上海高考英语二轮讲义-概要写作之说明文（原题版）

这是一份上海高考英语二轮讲义-概要写作之说明文（原题版），共13页。
目录
TOC \ "1-3" \h \z \u \l "_Tc148898652" 题型综述2
\l "_Tc148898652" 解题攻略3
\l "_Tc148898657" 高考练场8
\l "_Tc148898657" 变式演练14
（一）题型解读
1. 题型特点
文本类型：上海高考英语说明文概要写作通常涉及对某一现象、问题或对象的介绍、分析和说明。
字数要求：字数一般在300字左右，要求考生在60字以内完成概要写作。
考查能力：主要考查考生对文章主旨的把握能力、信息提取能力以及用简洁语言表达的能力。
2. 常见主题
现象揭示类：介绍某种常见现象及其影响。
利弊对比类：分析某一事物的优缺点。
研究显示类：基于研究结果进行说明。
（二）写作步骤与技巧
1. 通读全文，梳理结构
略读：快速浏览文章，明确文章的主旨和结构。
划分段落：根据文章结构，划分出不同部分，找出每段的中心句。
2. 提炼要点，去次留精
提取关键信息：提取每段的中心思想和主要支持点，忽略细节。
关键词汇：关注文章中的关键词汇，帮助概括主要内容。
3. 组织语言，简洁表达
使用简单句：尽量使用简单句和短句，避免复杂句式。
合理转换表达：用同义词或短语替换原文中的关键词，但要保持原意。
连贯性：使用适当的连接词（如“and”“but”“then”等）使内容连贯。
4. 检查核对，确保准确
核对要点：检查是否遗漏了关键信息。
语法检查：确保句子结构正确，时态一致。
字数控制：严格控制在60字左右。
（三）模板及句型
1. 常用模板
现象揭示类：
The article pints ut the cmmn phenmenn f [主题]，which [补充解释] 。
利弊对比类：
The article cmpares the disadvantages/benefits f A and B. A [具体描述]，while B [具体描述] 。
研究显示类：
The study reveals that... The purpse f the reprt is t shw that... 。
2. 常用句型
描述现象：
The article highlights the issue f [现象]，which has [影响]
分析原因：
The main reasns fr [现象] include [原因1] and [原因2]
提出建议：
T address [问题]，the authr suggests [建议]

说明文（Expsitin）写作抓住关键句：文章第一段和各段第一句。说明文体的阅读材料内容大致可以分为以下几类：
现象揭示类：The article pints ut the cmmn phenmenn—(主题)，which…(补充解释)
利弊对比类：The article cmpares the disadvantages/benefits f A and B. A…while B…
The passage discusses the impact f sth./On the psitive side,…, but it may als…
研究显示类：The study reveals that…; The purpse f the reprt is t shw that…
说明文概要写作模板
说明文：phenmenn / prblem + reasn + slutin (cause and effect), intrductin f an bject (hw it is made, hw it is used, hw it may change, what makes it new r significant)
Directins: Read the fllwing passage. Summarize the main idea and the main pint (s) f the passage in n mre than 60 wrds. Use yur wn wrds as far as pssible.
【上海市位育中学2023-2024学年高三上学期期中测评英语试卷】
Mindfulness
Mindfulness typically refers t a state f in-the-mment awareness in which ne avids judging the thughts and emtins f himself and thers. It is ften practiced in meditatin（冥想） and sme frms f therapy.
Numerus findings frm psychlgical research suggest practicing mindfulness can lead t many benefits, including stress reductin and increased psychlgical well-being. Fr example, in a study f cancer patients, cultivating mindfulness thrugh meditatin r ther mindfulness-based training enabled peple t be mre selective abut their emtinal experiences, enabling them t reduce their stress and anxiety while increasing psitive emtins. Similarly, studies shw that mindfulness can als enhance infrmatin prcessing speed while reducing effrt and negative thughts and the meditatrs significantly utperfrmed the nn-meditatrs n all measures f attentin, suggestin that mindfulness imprves ne's ability t fcus.
It is apparent that mindfulness has many ntewrthy benefits, which include everything, frm psychlgical t physical imprvements. Hwever, research has als shwn that in sme cases mindfulness can als lead t negative utcmes. Fr example, ne study fund that fllwing mindfulness meditatin, participants were mre likely t frm take memries, demnstrating a ptential unintended dwnside t mindfulness. In additin, anther study suggested mindfulness researchers needed t be careful that they didn't learn participants by bringing abut unpleasant mental, physical, r spiritual reactins thrugh mindfulness. Fr example, mindfulness meditatin may result in severe anxiety fr thse diagnsed with Pst-traumatic Stress Disrder （PTSD） （创伤后应激障碍）. Thse with PTSD tend t avid thughts and feelings related t their trauma. Hwever, mindfulness meditatin encurages emtinal penness, which culd lead individuals with PTSD t experience the stressrs that they previusly avided, ptentially leading t re-traumatizatin.
It can't be denied that mindfulness is an imprtant tl in the managerial tlbx, but it is nt a cure-all, and it must be applied thughtfully t be effective.
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解题步骤
第一步：读懂原文，明确篇章结构
本文的篇章结构为“总—分—总”式：
第1段：介绍正念（mindfulness）的定义及其常见实践方式。
第2段：阐述正念带来的诸多益处，如减轻压力、提升心理福祉等。
第3段：指出正念在某些情况下可能带来的负面结果，如形成错误记忆、加重PTSD患者的焦虑等。
第4段：总结正念的重要性，但强调其并非万能，需要谨慎应用。
第二步：去次留精，提炼关键信息
第三步：归纳要点，合理转换表达
第1段：Mindfulness is a state f in-the-mment awareness practiced in meditatin and therapy.
（正念是一种当下的意识状态，常用于冥想和治疗。）
第2段：Mindfulness can reduce stress, enhance well-being, and imprve fcus and attentin.
（正念可以减轻压力、提升福祉，并提高注意力和专注力。）
第3段：Hwever, mindfulness can lead t false memries and wrsen PTSD symptms.
（然而，正念可能导致错误记忆，并加重PTSD患者的症状。）
第4段：Mindfulness is useful but nt a cure-all and needs careful applicatin.
（正念是有用的工具，但并非万能，需要谨慎应用。）
第四步：句式多样，注意过渡衔接
使用“Hwever”连接正念的益处和负面结果，形成对比。
使用“but”和“and”连接总结部分的内容。
概要写作答案（60词左右）
Mindfulness is a state f in-the-mment awareness practiced in meditatin and therapy. It can reduce stress, enhance well-being, and imprve fcus and attentin. Hwever, mindfulness can als lead t false memries and wrsen PTSD symptms. While mindfulness is a useful tl, it is nt a cure-all and needs careful applicatin t be effective.
Directins: Read the fllwing passage. Summarize the main idea and the main pint (s) f the passage in n mre than 60 wrds. Use yur wn wrds as far as pssible.
【上海市育才中学2023-2024学年高三上学期10月第一次阶段检测英语试卷】
It is a cmmn sight n campus r in the streets: a yung persn rides by n an electric scter, traveling quickly and prudly. But Beijing’s traffic authrities have said that starting n Sept.5, peple wh are caught riding electric scters n public rads r bicycle lanes will be fined 10 yuan. They will als be given a warning nt t use the vehicles n public rads again.
The annuncement was made after traffic plice in Shanghai started a campaign t get electric scters ff public rads, with plice fficers stpping riders because the scters culd cause traffic prblems.
The Beijing Cnsumer Assciatin said it had tested mre than 20 electric scters f different brands recently and fund that mst had substandard brakes. It added that 16 f the tested scters culd g faster than the maximum 20 km per hur set fr electric bikes. Accrding t the traffic plice, peple wh ride electric scters at certain speeds can easily bump int the vehicles in the vehicle lane and hurt peple wh walk in the bicycle lanes.
But seeing the benefits that electric scters have brught t yung peple, experts are wrried that the ban may take effect slwly.
Electric scters are a great answer t the ‘last mile prblem’ f getting frm a public transprt statin t ne’s hme. They’re light enugh t thrw ver yur shulder. They’re easy t ride just abut anywhere and dn’t need a lt f physical effrt. The scter can travel 25 km n ne charge. It’s cnvenient and easy t cntrl.
They are als gd fr envirnment. Unlike cars and buses, electric scters prduce n carbn dixide, need n fuel and make almst n nise.
Fr many yung peple, they use them t cpy cl celebrities they have seen in vides.
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（一）
【【来源】上海市延安中学2024-2025学年高三上学期期中英语考试卷】
Directins: Read the fllwing passage. Summarize the main idea and the main pint(s) f the passage in n mre than 60 wrds. Use yur wn wrds as far as pssible.
Ways f parenting
It is evident that in bringing up children, every parent watches eagerly the child’s acquisitin f each new skill — the first spken wrds, the first independent steps, r the beginning f reading and writing. It is cmmn t see parents hurry the child beynd his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerus feelings f failure and states f wrry in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be frced t use a tilet t early, a yung child might be encuraged t learn t read befre he knws the meaning f the wrds he reads. On the ther hand, thugh, when a child is left alne t much, r withut any learning pprtunities, he lses his natural enthusiasm fr life and his desire t find ut new things fr himself.
Parenting practices ften stem frm the persnal needs and pririties f parents, as they aim t align their children’s upbringing with their wn gals and expectatins. At the same time, external influences subtly shape these appraches, with cmmunity values and scietal nrms playing an underlying rle in guiding decisins abut child-rearing. These intercnnected factrs tgether influence hw parents manage their children’s grwth and behavir.
As regards the develpment f mral standards in the grwing child, cnsistency is very imprtant in parental teaching. T frbid a thing ne day and excuse it the next is n fundatin fr mrality. Als parents shuld realize that “example is better than precept (戒律，准则)”. If they are nt sincere and d nt practice what they preach (说教), their children may grw cnfused and emtinally insecure when they grw ld enugh t think fr themselves, and realize they have been t sme extent fled. A sudden awareness f a marked difference between their parents’ principles and their mrals can be a dangerus disappintment.
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（二）
【上海市向明中学2024-2025学年高三上学期期中测试英语试卷】
The psychlgy behind sprts fandm
We all knw there are sprts fans all arund the wrld. But what psychlgical prcesses drive them t supprt their favrite athletes r teams with such passin, even withut the pssibility f reward?
Psychlgists have lng been interested in this tpic. Their survey reveals that peple’s need fr a sense f belnging is met when cnnected t smething bigger than themselves. It taps int their need fr purpse. Withut this cnnectin, they may feel that what they d desn’t really matter. Sprts fandm tends t invlve a deep emtinal attachment, t. Fans may nt directly cntribute t the results f matches, but they feel each win and lss as their wn. As a result, they cntinue t put in their emtins, time, energy — and ften mney — t supprt their favrite stars r teams.
Sprts fans cnsider their devtin t be a rewarding investment. Fandm can serve as a frm f escape, allwing them t temprarily discnnect frm their daily stresses. It als raises self-esteem, as fans ften assciate themselves with successful teams and feel a sense f pride. In additin, being part f a sprts cmmunity can strengthen scial bnds. Fr example, fans tend t say “we,” “us” and “ur” t shw their attachment t their favrite team, especially when it perfrms well. This shared language fsters a sense f tgetherness and helps peple build friendships. This is mre imprtant than ever nwadays as ther bnds acrss sciety have weakened, such as music and pp culture.
Hwever, sprts fans shuld nt put t many eggs in the sprts basket. After all, being a fan is all abut chasing mments f pure jy that stay with yu fr a lng time, whereas the heavy emtinal investment can lead t feelings f anxiety r disappintment when a team r athlete perfrms badly. Fr sme peple, the attachment becmes s strng that it affects their nrmal lives. There have been extreme cases f peple skipping a child’s wedding fr a certain game!
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（三）
【上海市大同中学2023-2024学年高三月考英语试卷】
The Unexpected Pwer f Randm Acts f Kindness
In late August, Erin Alexander, 57, sat in the parking lt f a Target stre and wept. She was having a hard day. A barista(咖啡师) wrking at the Starbucks inside the Target was t. The espress machine had brken dwn and she was clearly stressed. Ms. Alexander — wh’d stpped crying and gne inside fr sme caffeine — smiled, rdered an iced green tea, and tld her t hang in there. After picking up her rder, she nticed a message n the cup: “Erin,” the barista had written next t a heart, “yur sul is glden.” The warmth f that small and unexpected gesture, frm a stranger wh had n idea f what she was ging thrugh, mved Erin deeply.
New findings, published in the Jurnal f Experimental Psychlgy in August, crrbrate just hw pwerful experiences like Ms. Alexander’s can be.
The ntin that kindness can bst well-being is hardly new. Studies have shwn that prscial behavir — basically, vluntarily helping thers — can help lwer peple’s daily stress levels, and that simple acts f cnnectin, like texting a friend, mean mre than many f us realize.
But researchers have als fund that peple wh perfrm a randm act f kindness tend t underestimate hw much the recipient will appreciate it. And they believe that miscalculatin culd hld many f us back frm ding nice things fr thers mre ften.
Stress can als keep peple frm being kind t thers, Dr. Cusineau said, as can the “little judgy vice” in peple’s heads that causes them t questin whether their gesture r gift will be misinterpreted, r whether it will make the recipient feel pressured t pay it back. “When the kindness urge arises,” she said, “we ttally verthink it.”
Researchers wh study kindness and friendship say they hpe the new findings strengthen the scientific case fr making these types f gestures mre ften.
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A
（2025年浦东新区一模）
Directins: Read the fllwing passage. Summarize the main idea and the main pint(s) f the passage in n mre than 60 wrds. Use yur wn wrds as far as pssible.
51.
Why can’t adults talk nrmally t babies?
In scientific literature, baby talk is called “parentese”, and is a unique way f cmmunicating with babies. It ften invlves using repetitive and exaggerated sunds, such as “cing” and “g-g,” alng with using diminutive wrds like “baby,” “binky,” r “blankie.” Adults als tend t speak mre slwly and emphasize key wrds r phrases when engaging in baby talk.
What’s the pint f using such a ridiculus style f talking with babies? Why nt just talk t a baby with nrmal speech, like we’d talk t anther adult, r even a 5-year-ld child? Primarily, we use baby talk t capture the baby’s attentin. The dramatic vcalizatins and facial expressins serve t engage the child’s fcus by being distinct frm all the ther nise and visual stimuli arund the baby. Remember, the brain f a newbrn baby is still develping and needs different cues t engage and learn smething. Baby talk als helps t establish an emtinal cnnectin between the adult and the baby. The gentle tne cnveys affectin, lve, and care. As a result, in a way, it reassures the child by giving him a sense f security.
Interestingly, there was a study where researchers tested 2,329 babies frm 16 cuntries n their preference fr this lively vcalizatin. Babies clearly prefer it when we “h” and “c”. The study als revealed that babies frm almst all cultures have an inbrn lve fr baby talk. Baby talk tells the infants, “Hey! This speech is nly fr yu, since yu’re special,” and wh desn’t lve that? It melts their sweet little hearts and warms urs.
T supprt yur baby’s develpment, try using baby talk regularly. Use a playful tne, make eye cntact, and emphasize key wrds. These simple actins strengthen bnds and wrk a lt fr their develpment.
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B
（2025年徐汇一模）
Why we hate phne calls
Suddenly a sund rings ut, stpping yu in yur tracks. Panicking, yu search fr where it culd be cming frm. It’s yur phne, and if yu’ re like a quarter f 18 t 30-year-lds in a recent British study, yu prbably wn’t answer it. The same study fund that 70% f the peple in this age grup prefer text messages t phne calls. Why d s many yung peple hate phne calls?
While previus generatins grew up using landlines t talk t their friends, smartphne-equipped yunger peple have grwn up used t using text messages fr scial cnversatins. There’s less pressure with texting. Yu can read and respnd t messages n yur wn schedule, and yu can take time t think abut what yu want t say rather than being put n the spt during a phne call. Besides, when yu can craft a reply free f interruptin, yu have greater cntrl ver yur cntributins t a cnversatin. Cmmunicatin like phne calls can lead peple t feel a lss f cntrl and the crrespnding anxiety. Many yung peple reprt assciating phne calls, particularly thse withut prir warning, with bad news.
This means that new scial cdes are being established. Many peple will nw text smene t see if they’re available t take a phne call. If smene desn’t feel able t sum smething up in a few shrt messages, they might leave a lng vice nte.
But this desn’t mean that anxiety arund cmmunicatin has been stpped. Evidence suggests that texting can als cause anxiety. Many times, texting anxiety cmes frm frustratin, fear, and wrry ver the reactins f ther peple. Fr instance, a shrt respnse t yur lng message might be interpreted as a cld shrug and many peple reprt tensins frm being “left n read”— when yu knw smene has read yur message, but they dn’t, r wn’t, reply.
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C
（2025年杨浦一模）
Smart Paint t Heat r Cl
Scientists in the US have develped a special paint that ffers a simple and clrful way t prevent huses frm verheating. Nrmally, the exterir f a huse absrbs heat frm the sun, which raises the indr temperature. The new paint, hwever, is engineered t reflect the sun’s heat ff the utside f the huse, which means the interir desn’t heat up as much in the first place.
There are ther types f reflective paint, but the new ne is the first t fcus n mid-infrared light, which is a type f light that the human eye cannt see but that peple feel as warmth. The special paint wrks by reflecting up t 80% f the sun’s mid- infrared light. That’s 10 times mre than regular paint. The base layer f the paint cntains metal flakes that functin like a mirrr t reflect mid-infrared light. The tp layer cntains clr particles, which make the paint blue, green, range, purple, red, r yellw. The paint is waterprf and wrks well in different weather cnditins.
Nearly 90% f all US husehlds use air-cnditining, which requires a lt f electricity. In fact, cling residences accunts fr 6% f all electricity use in the US and csts Americans abut $29 Billin a year. Preventing hmes frm heating up as much will reduce the need fr air-cnditining t pump cl air int the building. In additin t cling a huse in ht summer mnths, the paint can als keep a hme warm in the winter. When it is used n the walls indrs, it reflects the mid-infrared light back int the rm, keeping the warmth in.
Accrding t the paint’s creatrs, using it can reduce the amunt f energy it takes t cl a huse by nearly 21%. In cld cnditins, it can cut the energy needed t warm a rm by 36%. All is gd news nt nly fr peple wh care abut the envirnment but als fr thse wrrying abut their electricity r heating bills.
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段落
关键词
1.定义及实践
①mindfulness，in-the-mment awareness，meditatin，therapy
2.益处
②benefits，stress reductin，psychlgical well-being，cancer patients，attentin
3.负面结果
③negative utcmes，false memries，PTSD，anxiety，re-traumatizatin
4.总结
④imprtant tl，nt a cure-all，thughtful applicatin