天津市滨海德远高级中学2025_2026学年高三上学期期中考试英语试卷（文字版，含答案）

这是一份天津市滨海德远高级中学2025_2026学年高三上学期期中考试英语试卷（文字版，含答案），共14页。试卷主要包含了15等内容，欢迎下载使用。
第Ⅰ卷（选择题 共115分）
第一部分 听力 （共两节，满分20分）
第一节（共5小题；每小题1分，满分5分）
听下面五段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出一个最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后，你将有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。
例:Hw much is the shirt?
A. £19.15.B. £9.15.C. £9.18.
答案为B。
1. Hw ld is the man nw?
A. 68B. 65C. 62
2. What des the wman suggest the man d?
A. Get a new letter.
B. Use the ld letter.
C. Write the letter himself.
3. What are the speakers talking abut?
A. The lunch.B. The menu.C. The schl website.
4. Which dish did the man ck in the cmpetitin?
A. Meat.B. Vegetables.C. Fish.
5. Hw did the wman hear abut the wedding?
A. Bettina phned her.
B. Bettina visited her.
C. Bettina wrte t her.
第二节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分）
听下面几段材料。每段材料后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出一个最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听每段材料前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段材料读两遍。
听下面一段对话，回答第6至第8三个小题。
6. What is the mst prbable relatinship between the speakers?
A. Manager and clerk.B. Teacher and student.C. Dctr and patient.
7.Why was the wman late yesterday?
A.The bus she tk brke dwn.
B.The alarm clck didn’t g ff.
C.She was caught in a traffic jam.
8.Hw late was the wman this time?
A.Fifteen minutes.B.Thirty minutes.C.Frty - five minutes.
听下面一段对话，回答第9至第11三个小题。
9.What are the speakers planning fr?
A.A family reunin.B.Christmas decratin.C.Festival shpping.
10.Where is Rita cming frm?
A.Illinis.B.Alabama.C.Califrnia.
11.Wh is in the service nw?
A.Rbert.B.Larry.C.Tm.
听下面一段独白，回答第12至第15四个小题。
12.In which year did Radi Carline clse dwn?
A.In 1960.B.In 1964.C.In 1968.
13.What can visitrs d at the exhibitin?
A.Meet several DJs f Radi Carline.
B.Get recrds by The Beatles.
C.See sme letters frm music fans.
14.Why is the exhibitin unusual?
A.It’s free f charge.
B.It’s held n the radi ship itself.
C.It’s pened t nly The Beatles’ fans.
15.When did the exhibitin begin?
A.In April.B.In May.C.In June.
第二部分：英语知识应用
第一节：单项填空（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）
从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
16. —What abut watching a ballet shw this evening?
—Thanks fr inviting me, but ballet isn't really ______.
A. the apple f my eyeB. my feet f clay
C. my cup f teaD. the salt f the earth
17. T realize his dream, a man has n ______ but t spare n effrt t fight.
A. alternativeB. assumptinC. apprval D agreement
18. ______with tw jb ffers, fr instance, we may wnder exactly what it is we're chsing between.
A. Having presentedB. PresentedC. T presentD. Presenting
19. A simple restaurant was ______ he usually had the same meal f sausages, eggs and cffee.
A. hw
B. that
C. what
D. where
20. Our father ____ sit in the yard every evening and share his childhd stries with us when we were little kids.
A. mightB. wuldC. shuldD. culd
21. ______ WeChat has changed ur life, nt all f its effects have been psitive.
A. SinceB. WhileC. UnlessD. As
22. Many awful facts have shwn that it is ttally wrng t
______envirnmental prtectin when we develp ecnmy.
A. adjustB. ignreC. advcateD. imprve
23. In the past few years, WeChat as well as telephnes ______ an imprtant part
in ur daily cmmunicatin.
A. has playedB. have playedC. is playingD. play
24. —Yu seem t be very upset this afternn.
_______. I shuld nt have said s much abut Jack's family.
A. Never say neverB. Pull yur weightC. Lse lips sink shipsD. Hld yur hrses
25. When _______t cmpare the educatin system f China and Britain, the
prfessr gave n answer.
A. askB. asking C asked
D. t ask
26. The authrities say nearly 3,000 peple died as a result f Hurricane Maria, 46
times mre than ____ thught.
A. histricallyB. riginallyC. nrmallyD. frequently
27. A tur bus, ______ bdy huge flwers were painted, appeared in Tianjin during
the Begnia Festival.
A. f whichB. acrss whseC. acrss whichD. f whse
28. He always did well at schl _____ having t d part - time jbs every nw and
then.
A. in spite fB. instead fC. in case fD. in favr f
29. Half f the class _______ mst f the wrk, sme f which _______ really
difficult.
A. have dne; isB. has dne; are
C. has dne; isD. have dne; are
30. Nw that ______ energy, such as sunlight, wind and water, is friendly t the envirnment, we shuld fully emply it.
A. effectiveB. sensitiveC. alternativeD. creative
第二节：完形填空（共 20 小题；每小题 1.5 分，满分 30 分）
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从 16~35 各题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
The Sweetest Thing
When I was ten, I was crazy abut candy. Whenever in ur small - twn 31 with my mm, I wuld run my fingers thrugh my favrite candy n the shelf.
Once there, thinking abut all things sweet, I nticed a man a few feet away pushing buttns n the ATM machine. Dressed in a suit, he seemed t be late fr smething, 32 waiting fr his cash t appear. The machine made a nise and he immediately 33 a pile f bills and headed ut. Curiusly, I walked ver t the ATM, where I started pressing the buttns as if knwing the 34 . Then I lked int the bttm f the machine. There I saw it: a beautiful, crisp $20 bill! 35 I wanted t believe my magic made the cash appear, I knew the man in the suit must have left it behind.
I held the mney in my hand, staring at the number "20" and feeling 36 than I ever had. I thught abut slipping the mney int my pcket. N ne wuld knw, but it didn't feel 37 . I knew it didn't belng t me. I had t find its wner and give it back! S I tld my mm what had happened. "We'll lk fr him." she said kindly. We rushed ut and fund him stepping int his car in the parking lt! We 38 him and asked whether he had left mney at the cash
machine.
“Let me 39 ,” he said, pulling ut his wallet and bills. “Twenty, frty, eighty... Oh! Yu’re right,” he said with surprise, “I’m 40 a $20 bill.”
“Here yu g.” I said, smiling with pride, as if I was a(n) 41 wh had slved a mystery. “Thank yu s much,” he said, bending dwn and shaking my hand. My heart 42 . Befre saying gdbye, he asked my mm fr my name and 43 . “I want t send yur daughter a thank - yu card,” he said.
On my way hme, my 44 was racing. Twenty dllars. What culd I have dne with it? I bet I culd have bught a puppy r every single candy bar in twn! But nw 45 f that wuld happen. Yet I knew I had dne the right thing.
A few weeks later, I gt a bx with a nte. I ripped it pen t find packages f candy.
“Dear Felice, Thank yu very much fr 46 my $20. Yu are a great girl, and I appreciate 47 . I hpe yu enjy this candy. Best Wishes, Tm.” Tm included his business card. It turned ut he was vice - president fr the candy cmpany. The candy tasted sweet, each 48 reminding me that what I had dne mattered. Althugh my hnesty wuldn’t always be 49 with candy, it wuld make a difference t smene. And that was the 50 part f all.
31.A. schlB. churchC. bankD. stre
32.A. excitedlyB. intentlyC. anxiuslyD. sincerely
33.A. seizedB. cveredC. frtifiedD. insisted
34.A. machineB. assistantC. passwrdD. man
35.A. SinceB. ThughC. OnceD. Until
36.A. smarterB. strngerC. richerD. prettier
37.A. decentB. rightC. mdestD. vilent
38.A. apprachedB. caughtC. guidedD. searched
39.A. tryB. plishC. recknD. check
40.A. sparingB. seekingC. cnvertingD. missing
41.A. detectiveB. engineerC. managerD. designer
42.A. hurtB. sankC. resignedD. swelled
43.A. anniversaryB. addressC. accentD. birthday
44.A. carB. memryC. mindD. charm
45.A. nneB. bthC. smeD. either
46.A. rememberingB. returningC. keepingD. lending
47.A. lyaltyB. devtinC. braveryD. hnesty
48.A. biteB. dllarC. prductD. alternative
49.A. evaluatedB. fadedC. rewardedD. frwned
50.A. hardestB. sweetestC. freshestD. heaviest
第三部分：阅读理解（共20小题；每小题2.5分，满分50分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
A
Side hustles (副业) fr cllege students deliver spending mney while still ffering the flexibility that a full class schedule requires.
Take class ntes
Three sites —StudySup, NexusNtes, and Stuvia— ffer attractive pay fr uplading and selling class ntes t ther students at yur university. Yu usually
get a bnus when smene signs up t get access t yur ntes, plus a payment fr each set f ntes that sell. Yu can earn 250t500 per class, per semester.
Becme a tutr
Many yunger students have fallen behind academically as they struggled with distance learning. That pens an pprtunity fr thse wh have mastered a subject, frm high schl algebra t Spanish, t teach that subject t thers. A number f tutring platfrms allw yu t sign up and tutr nline r in persn.
Sme f the best: Wyzant, Varsity Tutrs, and, fr thse wh want t teach music, LessnFace.
Be a survey taker
The best ptin in this categry is a site called Prlific. What makes this site better than mst is that it asks yu t answer qualifying questins—age, incme, family status, etc.—in advance. Then, the site sends yu nly the surveys that yu’re qualified t take.
Charge scters
Big campuses are ften littered with electric scters (小型摩托车) and bikes that can be unlcked and ridden arund campus. Riders can drp the scters just abut anywhere. S scter cmpanies enlist (征募) “chargers” t pick them up, charge them vernight and return them t a designated (指定的) area early the next mrning.
If yu have a late class, there are tw benefits f signing up t charge. First, yu earn between 5and20 fr each scter yu return fully charged. Yu als get t ride the scters hme fr free, which isn’t a bad way t get back t yur drm.
51. Which site allws ne t get paid by uplading their class ntes?
A. Prlific.B. LessnFace.
C. Wyzant.D. StudySup.
52. Which ne best suits students wh are excellent in music?
A. Taking class ntes.B. Becming a tutr.
C. Being a survey taker.D. Charging scters.
53. What can be inferred abut Prlific?
A. It ffers the highest pay.
B. It nly chses students with gd grades.
C. It helps researchers find suitable survey participants.
D. It requires participants t sign up in advance.
54. What may make charging scters attractive?
A. It pays riders fr charging scters.B. It prvides the mst benefits
fr students.
C. It ffers a means f free transprtatin.
D. It helps slve the litter
prblem n campus.
55. The passage mainly intrduces ______.
A. methds t d better in schlB. jb ptins fr cllege
students
C. after - class activities fr studentsD. ways t meet a full class
schedule
B
My great grandmther received the dllhuse (玩具小屋) frm a family friend back in the late 1800s. It was then passed dwn frm generatin t generatin. I was seven when I discvered it underneath the tree n Christmas mrning.
In ur huse, Mm set up a sewing area. I sat at her sewing machine, my feet barely reaching the presser ft. Mm bent ver me, her hands n mine, gently guiding small bits f clth under the needle t create dllhuse bedding. She als taught me t make mini - blankets. With a little paint and glue, Mm demnstrated that anything culd be turned int dllhuse furniture. I learnt t view the wrld as a place f pssibility. I spent hurs f my girlhd sitting befre my dllhuse, telling made - up stries, and creating miniatures (缩微模型). But eventually schl activities tk ver, and the dllhuse was mved t the attic (阁楼).
Over the next 40 years, the strytelling skills I'd practiced with the dllhuse grew int nvel writing skills, and I develped a career as an authr. One day, after hurs f wrking n my furth bk, I tk a break by surfing the Internet and happened t ntice the beautiful dllhuses peple psted n scial media. They reminded me f mine. I went t the attic, brught it back t my rm and started updating it.
During the mindless hurs f sewing and furnishing (布置家具), I listened t audibks abut the histry f dllhuses, learning that they were nt invented fr play. There's a lng, rich histry f peple in hardship turning t dllhuses t find cmfrt. They weren't prduced as tys until mass prductin became standard after 1945. This inspired me t create a nvel where art saves the day.
The truth was I myself needed art t save the day. Mm was then slipping away frm me wing t prgressive memry lss. The nly tpic we culd discuss with any genuine jy was the update f the dllhuse. She lved retelling its histry—thse ld memries. Mm didn't find it strange at all that her 50 - year - ld daughter was updating the dllhuse. She just thught it fun and beautiful. And it was. It was
a wrld where Mm and I were at ur best tgether.
56. What did the authr's mther teach her t d?
A. T add imaginary figures t the dllhuse.
B. T sew and create miniatures.
C. T make up fairy tales set in the dllhuse.
D. T d il paintings and glue them nt the little walls.
57. Why did the authr decide t update the dllhuse decades later?
A. She intended t fllw the trend n scial media.
B. She was eager t start a new career as a ty designer.
C. She was inspired by peple sharing their dllhuses nline.
D. She felt the urge t cmpete with ther dllhuse makers.
58. What did the authr learn abut dllhuses frm the audibks?
A. Peple nce sught cmfrt in them.
B. They were initially created fr play.
C. Rich peple sld them fr mney during difficult times.
D. A unifrm standard fr their prductin was set in 1945.
59. What rle did the dllhuse play in strengthening the emtinal ties between the authr and her aging mther?
A A reminder f their childhd dreams.
B. A mirrr f the eventful family histry.
C. A means t imprve her mther's memry.
D. A tl t bring back gd ld memries.
60. What wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A. The Dllhuse: A Lifelng TyB. Grwing up with the DllhuseC. Dllhuse Making and Nvel WritingD. The Dllhuse: Mre Than Just a Ty
C
All animals take in xygen frm the air they breathe in, and release CO₂ frm their bld when breathing ut. Mst mammals (哺乳动物) can't directly detect xygen levels in the bld supplied t their tissues. Instead, they rely n the rising level f CO₂ in their bld t signal that they might need t take a breath. But a recent study published in Science suggests seals (海豹) can sense the amunt f xygen in the bld, and change their diving behavir in respnse.
T find ut if xygen levels affected seal behavir, Prfessr McKnight at the University f St. Andrews and his clleagues created a special sectin in a pl where yung seals were held. In ne crner, there was a breathing chamber (呼吸室), where they were sheltered frm the rain and the wind.
The breathing chamber was surrunded by panels that prevented surface swimming, yet swimming belw the surface fr abut 200 feet wuld give the seals access t a feeder where they culd eat as much fish as they liked. Once the seals gt familiar with the setup, the researchers started t gradually change the cmpsitin f the air in the breathing chamber, increasing r reducing the levels f xygen and CO₂ t see an effect n their behavir. Sure enugh: the higher the level f xygen, the lnger the seals stayed at the feeder.
The finding suggests that seals dn't just physically respnd t xygen levels
by changing their heart rate r breathing, but that they are sufficiently aware f them t change their behavir. This ability wuld put seals in a class beynd any land mammals that have been tested. Since xygen levels n land remain stable, humans dn't seem t have evlved (演化) t ntice lw bld xygen levels, smetimes nt even when they're abut t pass ut in free - diving.
Therefre, in free - diving withut xygen tanks, accidents are quite cmmn. Our reliance n sensing CO₂ levels in ur bld instead f xygen may be t blame. Actually, this is a perfectly reasnable strategy n land, where grwing CO₂ tends t signal breathing issues. But when hlding ur breath during diving, relying n CO₂ levels is risky, especially n repeated dives. Because every time we surface and breathe in, ur sensitivity t CO₂ is decreased, even if its levels are already high, and this increases the chance that a persn will, withut awareness, pass ut befre they get t the surface.
61. What d mst mammals rely n t determine when t take a breath?
A. The rising level f xygen in their lungs.
B. The grwing amunt f CO₂ in their bld.
C. The intensity f their physical activity.
D. The bld supply t bdy tissues.
62. When wuld the seals stay at the feeder fr a lnger perid f time?
A. When the xygen level in the chamber grew higher.
B. When they needed t take in mre fd at the feeder.
C. When they familiarized themselves with the setup.
D. When the CO₂ level in the chamber was raised.
63. What results in humans' inability t ntice lw xygen levels in their bld?
A. The unstable CO2 levels in the air.B. Their lack f attentin t breathing.C. Their functinally changeable heart rate.D. The cnstant xygen levels n land.
64. Why d accidents ften ccur when divers g free - diving?
A. Their breath cannt be held lng enugh.
B. They cannt adjust the cnsumptin f xygen.
C. Their breathing rgans stp wrking prperly underwater.
D. They may fail t ntice rising CO2 levels sn enugh.
65. Which statement is prbably supprted by McKnight's seal research?
A. Seals are quick t sense xygen levels and act accrdingly.
B. Seals have evlved t survive in lw xygen envirnments.
C. Seals can maintain their heart rate even with lw bld xygen levels.
D. Seals are mre sensitive t changes in the envirnment than ther mammals.
D
Science serves as a pwerful tl fr unlcking the mysteries f the universe, but understanding its limitatins is essential fr its effective applicatin. There are ccasins where I have used the handle f a knife as a hammer (锤子), but the result wuld have been better if I'd had a mre suitable tl at hand. As far as science ges, it is really gd at testing things that are testable, but nt s fr thse that are nt.
We can d, and have dne, an impressive amunt with ur brains. But there are limits. Smetimes these limits g away if we keep at it fr lng enugh — we just need better facilities and experiments t get the answer. Breaking new grund in
mdern science this way can be cstly. Next - generatin supercmputers r
incredibly large telescpes are expensive, yet these may be required t find answers
t sme f the unslved mysteries f the universe.
Smetimes the limits we encunter in trying t unlck the nature f the
universe are cgnitive (认知的). Think abut this: human DNA is nly abut 1.2
percent different frm that f chimps (黑猩猩). Chimps are smart, n questin. But
culd yu teach them advanced mathematics? What if ur DNA were anther 1.2
percent further evlved than it is? What might ur brains be capable f then? The
level f abstract thinking might be unimaginable.
Smetimes the limits we hit are fundamental. There are laws f nature we may
never be able t understand, hwever advanced ur brains might becme. There are
experiments we might never be able t perfrm. We may never be able t test what
caused the universe t be created, and what caused the cause f the universe being
created. This is where science may never break thrugh.
Fr smething t be cnsidered scientific, it must, by definitin, be testable.
There is a prblem here: it may nt need t be testable right nw, but it must be
testable at sme pint in the future by experiment. If an idea is untestable, that
desn't mean it is wrng. It means it is untestable fr nw. These untestable ideas
als happen t be sme f the mst interesting nes, prbably because they've
puzzled humanity fr centuries.
66. Why des the authr mentin “knife” and “hammer” in Paragraph 1?
A. T demnstrate hw tls can be used creatively.
B. T highlight cnsequences f using a wrng tl.
C. T stress the need fr the right tl t achieve desired results.D. T shw the necessity f keeping a handy tl within reach.
67. What is ften required in breaking new grund in science?
A. Mre advanced facilities fr experiments.
B. Brader science educatin.
C. Deeper understanding f the brain pwer.
D. Mre investment in next - generatin scientists.
68. Hw des the authr assess human beings in terms f their cgnitive capacity?
A. They are just 2.4% away frm true abstract thinking.
B. They are slightly smarter than ther intelligent beings.
C. They are gd at slving prblems with advanced mathematics.
D. They are yet t evlve further t learn mre abut the universe.
69. What message des Paragraph 4 cnvey?
A. Experimental research lays slid fundatins fr space technlgy.
B. Sme puzzles abut the universe are way beynd scientific explratin.
C. Bundaries f science can be pushed back with determined effrts.
D. Limitatins f science may result frm insufficient testing.
70. What has the authr added t the definitin f a scientific idea?
A. Untestable ideas can be true.
B. Crrect ideas are testable.
C. Sme scientific ideas may never be testable.
D. An idea must be testable t be seen as crrect.
第II卷(非选择题 共35分）
第一节 阅读表达（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）
阅读下面的短文，并根据短文内容回答后面的问题。
When my father was celebrating a milestne (里程碑) birthday, I pulled tgether a surprised gift that he wuld never frget.
On his 60th birthday, I had a fun idea: What if I culd get the memries peple had f him, put each ne int an envelpe (信封) — 60 in ttal — and have him pen them, ne by ne, n his birthday? S I wrte an e-mail t family and friends, explaining my idea.
I sent the e-mail and waited. And then the replies started cming in and I was very, very astnished. There were s many memries, and they were all s lvely. They came frm the '50s, '60s, '70s, frm every decade (十年) between nw and the day my dad was brn. They came frm my mther, my siblings, my grandma, my dad's friends frm high schl, his sister, my dad's first bss, a clleague at his first jb, frm peple wh hadn't seen my dad in 40 years, frm peple I myself hadn't even infrmed. They typed them and hand - wrte them. They mailed them and e - mailed them.
The night befre Dad's birthday, my sister and I stayed up late, putting the mails int envelpes.
The next mrning, after breakfast and presents and cake, we gave the pile f envelpes t him. "Just ne mre thing fr yu," we said.
It tk him a lng time t pen them and read. Each ne was a brief ticket t anther time, a leap (跳跃) backward ver years and decades. There was a lt f laughter and a few tears in his face.
I was kind f sad when the prject f the memries abut my father was ver because it was great fun t cllect these memries.
71. When did the authr give her father a surprised gift? (n mre than 5 wrds)
72. What des the underlined wrd "astnished" in paragraph 3 prbably mean? (n mre than 10 wrds)
73. Why did the authr and her sister stay up late the night befre their father's birthday? (n mre than 10 wrds)
74. Hw did the authr's father mst prbably feel when he read the mails? (n mre than 2 wrds)
75. What gifts will yu chse fr yur parents? Why? (n mre than 20 wrds)
第二节：书面表达（满分 25 分）
76. 假设你是李津，最近你收到英国笔友 Peter 的来信，想就“Hw t live with pressure”的话题和你交流，询问你能否就解决学习和生活中一些问题谈谈自己的体验和感想。请根据此话题及以下提示写一封回信。
①过去遇到问题时的表现(如心理压力、情绪紧张、心情低落等)。
②介绍你解决压力问题的做法。
③表达你的希望。
注意：1.词数不少于 100，开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数。
2.必须包含提示内容。
3.可适当加入细节,以使内容充实、行文连贯。
Dear Peter,
Glad t hear frm yu, I'd like t write abut hw t live with pressure.
Best wishes.
Yurs,
Li Jin.
试卷答案
1. 听力部分（略）
2. 单项填空
16. C（1分）
17. A（1分）
18. B（1分）
19. D（1分）
20. B（1分）
21. B（1分）
22. B（1分）
23. A（1分）
24. C（1分）
25. C（1分）
26. B（1分）
27. D（1分）
28. A（1分）
29. A（1分）
30. C（1分）
3. 完形填空
31. D（1.5分）
32. C（1.5分）
33. A（1.5分）
34. C（1.5分）
35. B（1.5分）
36. C（1.5分）
37. B（1.5分）
38. A（1.5分）
39. D（1.5分）
40. D（1.5分）
41. A（1.5分）
42. D（1.5分）
43. B（1.5分）
44. C（1.5分）
45. A（1.5分）
46. B（1.5分）
47. D（1.5分）
48. A（1.5分）
49. C（1.5分）
50. B（1.5分）
4. 阅读理解
51. D（2.5分）
52. B（2.5分）
53. C（2.5分）
54. C（2.5分）
55. B（2.5分）
56. B（2.5分）
57. C（2.5分）
58. A（2.5分）
59. D（2.5分）
60. D（2.5分）
61. B（2.5分）
62. A（2.5分）
63. D（2.5分）
64. D（2.5分）
65. A（2.5分）
66. C（2.5分）
67. A（2.5分）
68. D（2.5分）
69. B（2.5分）
70. A（2.5分）
5. 阅读表达
71. On his 60th birthday.(2分)
72. Greatly surprised.(2分)
73. T put the mails int envelpes.(2分)
74. Happy.（2分）
75. I'll chse handmade gifts. Because they shw my lve.(2分)
6. 书面表达（略）