高考英语二轮-阅读理解之细节理解题（讲义）（学生版）

这是一份高考英语二轮-阅读理解之细节理解题（讲义）（学生版），共15页。学案主要包含了考查直接信息理解题3，考查间接信息理解题6，考查数字计算题8，考查概括细节理解题10等内容，欢迎下载使用。
\l "_Tc17226" 01考情透视·目标导航2
02 \l "_Tc18151" 知识导图·思维引航2
\l "_Tc25540" 03考点突破·考向探究3
\l "_Tc20799" 考点一 考查直接信息理解题3
【 \l "_Tc19212" 真题研析】3
【 \l "_Tc11164" 核心精讲】4
【 \l "_Tc28075" 命题预测】5
\l "_Tc29041" 考点二 考查间接信息理解题6
【 \l "_Tc30789" 真题研析】6
【核心精讲】 \l "_Tc285" 7
\l "_Tc30219" 【命题预测】7
\l "_Tc29325" 考点三 考查数字计算题8
【 \l "_Tc30789" 真题研析】8
【核心精讲】 \l "_Tc285" 9
\l "_Tc30219" 【命题预测】9
\l "_Tc29325" 考点四 考查概括细节理解题10
【 \l "_Tc30789" 真题研析】10
【核心精讲】 \l "_Tc285" 11
\l "_Tc30219" 【命题预测】11
阅读理解细节理解题
考点一 考查直接信息理解题
1．(2024·北京卷A节选)
The Language Exchange Prgramme allws students in pairs t cmmunicate in tw different languages they wish t share and learn each week. Students recrd shrt entries after each partner meeting nting the language skills practised and the tpics discussed. Each pair f students meets three times thrughut the term with a teacher wh decides if the exchange is effective. Students wh successfully cmplete the prgramme will receive ne credit each.
1.In the prgramme, students will .
A. chair daily meetings
B. evaluate the exchange
C. meet teachers each week
D. practise their language skills
2. (2024·北京卷B节选)
But ther channels f creativity stayed pen: I went n writing pems and stries. Still, I went t exhibitins ften. I cntinued my habitual drawing, which I nw characterised as childish ddling (乱画). In my 30s, I made painter friends and learned new ways f lking at art. Hwever, I culdn’t let myself have a g at actually ding it. Thugh these new friends were abstract painters using il paints, r were printmakers r sculptrs, I tk il painting as the tab (禁忌) high frm I wasn’t allwed t practice.
25. In her 30s, the authr _________.
A. avided il painting practiceB. sught fr a painting career
C. fancied abstract paintingD. exhibited child paintings
细节理解题解题指导
1．解题步骤
在解答细节理解题时，考生可采取“关键词定位法”，即“带着问题找答案”。先从题干中提取关键词(题眼)，然后以此为线索，运用略读及寻读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此关键词相关的段落、语句，快速定位该题与哪一段、哪一句有关，然后仔细推敲，仔细比对所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定答案。
2．选项特征
(1)正确选项特征
(2)干扰选项特征
1.（2024·北京昌平·二模）Future City Cmpetitin
Future City starts with a questin—hw can we make the wrld a better place? T answer it, 10th, 11th, and 12th grade students imagine, research, design, and build cities f the future that shwcase their slutin t a citywide sustainability issue. Past tpics include Urban Agriculture, Public spaces, and Green energy while the tpic f this year is Living n the Mn. Teams will design a futuristic lunar city and prvide examples f hw the city uses Mn resurces t keep its residents safe and healthy.
Participants cmplete five deliverables: a 1,500-wrd city essay: a scale mdel; a prject plan; a presentatin vide; and a virtual/nline Q&A sessin with /judges. Reginal winners represent their regin at the internatinal Finals. After cmpleting Future City, student participants are nt nly prepared t be citizens f tday’s cmplex and technical wrld, but als ready t becme the drivers f tmrrw.
What yu can learn
This flexible, crss-curricular(跨课程的) educatinal prgram gives students an pprtunity t d the things that engineers d-identify prblems: brainstrm ideas; design slutins; test, retest and build; and share their results. With this at its center, Future City is an engaging way t build students’ 21st century skills. Students participating in Future City als learn hw their cmmunities wrk and becme better citizens and develp strng time management and prject management skills.
What yu need
Future City csts just $25 per rganizatin—and yu can register I team r 100. The price always stays the same.
We keep the price affrdable s everyne can participate. Nt nly that, we limit the budget fr materials fr the City Mdel and City Presentatin t $100 and encurage teams t use recycled materials. Yu dn’t need expensive equipment t excel. Creativity, hard wrk, and cmmitment are all yu need t get ahead.
Please nte: Sme regins limit the number f teams an rganizatin can bring t the Reginal Cmpetitin. Please check with yur Reginal Crdinatr t find ut the guidelines in yur regin.
1．In Future City Cmpetitin 2021, students need t ________.
A．cmplete mre than five taskes
B．design a city with green energy
C．address prblems n the mn
D．make use f lunar resurces
2．What lies at the cre f Future City Cmpetitin?
A．Designing cities.
B．Identifying prblems.
C．Training better citizens
D．Engineering design prcess
3．If yu want t succeed in the cmpetitin, yu need ________.
A．t be creative and devted.
B．t use the recycled materials.
C．t buy sme expensive equipment.
D．t ask mre peple t jin in yur team.
考点二 考查间接信息理解题
1.(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)A节选
AGE, SKILLS, WHAT TO BRING
Vlunteers aged 10 and ver are welcme. Read ur Yuth Plicy Guidelines fr yuth under the age f 15.
Bring yur cmpleted Vlunteer Agreement Frm. Vlunteers under the age f 18 must have the parent/guardian apprval sectin signed.
We’ll be wrking rain r shine. Wear clthes that can get dirty. Bring layers fr changing weather and a raincat if necessary.
Bring a persnal water bttle, sunscreen, and lunch.
N experience necessary. Training and tls will be prvided. Fulfills (满足) cmmunity service requirements.
23. What are the vlunteers expected t d?
A. Bring their wn tls.B. Wrk even in bad weather.
C. Wear a team unifrm.D. D at least three prjects.

2.(2024·北京卷) D节选
The similarity f mral virtues acrss cultures is striking, even thugh the relative ranking f the virtues may vary with a scial grup’s histry and envirnment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discuraged, while cperatin, humbleness and curage are praised. These universal nrms far pre-date the cncept f any mralising religin r written law. Instead, they are rted in the similarity f basic human needs and ur shared mechanisms fr learning and prblem slving. Our scial instincts (本能) include the intense desire t belng. The apprval f thers is rewarding, while their disapprval is strngly disliked. These scial emtins prepare ur brains t shape ur behaviur accrding t the nrms and values f ur family and ur cmmunity. Mre generally, scial instincts mtivate us t learn hw t behave in a scially cmplex wrld.
33. What can we learn frm this passage?
A. Incnveniences are the cause f telling lies.B. Basic human needs lead t universal nrms.
C. Language capacity is limited by self-cntrl.D. Written laws have great influence n virtues.
间接信息题解题指导
间接信息题相比直接信息题，命题的隐蔽性更强，正确选项一般都会在原文基础上进行改造。此类题目需要考生将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，有时还需要进一步的加工或整理。
该类题的特点是试题题干或选项中的关键词语通常使用同义词或近义词甚至反义词来替换文中的相关细节信息,例如,使用cnduct对文中的carry ut进行同义转换,用finally对文中的eventual进行同义转换。
Plar bears are icns f the Arctic. Detailed mnitring f their ppulatins is crucial fr their cnservatin—but because plar bears are s difficult t find, we are missing critical data abut ppulatin size. Scientists have nw develped a new tl t help: DNA analysis using skin cells left in the bears’ ftprints in the snw.
The scientists were inspired by the techniques that can be applied t tiny, degraded DNA samples. With these techniques, it isn’t necessary t physically capture bears, which can be stressful and dangerus fr bth bears and humans. Instead, the researchers can turn t the snw tracks f plar bears and lk at surces f DNA left in passing—envirnmental DNA．"The tracks usually cntain fresh cells, and the DNA is intact because f the cld’ strage’ temperature, "said Dr. Melanie Lancaster f the Wrld Wide Fund, lead authr.
The scientists cllected snw frm individual tracks made by Alaskan plar bears in the wild. Additinal materials like hair and saliva(唾液)were sampled, cnfirming that the tracks prvided accurate gentype(基因型) 24 wild plar bear tracks were sampled. The researchers melted and filtered the snw t cllect envirnmental DNA, then carried ut micr-satellite analysis. Althugh the cncentratins (浓度)f DNA taken frm trucks sampled in the wild were very lw, 13 f the wild plar bear samples culd be gentype, identifying 12 different individuals.
This technique has huge ptential t infrm cnservatin f these animals, t better understand their ppulatins and behavir. Althugh the sampling has a lwer success rate, ease f cllectin means that it can significantly expand sample sizes.
"We hpe this methd will be taken up by the plar bear research cmmunity, with the invlvement f hunters, vlunteers, and lcal cmmunities, as a new way t cllect infrmatin n plar bears, "said Lancaster. "We als hpe the methd will be expanded t ther animals living in snwy envirnments. "
1．Why d scientists develp the new methd?
A．T imprve the envirnment in the Arctic.
B．T prtect humans frm the plar bears attack.
C．T find slutins t glbal climate change.
D．T gather essential data fr mnitring plar bears.
2．What did the scientists d in the study?
A．They tracked and caught plar bears in the wild.
B．They recrded the bears’ behavirs with cameras.
C．They analyzed DNA frm plar bears’ snwy ftprints.
D．They cmpared the plar bears’ gentype with ther animals?
考点三 考查数字计算题
1.（2024·新高考I卷A篇）
AGE, SKILLS, WHAT TO BRING
Vlunteers aged 10 and ver are welcme. Read ur Yuth Plicy Guidelines fr yuth under the age f 15.
Bring yur cmpleted Vlunteer Agreement Frm. Vlunteers under the age f 18 must have the parent/guardian apprval sectin signed.
We'll be wrking rain r shine. Wear clthes that can get dirty. Bring layers fr changing weather and a raincat if necessary.
Bring a persnal water bttle, sunscreen, and lunch.
N experience necessary. Training and tls will be prvided. Fulfills (满足) cmmunity service requirements.
22. What is the lwer age limit fr jining the Habitat Restratin Team?
A. 5.B. 10.C. 15.D. 18.
数字计算题解题指导
数字计算题一般会涉及时间、年龄、价钱、数量、距离等的简单计算。一般来说，计算量都比较小，容易计算。但是英语阅读中的数字计算必须要找出计算背后所隐含的信息。这些“暗”信息会涉及对某个难句的理解，从这个角度上讲，理解文中相应的复杂句是解这类题的关键。数字计算题的话题有：1.广告类；2.故事类；3. 科普知识类；4.史地自然类；5.文化教育类。设问方式以when，in which year，hw many/much等疑问词(组)开头引出问题。解此类试题常用“整合推算”法。
此类题要求考生对具体细节信息,尤其是年龄、时间、数量等数字信息进行加工,但此类试题的重点不在于计算,而在于考查考生对具体信息的处理能力,故试题设置的计算一般比较简单。一定要注意计算给出的隐含附加条件。
（2024·北京顺义·一模）Languages have been cming and ging fr thusands f years, but in recent time there has been less cming and a lt mre ging. When the wrld was still ppulated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit (联系) grups develped their wn patterns f speech independent f each ther. Sme language experts believe that 10,000 years ag, when the wrld had just five t ten millin peple, they spke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.
Sn afterwards, many f thse peple started settling dwn t becme farmers, and their languages t became mre settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrializatin, the develpment f the natin-state and the spread f universal cmpulsry educatin, especially glbalizatin and better cmmunicatins in the past few decades, all have caused many languages t disappear, and dminant (占优势的) languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking ver.
At present, the wrld has abut 6,800 languages. The distributin f these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild znes have relatively few languages, ften spken by many peple while ht, wet znes have lts, ften spken by small numbers. Eurpe has nly arund 200 languages; the America abut 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, f which Papua New Cuinea alne accunts fr well ver 800. The median number (中位数) f speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the wrld’s languages are spken by fewer peple than that.
Already well ver 400 f the ttal f 6,800 languages are clse t extinctin (消亡), with nly a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at randm, Busuu in Camern (8 remaining speakers), Chiapanec in Mexic (150), Lipan Apache in the United States (2 r 3) r Wadjigu in Australia (1, with a questin-mark); nne f these seems t have much chance f survival.
3．Abut hw many kinds f languages are spken by less than 6,000 peple at present?
A．6,800.B．2,400.
C．3,400.D．1,200.
考点四 考查概括细节理解题
（2024·北京卷 A）
Requirements fr cmpletin:
·One welcming sessin n the secnd Friday f the term
·18 weekly ne-hur pair meetings
·Weekly prgress reprts fr all pair meetings
·At least three pair-teacher meetings
·One five-minute final vide
Sign up!
The sign-up and registratin prcess is as fllws:
·Students sign up and indicate the languages they can share and languages they are interested in learning.
·Based n the infrmatin entered by each student, ptential pairs are identified.
·Prficiency(熟练) levels are cnfirmed thrugh cursewrk r placement tests.
·Once a pair has been determined t be suitable, the students will be cntacted individually with a special permissin number t register fr the prgramme.
Reminders:
Signing up fr the prgramme des nt autmatically mean that yu will be able t register and participate. Pairs are matched by languages f interest and prficiency levels. Since there are many factrs invlved in the pairing prcess, nt all students wh sign up will be matched with a partner and be able t register fr the prgramme.
2. T cmplete the prgramme, students are required t .
A. develp placement testsB. participate in pair meetings
C. welcme new studentsD. wrk n weekly vides
3. What d students need t d during the registratin?
A. Indicate their languages f interest. B. Select their wn cursewrk.
C. Make individual cntact. D. Chse their partners.
（2022北京，D）
After I read the bk,Taylr patiently answered my questins abut it. He als answered my questins abut PyQuantum, the firm he c⁃funded in 2016. Taylr shares Jhnsn's cncerns abut hype, but he says thse cncerns d nt apply t PyQuantum.
The cmpany, he says, is clser than any ther firm “by a very large margin(幅度)” t building a “useful” quantum cmputer, ne that “slves an impactful prblem that we wuld nt have been able t slve therwise.” He adds, “Peple will naturally discunt my pinins, but I have spent a lt f time quantitatively cmparing what we are ding with thers.”
2.What leads t Taylr's ptimism abut quantum cmputing?
A.His dminance in physics. B.The cmpetitin in the field.
C.His cnfidence in PyQuantum. D.The investment f tech cmpanies.
概括、归纳信息是指命题人用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，这是命题人设计细节理解题的正确选项时经常使用的手段之一。考生首先应依据题干指向，找到文中相应的信息区间，然后尝试用自己的语言去归纳总结文中的信息或事实，然后再看选项，挑选出和自己所归纳总结的信息最接近的选项作为正确答案。
Sra bserved in amazement as Weilun picked up tw large metal cans. She fllwed Weilun with a pail (桶) f clthes, watching him carry the tw cans effrtlessly. They were large and were cvering Weilun’s small frame.
Sra’s father had sent her t the village t learn abut rural life. Sra had never nce dne any husehld chres back hme. She did nt understand why her father wuld always chant “Where is yur willingness t learn?” whenever she asked him if she culd stay hme fr the hlidays. Her father had given her a checklist n the life skills that she needed t learn, ne f which was t wash clthes. She recalled washing a table clth after an art lessn in schl. That was a piece f cake, she thught. S Sra refused Weilun’s ffer t help. Weilun then went t fill the large cans with water at the far end f the river.
Suddenly, a big bird dived frm the sky when Sra placed the last piece f clthing back in the pail. Sra released her grasp f the pail in shck. Then she was relaxed t find it was aiming fr a wrm near her. But the clthes were drifting in the river. Weilun immediately came t help and Sra shifted the blame t the bird.
He pinted at the detergent fam (洗涤剂泡沫) n the surface f the river. “Dn’t tell me yu rinsed (漂洗) the detergent frm the clthes in the river. Dn’t yu knw that it may kill the river creatures? Yu caused the prblem, nt the bird!” Sra lked dwn in shame. “Yu think that yu knw everything, but yu actually dn’t.”
Sra clsed her eyes t let Weilun’s wrds sink in fr a mment. She finally understd the meaning behind her father’s chants. She walked twards Weilun and whispered, “Culd yu teach me all the life skills that my father had planned fr me t learn?”
1．Why was Sra amazed?
A．Weilun was t small in size fr the tw large cans.
B．Weilun was willing t help his parents d sme chres.
C．Weilun managed t carry the tw large cans easily.
D．Weilun was willing t accmpany her t the riverside.
2．Why did Sra refuse Weilun’s ffer t help wash the clthes?
A．She thught it was an easy task.
B．She had learned hw t d it.
C．She wanted her father t be prud f her.
D．She wanted t learn new things by herself.
年份
问题
词数
话题
考点分布
命题趋势
细节理解
主题语境为“人与自我”和“人与社会”为主的应用文，记叙文，说明文
2024
应用文
240
语言交流项目
3
2024
应用文
354
作者重拾画油画的信心并接受了自身局限性
1
2024
议论文
408
人与社会：讨论科学问题：宇宙是否是由计算机模拟生成的
0
2023
应用文
237
国际奥林匹克委员会青年领袖计划
3
2023
记叙文
386
被拒绝也不是坏事，这意味着你能重新确定自己的方向。
1
2022
应用文
281
同伴辅助学习课程(PASS)
3
2022
记叙文
348
参加保护自然活动治愈好了焦虑
3
2022
说明文
415
人与社会：解决全球挑战的重要方法——系统思维
1
同义替换
指对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换。如把lse ne's jb换成了be ut f wrk。有些细节理解题把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，如把imprtant变换成f imprtance；改变原文中句子的语态，如主动语态与被动语态的转换。
信息归纳
用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，设置为正确答案。
正话反说
把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。
原文原词
利用原文原词作为正确选项。
张冠李戴
是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容
无中生有
符合常识，但不是文章的内容
曲解文意
与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动
颠倒是非
在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反
正误参半
部分正确，部分错误