, has been historically very difficult in Greenland. To measure these ancient temperatures, researchers look to ice cores (冰核) and lake deposits. Since ice and lake deposits form by a gradual buildup on annual layers of snow or mud, these cores contain history of the past. By looking through the layers, researchers can obtain climate clues from centuries ago.
43. Why are the remains of flies mentioned in the first two paragraphs?
A. They serve as evidence that there is still life in the Northwest Greenland.
B. They were one of the many ancient lives that were left in the Greenland mud.
C. They are indicators that Greenland was much warmer than previously thought.
D. They help the researchers realize that there was once a warm period in the Arctic.
44. The new information about Greenland is important because______________.
A. researchers have no idea how to measure Greenland’s warming speed
B. it can help researchers better predict Greenland’s response to warming
C people should be more sensitive to the changes in the ice in Greenland
D. it is uncertain how fast the Earth changes with man-made global warming
45. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
A It is easier for today’s scientists to find ancient lake deposits.
B. People are surprised at the landscape feature of Greenland today.
C. Researchers measure the changing temperatures by directly examining mud.
D. Greenland holds enough ice that might one day threaten life in coastal cities.
46. Which do you think is the best title of the passage?
A. Greenland Used to Be Much Greener
B. Earth Once Experienced Warm Periods
C. Coastal Cities Warned of Coming Disasters
D. Northwest Greenland, A Perfect Destination
【答案】43. C 44. B 45. D 46. A
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在古代沉积物中发现的一条微小线索揭开了格陵兰岛过去和未来气候的大秘密。就在广阔的格陵兰冰原的西北边缘，研究人员发现了在最后一个冰河时代幸存下来的湖泥。现在研究人员认为，格陵兰北部的冰盖经历了比之前认为的更强烈的变暖。
【43题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段的The mud, and remains of common flies in it, record two interglacial periods（间冰期）in northwest Greenland.（在格陵兰岛西北部，泥浆和常见苍蝇的残骸记录了两次间冰期）和 第二段的Although researchers have long known these two periods—the early Holocene and Last Interglacial—experienced warming in the Arctic, the mix of fly species shows that Greenland was even warmer than previously thought. （尽管研究人员很早就知道这两个时期——全新世早期和最后一次间冰期——在北极经历了变暖，但混合的蝇类表明格陵兰岛甚至比之前认为的还要热。）可知，在前两段中提到苍蝇的残骸是为了证明格陵兰岛的温度比之前认为的要高得多。故选C。
【44题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段的This new information could help researchers better measure Greenland’s sensitivity to warming, by testing and improving models of climate and ice sheet behaviour. 可知，这些新信息可以帮助研究人员更好地测量格陵兰岛对气候变暖的敏感性。故选B。
【45题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段的After all, Greenland covers 80 per cent of the Arctic country and holds enough ice to equal 20 feet of global sea level. “Northwest Greenland might feel really remote, but what happens to that ice sheet is going to matter to everyone in every coastal city around the world,” 可知，格陵兰岛覆盖了这个北极国家的80%，拥有相当于全球海平面20英尺的冰。“格陵兰西北部可能真的感觉很遥远，但冰盖的变化将关系到世界上每个沿海城市的每个人。”故选D。
【46题详解】
主旨大意题。文章通过最新的发现——最后一个冰河时代幸存下来的湖泥及湖泥中的苍蝇残骸及其相关研究说明格陵兰岛之前可能更暖和。因此，本文的最佳标题应为“格陵兰岛曾经更加绿色”。故选A。
【点睛】旨大意题是高考阅读理解常考四大题型之一，近几年来的高考都有考到该题型，透彻了解该题型且掌握其答题技巧十分必要。1.考法说明：考查对象分为三类：标题归纳、文章大意和段落大意。2.突破方法：①仔细审题，看好范围。搞清楚问的是某一段还是全文的中心思想。正确选项的特点是：一般不出现细节信息；不含过于肯定或绝对的词语。②使用略读，迅速将全段或全文浏览一遍。③特别注意全文或所问段落的首句和尾句，因为它们常常是主旨要义的体现。避免三个错误：概括不够；过度概括；以事实或细节代替抽象概括的大意。第4小题是主旨大意题，要求写出本文的标题。选项B和C表述不正确，选项D不是本文的内容。A项准确概括了本文的内容。故选A
Section C（8分）
Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
South Africa still has a long way to go on the right to food
Fifty-four percent of South Africans are hungry or at risk of hunger. Hunger affects people’s health, as well as their ability to live full and productive lives because the rights to dignity, health and education are affected by hunger.
_____47_____ There are significant race, class and gender differences. For example, black South Africans are 22 times more likely to be food insecure compared with white South Africans. Food insecurity is defined as not having physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.
This unequal distribution indicates a situation of severe food injustice in South Africa. Yet from the research with urban farmers it’s clear that people do not know of the right to food, and don’t see unequal access to nutritious food as an injustice. ____48____While there are frequent protests around access to jobs, education, housing, water and electricity, we rarely, if ever, see protests about access to food.
One of the drivers of unequal access to food is the way in which the industrial food system works. For example, a few large companies dominate each aspect of the food value chain. ____49____ Because the large companies dominate the supply chain, they are able to maximize profits at the expense of small-scale producers, to whom they pay very low prices.
____50____It needs to ensure that marginalized producers, processors and retailers have an opportunity to earn a decent living. At the same time corporate dominance needs to be addressed.
Anyway, at the most basic level, it requires that South Africans know they have a right to food in the first place.
A. As a result, questions of hunger are largely absent in South African politics.
B. Handling food injustice requires a transformation of the undesirable structure of the food system.
C. Therefore, the government has put forward numerous food and nutrition security programs to fight against hunger.
D. This means that smaller scale producers, processors and retailers are squeezed out.
E. Hunger, lack of nutrition and related illnesses are not equally spread.
F. There are international examples of governments taking their obligations seriously with regard to the right to food.
【答案】47. E 48. A 49. D 50. B
【解析】
54%的南非人处于饥饿或面临饥饿的危险。饥饿影响人们的健康以及他们过上充实和富有成效的生活的能力。文章主要介绍了他们的食物权问题。
【47题详解】
根据下一句There are significant race, class and gender differences.及后面举的例子可知，食物存在明显的种族、阶级和性别差异。与南非白人相比，南非黑人食物不安全的可能性是白人的22倍。因此，作为本段的主旨句，选项E“饥饿、营养不良和相关疾病的传播并不均衡。”最能概括本段。故选E。
【48题详解】
根据上文提到从对城市农民的研究来看，很明显，人们不知道食物的权利，也不认为获得营养食物的不平等是不公平的。及后一句中提到：人们很少看到有关食品供应的抗议活动。由此可知，选项A“因此，饥饿问题在南非政治中基本不存在。”照应上下文。故选A。
【49题详解】
段首句指出工业粮食系统的运作方式是造成粮食供应不平等的原因之一。结合空前的例子：一些大公司控制着食品价值链的各个方面。选项D“这意味着规模较小的生产商、加工商和零售商将被挤出市场。”与上文衔接。故选D。
【50题详解】
根据下文：它需要确保被边缘化的生产者、加工商和零售商有机会过上体面的生活。与此同时，企业的主导地位需要得到解决。这里的it指的是解决不公平的办法（改变食物体系的结构）。因此，选项B“处理食物不公平需要改变食物系统的不良结构。”为最佳中心句。故选B。
IV. Summary writing （10分）
51.Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Most of us — even those at the top — struggle with public-speaking anxiety. When I ask my clients what makes them nervous, invariably they respond with the same answers: “I don’t like being watched”, “I don’t like the eyes on me” or “I don’t like being in the spotlight”.
To understand why, we need to go way back to prehistoric times, when humans regarded eyes watching us as an existential threat. Those eyes were likely predators (肉食动物) and people were terrified of being eaten alive. The bad news is that our brains have transferred the ancient fear of being watched into public speaking. In other words, public-speaking anxiety is in our DNA.
Fortunately, there is a solution: human generosity. The key to disarming our panic button is to turn the focus away from ourselves and toward helping the audience. Studies have shown that an increase in generosity indeed leads to a decrease in amygdala (扁桃腺) activity, which is responsible for our panic feeling in the brain. When we are kind to others, we overcome the sense of being under attack and start to feel less nervous.
Admittedly, this is hard to do. But it’s absolutely possible to become a generous speaker. To begin with, when you start preparing for a presentation, the mistake you often make is starting with the topic. Instead, you should start with the audience. Identify the audience’s needs, and craft a message that speaks directly to those needs. Also, you are the most nervous right before you speak. This is the moment when your brain is telling you, “Everyone is judging me.” But it is exactly the moment when you should refocus your brain. Over time, your brain will begin to get it, and you will become less nervous.
【答案】Possible version1:
Many people have public-speaking anxiety because there are many eyes on the speakers. The reason is that humans turned the fear of being watched by predators in prehistoric times into public speaking. To solve the problem, people should focus on helping the audience, speaking directly to the audience’s needs and refocusing their brain before speaking. (55)
Possible version2:
Many people have public-speaking anxiety because they fear being watched. The reason dates back to prehistoric times when humans regarded eyes watching them as those of the predators that would eat them. To solve the problem, people should be generous to the audience/ focus on helping the audience. They should speak directly to the audience’s needs and refocus their brain before speaking. (57)
【解析】
【分析】
本题要求写一篇概要，属于说明文。
【详解】首先，阅读材料，了解文章的基本内容。本篇阅读材料的核心内容是: 许多人都有公开演讲的焦虑，因为有很多眼睛盯着演讲者。原因是人类把史前时期对被食肉动物注视的恐惧变成了公开演讲。为了解决这个问题，人们应该专注于帮助听众，直接针对听众的需求说话，在说话之前重新集中他们的注意力。本篇文章的写作思路就是围绕“演讲焦虑的原因和解决方法展开。
【点睛】文章简明扼要，涵盖所有内容，结构层次清晰，文章顺畅。Many people have public-speaking anxiety because there are many eyes on the speakers. because引导原因状语从句；The reason is that humans turned the fear of being watched by predators in prehistoric times into public speaking. that引导的表语从句；
V. Translation （15分）
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
52. 有些地方因污染而出现了许多奇怪的疾病。(arise)
53. 全球气候变暖使得一些稀有动物濒临灭绝。(leave)
54. 我养成了习惯，趁记忆犹新，就把难忘的经历写下来。(while)
55. 该选手的机智及开阔的知识面使评委们大为惊异，他们一致同意他为冠军获得者。 (So…)
【答案】52. Some strange diseases have arisen from pollution in some places.
53. The global warming has left some rare species of animals threatened with extinction/ in great danger of extinction.
54. I have formed/ developed/ cultivated a habit of writing down the unforgettable experiences while they’re still fresh in my mind/memory.
55. So amazed were the judges at the wisdom and wide knowledge of the contestant that they all agreed that he would be the champion. / be the winner./ win the championship.
【解析】
【52题详解】
考查动词。本句的主语为许多奇怪的疾病（some strange diseases），根据句意可知，使用现在完成时（have arisen）。本句可译为：Some strange diseases have arisen from pollution in some places.
【53题详解】
考查动词。本句主语为全球气温变暖（the global warming），时态用现在完成时，主语为单三，故用has left ，濒临灭绝（threatened with extinction/ in great danger of extinction.）。故本句可译为：The global warming has left some rare species of animals threatened with extinction/ in great danger of extinction.
【54题详解】
考查状语从句。本句可以用while引导时间状语从句，养成了……习惯（formed/ developed/ cultivated a habit of），记忆犹新（fresh in my mind/memory）。已经养成了习惯，用现在完成时，从句使用一般现在时。故本句翻译为：I have formed/ developed/ cultivated a habit of writing down the unforgettable experiences while they’re still fresh in my mind/memory.
【55题详解】
考查状语从句和倒装。根据句意和提示词可知，此句可用so…that（如此……以至于）引导的结果状语从句，本句可用倒装句式，将so提至句首，时态应用一般过去式，对……惊奇（be amazed at）。故本句翻译为：So amazed were the judges at the wisdom and wide knowledge of the contestant that they all agreed that he would be the champion. / be the winner./ win the championship.
VI. Guided writing （25分）
56.Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
76. 假设你是明启中学学生王磊，你校下个月将举行中外学生交流活动，现向学生征求活动方案。你主动向校长写信，表达你的想法。你的信包括以下内容：
1. 活动的主题；
2. 你设计的1-2个活动的具体内容；
3. 你设计该活动的理由。
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】Dear principal,
I’ m a student in our school. I have learned that there will be an exchange between Chinese and foreign students in our school next month. I have also learned that our school is recruiting organizers from students. I am now writing to make an application for being recruited. I have much erperience in organizing such an activity.
If I have been recruited. I will make the following arrangements: Hold a reading on the school playground and all teachers and students are invited to attend. Firstly, choose some representatives of foreign students to talk about their culture and their feelings about Chinese culture. Secondly, each student brought his favorite book to the activity and discussed the two cultures with foreign friends around him. Through this activity, on the one hand, students can have a deeper understanding of the cultural differences between China and foreign countries; on the other hand, students can strengthen communication and enhance friendship.
Looking forward to your early reply
yours sincerely
Wang Lei
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇应用文，要求写一封自荐信。
【详解】根据提示信息，你是明启中学学生王磊，学校下个月将举行中外学生交流活动，现向学生征求活动方案。你主动向校长写信，表达你的想法。1.首先注意时态以现在时为主，其次人称使用第一人称。2.根据文章的写作要求，可以分为两部分;第一部分指出活动的主题；
第二部分 介绍你设计的1-2个活动的具体内容并说出你设计该活动的理由。3. 注意使用高级词汇和句式，为文章增添色彩；注意使用连接词、衔接词，使文章自然、流畅。
【点睛】本文内容完整，语言表述流畅。文章使用了几个高分句型1. I have learned that there will be an exchange between Chinese and foreign students in our school next month. that引导的宾语从句；2. If I have been recruited， I will make the following arrangements.if条件从句，句。这些句式的恰当运用，不仅为文章增色，还展示了作者具有较高的语言运用能力和较高的写作水平。
2019学年度嘉定区高三年级第一次质量调研
英语试卷
I. Listening Comprehension
Section A （10分）
Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.
1. A. Terrific. B. Tough. C. Exciting. D. Well-paid.
2. A. Have her parents live on campus.
B. Call local hotels again in a few days.
C. Phone the Cliffside Inn for a reservation.
D. Ask her parents to come on another weekend.
3. A. Put on a coat at once. B. Exchange the tickets.
C. Take care of his cold. D. Watch the game at home.
4. A. She has to post a letter instead. B. She can’t send the message right now.
C. She’s not sure if the computer is fixed. D. She has to turn down the man’s request.
5. A. The book is much too long. B. He hasn’t read the book yet.
C. He seldom reads such a book. D. The book is very interesting.
6. A. He has already seen the film. B. He is unlikely to go to the cinema.
C. He has just recovered from the flu. D. He doesn’t think highly of the film.
7. A. Think about getting a job at another place. B. Find a suitable job to work happily.
C. Sign up for more than one journalism class. D. Call the news agency about the job.
8. A. She wishes she had seen the play.
B. The scenery could have been more realistic.
C. The makeup wasn’t as good as the scenery.
D. The actors should have worn ancient makeup.
9. A. She contacts her parents occasionally.
B. She phones her parents regularly at weekends.
C. She visits her parents when the fares are down.
D. She often calls her parents regardless of the rate.
10. A. They cannot finish the assignment until Thursday.
B. They have plenty of time to work on the assignment.
C. The assignment looks easy but actually quite difficult.
D. The assignment is difficult for them to complete on time.
Section B （15分）
Directions: In Section B, you will hear two passages and one longer conversation. After each passage or conversation, you will be asked several questions. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.
Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.
11. A. How to share responsibilities. B. How to motivate themselves.
C. How to respond to challenges. D. How to code computer games.
12. A. They don’t receive grades. B. They don’t have to take exams.
C. They can do whatever they like. D. They must study math and English.
13. A. More schools are trying the creative approach to teaching.
B. More students are being sent to hike across the Alps.
C. More teenagers are coming to study at the school.
D. More teachers are designing “challenge” projects.
Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.
14. A. To take photos for an investigation.
B. To pursue his hobby of photography.
C. To recover from an illness and gain health.
D. To further his interest in the American West.
15. A. Walter Smith began to study Blackfoot culture as a part-time job.
B. The Blackfoot community was a great attraction to other Americans.
C. Walter Smith was devoted to protecting and spreading Blackfoot culture.
D. The Blackfoot officially received its name for the color of their footwear.
16. A. Walter Smith’s life-long dream to enter the Blackfoot world.
B. Walter Smith’s efforts to save an endangered culture.
C. Walter Smith’s journey to Blackfoot’s community.
D. The precious pictures of the Blackfoot Indians.
Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.
17. A. Talking about the latest movies freely online. B. Watching movies on the big theatre screens.
C. Watching movies with her best friends. D. Seeing new movies on weekends.
18. A. Because he wants to save money and snacks as well.
B. Because he can avoid being influenced by spoilers (剧透).
C. Because he wants to interact freely while watching movies.
D. Because action movies shown at the theatre have the similar plot.
19. A. They enjoy watching superhero movies.
B. They like sharing the latest movies online.
C. They appreciate interacting freely with friends.
D. They are fond of guessing the plot of new movies.
20. A. Watch the new movie with the woman on DVD.
B. Wait to be informed about the contents of the movie.
C. Watch the superhero movie when the DVD comes out.
D. Rent the cheapest DVD to watch whatever movies available.
II. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A （10分）
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
This is where my kids grew up
For years now, I’ve been wanting to sell our home, the place where my husband and I raised our kids. But to me, this house is more than just a building. In the front room, there’s a wall that has hundreds of pencil lines. Every growth stage ___1___(mark) in pencils, with each child’s name and the date.
Of all the objects and all the memories, it’s this one thing in a home that’s ___2___(hard) to leave behind. Our kids grow in so many ways, but the wall is physical evidence of their progress. Friends I know have visited their previous home only ___3___(discover) their wall of heights has been freshly painted over. Over the years, I’ve talked about how much I would hate leaving that wall behind when I moved, ___4___ the last marks were made 10 years ago when my kids stopped growing. So one day, while I was at work, my children decided to do ___5___ about it.
They hired Jacquie Manning, a professional photographer ___6___ work is about capturing the beautiful things in life. She came to our house while I was at work, and over several hours, ___7___(take) photos of the hundreds of drawings and lines, little grey fingerprints, and old marks. Somehow, she managed to photograph ___8___ we had experienced in all those years. Afterwards, she put all the photos together into one image, ___9___(transform) them into a beautiful history of my family.
Three weeks later, my children’s wonderful gift made its way to me —___10___ life-size photo of the pencil lines and fingerprints that represents entire lifetimes of love and growth.
【答案】1. is marked
2. the hardest
3. to discover
4. even though/ even if
5. something
6. whose 7. took
8. what 9. transforming
10. a
【解析】
这是一篇记叙文。作者讲述了家里有孩子成长的印记，所以舍不得搬家，后来孩子把墙上的痕迹拍照合成了图像留作纪念。
【1题详解】
考查时态和语态。根据语境可知，本句描述的是现在的情况，用一般现在时，主语Every growth stage（单三形式）与动词mark之间是被动关系，用is marked。故填is marked。
【2题详解】
考查形容词。根据上文的Of all the objects and all the memories可知，此处是指所有物品和记忆里面，墙上的铅笔线条是最难割舍的，因此，此处用形容词的最高级。故填the hardest。
【3题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：我认识的朋友拜访过他们以前的家，发现他们的高墙上刚刚粉刷过。分析句式可知，此处要用非谓语动词作结果状语，根据句意和语境可知，发现墙刚刷过是让作者意外的结果，用不定式做结果状语。故填to discover。
【4题详解】
考查连词。上一句句意：这么多年来，我一直在说我搬家的时候会多么不愿意离开那堵墙；后一句句意：最后的标记是10年前我的孩子停止成长时留下的。结合前后两句的句意可知，是让步关系，用even though/ even if 引导。故填even though/ even if。
【5题详解】
考查代词。根据下文作者的孩子请了专业的摄影师去家里拍照可知，此处是指孩子们决定做一些事情。故填something。
【6题详解】
考查定语从句。这是个定语从句，先行词是a professional photographer，指人，关系词在从句中作定语，用whose引导。故填whose。
【7题详解】
考查时态。根据上文的So one day, 可知，叙述的是过去的事情，用一般过去式。故填took。
【8题详解】
考查宾语从句。句意：不管怎样，她设法拍下了那些年我们经历的一切。这是个宾语从句，从句缺少宾语，连接词做experience的宾语，结合句意，故填what。
【9题详解】
考查非谓语动词。设空处做前面句子的状语，所给动词用其非谓语形式，逻辑主语she与transform之间是主动关系，用现在分词作状语。故填transforming。
【10题详解】
考查冠词。根据后面的名词photo是个可数名词单数可知，此处需用冠词a修饰，表示“一个”。故填a。
Section B（10分）
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one more word than you need.
Emphasizing social play in kindergarten improves academics
Emphasizing social play and students helping one another in kindergarten improves academic outcomes, self-control and attention regulation, finds new UBC research. The study, published in the journal PLoS One, found this approach to kindergarten curriculum also _____11_____ children’s joy in learning and teachers’ enjoyment of teaching.
“Before children have the ability to sit for long periods _____12_____ information, they need to be allowed to be _____13_____ and be encouraged to learn by doing,” said Dr. Adele Diamond, the study’s lead author. “Indeed, people of all ages learn better by doing than by being told.”
Through a controlled experiment, Diamond and her colleagues _____14_____ the effectiveness of a curriculum called Tools of the Mind (Tools). The curriculum was introduced to willing kindergarten teachers and 351 children with different backgrounds in 18 public schools.
Tools was developed in 1993 by two American researchers. Its basic _____15_____ is that social-emotional development and improving self-control is as important as teaching academic skills and content. The Tools _____16_____ the role of social play in developing skills such as self-control, selective attention and planning. “Skills like self-control and selective attention are necessary for learning. They are often more strongly associated with school readiness (入学准备) than intelligence quotient (IQ),” said Diamond. “This experiment is the first to show _____17_____ of a curriculum emphasizing social play.”
Teachers reported more _____18_____ behavior and greater sense of community in Tools classes. Late in the school year, Tools teachers reported they still felt _____19_____ and excited about teaching, while teachers in the control group were exhausted. “I have enjoyed seeing the _____20_____ progress my students have made in writing and reading.” said a Tools teacher in Vancouver. “I have also enjoyed seeing the students get so excited about coming to school and learning. They loved all the activities so much that many students didn’t want to miss school, even if they were sick.”
【答案】11. G 12. H
13. F 14. J
15. B 16. A
17. I 18. D
19. E 20. C
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。UBC的新研究发现，在幼儿园强调社交游戏和学生互相帮助可以提高学习成绩、自我控制和注意力调节。文章主要介绍了一门名为“思维工具”(Tools of the Mind，简称Tools)的课程的有效性。
【11题详解】
考查动词。根据最后一段的Late in the school year, Tools teachers reported they still felt _____9_____ and excited about teaching, while teachers in the control group were exhausted.可知，这种幼儿园课程设置的方法也增加了孩子们学习的乐趣和教师教学的乐趣。故选G。
【12题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：阿黛尔·戴蒙德博士说:“在孩子们能够长时间坐着获取信息之前，他们需要被允许活跃，并被鼓励在实践中学习。”。本句的谓语为have，设空处需用现在分词做伴随状语，结合句意可知，用absorbing。故选H。
【13题详解】
考查形容词。句意同上。设空处位于be后，用形容词作表语，结合句意可知，用active。故选F。
【14题详解】
考查动词。根据下文介绍了实验的结果可知，此处是指通过一项对照实验，戴蒙德和她的同事们分析了一门名为“思维工具”(Tools of the Mind，简称Tools)的课程的有效性。根据语境可知，要用一般过去式。故选J。
【15题详解】
考查名词。句意：它的基本原则是，社会情感发展和提高自我控制能力与教授学术技能和内容同样重要。结合上文“Before children have the ability to sit for long periods _____2_____ information, they need to be allowed to be _____3_____ and be encouraged to learn by doing,” 可知，这是它的原则。故选B。
【16题详解】
考查动词。根据上文可知，工具强调的是社会角色在发展自我控制、选择性注意和计划等技能中的作用。emphasize强调，根据句意可知，此处陈述的是客观事实，用一般现在时，主语是The Tools （一门课程名称），因此谓语用单三形式。故选A。
【17题详解】
考查名词。句意：这个实验首次显示了强调社交游戏的课程的好处。结合下文语境及句意可知，此处是指展示的好处。故选I。
【18题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：在工具课上，教师报告了更多的帮助行为和更强的社区意识。根据上文提到工具课的好处可知，此处是指帮助性的行为，位于名词前需用现在分词作定语，用helping。故选D。
【19题详解】
考查形容词。句意：工具组的教师报告说，他们仍然对教学感到充满热情和兴奋，而对照组的教师则筋疲力尽。根据空前的felt和空后的and excited可知，此处用修饰人的形容词，energized充满热情的。故选E。
【20题详解】
考查形容词。根据下文的“I have also enjoyed seeing the students get so excited about coming to school and learning.可知，学生们取得了很大的进步，enormous形容词，意思是“巨大的”。故选C。
III. Reading Comprehension
Section A （15分）
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
In product design, imagining users’ feelings leads to more original outcomes
Researchers find that in new product design, connecting with users’ heart, rather than their head, can lead to more original and creative outcomes.
Developing original and ___21___ products is critical to a company’s long-term success. Thus, understanding what influences originality can have important and potentially ___22___ consequences for businesses. Ravi Mehta, a professor of business administration, shows that adopting a(n) ___23___ that imagines how the user would feel while using a product leads designers to experience greater empathy（同感）, which ___24___ creativity and, in turn, outcome originality for new product design.
There are two ways that the product designer can ___25___ the consumer’s product usage. One focuses on objective use of the product—how consumers might use the product, that is, an “objective –imagination” approach. The other focuses on feelings—how the product makes the consumer feel, a “feelings-imagination” approach.
Consumers always want to have new products that solve problems more efficiently and at a less cost. So product designers ___26___ this trap of being very objective in focusing on the use of a product. That’s important, but the ___27___ of usage can only attract consumers in some ways.___28___, the feelings-imagination approach leads designers to experience greater empathy, which makes them more ___29___ to the consumers’ ideas. This leads to greater outcome originality. Mehta said, “when you imagine consumers and focus on their feelings, that’s powerful and will lead to something much more innovative than only focusing on a product’s usage.” The research shows that a feelings-based approach is ___30___ to the commonly used objective-based approach, the researchers wrote. It not only helps product designers build a better product, but it also helps them create more innovative products.
The implications of the findings extend to everyday consumers, who now play a role in shaping companies’ design. Mehta said, “Marketers are increasingly ___31___ consumers for new product ideas.”___32___, there was a very successful campaign a few years ago that focused on getting consumers to create a new potato chip flavor.
The experiments demonstrated a ___33___effect of adopting a feelings-imagination approach. That suggests that these designers may ___34___ imagining users’ feelings. In this way, designers can develop products that could ___35___ to the masses. Companies can easily adopt this process and promote feelings-imagination exercises through their websites or social media.
21. A. primary B. innovative C. natural D. domestic
22. A. temporary B. slight C. indefinite D. profitable
23. A. policy B. proposal C. approach D. standard
24. A. enhances B. exhibits C. illustrates D. explores
25. A. recommend B. extend C. exploit D. imagine
26. A. fall apart B. figure out C. fall into D. turn into
27. A. originality B. objectivity C. creativity D. flexibility
28. A. In conclusion B. In addition C. As a result D. By contrast
29. A. open B. harmful C. resistant D. equal
30. A. evident B. superior C. relevant D. alert
31. A. joining in B. applying to C. turning to D. taking in
32. A. In reality B. In other words C. What’s more D. For example
33. A. dramatic B. positive C. negative D. serious
34. A. depend on B. benefit from C. contribute to D. involve in
35. A. appeal B. refer C. adapt D. commit
【答案】21. B 22. D 23. C 24. A 25. D 26. C 27. B 28. D 29. A 30. B 31. C 32. D 33. B 34. B 35. A
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。研究人员发现，在新产品设计中，与用户的心灵而不是他们的头脑相联系，可以带来更多原创和创造性的结果。文中提到两种方法，一种是“客观-想象”方法，另一种是“感觉-想象”的方法。实验证明了采用感觉-想象方法的效果，设计师可以开发出能够吸引大众的产品。
【21题详解】
考查形容词辨析。句意：开发原创和创新的产品对一个公司的长期成功至关重要。A. primary 初级的；B. innovative 创新的；C. natural 自然的；D. domestic 国内的。根据下文的in turn, outcome originality for new product design.可知，此处用new的同义词。故选B。
【22题详解】
考查形容词辨析。句意：因此，了解是什么影响了原创性可以对企业产生重要和潜在的盈利结果。A. temporary暂时的；B. slight 轻微的；C. indefinite 不确定的；D. profitable 有益的，有利可图的。根据下文中提到更少的成本，更大的结果可知，此处是指好处。故选D。
【23题详解】
考查名词辨析。句意：企业管理学教授拉维•梅塔(Ravi Mehta)表示，采用一种方法，想象用户在使用产品时的感受，会让设计师产生更大的同理心，从而增强创造力，进而为新产品设计带来原创。A. policy 政策；B. proposal 建议；C. approach 方法；D. standard 标准。根据下文的There are two ways that the product designer can 可知，此处是采用一种方法。故选C。
【24题详解】
考查动词辨析。句意同上。A. enhances提高；B. exhibits展览；C. illustrates说明；D. explores 探索。根据上一句的using a product leads designers to experience greater empathy,可知，会增强创造力。故选A。
【25题详解】
考查动词辨析。句意：产品设计者有两种方法来想象消费者的产品使用情况。A. recommend推荐；B. extend延伸；C. exploit开发；D. imagine 想象。根据下文的that is, an “objective –imagination” approach. 可知，此处用imagine。故选D。
【26题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：因此，产品设计师在关注产品的使用时，会陷入一个非常客观的陷阱。A. fall apart 崩溃；B. figure out明白；C. fall into 陷入；D. turn into 变成。根据下文的the feelings-imagination approach leads designers to experience greater empathy, which makes them more ___9___ to the consumers’ ideas. 可知，关注产品的使用会让他们陷入陷阱。故选C。
【27题详解】
考查名词辨析。句意：这很重要，但客观的使用只能在某些方面吸引消费者。A. originality B. objectivity C. creativity D. flexibility 根据上文提到的“objective –imagination” approach. 及本句句意可知，此处是指客观的使用。故选B。
【28题详解】
考查介词短语辨析。句意：感觉-想象的方法使设计师体验到更大的同理心，这使他们对消费者的想法更开放。A. In conclusion 总之；B. In addition 此外；C. As a result 结果；D. By contrast 相比之下。文章提到了两种方法，上文说到了一种，本句是介绍第二种，因此，By contrast 衔接上下文。故选D。
【29题详解】
考查形容词辨析。句意同上。 A. open 开放的；B. harmful有害的；C. resistant 抵抗的；D. equal 平等的。结合上文对客观想象的评价接but the ___7___ of usage can only attract consumers in some ways可知，此处是指感觉想象更开放。故选A。
【30题详解】
考查形容词辨析。句意：研究表明，基于感觉的方法比基于目标的方法更有效。A. evident 明显的；B. superior出众的；C. relevant相关的；D. alert 警惕的。根据下文的It not only helps product designers build a better product, but it also helps them create more innovative products.可知，感觉的方法比基于目标的方法更有效。故选B。
【31题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：梅塔说，营销人员越来越多地向消费者寻求新产品创意。A. joining in 加入；B. applying to应用；C. turning to转向；D. taking in 吸收。根据下文的there was a very successful campaign a few years ago that focused on getting consumers to create a new potato chip flavor. 可知，现在很多营销人员转向消费者去寻找创意。故选C。
【32题详解】
考查短语辨析。句意：几年前有一个非常成功的活动，重点是让消费者创造一种新的薯片口味。A. In reality实际上；B. In other words换句话说；C. What’s more 更重要的是；D. For example 例如。根据上文说营销人员越来越多地向消费者寻求新产品创意可知，此处提到薯片是举的一个例子。故选D。
【33题详解】
考查形容词辨析。句意：实验证明了采用感觉-想象方法的积极效果。A. dramatic 戏剧的；B. positive 积极的；C. negative消极的；D. serious 严重的。结合上文指出感觉想象是很好的方法，根据下文的In this way, designers can develop products that could ___15___ to the masses. 可知，这种方法是有积极的效果的。故选B。
【34题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：这表明，这些设计师可以从想象用户的感受中获益。A. depend on 依靠；B. benefit from 从……中受益；C. contribute to 有助于；D. involve in 涉及。文中指出感觉想象效果很好，根据上文的The experiments demonstrated a ___13___effect of adopting a feelings-imagination approach. 可知，设计师从中受益。故选B。
【35题详解】
考查动词辨析。句意：通过这种方式，设计师可以开发出能够吸引大众的产品。A. appeal吸引；B. refer涉及；C. adapt 适应；D. commit 承诺。上文中指出感觉-想象的方法使设计师体验到更大的同理心，这使他们对消费者的想法更开放。由此可知，这种方法更能吸引大众。appeal to吸引。故选A。
Section B（22分）
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
When she was ten years old, Isadora Duncan dropped out of school to teach people dance. If that job was left to any other ten-year-old, it would have turned out frustrating, difficult, and a little discouraging.
But Duncan was different. Not only was she already talented enough to earn money even at that age, but she also had a rare kind of confidence that helped her treat troubles as fuel —something to elevate the fire that is already burning inside of her.
It’s no surprise, then, that when she moved to New York to join a theatre company, she found herself restricted. The existing dancing style, their way of operating—all of this seemed to her the work of a misguided past. Duncan was very direct about what she wanted, confidently telling people she had a different vision of dance that she was going to spread in the world. This, naturally, led to ridicule and laughs early on, but as she built up her work, these instances became less frequent. Today, she is remembered as “The Mother of Dance,” with much of the modern art owing its expressive style to her influence. Inspired by the ancient Greeks, she brought the style to life.
In her autobiography (自传), one of the things Duncan frequently refers to as the basis of her expressive spirit is the fact that she had a childhood where she wasn’t constantly watched. The expectations of her mother (who raised her) were open-ended. It was the freedom of this lifestyle that drove her to see what she could do.
Growing up, before she left school, she was told one of two things: that she was either completely useless or that she was a genius. There was nothing in between. Even when she started working, people either bowed to her or they basically ignored her. But there wasn’t one moment Duncan doubted her own genius.
There is an old quotation “if you judge a fish by its ability to climb a tree, it will live its whole life believing that it is stupid.” And it captures an important truth. At school, Isadora Duncan was a failure. In the dance hall, she gave form to brilliance.
36. What does the underlined phrase “treat troubles as fuel” mean?
A. Duncan used troubles to push her forward towards her dream.
B. Duncan was good at burning away everyday troubles.
C. Troubles turned Duncan into a confident girl.
D. Troubles lit the fire of dancing in Duncan.
37. Which of the following is TRUE about Duncan?
A. Her experience in New York was the foundation of her career.
B. Her teaching job when she was little destroyed her confidence.
C. Her dancing style was not very well received at the beginning.
D. Her mother set higher expectation on her than she could bear.
38. What does the author try to tell the readers in the last paragraph?
A. It is useless climbing a tree to catch fish.
B. Everybody is a genius in his own way.
C. Miseries come from human stupidity.
D Teachers can impact students greatly.
39. What is this passage mainly about?
A. Isadora Duncan’s childhood and her achievements today.
B. Duncan’s career development and other dancers’ opinions of her.
C. Isadora Duncan’s early experiences and the reasons for her success.
D. Duncan’s high status in the dancing world and her unique expressive style.
【答案】36. A 37. C 38. B 39. C
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇夹叙夹议的文章。伊莎多拉·邓肯十岁时辍学去教别人跳舞，文章主要介绍了她的早期的经历以及其取得成功的原因。
【36题详解】
词义猜测题。根据上文说即使在那个年龄，她也有足够的天赋去挣钱，而且她还有一种罕见的自信，尤其是破折号后的something to elevate the fire that is already burning inside of her （能让她心中燃烧的火焰更旺）可推测出划线部分的意思应为“用困难推动她向梦想前进”。故选A。
【37题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段的Duncan was very direct about what she wanted, confidently telling people she had a different vision of dance that she was going to spread in the world. This, naturally, led to ridicule and laughs early on, but as she built up her work, these instances became less frequent. 可知，她自信地告诉人们她对舞蹈有不同的看法，她将在世界上传播。很自然，这在一开始就引起了人们的嘲笑和大笑，但随着她的工作越来越多，这样的事情就不那么频繁了。由此可知，她的舞蹈风格一开始不被人们接受。故选C。
【38题详解】
推理判断题。最后一段引用古话:“如果你以爬树的能力来判断一条鱼，它终其一生都会认为自己是愚蠢的。”接着又指出在学校里，伊莎多拉·邓肯是个失败者。在舞厅里，她光彩夺目。由此可推断出，作者在最后一段想要告诉我们每个人都是独特的天才。故选B。
【39题详解】
主旨大意题。伊莎多拉·邓肯十岁时辍学去教别人跳舞，文章主要介绍了她的经历以及所取得的成功。故选C。
【点睛】词义猜测题是高考阅读理解中常考题型之一，可以大致分为①定义猜词，可以根据定义信息和举例猜测词义。如文中常用refer to，be called或that’s to say，such as等。②逻辑猜词可以根据同义词、反义词、因果关系词等猜测词义，例如，similarly，the same as，but，however，while，on the other hand, since ,because等，所猜词与这些提示词前/后面部分的含义一样、相反或是前因后果。③语法猜词，可以根据构词法，再结合上下文进行猜词。④语境猜词，猜测词义离不开上下文的语境，通过上下文提供的情景和线索进行合理的分析，同时还要关注其所在的整段及整篇文章。⑤指代猜词即找出人称代词、指示代词、关系代词或关系副词等所指代的内容，做题时要注意指代词的位置，以便于判断，然后用所找的指代内容替换划线代词，核实其逻辑、意义、位置等是否一致，最后比较所找部分与选项，确定意思最接近的选项。本文中的第1小题是词义猜测题，该小题属于逻辑猜词，该词后的破折号后的句子对划线句子进行了解释说明，根据前后的逻辑关系再结合上下文，可以准确的猜测出该句的意思，再对应四个选项，即可得出答案。
(B)
Taking your pulse during physical activity allows you to measure how hard you are exercising. You should exercise to stay within your target heart range.
Increasing your heart rate is a key part of exercise, but it is important that your heart rate is not too high or too low. If you are a beginner, you should also be able to breathe comfortably while exercising. This will ensure that you are exercising at a level that is safe and effective for your body.
The chart below illustrates target heart rate ranges for exercise based on the maximal heart rate for selected ages. Here are the steps for using the chart:
40. Which of the following is TRUE?
A. Exercise intensity can be reflected by a person’s heart rate.
B. The faster your heart rate is, the more effective the exercise is.
C. Vigorous exercise will definitely present a threat to people’s safety.
D. The target exercise heart rate range for a 45-year-old is 90–149 BPM.
41. A 34-year-old man is running and the number of pulses he takes for 15 seconds is 40.
His fitness coach had better tell him _____________.
A. “You are doing fine.” B. “You can run faster.”
C. “You should slow down a bit.” D. “You should drink some water.”
42. What is the purpose of this passage?
A. To advise people to form a habit of taking their pulses while exercising.
B. To inform people of the target heart rate zone for those aged 60 and under.
C. To tell people the importance of maintaining moderate amount of exercise.
D. To show people how to measure heart rate to keep proper exercise intensity.
【答案】40. A 41. C 42. D
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。文章通过告诉读者如何给自己把脉以及用两个表格向人们展示如何测量心率以保持适当的运动强度。
【40题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段的内容Taking your pulse during physical activity allows you to measure how hard you are exercising. You should exercise to stay within your target heart range.及表格上的数据可知，一个人的心率可以反映运动强度。故选A。
【41题详解】
细节理解题。根据表格中给的测量心率的方法可知，此人的每分钟的心率是40*4=160，结合数据表格，年龄34从35岁那一栏可知，大于百分之85，根据图表说明可知，属于剧烈运动，因此他的健康教练应该告诉他放慢一点。故选C。
【42题详解】
推理判断题。文章通过告诉读者如何给自己把脉以及用两个表格向人们展示如何测量心率以保持适当的运动强度。由此可知，文章的目的是向人们展示如何测量心率以保持适当的运动强度。故选D。
(C)
A tiny clue found in ancient deposits has unlocked big secrets about Greenland’s past and future climate. Just beyond the northwest edge of the vast Greenland Ice Sheet, researchers have discovered lake mud that have survived the last ice age. The mud, and remains of common flies in it, record two interglacial periods（间冰期）in northwest Greenland.
Although researchers have long known these two periods—the early Holocene and Last Interglacial—experienced warming in the Arctic, the mix of fly species shows that Greenland was even warmer than previously thought. “As far as we know, it has never been found in Greenland. We think this is the first time anyone has reported it in ancient deposits or modern lakes there,” Axford said. “We were really surprised to see how far north it migrated (迁徙).”
This new information could help researchers better measure Greenland’s sensitivity to warming, by testing and improving models of climate and ice sheet behaviour. Those models could then improve predictions of how Greenland’s ice sheet might respond to man-made global warming. After all, Greenland covers 80 per cent of the Arctic country and holds enough ice to equal 20 feet of global sea level. “Northwest Greenland might feel really remote, but what happens to that ice sheet is going to matter to everyone in every coastal city around the world,” said Yarrow Axford, an associate professor in the team. “One of the big uncertainties in climate science is how fast the Earth changes when it gets warmer. Geology gives us an opportunity to see what happened when the Earth was warmer than today,” said Axford.
People might be surprised to see how today’s Greenland looked during the last two interglacial periods. During the Last Interglacial, global sea levels increased by 15 to 30 feet, largely due to thinning of Greenland and Antarctica’s ice sheets. However, now researchers believe northern Greenland’s ice sheet experienced stronger warming than previously thought, which could mean that Greenland is more responsible for that sea-level rise.
Finding lake deposits older than about 10,000 years, however, has been historically very difficult in Greenland. To measure these ancient temperatures, researchers look to ice cores (冰核) and lake deposits. Since ice and lake deposits form by a gradual buildup on annual layers of snow or mud, these cores contain history of the past. By looking through the layers, researchers can obtain climate clues from centuries ago.
43. Why are the remains of flies mentioned in the first two paragraphs?
A. They serve as evidence that there is still life in the Northwest Greenland.
B. They were one of the many ancient lives that were left in the Greenland mud.
C. They are indicators that Greenland was much warmer than previously thought.
D. They help the researchers realize that there was once a warm period in the Arctic.
44. The new information about Greenland is important because______________.
A. researchers have no idea how to measure Greenland’s warming speed
B. it can help researchers better predict Greenland’s response to warming
C people should be more sensitive to the changes in the ice in Greenland
D. it is uncertain how fast the Earth changes with man-made global warming
45. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
A It is easier for today’s scientists to find ancient lake deposits.
B. People are surprised at the landscape feature of Greenland today.
C. Researchers measure the changing temperatures by directly examining mud.
D. Greenland holds enough ice that might one day threaten life in coastal cities.
46. Which do you think is the best title of the passage?
A. Greenland Used to Be Much Greener
B. Earth Once Experienced Warm Periods
C. Coastal Cities Warned of Coming Disasters
D. Northwest Greenland, A Perfect Destination
【答案】43. C 44. B 45. D 46. A
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在古代沉积物中发现的一条微小线索揭开了格陵兰岛过去和未来气候的大秘密。就在广阔的格陵兰冰原的西北边缘，研究人员发现了在最后一个冰河时代幸存下来的湖泥。现在研究人员认为，格陵兰北部的冰盖经历了比之前认为的更强烈的变暖。
【43题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段的The mud, and remains of common flies in it, record two interglacial periods（间冰期）in northwest Greenland.（在格陵兰岛西北部，泥浆和常见苍蝇的残骸记录了两次间冰期）和 第二段的Although researchers have long known these two periods—the early Holocene and Last Interglacial—experienced warming in the Arctic, the mix of fly species shows that Greenland was even warmer than previously thought. （尽管研究人员很早就知道这两个时期——全新世早期和最后一次间冰期——在北极经历了变暖，但混合的蝇类表明格陵兰岛甚至比之前认为的还要热。）可知，在前两段中提到苍蝇的残骸是为了证明格陵兰岛的温度比之前认为的要高得多。故选C。
【44题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段的This new information could help researchers better measure Greenland’s sensitivity to warming, by testing and improving models of climate and ice sheet behaviour. 可知，这些新信息可以帮助研究人员更好地测量格陵兰岛对气候变暖的敏感性。故选B。
【45题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段的After all, Greenland covers 80 per cent of the Arctic country and holds enough ice to equal 20 feet of global sea level. “Northwest Greenland might feel really remote, but what happens to that ice sheet is going to matter to everyone in every coastal city around the world,” 可知，格陵兰岛覆盖了这个北极国家的80%，拥有相当于全球海平面20英尺的冰。“格陵兰西北部可能真的感觉很遥远，但冰盖的变化将关系到世界上每个沿海城市的每个人。”故选D。
【46题详解】
主旨大意题。文章通过最新的发现——最后一个冰河时代幸存下来的湖泥及湖泥中的苍蝇残骸及其相关研究说明格陵兰岛之前可能更暖和。因此，本文的最佳标题应为“格陵兰岛曾经更加绿色”。故选A。
【点睛】旨大意题是高考阅读理解常考四大题型之一，近几年来的高考都有考到该题型，透彻了解该题型且掌握其答题技巧十分必要。1.考法说明：考查对象分为三类：标题归纳、文章大意和段落大意。2.突破方法：①仔细审题，看好范围。搞清楚问的是某一段还是全文的中心思想。正确选项的特点是：一般不出现细节信息；不含过于肯定或绝对的词语。②使用略读，迅速将全段或全文浏览一遍。③特别注意全文或所问段落的首句和尾句，因为它们常常是主旨要义的体现。避免三个错误：概括不够；过度概括；以事实或细节代替抽象概括的大意。第4小题是主旨大意题，要求写出本文的标题。选项B和C表述不正确，选项D不是本文的内容。A项准确概括了本文的内容。故选A
Section C（8分）
Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
South Africa still has a long way to go on the right to food
Fifty-four percent of South Africans are hungry or at risk of hunger. Hunger affects people’s health, as well as their ability to live full and productive lives because the rights to dignity, health and education are affected by hunger.
_____47_____ There are significant race, class and gender differences. For example, black South Africans are 22 times more likely to be food insecure compared with white South Africans. Food insecurity is defined as not having physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.
This unequal distribution indicates a situation of severe food injustice in South Africa. Yet from the research with urban farmers it’s clear that people do not know of the right to food, and don’t see unequal access to nutritious food as an injustice. ____48____While there are frequent protests around access to jobs, education, housing, water and electricity, we rarely, if ever, see protests about access to food.
One of the drivers of unequal access to food is the way in which the industrial food system works. For example, a few large companies dominate each aspect of the food value chain. ____49____ Because the large companies dominate the supply chain, they are able to maximize profits at the expense of small-scale producers, to whom they pay very low prices.
____50____It needs to ensure that marginalized producers, processors and retailers have an opportunity to earn a decent living. At the same time corporate dominance needs to be addressed.
Anyway, at the most basic level, it requires that South Africans know they have a right to food in the first place.
A. As a result, questions of hunger are largely absent in South African politics.
B. Handling food injustice requires a transformation of the undesirable structure of the food system.
C. Therefore, the government has put forward numerous food and nutrition security programs to fight against hunger.
D. This means that smaller scale producers, processors and retailers are squeezed out.
E. Hunger, lack of nutrition and related illnesses are not equally spread.
F. There are international examples of governments taking their obligations seriously with regard to the right to food.
【答案】47. E 48. A 49. D 50. B
【解析】
54%的南非人处于饥饿或面临饥饿的危险。饥饿影响人们的健康以及他们过上充实和富有成效的生活的能力。文章主要介绍了他们的食物权问题。
【47题详解】
根据下一句There are significant race, class and gender differences.及后面举的例子可知，食物存在明显的种族、阶级和性别差异。与南非白人相比，南非黑人食物不安全的可能性是白人的22倍。因此，作为本段的主旨句，选项E“饥饿、营养不良和相关疾病的传播并不均衡。”最能概括本段。故选E。
【48题详解】
根据上文提到从对城市农民的研究来看，很明显，人们不知道食物的权利，也不认为获得营养食物的不平等是不公平的。及后一句中提到：人们很少看到有关食品供应的抗议活动。由此可知，选项A“因此，饥饿问题在南非政治中基本不存在。”照应上下文。故选A。
【49题详解】
段首句指出工业粮食系统的运作方式是造成粮食供应不平等的原因之一。结合空前的例子：一些大公司控制着食品价值链的各个方面。选项D“这意味着规模较小的生产商、加工商和零售商将被挤出市场。”与上文衔接。故选D。
【50题详解】
根据下文：它需要确保被边缘化的生产者、加工商和零售商有机会过上体面的生活。与此同时，企业的主导地位需要得到解决。这里的it指的是解决不公平的办法（改变食物体系的结构）。因此，选项B“处理食物不公平需要改变食物系统的不良结构。”为最佳中心句。故选B。
IV. Summary writing （10分）
51.Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Most of us — even those at the top — struggle with public-speaking anxiety. When I ask my clients what makes them nervous, invariably they respond with the same answers: “I don’t like being watched”, “I don’t like the eyes on me” or “I don’t like being in the spotlight”.
To understand why, we need to go way back to prehistoric times, when humans regarded eyes watching us as an existential threat. Those eyes were likely predators (肉食动物) and people were terrified of being eaten alive. The bad news is that our brains have transferred the ancient fear of being watched into public speaking. In other words, public-speaking anxiety is in our DNA.
Fortunately, there is a solution: human generosity. The key to disarming our panic button is to turn the focus away from ourselves and toward helping the audience. Studies have shown that an increase in generosity indeed leads to a decrease in amygdala (扁桃腺) activity, which is responsible for our panic feeling in the brain. When we are kind to others, we overcome the sense of being under attack and start to feel less nervous.
Admittedly, this is hard to do. But it’s absolutely possible to become a generous speaker. To begin with, when you start preparing for a presentation, the mistake you often make is starting with the topic. Instead, you should start with the audience. Identify the audience’s needs, and craft a message that speaks directly to those needs. Also, you are the most nervous right before you speak. This is the moment when your brain is telling you, “Everyone is judging me.” But it is exactly the moment when you should refocus your brain. Over time, your brain will begin to get it, and you will become less nervous.
【答案】Possible version1:
Many people have public-speaking anxiety because there are many eyes on the speakers. The reason is that humans turned the fear of being watched by predators in prehistoric times into public speaking. To solve the problem, people should focus on helping the audience, speaking directly to the audience’s needs and refocusing their brain before speaking. (55)
Possible version2:
Many people have public-speaking anxiety because they fear being watched. The reason dates back to prehistoric times when humans regarded eyes watching them as those of the predators that would eat them. To solve the problem, people should be generous to the audience/ focus on helping the audience. They should speak directly to the audience’s needs and refocus their brain before speaking. (57)
【解析】
【分析】
本题要求写一篇概要，属于说明文。
【详解】首先，阅读材料，了解文章的基本内容。本篇阅读材料的核心内容是: 许多人都有公开演讲的焦虑，因为有很多眼睛盯着演讲者。原因是人类把史前时期对被食肉动物注视的恐惧变成了公开演讲。为了解决这个问题，人们应该专注于帮助听众，直接针对听众的需求说话，在说话之前重新集中他们的注意力。本篇文章的写作思路就是围绕“演讲焦虑的原因和解决方法展开。
【点睛】文章简明扼要，涵盖所有内容，结构层次清晰，文章顺畅。Many people have public-speaking anxiety because there are many eyes on the speakers. because引导原因状语从句；The reason is that humans turned the fear of being watched by predators in prehistoric times into public speaking. that引导的表语从句；
V. Translation （15分）
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
52. 有些地方因污染而出现了许多奇怪的疾病。(arise)
53. 全球气候变暖使得一些稀有动物濒临灭绝。(leave)
54. 我养成了习惯，趁记忆犹新，就把难忘的经历写下来。(while)
55. 该选手的机智及开阔的知识面使评委们大为惊异，他们一致同意他为冠军获得者。 (So…)
【答案】52. Some strange diseases have arisen from pollution in some places.
53. The global warming has left some rare species of animals threatened with extinction/ in great danger of extinction.
54. I have formed/ developed/ cultivated a habit of writing down the unforgettable experiences while they’re still fresh in my mind/memory.
55. So amazed were the judges at the wisdom and wide knowledge of the contestant that they all agreed that he would be the champion. / be the winner./ win the championship.
【解析】
【52题详解】
考查动词。本句的主语为许多奇怪的疾病（some strange diseases），根据句意可知，使用现在完成时（have arisen）。本句可译为：Some strange diseases have arisen from pollution in some places.
【53题详解】
考查动词。本句主语为全球气温变暖（the global warming），时态用现在完成时，主语为单三，故用has left ，濒临灭绝（threatened with extinction/ in great danger of extinction.）。故本句可译为：The global warming has left some rare species of animals threatened with extinction/ in great danger of extinction.
【54题详解】
考查状语从句。本句可以用while引导时间状语从句，养成了……习惯（formed/ developed/ cultivated a habit of），记忆犹新（fresh in my mind/memory）。已经养成了习惯，用现在完成时，从句使用一般现在时。故本句翻译为：I have formed/ developed/ cultivated a habit of writing down the unforgettable experiences while they’re still fresh in my mind/memory.
【55题详解】
考查状语从句和倒装。根据句意和提示词可知，此句可用so…that（如此……以至于）引导的结果状语从句，本句可用倒装句式，将so提至句首，时态应用一般过去式，对……惊奇（be amazed at）。故本句翻译为：So amazed were the judges at the wisdom and wide knowledge of the contestant that they all agreed that he would be the champion. / be the winner./ win the championship.
VI. Guided writing （25分）
56.Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
76. 假设你是明启中学学生王磊，你校下个月将举行中外学生交流活动，现向学生征求活动方案。你主动向校长写信，表达你的想法。你的信包括以下内容：
1. 活动的主题；
2. 你设计的1-2个活动的具体内容；
3. 你设计该活动的理由。
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】Dear principal,
I’ m a student in our school. I have learned that there will be an exchange between Chinese and foreign students in our school next month. I have also learned that our school is recruiting organizers from students. I am now writing to make an application for being recruited. I have much erperience in organizing such an activity.
If I have been recruited. I will make the following arrangements: Hold a reading on the school playground and all teachers and students are invited to attend. Firstly, choose some representatives of foreign students to talk about their culture and their feelings about Chinese culture. Secondly, each student brought his favorite book to the activity and discussed the two cultures with foreign friends around him. Through this activity, on the one hand, students can have a deeper understanding of the cultural differences between China and foreign countries; on the other hand, students can strengthen communication and enhance friendship.
Looking forward to your early reply
yours sincerely
Wang Lei
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇应用文，要求写一封自荐信。
【详解】根据提示信息，你是明启中学学生王磊，学校下个月将举行中外学生交流活动，现向学生征求活动方案。你主动向校长写信，表达你的想法。1.首先注意时态以现在时为主，其次人称使用第一人称。2.根据文章的写作要求，可以分为两部分;第一部分指出活动的主题；
第二部分 介绍你设计的1-2个活动的具体内容并说出你设计该活动的理由。3. 注意使用高级词汇和句式，为文章增添色彩；注意使用连接词、衔接词，使文章自然、流畅。
【点睛】本文内容完整，语言表述流畅。文章使用了几个高分句型1. I have learned that there will be an exchange between Chinese and foreign students in our school next month. that引导的宾语从句；2. If I have been recruited， I will make the following arrangements.if条件从句，句。这些句式的恰当运用，不仅为文章增色，还展示了作者具有较高的语言运用能力和较高的写作水平。
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