高中英语语法讲义——非谓语总结（附答案）

非谓语动词总结
非谓语动词是高考的重点和热点，也是我们英语学习中所碰到的难点之一。非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定式，V-ing分词（又分为现在分词和动名词）和过去分词。
一．基础知识
1.非谓语动词的语法功能
所能充当的成分
主语
表语
宾语
宾语（主语）补足语
定语
插入语（独立成分）
V-ing形式
现在分词

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动名词
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不定式（to do）
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过去分词（done）

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注：常见作独立成分的非谓语动词
to tell you the truth(实话说)，needless to say(不用说)，to be honest/frank(老实说，坦白说)，to be more exact(更确切地说)，to make things worse (更糟的是)，not to mention…(更不用说)，Generally / Frankly / Roughly speaking (一般说来 / 坦白说 / 粗略地说)
2.非谓语动词的变化形式
非谓语
形式
构成
时态
语态
复合结构
否定式
主动
被动
不定式
一般式
to do
to be done
for sb. to do sth.
或
of sb. to do sth.
在“to”前加not
或never
进行式
to have done
to have been done
完成式
to be doing
/
完成
进行式
to have been doing
/
动名词
一般式
doing
being done
sb.或sb’s doing
作主语要用
sb’s doing
在前加not
特别注意复合结构的否定式：
sb’s not doing
sb’s not having done
完成式
having done
having been done
现在
分词
与动名词变化形式相同

在前加not
二． 重点难点
1.非谓语作表语的重点
①不定式、动名词与分词作表语的区别。不定式和动名词作表语相当于一个名词作表语，含义是回答主语“是什么”；分词作表语相当于形容词作表语，含义是回答主语“怎么样”。
Our plan is to keep the affair secret.我们的计划是让这件事成为秘密。
Their job is making wheelchairs for disabled people.他们的工作是为残疾人制造轮椅。
The music they are playing sounds exciting.他们演奏的音乐听起来令人激动。
②现在分词和过去分词作表语的区别。现在分词和过去分词作表语都是用于回答主语“怎么样”的。现在分词说明主语的特征，过去分词说明主语的状态。如：
This dog is frightening.这条狗让人害怕。（说明狗的特征）
This dog is frightened.这条狗有些害怕。（说明狗的心理状态）
2.非谓语作宾语补足语的重点
1).理解下表中所列的关系
非谓语
与宾语的逻辑关系
与谓语动作的时间关系
不定式
主动关系
①在谓语动词后发生
②不带to的不定式表示动作的全过程
现在分词
主动关系
同时进行
过去分词
被动关系
动作已经完成或表示状态
When I came in, I saw her dancing happily. （主动进行）
I saw him go to the cinema.（主动，全过程）
We heard her singing next door.（主动进行）
We heard the song sung by her next door. （被动完成）
We heard the song being sung next door. （被动进行）
2).下列动词和短语必须以用不定式作宾语补足语
wish, want, ask, require/request, order, warn, allow/permit, forbid, expect, remind, encourage, inspire, call on, depend on
注意：advise/allow/permit/forbid +宾语+不定式作宾语补足语
advise/allow/permit/forbid +动名词作宾语时
① I don’t allow ______ in my office and I don’t allow my family ______ at all.
A. to smoke…smoking B. smoking…to smoke
C. to smoke…to smoke D. smoking…smoking 答案：B
3)几个特别的结构
▲have+宾语+do/doing/done
①“ have + 宾语+ do sth ”意为“让/叫/使某人做某事”。此结构中的 have 是使役动词
The boss often has them work for 14 hours a day.老板经常要他们一天工作14 个小时。
②“have +宾语+ doing”意为“叫/让/使某人做某事或让某种情况发生” 为主动关系，且动作正在进行。
Don’t have the dog barking much, Lilin. 李林，别让狗狂吠不停。
③“ have + 宾语+done”意为“让/叫/使/请别人做某事”或者是“遭受/遭遇了……，被动关系。
We had the machine mended just now.我们刚才请人把机器修好了。
He had his leg injured while playing football.他在踢足球时腿受了伤。
▲get+宾语+to do/doing/done
三种结构的意义请参看上述“have+宾语+do/doing/done”的意义解释。
He got his sister to help him with his clothes. 他让姐姐帮他洗衣服。
Can you really get that old clock going again 你真的能让那辆旧钟再走起来吗？
Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the hospital. 多丽丝在医院把坏牙拔了。
▲make + oneself + done
oneself 与其后的过去分词存在着动宾关系，或者说是被动关系
He raised his voice in order to make himself heard. 他提高了嗓门为了使别人听清他的讲话。
3.非谓语作定语的重点
1).理解下表中所列的关系
分类
形式
与被修饰词的逻辑关系
与谓语动作的时间关系
不定式
to do
动宾关系
在谓语动作后发生
“the last/next/first...” 后常接不定式作定语，表示主谓关系
在谓语动作前或者后发生
to be done
被动关系
在谓语动作后发生
现在
分词
doing
主动关系
与谓语动作同时进行
being done
被动关系
与谓语动作同时进行
过去
分词
done
被动关系
在谓语动作之前发生
存在的状态或情况
It is a good chance to practice your spoken English.这是练习你的口语的好机会。
He was the last one to leave the office. 他是最后一个离开办公室的。
The woman standing over there is our English teacher.站在那边的那个妇女是我们的英语老师。
The house to be built (=which will be built/which is to be built) next year will be our new library.（将建）
The house being built (=which is being built) now will be our new library.（正在建的）
The house built (=which was built) last year is our new library now.（已经建成的）
I like reading books written by Lu Xun.我喜欢读鲁迅写的小说。
4.非谓语作状语的重点
1.理解下表中所列的关系
非谓语
与逻辑主语（即句子的主语）的关系
与谓语动作的时间关系
doing（一般式）作状语
主动关系
（几乎）与谓语动作同时进行
having done（完成式）
作状语
主动关系
先于谓语动作发生
having been done（完成被动式）作状语
被动关系
先于谓语动作发生
done（过去分词）作状语
被动关系
已经在过去发生或是
不十分强调时间概念
Waiting (=When I was waiting) to see the doctor, I met with a friend of mine.
Having (=Because we have) made full preparations, we are sure to be successful.
Having been shown around(=After we had been shown) the library, we were then taken to see the laboratory.
Seen (=When the town is seen) from the hill, the town looks more beautiful.
Locked (=When he was locked) up in the room, he found himself isolated from the outer world.
2.too…to…, enough to do…, only to…等结构表示结果
The boy is too young to join the navy.这男孩太小参不了海军。
The hall is big enough to hold 1,000 people. 这厅大得足以容纳一千人。
They lift a rock only to drop it on their own feet他们搬起石头结果却砸了自己的
三．独立主格结构的用法详解
非谓语动词作状语时,  它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语,  从而在结构上与主语不发生关系,  我们称之为独立主格结构( Absolute Construction) 。其实,  所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立,  它还是一种从属的结构。
1.非谓语动词独立主格结构
（1）． 名词（或主格代词）+ 现在分词
Being ill, he went home.( As he was very ill,  he went home.) 由于生病, 他回家了。
Winter coming，it gets colder and colder．冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。
Time permitting,  we will have a picnic next week.( If time permits...)时间允许的话,  我们下星期将进行一次野炊。
（2）. 名词（或主格代词）+ 过去分词
The duty completed, he had three months' leave. 任务完成之后，他休了三个月的假。
More time given，we should have done it much better． 如果给我们更多的时间，我们会做得更好。
Everything considered, it is possible for their factory to raise the output quickly.考虑到各方面的情况，他们厂迅速提高产量是可能的。
(3) 名词（或主格代词）+ 动词不定式，用来表示将来意义。
Here are the first three volumes, the fourth one to come out next month. 这是头三卷，第四卷下月出版。
They agreed on a division of labor, each to translate one-third of the book.他们同意分工干，每人翻译全书的三分之一。
注意：非谓语动词独立结构析比较
动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生,  动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束,  动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。
The manager looks worried,  many things to settle. 经理看上去很着急,  有这么多的事情要处理。( 事情还没有处理,  而且是由经理本人来处理,  用不定式to settle)
The manager looks relaxed,  many things settled. 许多事情已经处理好了,   经理看上去很轻松。( 事情已经处理好了,  用动词-ed形式settled表示动作已经结束)
The food being cooked,  the boy was watching TV. 小孩一边做饭,  一边看电视。( 两个动作同时进行)
The food cooked,  the boy went to bed.饭做好了,  小孩去睡了。( 两个动作有先后,  饭已做好,  小孩才去睡觉的)
2、 无动词独立主格结构
在含有being 的独立主格结构中,  being 往往可以被省去。这种省去being的结构,  称之为无动词独立主格结构。
1、 逻辑主语+名词Ten students entered for the competition,  the youngest a boy of 12.十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛,  年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩。( the youngest being a boy of 12 省去了being)
注意：独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略,  一是在“There being + 名词”结构中,  二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。
There being no bus,  we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车,  我们只好走回家。
It being Sunday,  all the offices are closed. 因为是星期日,  所有办公室都关门。
2、 逻辑主语+形容词
He turned to me,  his eyes sleepy.他睡眼惺忪地转向我。( his eyes being sleepy 省去了being, 等于He turned to me,  and his eyes were sleepy. )
He stood there,  his mouth wide open. 他站在那里,  嘴张得大大的。( his mouth being wide open，等于He stood there,  and his mouth was wide open.)
3、 逻辑主语+副词 School over,  we all went home. 放学了,  我们都回家了。( school being over，等于= School was over,  and we all went home. )
He sat at his desk,  his shoes off. 他坐在课桌旁,  没穿鞋子。( his shoes being off，等于He sat at his desk and his shoes were off.)
4、 逻辑主语+介词短语 He is standing in front of the blackboard,  his back towards us. 他站在黑板面前,  背对着我们。(He was standing in front of the blackboard,  and his back was towards us.)
The new teacher came in,  a smile on her face. 新老师面带微笑走了进来。(The new teacher came in and she had a smile on her face.)
The teacher came into the classroom,  a rule in his hand. 老师走进教室,  手里拿着一把直尺。(The teacher came in and a ruler was in his hand.)
提示：在“逻辑主语+介词短语”的独立主格结构里,  如果名词用单数,  可以不用冠词,  同时介词短语里的限定词也可省略。例如：The music teacher stood at the door,  violin in hand.音乐老师站在门口, 手里拿着一把小提琴。( a violin in his hand.)
3.介词引导的独立主格结构
1) with + 名词（或主格代词）+ 现在分词
Last night he was so tired that he fell asleep with the lamp burning.昨晚他十分疲劳，没熄灯就睡着了。
2) with + 名词（或主格代词）+ 过去分词
She felt nervous, with so many eyes fixed on her.这么多眼睛盯着她，她感到紧张。
3) with + 名词（或主格代词）+ 形容词
Frank stared at his friend, with his mouth open. 弗兰克张着嘴凝视着他的朋友。
4) with +名词（或主格代词）+ 副词
He stood before his teacher, with his head down. 他低着头站在老师面前。
5) with +名词（或主格代词）+ 动词不定式
With him to give us a lead, our team is bound to turn out well.有他给我们带头，我们队一定能搞好。
6) with + 名词（或主格代词）+ 介词短语
The old man stood there, with his back against the wall. 老人背靠着墙站在那里。
7) with + 名词（或主格代词）+ 名词 He died, with his daughter yet a schoolgirl. 他去世的时候，女儿还是一个小学生。



非谓语动词练习
1. I've heard him_____ about you often. A. spoke 　　　　B. speaks 　　　　C. speak D. to speak
2. I'm hungry. Get me something_____. A. eat B. to eat 　C. eating 　D. for eating
3. There isn't any difference between the two. I really don't know_____
A. where to choose 　　B. which to choose C. to choose what D. to choose which
4, The teacher told them_____ make so much noise. A. don't 　B. not 　C. will not 　D. not to
5. I saw him_____ out of the room. A. go 　　B. had gone 　C. has gone 　D. goes
6. I'm going to have my radio________. A. fixed 　　B. to fix 　C. fix 　　D. fixing
7. The workers want us_____ together with them. A. work B. working 　C. to work D. worked
8. The officers narrowly escaped_____ in the hot battle.
A. have killed 　B. to kill 　　　 C. to be killed 　D. being killed
9. _____ the letter, he went out to post it. A. Writing 　B. Being written C. Having written D. Written
10. If you wave your book in front of your face, you can feel the air_____ against your face.
A. moved 　　　　B. moving 　　　　C. moves 　　　　 D. to move
11. Don't you remember_____? A. seeing the man before B. to see the man before
C. saw the man before D. to have seen the man before
12. People couldn't help_____ the foolish emperor in the procession.
A. laugh at 　B. to laugh at C. laughing at 　 D. laughing on
13. What's the language_________in Germany? A. speaking 　B. spoken 　C. be spoken 　　D. to speak
14. We're looking forward_____ the photo exhibition.
A. to visiting 　B. to visit 　　C. to having visited D. visiting
15. Our headmaster often told us _____ things for granted.
A. not to have 　B. not to take 　C. didn't take 　D. not to make
16. The girl_____ under that tree is my sister. A. sitting 　B. sits 　C. is sitting 　 D. sat
17. ___ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.
A. Followed 　B. Followed by C. Being followed 　D. Having been followed by
18. Do you remember_____ me at a party last year? A. meet 　B. to meet C. meeting D. met
19. This sentence needs_____ A. an improvement B. improve C. improving D. improved
20. "What are you going to do this morning?" "I'm thinking of_____ to visit my aunt."
A. go 　　　　B. going 　　　C. having gone 　 D. my going
21. _____ anything about the accident ,he went to work as usual.
A. Not known 　 B. Known not 　　　C. Knowing not 　D. Not knowing
22. "Have you decided when_____?" "Yes, tomorrow morning."
A. to leave 　　B. to be leaving 　C. will you leave D. are you leaving
23. I really enjoy_____ that kind of job. A. do 　B. doing 　 C. to do 　D. to be doing
24. "There's a hole in your bag." "l know. I am going to have it_____."
A. mend 　　　　B. mending 　　　　 C. mended 　　　　 D. to be mended
25. The next morning she found the man in bed, _____ dead. A. lying 　B. lie C. lay 　 D. laying
26. Tell him_____ the window. A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut 　 D. not shut
27. Only one of these books is__________.
A. worth to read 　B. worth being read C. wroth of reading 　D. worth reading
28. He had his leg_____ in the match yesterday. A. to break B. broken C. break D. breaking
29. I can't imagine_____ that with them. A. do 　B. to do 　C. being done 　D. doing
30. Most of the people_____ to the party were famous scientists.
A. invited 　　B. to invite 　　　C. being invited 　D. inviting
31. The squirrel was lucky that it just missed _____.
A. catching 　 B. to be caught 　　 C. being caught 　D. to catch
32. Though he had often made his little sister_____, today he was made_____ by his little sister.
A. cry; to cry B. crying; crying 　 C. cry; cry 　　　D. to cry; cry
33. They would not allow him_____ across the enemy line.
A. to risk going 　B. risking to go C. for risk to go D. risk going
34. She didn't remember_____ him before. A. having met 　B. have met 　C. to meet D. to having met
35. They knew her very well. They had seen her_____ up from childhood.
A. grow 　　　　B. grew 　　　　　　 C. was growing 　　D. to grow
36. Do you know the boy_____ under the big tree? A. lay 　B. lain 　C. laying 　D. lying
37. Go on_____ the other exercise after you have finished this one.
A. to do 　　　 B. doing 　　　　　　C. with 　　　　　 D. to be doing
38.There was terrible noise______ the sudden burst of light.
A. followed 　　B. following 　　　　C. to be followed D. being followed
39. "What do you think of the book?" "Oh, excellent. It's worth_____ a second time."
A. to read 　　 B. to be read 　　　　C. reading 　　 D. being read
40. She pretended_____ me when I passed by.
A. not to see　 B. not seeing 　　　C. to not see 　　D. having not seen
41. "Good morning. Can I help you?" "I'd like to have this package_____, madam."
A. be weighed 　B. to be weighed 　　C. to weigh 　　 D. weighed
42. _____ your coat at once. We must hurry. A. Wear　　B. Wearing 　C. Put on 　D. Putting on
43. Most of the artists_____ to the party were from South Africa.
A. invited 　　 B. to invite 　　　　C. being invited D. had been invited
44. _____ more attention, the trees could have grown better.
A. Given 　　　 B. To give 　　　　　 C. Giving 　　　 D. Having given
45. She reached the top of the hill and stopped_____ on a big rock by the side of the path.
A. to have rested 　B. resting 　　　C. to rest 　　　 D. rest
46. Last summer I took a course on___________.
A. how to make dresses B. how dresses be made C. how to be made dresses D. how dresses to be made
47. The murderer was brought in, with his hands_____ behind his back.
A. being tied 　　B. having tied 　　 C. to be tied 　 D. tied
48. The secretary worked late into the night, _____ a long speech for the president.
A. to prepare 　　B. preparing 　　　 C. prepared 　　 D. was preparing
49. I can hardly imagine Peter_____ across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.
A. sail 　　　　　B. to sail 　　　　 C. sailing 　　　D. to have sailed
50. --The light in the office is still on. --Oh, I forgot_____
A. turning it off 　B. turn it off C. to turn it off 　 D. having turned it off
51. John was made_____ the truck for a week as a punishment.
A. to wash 　　　B. washing 　 C. wash 　　D. to be washing
52. Little Jim should love _____ to the theatre this evening.
A. to be taken 　　B. to take 　　C. being taken D. taking
53. --I usually go there by train. --Why not_____ by boat for a change.
A. to try going 　 B. trying to go 　 C. to try and go D. try going
54. I would appreciate______ back this afternoon.
A. you to call 　　B. you call 　　C. your calling D. you're calling
55. There're so many kinds of tape- recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind_____ to buy.
A. what 　　　　　　B. which 　　　　　 C. how 　　　　　D. where
56._____ a reply, he decided to write again.
A. Not receiving 　　 B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received
57, "Can't you read?" Mary said_____ to the notice,
A. angrily pointing 　B. and point angrily C .angrily pointed 　D. and angrily pointing
58.How about the two of us_____ a walk down the garden?
A. to take 　　B. take 　　C. taking 　　 D. to be taking
59. The computer centre, _____ last year, is very popular among the students in this school.
A. open 　　B. opening 　C. having opened D. opened
60. Charles Babbage is generally considered _____ the first computer.
A. to invent 　B. inventing C. to have invented 　 D. having invented
61. --I must apologize for_____ ahead of time. --That's all right.
A. letting you not know B. not letting you know C. letting you know not D. letting not you know
62, The missing boys were last seen_____ near the river. A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play
63.The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, _____ that he had enjoyed his stay here.
A. having added 　 B. to add 　　　　　　C. adding 　　　D. added
64. The first textbooks_____ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A. having written B. to be written 　　C. being written D. written
65.--You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. --Well, now I regret_____ that.
A. to do 　　　　　B. to be doing 　C. to have done D. having done
66. Paul doesn't have to be made_____. He always works hard.
A. learn 　　　　　B. to learn 　　　　　 C. learned 　　 D. learning
67. We agreed_____ here but so far she hasn't turned up yet.
A. having met 　　 B. meeting 　　　　　　C. to meet 　　 D. to have met
68. The patient was warned______ oily food after the operation.
A. to eat not 　　 B. eating not 　　　　 C. not to eat 　D. not eating
69. ____ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose
70. I would love______ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.
A. to go 　　　　　B. to have gone 　　　 C. going 　　　D. having gone
71. The Olympic Games, ______ in 776 B. C., did not include women players until 1912.
A. first playing 　　B. to be first played C. first played 　　 D. to be first playing
72. -- Alice, why didn't you come yesterday? -- I______, but I had an unexpected, visitor.
A. had 　　　　　　B. would 　　　　　　 C. was going to 　D. did
73. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone______ get out.
A. had to 　　　　B. would 　　　　　　　C. could 　　　　 D. was able to
74. _____ it with me and I'll see what I can do. A. When left B. Leaving C. If you leave D. Leave
75. Cleaning women in big cities usually get______ by the hour. A. pay 　B. paying 　 C. paid D. to pay
76．The weather___fine, they decided to go out for a walk. A. were B. was C. is D. being
77. The composition given by the teacher___ , Alice went to watch TV.
　A. being done well B. has been done well C. having done well D. done well
78. The last plane___ , they had to stay in the hotel for another night.
A. left B. having left C. having been left D. be leaving
79. It is a beautiful village with a mountain____ it.
A. Surrounded B. surrounding C. having surrounded 　 D. having been surrounded
80. Everything___ into consideration, his work is well done.
A. taking B. taken C. has been taken D. being taken
81. All his work___, he left his office at ease. A. finished B. had been finished C. finishing D. to finish
82． The power station was built on the river with our village and some others___ with electricity.
A. to supply B. supplied C. supplying D. having supplied
83. ____five minutes____ before the last train left, we arrived at the station.
A. There being; to go B. It was; left C. It had; left D. There was; to go
84. Christmas____, the family was full of excitement. A. was then only days away B. were then only days away C. then only days away D. having been then only days away
85. They first reach an agreement on the basic principle, the details____later.
A. to work it out B. having been worked out C. to be worked out D. being worked out
86. The purse_____, they went to the police.
A. not yet found B. has’t been found C. being not found D. not having yet found
87. They sat in the room with the curtains_____.
A. drawing B. having been drawn C. drawn D. being drawn
88. Cars_____, they were punished by the police.
A. parking illegally B. parked illegally C. being parked illegally D. having parked illegally
89. Mr. Smith stood beside the window, his attention ____ the car outside.
A. focus on B. focusing upon 　C. focused on D. been focused on
90. There____, we left. A. being nothing else to do B. is nothing else to do
C. was nothing else to do D. having nothing else to do
91． The weather______ so bad， we had to put the game off． A. was B. is C. were D. being
92. The boy seated himself in the corner with his back to ______ his father.
A. turning B. to turn C. to be turned D. turned
93. There ______ no classes yesterday，we paid a visit to the Great Wall.
A. was B. being C. were D. had been
94. The problem ______ ，the meeting came to the end.
A. settled B. was settled C. have been settled D. settling
95. She was too nervous to speak with so many eyes ______ on her.
A. fixing B. fixed C. to be fixed D. were fixed
96. ______，the girls raced on to the second runners.
A. Stick in hand B. With a stick in her hand C. Sticks in hand D. Sticks in hands
97. The boy lay on the ground，his eyes and his hands ______ .
A. being closed；trembling B. closed；trembling C. closed；trembled D. closing；trembled
98. All flights ______ because of the snowstorm，many passengers could do nothing but take the train.
A. had been canceled B. have been canceled C. were canceled D. having been canceled
99. The murder was brought in, with his hands ______ behind his back.
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
100. Weather ______ , we'll go out for a walk. A. permitted B. permitting C. permits D. for permitting

非谓语动词练习答案
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76-80DDBBB 81-85ABACC 　86-90 ACBCA 91--95DDBAB 96--100ABD DB