高考英语二轮-阅读理解——议论文（复习课件） (全国通用)

这是一份高考英语二轮-阅读理解——议论文（复习课件） (全国通用)，共41页。PPT课件主要包含了智能导览·极速定位，真题溯源·考向感知等内容，欢迎下载使用。
五大考点，真题研析+核心精讲+变式训练
紧扣新风向，设题新语境，聚焦重难点
01 考情解码·命题预警
02 体系构建·思维可视
03 核心突破·靶向攻坚
知识点1 提出问题——分析问题——解决问题
这种议论文作者直接提出己方观点，通过举例、引用数据、逻辑推理等方式正面论证观点的合理性。在近年高考真题中，立论文常围绕 "环境保护的个人责任"" 在线教育的利弊 " 等社会热点展开，文章结构严谨，论证层次分明。①结构特征总分总结构：开篇提出中心论点（Thesis Statement），中间分论点（Sub-arguments）支撑，结尾总结升华。
提出问题—分析问题—解决问题类议论文
②论证方法举例论证（Examples）：通过具体案例增强说服力，举例是论证过程中很重要的支撑，举例法易于讲明道理。对比论证（Cmparisn）：将两种对立事物或观点对照分析，凡事比则明，通过对比证明观点的正确性。引用论证（Qutatins）：援引权威言论或经典文献。因果论证（Cause and Effect）：揭示事物内在逻辑关系。
【典例】（2024新课标Ⅰ卷）C篇 Is cmprehensin the same whether a persn reads a text nscreen r n paper? And are listening t and viewing cntent as effective as reading the written wrd when cvering the same material? The answers t bth questins are ften “n”. The reasns relate t a variety f factrs, including reduced cncentratin, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency t multitask while cnsuming digital cntent. When reading texts f several hundred wrds r mre, learning is generally mre successful when it’s n paper than n screen. A large amunt f research cnfirms this finding. The benefits f print reading particularly shine thrugh when experimenters mve frm psing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — t nes that require mental abstractin — such as drawing inferences frm a text. The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related t paper’s physical prperties. With paper, there is a literal laying n f hands, alng with the visual gegraphy f distinct pages. Peple ften link their memry f what they’ve read t hw far int the bk it was r where it was n the page.
考向 提出问题——分析问题——解决问题类议论文
【典例】（2024新课标Ⅰ卷）C篇 But equally imprtant is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have prpsed a thery called “shallwing hypthesis (假说)”. Accrding t this thery, peple apprach digital texts with a mindset suited t scial media, which are ften nt s serius, and devte less mental effrt than when they are reading print. Audi (音频) and vide can feel mre engaging than text, and s university teachers increasingly turn t these technlgies — say, assigning an nline talk instead f an article by the same persn. Hwever, psychlgists have demnstrated that when adults read news stries, they remember mre f the cntent than if they listen t r view identical pieces. Digital texts, audi and vide all have educatinal rles, especially when prviding resurces nt available in print. Hwever, fr maximizing learning where mental fcus and reflectin are called fr, educatrs shuldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they cntain identical wrds.
28. What des the underlined phrase “shine thrugh” in paragraph 2 mean?A. Seem unlikely t last.B. Seem hard t explain.C. Becme ready t use.D. Becme easy t ntice.
根据前文“When reading texts f several hundred wrds r mre, learning is generally mre successful when it’s n paper than nscreen. A large amunt f research cnfirms this finding.(当阅读几百字或更多的文本时，在纸上学习通常比在屏幕上学习更成功。大量的研究证实了这一发现)”可知，在纸上学习更有成效，以及后文“when experimenters mve frm psing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — t nes that require mental abstractin — such as drawing inferences frm a text.(当实验人员从提出简单的任务(如识别阅读文章的主旨)转移到需要思维抽象的任务(如从文本中推断)时)”推知，此处应是表达“当实验者从简单的任务转向需要精神抽象的任务时，纸质阅读的益处就变得显而易见”之意，所以shine thrugh应是“显而易见”之意，和D项意思相近。故选D项。
29. What des the shallwing hypthesis assume?A. Readers treat digital texts lightly.B. Digital texts are simpler t understand.C. Peple select digital texts randmly.D. Digital texts are suitable fr scial media.
根据第四段“But equally imprtant is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have prpsed a thery called “shallwing hypthesis (假说)”. Accrding t this thery, peple apprach digital texts with a mindset suited t scial media, which are ften nt s serius, and devte less mental effrt than when they are reading print.(但同样重要的是精神层面。阅读研究人员提出了一个名为“shallwing hypthesis”的理论。根据这一理论，人们以适合社交媒体的心态接触数字文本，这些文本通常不那么严肃，与阅读印刷品时相比，投入的精神努力也更少)”可知，shallwing hypthesis假设读者在阅读数字文本时会持有一种轻松的心态，不会像阅读纸质书籍那样投入太多的心理努力。故选A项。
30. Why are audi and vide increasingly used by university teachers?A. They can hld students' attentin.B. They are mre cnvenient t prepare.C. They help develp advanced skills.D. They are mre infrmative than text.
根据第五段“Audi (音频) and vide can feel mre engaging than text, and s university teachers increasingly turn t these technlgies — say, assigning an nline talk instead f an article by the same persn.(音频和视频可能比文本更具吸引力，因此大学教师越来越多地转向这些技术，例如分配在线讲座而不是同一作者的文章)”可知，音频和视频比文本更能吸引学生的注意力，所以大学教师越来越多地使用这些技术。故选A项。
31. What des the authr imply in the last paragraph?A. Students shuld apply multiple learning techniques. B. Teachers shuld prduce their wn teaching material.C. Print texts cannt be entirely replaced in educatin. D. Educatin utside the classrm cannt be ignred.
根据最后一段“Digital texts, audi and vide all have educatinal rles, especially when prviding resurces nt available in print. Hwever, fr maximizing learning where mental fcus and reflectin are called fr, educatrs shuldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they cntain identical wrds.(数字文本、音频和视频都具有教育作用，尤其是在提供印刷品中无法获得的资源时。然而，为了在需要精神集中和反思的情况下最大限度地学习，教育工作者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词)”可知，尽管数字文本、音频和视频在教育中有一定作用，但当需要精神集中和反思以最大化学习时，教育者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词。这表明作者认为纸质文本在教育中的作用仍然不可替代，因此暗示纸质文本在教育中的重要性。故选C项。
错误的观点→批驳→立观点
先引出对方观点，再通过反驳论据、指出逻辑漏洞等方式证明其错误，从而树立己方观点。这种文体旨在通过批判性分析构建严谨的论证体系，常见于社会现象评论、学术争议探讨等文本。1.结构特征：错误的观点→批驳→立观点树靶阶段：文章开篇通常以客观陈述或引用他人观点的方式，明确摆出反方立场。例如在探讨 "网络学习是否能完全取代传统课堂" 时，先阐述 "部分人认为网络学习灵活高效，应全面推广" 的观点。批驳阶段：运用 "Hwever""But""Nevertheless" 等转折词引出反驳内容，通过数据对比、事实例证等方式削弱对方论点的可信度。如指出 "网络学习缺乏师生实时互动，据调查显示，73% 的学生存在自主学习效率低下问题"。
错误的观点→批驳→立观点
立观点阶段：在瓦解反方观点后，系统阐述己方立场，通过递进式分析或多维度论证强化说服力，如提出 "传统课堂与网络学习应优势互补" 的解决方案。2.论证方法归谬法：假设对方观点成立，通过合理推导得出荒谬结论，例如从 "读书无用论" 推导出 "社会将失去科技创新能力"。反证法：通过证明与己方论点相反的命题为假，间接确立正确观点，如通过证明 "不重视环保会导致生态崩溃" 来支持可持续发展主张。漏洞分析：聚焦对方论证中的逻辑缺陷，如指出统计样本偏差、因果关系误判等问题，例如批判 "因个别成功案例否定教育重要性" 的以偏概全逻辑。
【典例】(2025年河北部分学校联考) Wlves with injured legs in the wild can basically d nthing but wait fr death. But this was nt the fate f ne injured wlf in the Hh Xil Natinal Nature Reserve (可可西里国家级自然保护区) in Qinghai. This limp wlf went frm pr and skinny (骨瘦如柴的) t happy and fat, thanks t turists feeding it alng the highway. This “gdwill”, hwever, has sparked (引发) debate n whether turists shuld feed the wlf. Peple wh supprt this act argue that withut feeding, the pr wlf wuld die f starvatin (饥饿). But thse wh hld an ppsite view think that humans shuld nt g against the laws f nature and that the inevitable death f the wlf is the result f natural selectin. Each side has its reasns, but science can prvide us with an ultimate answer. Research published in Scientific Reprts in June 2019 studied hw human-prvided fd affected the survival f bttlense dlphins (宽吻海豚). Researchers fllwed the dynamics (动态) f 63 bttlense dlphins wh live in the cean ff Bunbury, Australia, where the wild dlphins are legally allwed t be fed by the Dlphin Discvery Centre there.
考向 错误的观点→批驳→立观点
【典例】(2025年河北部分学校联考) After lking at mre than 10 years f data n the lcal dlphin ppulatin, the researchers fund ut that the fatality rate (死亡率) f bttlense dlphins wh ask fr fd frm vessels (船只) is much higher than that f thse wh seek fd by themselves. Asking fr fd frm humans increases the risk f injuries and smetimes the dlphins can even get killed by “bat strikes, prpeller (螺旋桨) cut injuries and fishing gear entanglements (被渔具缠住)”, said the study. And yung dlphins tend t learn frm their mthers, leading t mre accidents. Apart frm accidents, feeding wildlife may als make them rely n us fr survival, Dai Qiang, a researcher at the Chengdu Institute f Bilgy f the Chinese Academy f Sciences, tld Hngxing News. Mrever, any diseases and bacteria (细菌) present in the animals may infect thse wh feed them. As Qi Xinzhang, deputy directr f Xining Wildlife Park, cmmented under a vide featuring the wlf in Hh Xil, “Kindness needs t be supprted by ratinality (理性); therwise, we may see adverse effects (不利影响).” S, what shuld we d when cming acrss wild animals that seem t need ur help? The best help fr them is t reprt the case t related authrities fr prfessinal aid instead f feeding them, said Qi.
1．What des paragraph 2 mainly talk abut?A．The debate n wlf feeding. B．Survival prblems f wildlife.C．Explanatins f the laws f nature. D．Scientific reasns fr human actins.
根据第二段内容，尤其是首句“This ‘gdwill’, hwever, has sparked (引发) debate n whether turists shuld feed the wlf.(然而，这种‘善意’引发了关于游客是否应该投喂狼的争论)”可知，本段主要讲述了关于是否应该投喂狼的争论，并说明了支持者和反对者的理由，故选A。
2．What has been fund in the study f bttlense dlphins being fed by humans?A．They are mre likely t be injured r killed. B．They are mre friendly t humans.C．They face a higher risk f being caught. D．They tend t care less abut their yung.
根据第四段“After lking at mre than 10 years f data n the lcal dlphin ppulatin, the researchers fund ut that the fatality rate (死亡率) f bttlense dlphins wh ask fr fd frm vessels (船只) is much higher than that f thse wh seek fd by themselves. Asking fr fd frm humans increases the risk f injuries and smetimes the dlphins can even get killed by ‘bat strikes, prpeller (螺旋桨) cut injuries and fishing gear entanglements (被渔具缠住)’, said the study.(在研究了当地海豚种群10多年的数据后，研究人员发现，从船只上寻找食物的宽吻海豚的死亡率远远高于自己寻找食物的海豚。该研究称，向人类索取食物会增加受伤的风险，有时海豚甚至会被‘船只撞击、螺旋桨割伤和渔具缠结’杀死)”可知，研究发现，人类投喂食物的宽吻海豚更容易受伤或死亡，故选A。
3．Accrding t Dai Qiang, what might happen as a result f feeding wildlife?A．An increase in wildlife ppulatins. B．A pssible reductin in natural habitat.C．Increased risk f animal diseases being passed n. D．A strengthened bnd between humans and animals.
根据倒数第二段中“Mrever, any diseases and bacteria (细菌) present in the animals may infect thse wh feed them.(此外，动物身上的任何疾病和细菌都可能感染饲养它们的人)”可知，Dai Qiang认为投喂野生动物会增加感染动物身上的疾病的风险，故选C。
4．What des Qi advise peple wh meet prly wild animals t d?A．Call the plice. B．Leave them alne. C．Offer immediate help. D．Infrm relevant authrities.
根据最后一段“S, what shuld we d when cming acrss wild animals that seem t need ur help? The best help fr them is t reprt the case t related authrities fr prfessinal aid instead f feeding them, said Qi.(那么，当我们遇到似乎需要我们帮助的野生动物时，我们应该怎么做呢？对他们来说，最好的帮助是向有关部门报告情况，寻求专业援助，而不是给他们喂食)”可知，Qi建议人们在遇到需要帮助的野生动物时通知相关部门，故选D。
列举几种事例——归纳总结观点或方法
开篇引出几种事例或现象，归纳作者的核心观点。注意抓取关键词、区分事例与观点。
列举几种事例—归纳总结观点或方法
【典例】(2025年全国I卷C篇) While safety imprvements might have been made t ur streets in recent years, transprt studies als shw declines in pedestrian (行人) mbility, especially amng yung children. Many parents say there’s t much traffic n the rads fr their children t walk safely t schl, s they pack them int the car instead. Dutch authrs Thalia Verkade and Marc te Brömmelstret are bthered by facts like these. In their new bk Mvement: Hw t Take Back Our Streets and Transfrm Our Lives, they call fr a rethink f ur streets and the rle they play in ur lives. Life n city streets started t change decades ag. Whle neighburhds were destryed t make way fr new rad netwrks and kids had t play elsewhere. Sme cmmunities fught back. Mst famusly, a Canadian jurnalist wh had mved her family t Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign t stp the destructin f her lcal park. Describing her alarm at its prpsed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacbs called n her mayr (市长) t champin “New Yrk as a decent place t live, and nt just rush thrugh.” Similar campaigns ccurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well.
考向 归纳总结观点或方法
【典例】(2025年全国I卷C篇) Althugh these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majrity f the western cities were cmpletely redesigned arund the needs f the mtr car. The number f cars n rads has been increasing rapidly. In Australia we nw have ver twenty millin cars fr just ver twenty-six millin peple, amng the highest rate f car wnership in the wrld. We invest a lt in rads that help us rush thrugh, but we fail t accunt fr the true csts. D we really recgnise what it csts us as a sciety when children can’t mve safely arund ur cmmunities? The authrs f Mvement have it right: it’s time t think differently abut that street utside yur frnt dr.
1．What phenmenn des the authr pint ut in paragraph 1?A．Cars ften get stuck n the rad.B．Traffic accidents ccur frequently.C．Peple walk less and drive mre.D．Pedestrians fail t fllw the rules.
●题干关键词→phenmenn→in paragraph 1●文章定位：①declines in pedestrian (行人) mbility, especially amng yung children ②there’s t much traffic n the rads fr their children t walk safely t schl, s they pack them int the car instead. ●解析思维过程（选项与文章定位的关系）→①+②→declines同意表达walk less→pack them int the car→drive mre→C．Peple walk less and drive mre.
2．What were the Canadian jurnalist and ther campaigners trying t d?A．Keep their cities livable.B．Prmte cultural diversity.C．Help the needy families.D．Make expressways accessible.
●题干关键词→Canadian jurnalist and ther campaigners→ trying t d●文章定位：Mst famusly, a Canadian jurnalist wh had mved her family t Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign t stp the destructin f her lcal park. Describing her alarm at its prpsed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacbs called n her mayr (市长) t champin “New Yrk as a decent place t live, and nt just rush thrugh. ●解析思维过程（选项与文章定位的关系）→①stp the destructin f her lcal park②a decent place t live→A．Keep their cities livable.
3．What can be inferred abut the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s?A．They bsted the sales f cars.B．They turned ut largely ineffective.C．They wn gvernment supprt.D．They advcated building new parks.
●题干关键词→inferred abut the campaigns→Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s●文章定位：Althugh these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majrity f the western cities were cmpletely redesigned arund the needs f the mtr car. The number f cars n rads has been increasing rapidly.●解析思维过程（选项与文章定位的关系）→①Althugh②widespread→ ineffective.
4．What can be a suitable title fr the text?A．Why the Rush?B．What’s Next?C．Where t Stay?D．Wh t Blame?
●题干关键词→suitable title→the text●文章定位：We invest a lt in rads that help us rush thrugh, but we fail t accunt fr the true csts. D we really recgnise what it csts us as a sciety when children can’t mve safely arund ur cmmunities?→A．Why the Rush?
04 真题溯源·考向感知
【典例】 (2025·北京卷) Nt t lng ag, n a cld winter night, there was a teenager wh wanted mre screen time and a parent wh said n. The teenager was advcating fr her right t scrll (翻屏) fr an extra 30 minutes. The parent argued that nne f her friends’ parents let them have screens after 9 ’clck. “I thught, in this family, we dn’t cmpare urselves with ther peple, Dad?” the teenager replied. The parent — wh was me, by the way — just gt served. Since they were yung, I have tld my kids nt t cmpare themselves with ther peple. I have argued cuntless times that cmparisns are the “thief f jy”. Althugh my daughter didn’t win, she did help expse ne f the wrst pieces f advice I have ever given. In my defence, I did what we’ve all dne befre, which is repeat received wisdm withut explring the nuances. But nw is the time t set the recrd straight, which starts with questining the idea that all scial cmparisn is unhealthy. Scial cmparisns d, f curse, ften get us int emtinal truble. But they can be harnessed (利用) fr ur betterment if we understand hw they wrk. The scial cmparisns we make — nes that lead us t feel gd r bad abut urselves — are vital t ur ability t thrive (成长). Science prvides a guide we can use t harness the way we perfrm these cmparisns t reduce their negative emtinal impacts.
【典例】 (2025·北京卷) Cmparing yurself with smene wh is utperfrming yu culd result in feelings f envy if yu fcus n the things they have and yu dn’t, r it can be energizing and inspiring if yu use these cmparisns as a surce f mtivatin, fr example, “If they can achieve that, s can I.” Cmparing yurself with smene wh is ding wrse than yu culd result in fear and wrry if yu think abut hw yu culd fall int similar circumstances, r it can draw ut feelings f gratitude and appreciatin if yu use that cmparisn t braden yur views — fr example, “Ww, things culd be much wrse; I’m ding great.” What I wish I taught my daughter earlier are these nuances. Hw we feel abut urselves rests nt just n whm we cmpare urselves with but als n hw we think abut that cmparisn. That’s smething we all have cntrl ver.
【典例】 (2025·北京卷)28．Hw did the authr feel abut his daughter’s argument?A．Excited.B．Inspired.C．Energized.D．Relieved.
根据第二段“Althugh my daughter didn’t win, she did help expse ne f the wrst pieces f advice I have ever given. (虽然我女儿没有赢，但她确实帮助揭露了我曾经给出的最糟糕的建议之一。)” 以及后文作者对社会比较的重新思考可知，作者从女儿的争论中得到了启发。故选B。
【典例】 (2025·北京卷)29．What des the wrd “nuances” underlined in Paragraph 2 mst prbably mean?A．Majr achievements.B．Cmplex feelings.C．Significant impacts.D．Fine differences.
根据第二段“ In my defence, I did what we’ve all dne befre, which is repeat received wisdm withut explring the nuances. But nw is the time t set the recrd straight, which starts with questining the idea that all scial cmparisn is unhealthy. (为自己辩护一下，我做了我们所有人都做过的事，就是重复那些大家都认可的观点，却没有探究其中的____。但现在是时候纠正这个观点了，首先要质疑所有社会比较都是不健康的这一想法。)” 可知，作者之前只是重复普遍观点，没有深入探究不同情况，现在要重新审视，所以“nuances”意思可能是 “细微差别”。故选D。
【典例】 (2025·北京卷)30．Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?A．Cmparing Ourselves with Others Can Becme a Healthy HabitB．Cmparing Ourselves with Others Can Strengthen Family TiesC．Scial Cmparisns Can Get Us int Emtinal TrubleD．Scial Cmparisns Can Be Cntrlled by Science
根据第三段“Scial cmparisns d, f curse, ften get us int emtinal truble. But they can be harnessed (利用) fr ur betterment if we understand hw they wrk. (当然，社会比较常常会给我们带来情感困扰。但如果我们了解其运作原理，就可以利用它们来提升自我。)”，以及第四段 “Cmparing yurself with smene wh is utperfrming yu culd result in feelings f envy if yu fcus n the things they have and yu dn’t, r it can be energizing and inspiring if yu use these cmparisns as a surce f mtivatin (如果你关注那些比你表现出色的人所拥有而你没有的东西，与他们比较可能会导致嫉妒之情；但如果你将这些比较作为动力来源，它也可以让你充满活力并受到鼓舞)” 等内容，表明了社会比较并非全然有害，若运用得当可成为健康习惯，助力个人发展。所以选项 A“与他人比较可以成为一种健康的习惯”为最佳标题，故选A。