高考英语二轮复习-阅读理解之推理判断题（练习）（学生版）

这是一份高考英语二轮复习-阅读理解之推理判断题（练习）（学生版），共35页。
Passage 1
Yu’ve raced t the supermarket nly t realise yu’ve left the shpping list hme. Yu need t memrise which grceries t pick up befre yu frget. Thankfully, there’s a memry aid that’s perfect fr the jb: the peg-wrd methd.
What is the peg-wrd methd?
It emplys a set f pre-determined wrds, regarded as peg wrds, fr the t-be-remembered infrmatin. Peg wrds act as a structure t help yu remember particular items. Essentially, yu’re hanging infrmatin yu need t recall n these pegs, which allws it t be recalled quickly and easily.
Initially, t use this methd, yu will have t remember the peg wrds as well as the numbers:
The next step is t create assciatins between the infrmatin yu need t remember and the item linked with the crrespnding number. If the first item, fr instance, is milk, then yu need t visualise the milk and a bun (小圆面包) tgether. The mre unusual yu can make yur image, the mre likely yu are t remember it. In this case, yu culd imagine a bun drinking a glass f milk.
Why is it useful?
As the case shws, it is mst useful when it cmes t remembering lists and yu can recall the listed items easily in rder. Anther way t use this memry aid is t memrise imprtant numbers, like phne numbers r dates. Fr instance, yu need t remember that William Shakespeare was brn in the year 1564. First, change that number t bun-hive-sticks-dr. Then imagine a stry t help yu remember the series:
William Shakespeare put a bun in a beehive t cat it in hney, but he didn’t like hw sticky it became s he threw it at a dr.
The peg-wrd methd has been wildly recgnized as a helpful memry aid. Fr mre infrmatin, please visit httpsjjmemry.cm/.
What is the best way t remember the number 347 with the peg wrds in the table?
A．A hen drinks frm a bttle f wine.
B．A lad f eggs grw like fruit n a tree.
C．A tree grws thrugh the dr t heaven.
D．An apple shts ut f a bun and hits the dr.
Passage 2
While sme allergies (过敏症) disappear ver time r with treatment, thers last a lifetime. Fr decades, scientists have been searching fr the surce f these lifetime allergies.
Recently, researchers fund that memry B cells may be invlved. These cells prduce a different class f antibdies knwn as IgG, which ward ff viral infectins. But n ne had identified exactly which f thse cells were recalling allergens r hw they switched t making the IgE antibdies respnsible fr allergies. T uncver the mysterius cells, tw research teams tk a deep dive int the immune (免疫的) cells f peple with allergies and sme withut.
Immunlgist Jshua Kenig and clleagues examined mre than 90, 000 memry B cells frm six peple with birch allergies, fur peple allergic t dust mites and five peple with n allergies. Using a technique called RNA sequencing, the team identified specific memry B cells, which they named MBC2s that make antibdies and prteins assciated with the immune respnse that causes allergies.
In anther experiment, Kenig and clleagues used a peanut prtein t g fishing fr memry B cells frm peple with peanut allergies. The team pulled ut the same type f cells fund in peple with birch and dust mite allergies. In peple with peanut allergies, thse cells increased in number and prduced IgE antibdies as the peple started treatment t desensitize them t peanut allergens.
Anther grup led by Maria Curtt de Lafaille, an immunlgist at the Icahn Schl f Medicine at Munt Sinai in New Yrk City, als fund that similar cells were mre plentiful in 58 children allergic t peanuts than in 13 kids withut allergies. The team fund that the cells are ready t switch frm making prtective IgG antibdies t allergy-causing IgE antibdies. Even befre the switch, the cells were making RNA fr IgE but didn’t prduce the prtein. Making that RNA enables the cells t switch the type f antibdies they make when they encunter allergens. The signal t switch partially depends n a prtein called JAK, the grup discvered. “Stpping JAK frm sending the signal culd help prevent the memry cells frm switching t IgE prductin,” Lafaille says. She als predicts that allergists may be able t examine aspects f these memry cells t frecast whether a patient's allergy is likely t last r disappear with time r treatment.
“Knwing which ppulatin f cells stre allergies in lng-term memry may eventually help scientists identify ther ways t kill the allergy cells,” says Cecilia Berin, an immunlgist at Nrthwestern University Feinberg Schl f Medicine. “Yu culd ptentially get rid f nt nly yur peanut allergy but als all f yur allergies.”
What can we learn frm the tw research teams’ wrk?
A．MBC2s make antibdies and prteins that prevent allergies.
B．Memry B cells generate bth RNA fr IgE and the crrespnding prtein.
C．JAK plays a rle in cntrlling antibdy prductin when expsed t allergens.
D．Allergists are capable f predicting whether an allergy will last r disappear.
Passage 3
Evan Selinger, prfessr in RIT’s Department f Philsphy, has taken an interest in the ethics (伦理标准) f Al and the plicy gaps that need t be filled in. Thrugh a humanities viewpint, Selinger asks the questins, “Hw can AI cause harm, and what can gvernments and cmpanies creating Al prgrams d t address and manage it?” Answering them, he explained, requires an interdisciplinary apprach.
“AI ethics g beynd technical fixes. Philsphers and ther humanities experts are uniquely skilled t address the nuanced (微妙的) principles, value cnflicts, and pwer dynamics. These skills aren’t just crucial fr addressing current issues. We desperately need them t prmte anticipatry (先行的) gvernance, ” said Selinger.
One example that illustrates hw philsphy and humanities experts can help guide these new, rapidly grwing technlgies is Selinger’s wrk cllabrating with a special AI prject. “One f the skills I bring t the table is identifying cre ethical issues in emerging technlgies that haven’t been built r used by the public. We can take preventative steps t limit risk, including changing hw the technlgy is designed, ”said Selinger.
Taking these preventative steps and regularly reassessing what risks need addressing is part f the nging jurney in pursuit f creating respnsible AI. Selinger explains that there isn’t a step-by-step apprach fr gd gvernance. “AI ethics have cre values and principles, but there’s endless disagreement abut interpreting and applying them and creating meaningful accuntability mechanisms, ” said Selinger. “Sme peple are rightly wrried that AI can becme integrated int ‘ethics washing’-weak checklists, flwery missin statements, and empty rhetric that cvers ver abuses f pwer. Frtunately, I’ve had great cnversatins abut this issue, including with sme experts, n why it is imprtant t cnsider a range f psitins. ”
Sme f Selinger’s recent research has fcused n the back-end issues with develping AI, such as the human impact that cmes with testing AI chatbts befre they’re released t the public. Other issues fcus n plicy, such as what t d abut the dangers psed by facial recgnitin and ther autmated surveillance(监视) appraches.
Selinger is making sure his students are infrmed abut the nging industry cnversatins n AI ethics and respnsible AI. “Students are ging t be future tech leaders. Nw is the time t help them think abut what gals their cmpanies shuld have and the csts f minimizing ethical cncerns. Beynd scial csts, dwnplaying ethics can negatively impact crprate culture and hiring, ” said Selinger. “T attract tp talent, yu need t cnsider whether yur cmpany matches their interests and hpes fr the future. ”
What can be inferred frm the last tw paragraphs?
A．Mre cmpanies will use AI t attract tp talent.
B．Understanding AI ethics will help students in the future.
C．Selinger favrs cmpanies that match his students’ values.
D．Selinger is likely t fcus n back-end issues such as plicy.
Passage 4
We are a scial animal. Indeed, it is ur sciality — such as the ability t make sense f each ther, t cmmunicate, t wrk cperatively and, finally, t create culture — that marks us ff frm ther animal species.
But then why are we everywhere striving t increase ur islatin and limit ur cntact with thers? As musician David Byrn e argues in an essay published last mnth, it is a striking fact abut the new technlgies that have s cme t shape ur lives, that they have precisely this effect: they limit ur need fr human cntact. Online shpping? Check. Autmated checkut? Check. Ride hail apps? Check.
Efficiency is the key. We purchase efficiency by limiting the human aspect, knwn as “autnmus peratin”. This is perhaps even mre prnunced with new technlgies n the hrizn. Take the MOOC, the teacher-less virtual classrm. As Byrn e ntes, this is meant t deliver the values f a learning envirnment withut, well, withut the envirnment — yu get t stay at hme — n teacher, but als, n fellw students.
Byrne isn’t claiming we are cnsciusly chsing t islate urselves. We shp nline because it is cnvenient. The absence f cntact with thers is a side-effect. Maybe even an unavidable ne, as ne f the things that makes nline shpping s easy is precisely the absence f cntact with ther peple.
But Bryne’s thught is that whatever ur intentin, the tendency f ur tech t islate us may be a feature, nt a bug. His hypthesis is that we actually, at sme level, crave (渴望) the increased islatin and we are actually making technlgies t satisfy impulses that, in sme way, g beynd r against ur scial nature. But I wnder, is this really new?
Even if we are scial by nature, and d everything we can t embed urselves scially, the need t find ways t be alne is, well, nthing new. It’s als striking that the very activities that risk separating us — in the ld days, bks, newspapers, TV; nwadays, the latest apps als cnnect us. We read abut each ther. What we read gives us infrmatin t share with each ther.
I am well aware f the data that shws the mre time yu spend n scial media, the sadder and mre islated and envius yu feel f thers. But hw nvel is the islating effect f scial media? Being there reminds me a lt f what it was like t be scial in high schl — yu have a vivid sense f yur status and yur standing in relatin t thers, and yu have t deal with that.
This may be islating, sure. But it’s the islating face f the scial lives we’ve always had. It is islating because f the ways technlgy brings us int real cntact with thers, nt because it remves that cntact.
I wnder whether mre islatin is a real ptin, after all.
4．Which f the fllwing best reflects “autnmus peratin”?
A．Getting a tthbrush via a htel delivery rbt.
B．Teaching mm hw t establish a smart hme.
C．Seeking help by calling human custmer services.
D．Having an nline meeting at hme with clleagues.
5．Which f the fllwing might the authr agree?
A．Technlgy ffers fresh insights int ur scial status.
B．Actins seemingly islating can bnd peple.
C．Scial platfrms help bring peple clser.
D．Scial media has cme t define ur life.
Passage 5
Franz Bas’s descriptin f Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the prbable mral cde f early humans. Here, nrms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understd and taken t heart. Dishnest and vilent behaviurs were disapprved f; leadership, marriage and interactins with ther grups were lsely gverned by traditins. Cnflict was ften reslved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads t chas, it was strngly discuraged. With life in the unfrgiving Nrthern Canada being s demanding, the Inuit’s practical apprach t mrality made gd sense.
The similarity f mral virtues acrss cultures is striking, even thugh the relative ranking f the virtues may vary with a scial grup’s histry and envirnment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discuraged, while cperatin, humbleness and curage are praised. These universal nrms far pre-date the cncept f any mralising religin r written law. Instead, they are rted in the similarity f basic human needs and ur shared mechanisms fr learning and prblem slving. Our scial instincts (本能) include the intense desire t belng. The apprval f thers is rewarding, while their disapprval is strngly disliked. These scial emtins prepare ur brains t shape ur behaviur accrding t the nrms and values f ur family and ur cmmunity. Mre generally, scial instincts mtivate us t learn hw t behave in a scially cmplex wrld.
The mechanism invlves a repurpsed reward system riginally used t develp habits imprtant fr self-care. Our brains use the system t acquire behaviural patterns regarding safe rutes hme, efficient fd gathering and dangers t avid. Gd habits save time, energy and smetimes yur life. Gd scial habits d smething similar in a scial cntext. We learn t tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is incnvenient. We acquire what we call a sense f right and wrng.
Scial benefits are accmpanied by scial demands: we must get alng, but nt put up with t much. Hence self-discipline is advantageus. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain bsts self-cntrl, just as it bsts prblem-slving skills in the scial as well as the physical wrld. These abilities are strengthened by ur capacity fr language, which allws scial practices t develp in extremely unbvius ways.
What can be inferred abut the frming f the Inuit’s mral cde?
A．Living cnditins were the drive.
B．Unwritten rules were the target.
C．Scial traditin was the basis.
D．Hnesty was the key.
题型二 阅读理解之推理判断---写作目的和意图题
Passage 1
Are yu lking fr teen vlunteer pprtunities fr 2024 that prvide a rewarding experience that will stay with yu fr life? Every year thusands f teens chse t vlunteer abrad with Internatinal Vlunteer HQ(IVHQ)-the wrld’s mst trusted prvider f safe and affrdable vlunteer prgrams fr teens.
Service trips fr teens are available in mre than 50 destinatins and there are 17 teen vlunteer prgrams fr 16 t 18 year-lds. Sme f the best prgrams in 2024 include Turtle Cnservatin in Bali, Animal Care in Csta Rica and Childcare in Tanzania. Or, if yu’re wanting t vlunteer with a grup f students frm yur high schl, IVHQ can tailr a prgram fr yur grup t!
Benefits fr vlunteers:
There is n dubt that vlunteering as a teenager is a meaningful way t braden yur educatin and add experiences that will stand ut n yur cllege applicatin.
Crssing bundaries t wrk with partners frm different parts f the wrld fsters glbal understanding.
Living in a cuntry different t yur wn means that yu will be invlved in a new culture, cuisine, and way f thinking.
Guaranteed supprt:
Chances are yur parents will als want t learn mre abut IVHQ, whether r nt they will g abrad with yu. Having placed mre than 130, 000 vlunteers abrad, we’re always happy t speak with parents t ensure all their questins are fielded. Thrugh ur nline safety training, cmprehensive infrmatin brchures, n-ging supprt frm experienced prgram managers and rund-the-clck supprt frm ur lcal teams, IVHQ vlunteers are well supprted t make the mst f the time abrad.
If yu’re ready t pack yur bags and experience a cmpletely different lifestyle and widen yur glbal perspective, please cntact us. IVHQ will be mre than happy t ffer a service.
The main purpse f the passage is t_____.
A．advcate vlunteering
B．intrduce requirements
C．advertise a service
D．suggest a lifestyle
Passage 2
A shpkeeper’s sn breaks a windw, causing a crwd t gather. They tell the shpkeeper nt t be angry: actually, the brken windw is a reasn t celebrate, since it will create wrk fr the glazier (装玻璃的工人). In the stry, written by a 19th-century ecnmist, the crwd envisins the wrk invlved in repairing the windw, but nt that invlved in everything else n which the shpkeeper culd have spent his mney — unseen pssibilities that wuld have brught him greater happiness.
If that windw were t be brken these days, peple might have a different reactin, especially if they were NIMBYs (Nt In My Back Yard) wh ppse any lcal cnstructin that affects their quality f life. Their cncern might be with the “embdied carbn”. The prductin f a piece f glass wuld carry a sizeable carbn cst. Similarly, the bricks and cncrete in a building are relics f past emissins. They are, the lgic ges, embdied carbn.
Cnserving what already exists, rather than adding t the building stck, will avid increasing these embdied emissins — r s NIMBYs ften suggest. At its wrst, this idea is based n a warped lgic. Greenhuse gases released by the cnstructin f an existing building will heat the planet whether the building is repaired r kncked dwn. The emissins have been taken ut f the wrld’s “carbn budget”, s treating them as anew debit means duble cunting. The right questin t ask is whether it is wrth using the remaining carbn budget t repair a building r it is better t knck it dwn.
Chsing between these pssibilities requires thinking abut the unseen. It used t be said that cnstructin emitted tw types f emissins. Besides the embdied srt, there were peratinal nes frm cling, heating and prviding electricity t residents. Arund the wrld, buildings accunt fr 39% f annual emissins, accrding t the Wrld Green Building Cuncil, f which 28% cme frm peratinal carbn.
These tw types f emissins might be enugh fr the architects designing an individual building. But when it cmes t brader questins, ecnmists ught als t cnsider hw the placement f buildings affects the manner in which peple wrk, shp and travel. Density (密度) lwers the per-persn cst f public transprt, and this reduces car use. Research by Green Alliance, a pressure grup, suggests that in Britain a plicy f “demlish (拆除) and densify” — replacing semi-detached husing near public transprt with blcks f flats — wuld save substantial emissins. Withut such demlitin, ptential residents wuld typically have t mve t the suburbs instead, saving mney n rent but cnsuming mre energy.
Targeted subsidies (补贴), especially fr research and develpment int cnstructin materials, culd speed up the pace at which the built envirnment decarbnises. What will never wrk, hwever, is allwing the ludest vices t decide hw t use land and ignring the carbn emissins f their wuld-be neighburs nce they are ut f sight.
The first tw paragraphs are written t ________.
A．exemplify an utlk n energy cnservatin
B．present a new way f relieving energy crisis
C．explain peple’s reactin t a brken windw
D．intrduce an argument n carbn emissin
Passage 3
The Califrnia sea tter (海獭), nce hunted t the edge f extinctin, has staged a thrilling cmeback in the last century. Nw, scientists have discvered that the tters’ success stry has led t smething just as remarkable: the restratin f their declining castal marsh (沼泽) habitat.
Elkhrn Slugh, a castal marsh within Mnterey Bay, had been experiencing severe damage. The rt cause was a grwing ppulatin f shre crabs, which fed heavily n the marsh plants, weakening the structural integrity f the habitat. Castal marshes like these are nt nly natural defenses against strm waves but als serve as imprtant carbn strage areas and water-cleaning systems.
The cnservatin-driven cmeback f the sea tter has been crucial. Califrnia’s castlines were nce alive with sea tters. Sadly, they were nearly wiped ut at the hands f fur traders. In the 1980s, cnservatin effrts aided these tters in re-ccupying large areas f their frmer range. Nw, Elkhrn Slugh has the highest cncentratin f sea tters in Califrnia, with a ppulatin f abut 100. By naturally feasting n crabs, the tters have helped a significant regrwth f plant life. Brent Hughes, a scientist wrking alngside Angelini, led a three-year study. Their findings were clear: in areas with sea tters, crab numbers fell markedly. This led t a resurgence in plant grwth, which in turn stabilized the sil and lwered the rate f sil washing away.
As the sea tter ppulatin cntinues t restre, their psitive impact n castal ecsystems is likely t increase. It nt nly shwcases the sea tter as a central species—a species that has a significant effect n its natural envirnment—but als highlights the essential nature f tp predatrs (捕食者) in preserving eclgical harmny. “My hnest reactin was—this culd becme a classic in the literature,” says scientist Lekelia Jenkins. She reveals marsh restratin als helps peple by reducing flding. “Suddenly, sea tters g frm just cute things we like t smething that can prtect ur livelihds and ur prperties.”
What is the authr’s purpse in quting Lekelia Jenkins?
A．T highlight the imprtance f castal marshes.
B．T intrduce a new research study n sea tters.
C．T demnstrate the practical benefits f sea tters.
D．T emphasize the need fr increased cnservatin effrts.
Passage 4
Research spanning several decades demnstrates that yu are mre likely t think the infrmatin that is repeated t be true than the infrmatin yu hear nly nce. Yu usually assume that if peple put in effrt t repeat a statement, this reflects the truth f the statement. This tendency-als called the truth effect-is a bias (偏见) that can lead yu t draw incrrect cnclusins.
T what degree are peple aware f the truth effect? This questin was addressed in a paper in the jurnal Cgnitin early this year.
In the critical study in this paper, participants did tw sessins. In ne sessin, they read abut a hypthetical (虚构的) study in which they were expsed t sme statements and then were asked whether bth statements they had heard befre as well as these new statements were true. They were asked t predict the prprtin (比例) f each statement that wuld be judged as true. They did this bth as a predictin f ther peple’s perfrmance as well as a predictin f hw they wuld d in this study.
At anther sessin a few days later, participants actually perfrmed this study, reading a set f 20 statements in the hypthetical study again and then judging the truth f altgether 40 statements, half f which were frm the hypthetical study and the ther half f which were new.
This study did replicate the well knwn truth effect. Peple were mre likely t judge statements they had seen befre as true than statements that were new. Tw interesting findings emerged frm the predictin. First, participants tended t underestimate the size f the truth effect fr everyne. T hat is, while they did expect sme difference in judgments between the statements seen befre and thse that were new, they thught this difference wuld be smaller than it actually was. Secnd, participants mre significantly underpredicted the truth effect fr themselves cmpared t that fr ther peple.
This study is particularly imprtant in light f the amunt f misinfrmatin present in scial media. Many peple have the pwer t influence public pinin abut imprtant matters. Flding scial media feeds with misinfrmatin will lead peple t believe this infrmatin is true just because it is stated. Recgnizing that we are all susceptible t this influence f repeated infrmatin shuld lead us t mistrust ur intuitin (直觉) abut what is true and t lk up imprtant infrmatin prir t using it t make imprtant judgments and decisins.
In the first paragraph, the authr intends t ______.
A．clarify a miscnceptin
B．a phenmenn
C．challenge a statement
D．cnfirm a thery
Passage 5
He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the ec-machine tk the sludge as fd and began t eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water.
Over the years, Jhn has taken n many big jbs. He develped a greenhuse — like facility that treated sewage (污水) frm 1,600 hmes in Suth Burlingtn. He als designed an ec-machine t clean canal water in Fuzhu, a city in sutheast China.
“Eclgical design” is the name Jhn gives t what he des. “Life n Earth is kind f a bx f spare parts fr the inventr,” he says. “Yu put rganisms in new relatinships and bserve what’s happening. Then yu let these new systems develp their wn ways t self-repair.”
5．What is the authr’s purpse in mentining Fuzhu?
A．T review Jhn’s research plans.
B．T shw an applicatin f Jhn’s idea.
C．T cmpare Jhn’s different jbs.
D．T erase dubts abut Jhn’s inventin.
6．What is the basis fr Jhn’s wrk?
A．Nature can repair itself.
B．Organisms need water t survive.
C．Life n Earth is diverse.
D．Mst tiny creatures live in grups.
题型三 阅读理解之推理判断---作者的写作态度
Passage 1
Laughing is essential t keep yur stress levels under cntrl. Withut humr we wuld find urselves with a lt f psychlgical prblems, r n a lt f medicatins t keep us frm ging crazy. There is t much sadness in this present wrld. It drives peple crazy. We all need t find a way t bypass the sadness and bring a little light int ur lives. S, I believe ur best medicine is t get tgether and tell sme jkes and have sme fun laughing tgether.
What is the writer’s attitude twards the present wrld?
A．PsitiveB．CriticalC．SatisfiedD．Indifferent
Passage 2
Zer waste was a radical lifestyle mvement a few years back. I remember shwing my parents a vide f Bea Jhnsn, sharing hw cl I thught it wuld be t buy grceries with jars, and have s little trash! A few days later, I came back with my first jars f zer waste grceries, and my dad cmmented n hw silly it was fr me t carry jars everywhere. It came ff as a bit discuraging.
Yet as the mnths f reducing waste cntinued, I did what I culd that was within my wn reach. I had my wn bedrm, s I wrked n remving things I didn’t need. Since I had my wn tiletries (洗漱用品), I was able t start persnalising my rutine t be mre sustainable. I als ffered t ck every s ften, s I prtined ut a bit f the cupbard fr my wn zer waste grceries. Perhaps yur husehld wn’t entirely make the switch, but yu may have sme cntrl ver yur wn persnal spaces t make the changes yu desire.
As yu make yur lifestyle changes, yu may find yurself wanting t speak up fr yurself if thers cmment n what yu’re ding, which can turn itself int a whle husehld debate. If yu have individuals wh are nt n bard, yur wrds prbably wn’t d much and can ften leave yu feeling mre discuraged.
S here is my advice: Lead by actin.
2．What was the attitude f the authr’s father tward buying grceries with jars?
A．He disapprved f it.B．He was favrable t it.
C．He was tlerant f it.D．He didn’t care abut it.
3．What can we infer abut the authr?
A．She is quite gd at cking.B．She respects thers’ privacy.
C．She enjys being a husewife.D．She is a determined persn.
Passage 3
These kids are admittedly luckier than thse fr whm ging back hme is sadly nt an ptin. But when chsing t live with yur mum is the nly way f cping with an insecure jb, r with the csts f renting in the city, then that’s nt much f a chice. Hme is still the place where, when yu have t g there, they have t take yu in. But a healthy and successful sciety shuldn’t be sending quite many vergrwn children hurrying back fr shelter, and nr shuld it leave quite many parents feeling bad abut it.
What is the authr’s attitude t this trend?
A．Favrable.B．Cnfused.C．Tlerant.D．Disapprving.
Passage 4
Sft rbts, which can mve arund the cean withut harming sea life, are ideal fr underwater explratin. Hwever, they are nt s welcme in rbt market because they are extremely slw and have a hard time perating thrugh the water. But that may change sn thanks t a self-driven sft rbt created by researchers at the University f Califrnia, San Dieg.
The recently-develped rbt, which resembles a paper lantern, was primarily built using sft materials. Its flexible ribs are attached t a circular plate at bth ends. An adjustable nzzle (喷嘴) fitted n ne side helps draw in and jet (射出) water each time the rbt shrinks. The resulting jets f water enable it t swim frward, similar t a squid (乌贼). A plate hlds a waterprf cmpnent that can huse a camera t recrd data, which is f great value t further develpment f the rbt. It als has its wn pwer surce, allwing it t flat autnmusly fr lng perids f time.
“Essentially, we recreated all the key features that squids use fr high-speed swimming. This is the first rbt that can achieve these jets f water by changing its bdy shape, which imprves swimming efficiency,” said Prfessr Michael T. Thugh the squid rbt has nt been tested in pen waters, it successfully swam arund cral and fish in a large tank in the UC San Dieg Birch Aquarium. What’s mre, the rbt clcked an impressive speed f 18 t 32 centimeters per secnd, r abut half a mile per hur. Thugh nwhere clse t real squids, it is faster than mst ther sft rbts.
“After we were able t imprve the design f the rbt s that it wuld swim in a tank in the lab, it was especially exciting t see that the rbt was able t successfully swim in a large tank amng cral and fish, shwing its pssibility fr real-wrld applicatins,” said Caleb Christiansn, wh led the study as part f his Ph. D paper.
What’s Caleb Christiansn’s attitude twards the newly-develped rbt?
A．Psitive.B．Critical.C．Uncaring.D．Dubtful.
Passage 5
……．“As lng as ur best technlgy fr seeing inside the brain requires subjects t lie nearly mtinless while surrunded by a giant magnet, we’re nly ging t make limited pr gress n these questins,” Allen said.
What is Allen’s attitude t the current study n the human brain?
A．Cautius.B．Indifferent.C．Apprving.D．Pessimistic.
题型四 阅读理解之推理判断---推断文章出处
Passage 1
2ND DRAFT Critique and Editing Services
1．Accrding t the passage, wh might be the ptential custmers fr 2ND Draft?
A．Students wh fail t cme up with riginal ideas.
B．Teachers wh need help in marking the papers.
C．Authrs wh attempt t publish their wn wrks.
D．Editrs wh want their wrk less time-cnsuming.
2．Why is Kim Chavez s grateful fr the services?
A．The services ffered bth instant and lasting benefits.
B．His persnal letter gt wide recgnitin after it was plished up.
C．He met up with many new writers and learnt much frm them.
D．The services set patterns fr different types f writing t fllw.
3．In which clumn can we prbably find this passage?
A．Educatin.B．Finance.
C．Technlgy.D．Advertisement.
Passage 2
N matter where yu g arund the glbe, everybdy lves t celebrate. And when it cmes t celebratin, festivals ffer smething fr everyne.
Mardi Gras （New Orleans, Luisiana）
Als knwn as Fat Tuesday, Mardi Gras in New Orleans is a cultural event. Thugh the celebratin
is held every year n the day befre Ash Wednesday, the festivities last fr mnths, banning in Nvember thrughut January and early February. And if yu lve music, check ut the annual Galactic cncert at the wrld-famus Tipitina’s n Lundi Gras (the day befre Mardi Gras).
La Tmatina （Valencia, Spain）
Launched way back in 1945, La Tmatina is ne f the ldest festivals n ur list. It's als easily the happiest but the messiest, cming ff like the wrld's biggest fd fight.
Legend has it that the whle thing started when sme lcal bys jined a parade alngside musicians. The bys made the perfrmers s angry that they tried hit the bys, and a vendr's (小摊贩)vegetable stand fell victim t the incident.
If yu g, please fllw sme simple rules: Dn't thrw hard bjects, squash the tmat befre thrwing it, stay a safe distance away frm tmat trucks, and stp in time.
Mntreux Jazz Festival （Switzerland）
Funded back in 1967, Mntreux is ne f the ldest music festivals in the wrld. It's als the secnd largest jazz festival, after the Mntreal Internatinal Jazz Festival. That Canadian cncert may attract mre visitrs-arund 2 millin annually. But Mntreux benefits frm its pretty lcatin n the attractive shres f Lake Geneva. The area is particularly beautiful in late June/early July, when the festival is held.
4．When is Galactic cncert held?
A．On Mardi Gras.B．On Lundi Gras.
C．On Mntreux Jazz Festival.D．On La Tmatina.
5．What d peple d n La Tmatina?
A．Punish naughty bys.B．Enjy musicians' perfrmance.
C．Thrw tmates withut hurting.D．Catch peple wh destry tmates.
6．Where can yu read the passage prbably?
A．News reprt.B．Academic jurnal.
C．Cnceit brchure.D．Travel magazine.
Passage 3
Buying tthpaste can raise all srts f questins. Which brand? D I want whitening? Are my teeth sensitive?
A questin yu may nt ask yurself is why the tthpaste tube cmes in a cardbard bx. After all, the tube is what actually hlds the tthpaste. It wuld be like putting shamp r shaving cream int an additinal package.
A Change. rg petitin is asking that same questin while encuraging tthpaste manufacturers t abandn the cardbard bx, thinking it is kind f waste.
Tthpaste bxes d lk gd n the shelf, and it’s almst certainly easier t package, ship and stck tthpaste that way. In the 1995 bk “Waste Age and Recycling Times: Recycling Handbk,” the editr explains that tthpaste bxes prvide infrmatin abut the prduct, serve a marketing functin, prtect the tube and prevent theft. The bk als says the bxes are “ften made frm recycled paperbard,” prviding a market fr wastepaper in additin t packaging fr a tube.
We can recycle the tubes (and yur tthbrushes, fr that matter), but it’s nt easy. Since prducts have t be cleaned befre they can be recycled—this is why yu can’t recycle a cheese-riddled pizza bx—it’s unlikely yu can just tss the tube in yur city’s recycling bin with wastepaper and glass bttles. There’s still tthpaste stuck inside the tube, after all. Plus, tthpaste tubes are ften mre than ne type f material fused tgether, and that requires special machinery t separate them.
S what can yu d if yu really want t clean yur teeth and keep the envirnment clean, t? Well, yu can make yur wn tthpaste—sme websites ffer recipes that are easy t learn at hme—and cut ut the tubes and the unnecessary packaging entirely. Yu culd als try smething like Bite, a tthpaste-pill delivery service fcused n making tthpaste healthier and mre sustainable. Yu bite dwn n a cube, then brush with a wet tthbrush. Famy(泡沫) tthpaste gdness ccurs. The pills cme in a recyclable glass jar and all the mail packaging is recyclable as well.
7．Why d peple feel nrmal when they see the tthpaste tube in a cardbard bx?
A．The tthpaste brings benefits.
B．The tthpaste is similar t shamp.
C．The tube is what actually hlds the tthbrush.
D．The cardbard bx usually hlds the tthpaste tube.
8．What can we learn abut tthpaste bxes?
A．They lk ut f place.
B．They aren’t recyclable.
C．They are difficult t pack up.
D．They are useful in prviding infrmatin.
9．What des the authr suggest readers d in the last paragraph?
A．Make tthpaste yurself.
B．Thrw yur tthpaste.
C．Ask Bite fr better advice.
D．Buy sme pills in place f tthpaste.
10．Where is this text mst likely frm?
A．A persnal diary.B．A public guidebk.
C．An nline reprt.D．A fashin magazine.
Passage 4
If histry desn't quite repeat itself, it certainly rhymes. With demand fr bicycles rcketing, and natins preparing t spend billins f dllars t redesign their cities with a new fcus n cycling and walking, it's wrth remembering hw the inventin f the bicycle in the late 19th century transfrmed scieties the wrld ver. It was a hugely revlutinary technlgy, easily equal t the smartphne tday. Fr a few heady years in the 1890s, the bicycle was the best must-have—swift, affrdable, stylish transprtatin that culd take yu anywhere yu cared t g, anytime yu liked, fr free.
Almst anyne culd learn t ride, and almst everyne did. The sultan f Zanzibar（a frmer Muslim cuntry）tk up cycling. S did the king f Russia. But it was the middle and wrking classes arund the glbe that truly made the bicycle their wn. Fr the first time in histry, the masses were mbile, able t cme and g as they pleased. N mre need fr expensive hrses and carriages.
Sciety was transfrmed. Wmen were especially enthusiastic, abandning their burden sme Victrian skirts, adpting reasnable clthes, and taking t the rad in grups. “I think bicycling has dne mre t liberate wmen than anything else in the wrld,” Susan B．Anthny, the American champin f wmen's suffrage（选举权）said in an interview with The New Yrk Sunday Wrld in 1896. “I stand and feel thrilled every time I see a wman ride by n a picture f unrestricted wmanhd.”
By 1898 cycling had becme such a ppular activity in the United States that The New Yrk Jurnal f Cmmerce claimed it was csting restaurants and theaters mre than $ 100 millin a year in lst business. Bicycle manufacturing became ne f America's biggest and mst advanced industries. A third f all patent applicatins were bicycle-related—s many that the US patent ffice had t build a separate building t deal with them all.
The arrival f the bicycle tuched virtually every aspect f life—art, music, literature, fashin, and even the human gene pl. English sngwriter Henry Dacre scred a huge hit n bth sides f the Atlantic in 1892 with Daisy Bell and its famus refrain（副歌）A Bicycle Built fr Tw.
11．Why did the authr cnsider the bicycle as a revlutinary technlgy?
A．It cst its wner t much mney.B．It harmed the cyclists' health at first.
C．It had a huge influence n the sciety.D．It made peple redesign their city buildings.
12．What did Susan think f wmen cycling?
A．It changed public mrals.B．It made wmen mre united.
C．It ffered wmen mre freedm.D．It made Victrian skirts mre ppular.
13．What des the underlined wrd “them” in paragraph 4 refer t?
A．Bicycle-related patent applicatins.B．Interviews with cyclists.
C．Bicycle management charges.D．Brken restaurants and theaters.
14．What sectin f a newspaper can the text be taken frm?
A．Business and ecnmy.B．Envirnment and energy.
C．Entertainment and sprts.D．Histry and culture.
Passage 5
Virtual reality isn’t just fr vide games anymre. The technlgy is changing industries that many peple had never thught it wuld, such as dairy farming.
Russian dairy farmers gave cws VR gggles (眼镜) with hpe that they wuld be happier and make better milk. A farm just utside f Mscw is testing VR glasses fr its cws, it says, in an effrt t increase the quantity and quality f the milk prduced.
That’s accrding t a news release published Mnday frm the Ministry f Agriculture f the Mscw regin. It came accmpanied by phts f a cw trying ut its fancy new gggles. The ministry explains it like this:Studies have shwn that cws, envirnmental cnditins can impact the milk prduced, specifically imprving its quality r increasing its quantity. S, a team f develpers, with the help f vets and cnsultants fr dairy prductin, made sme versized VR glasses fr cws. They adapted the human versins t accunt fr cws’ different head shapes and eyesight, the news release says. And then vila! Cw VR glasses. And what were these cws experiencing with their new VR glasses? A wild, expansive field beneath the summer sun. A cw’s (virtual) paradise (天堂).
S far, it’s unclear if the glasses have helped milk prductin-further study will be needed fr that. But a first test did reveal a decrease in anxiety and an increase in the emtinal md f the herd, the release said. T be fair, if we were transprted t a vast field in the summertime, ur anxiety and emtinal md wuld be better, t. Russian dairy farmers aren’t the nly nes ging the extra mile t keep their cws happy and imprve prduct, thugh. Sme Wagyu farmers set md lighting, amng ther tricks, t keep their cws calm and prducing the best beef pssible. Others play them music, which ne Missuri farmer says leads t better milk.
15．Why were VR glasses used in the farm?
A．T avid cws’ fighting.B．T cure the cws’ diseases.
C．T test the cws’ eyesight.D．T get mre and better milk.
16．What did the cws see wearing the VR glasses?
A．Exciting mvies.B．Vide games.
C．A vast field in the sun.D．Mre cws in the distance.
17．Which f the fllwing tricks is mentined in the last paragraph?
A．Playing beautiful music.B．Telling animal stries.
C．Chsing better meal time.D．Phts f many cws.
18．In which sectin f a newspaper may this text appear?
A．Nature.B．Science.C．Educatin.D．Entertainment.
Passage 1
With the scial media freely available, I've realized hw easy it is t becme a jealus cw. The truth is that hwever much I remind myself f the many wnderful things I have in my life, there are still mments when I lk at thse arund me and feel bitterly upset by their success.
It's a hrrible thing t admit! In an ideal wrld, I'd never want t be jealus f anther persn's achievements and I'd want t celebrate the successes f my friends. But smetimes it's hard, even when we want t. But I dn't want t live my life as a jealus cw, and I assume yu dn't either.
It's easier t celebrate ther peple's wins if yu celebrate yur wn. Hw ften d we take the time t enjy ur success rather than instantly mve nt the next thing we want t achieve? Last year, I decided t write a bk. It was the nly prfessinal gal I set fr myself and, while it tired me ut, I gt there. But as sn as it was dne, I started planning my next gal-making the bk a success. As I saw ther peple publishing bks, I stpped celebrating and instead began t fear that mine wuldn't cmpete.
When I tld a friend hw I was feeling, she reminded me hw much easier it is t clap fr smene else when we als clap fr urselves. S, I tk myself ut fr lunch, rdered a glass f wine and wrte myself a cngratulatins card. When I saw all thse ther bks being written n my scial media, I felt prud f each and every ne f us wh had battled t the end f the wrd cunt.
The ther trick fr celebrating ther peple's success is t realize that there is n limit n success. We can make mre, which means that while it might seem as if thers have everything and we have nthing, the reality is that life turns quickly and ur luck culd change at any time. If thers have achieved thse things, we can t. When we celebrate thers, we're acknwledging their achievements but als cheering fr urselves as well as fr ur hpes and dreams and ur belief that we can make them happen. And hpefully, when we d, thse peple will cheer fr us t.
1．What can we infer frm Paragraph 1?
A．Scial media is the surce f the authr's jealusy.
B．Frequent successes n scial media encurage envy.
C．It is a pleasure t face thers' successes n scial media.
D．Peple tend t be crazy abut immediate success nline.
2．As far as the authr is cncerned,what shuld we d after achieving success?
A．Appreciate what's been dne.
B．Shw it ff n scial media.
C．Reflect n gains and lsses.
D．Waite fr thers' cngratulatins.
3．One f the keys t remving jealusy lies in.
A．pursuing thse achievable gals
B．devting yurself t the next gal
C．admitting persnal incmpetence
D．changing yur attitude t success
4．What is the best title fr the passage?
A．I'm s happy fr us!
B．What a cnsiderate friend!
C．I dn't care abut it!
D．Hw selfless yu can be!
Passage 2
Because the cmmercial internet has been develped with s little regard fr privacy, tech cmpanies have been able t turn persnal data int cnsiderable prfits, raising billins f dllars ff their ability t cllect and sell infrmatin abut anyne wh has wandered within shuting distance f their sftware. This week, Ggle annunced a step in the right directin-but nt a huge step, nr ne that will stp Ggle frm cntinuing t cllect immense amunts f persnal data.
At issue is hw nline cmpanies track internet users as they brwse (浏览) frm site t site nline, typically thrugh ckies (infrmatin that a website leaves in yur cmputer s that the website will recgnize yu when yu use it again). The mst harmful versin, “third-party” ckies, is the web alternative f a cmpany psting security guards acrss the internet t mnitr what yu d, even when yu’re n ther cmpanies’ sites.
Ggle declared in a blg pst Wednesday that it wuld n lnger use r supprt third-party ckies, nr wuld it create r use any ther technlgy that tracks individual users acrss the web. Given that Ggle is a main supplier f nline advertising technlgy, its change in apprach will impact far and wide.
That’s welcme news, althugh with huge amunts f warning. As Lee Tien f the Electrnic Frntier Fundatin nted, third-party ckies were already n the retreat, with Apple and ther makers f ppular web brwsers mving t blck them. Meanwhile, Ggle, Facebk and ther Big Tech cmpanies cntinue t cllect persnal infrmatin in large quantities frm peple wh use their sites and services thrugh first-party ckies and similar techniques.
The cncerns abut persnal data cllectin are the same whether it’s being cllected thrugh first-party r third-party techniques, said Michelle Richardsn f the Center fr Demcracy and Technlgy. “Cmpanies may use the infrmatin t discriminate amng internet users, ffering different gds, services and even prices t different users.”
Instead f helping advertisers track individuals, Ggle says, it is imprving a technlgy that assigns users namelessly t large grups with cmmn interests. That’s an imprvement, even thugh it t may be at risk f abuse. But why d any frm f tracking at all? Privacy advcates say pitches (兜售) can be targeted effectively by basing them n where the user is at the mment, nt where he r she has brwsed previusly nline.
Ultimately, lawmakers are ging t have t lay dwn regulatins giving peple far mre cntrl ver whether and hw persnal infrmatin is used nline. Ideally the federal (联邦的) gvernment will set a strng flr under nline privacy prtectins, but until then it will be up t state lawmakers r vters t act, as this state has dne with its grundbreaking nline privacy laws. It’s gd t see Ggle mve the ball frward, but there’s much farther t g.
5．What des the underlined phrase “n the retreat” in Para 4 mst prbably mean?
A．Expsed.B．Remved.C．Emerging.D．Fading.
6．It can be learned frm the declaratin that Ggle .
A．is develping new technlgies t stp data cllectin
B．refuses t wrk with cmpanies tracking privacy
C．intends t abandn its advertising technlgies
D．reslves t stp the use f third-party ckies
7．Frm the passage we can knw that first-party ckies .
A．are still cllecting persnal infrmatin
B．are blcked by big cmpanies like Apple
C．are mainly used by advertising cmpanies
D．are less cncerning than third-party ckies
8．What is the writer’s attitude twards Ggle’s new mve?
A．It is less satisfactry than expected.
B．It needs t be mre frceful t be effective.
C．It will accelerate the disappearance f ckies.
D．It has driven lawmakers t make new regulatins.
Passage 3
Urban planners may sn have a new way t measure traffic jams. By putting in the different rutes by which vehicles can travel between lcatins, researchers have develped a new cmputer algrithm (运算法则) that helps quantify regins f jams in urban areas and suggests ways arund them.
The study, published in the Jurnal f Physics: Cmplexity, used traffic speeds frm taxis in New Yrk City t demnstrate hw rad infrastructure (基础设施) and driver behavir can create cmplex rad netwrks that differ amng cities.
The team apprached the issue by designing a cmputer algrithm t capture the tplgy-r relatinship between the different rutes between lcatins-f rad netwrks. “We fund that the mst significant traffic bttlenecks in Manhattan seem t arise as a result f the city’s structural layut,” said study c-authr Daniel Carmdy. “Fr example, the fact that a bridge enters Manhattan at a range where traffic is already limited due t Central Park slws traffic in the area cnsiderably.”
The researchers perfrmed a cmparative analysis using traffic patterns in Chengdu, China, t test if the algrithm wrks equally well in areas with different layuts. Manhattan has a lng and thin structure, while Chengdu is rund. There are significant differences in the way traffic mves between these tw different setups, the researchers said.
“The bttlenecks in Chengdu seem t arise due t the functin f the buildings in a particular area,” Carmdy said. “Fr example, it is hard t travel in and ut f the central business district in Chengdu because f the large amunt f traffic alne. Beltways, r faster streets arund busy areas, have emerged in circles arund this area, which is nt surprising because this feature was intentinally built int the city.”
In Manhattan, the bridges and underpasses that frm the entry and exit pints cause traffic slwdwns. Hwever, in lwer Manhattan, where drivers seem t bey the lwer psted speed limits, traffic mves mre smthly, frming a new traffic beltway with the suthern end f Central Park acting as a blck between lwer and central Manhattan.
“It surprised us that there is an emergent beltway in such a busy area f Manhattan,” Carmdy said. “This indicates that, unlike in Chengdu, beltways seem t arise frm driver behavir even when they aren’t part f the structural plan f a traffic netwrk.”
“The researchers have imagined that this technlgy culd give urban planners a means t quantify traffic patterns, leading t better traffic,” Carmdy said. “As methds f transprtatin develp, new prblems will emerge, and we hpe that ur tls will give planners new ways t measure what is ging n with city traffic.”
9．Accrding t the new study, what cntributes t traffic jams in Manhattan?
A．The number f bttlenecks and beltways.
B．The lcatin f bridges and underpasses.
C．Rad facilities and driver behavir.
D．Rad signs and urban ppulatin.
10．Researchers als studied Chengdu in rder t .
A．cmpare the layuts f the tw cities
B．find better infrastructure fr ne city
C．design traffic patterns with the algrithm
D．assess the effectiveness f the algrithm
11．Why d vehicles mve faster in lwer Manhattan?
A．Because f lwer psted speed limits.
B．Because drivers fllw the traffic rules.
C．Because it is planned in the traffic netwrk.
D．Because a beltway has emerged arund the area.
12．Wh is the target f this new cmputer algrithm?
A．City planners.
B．Slwer drivers.
C．Infrastructure develpers.
D．Rad sign designers.
（2024·北京卷B）
When I was a little girl, I liked drawing, freely and jyusly making marks n the walls at hme. In primary schl, I learned t write using chalks. Writing seemed t be anther frm f drawing. I shaped individual letters int repeating lines, which were abstract frms, delightful but meaningless patterns.
In secndary schl, art was my favurite subject. Since. I lved it s much I thught I was gd at it. Fr the art O-level exam I had t present an il painting. I fund it difficult, but still hped t pass. I failed, with a lw grade. I’d been ver-cnfident. Nw I’d been declared talentless.
But ther channels f creativity stayed pen: I went n writing pems and stries. Still, I went t exhibitins ften. I cntinued my habitual drawing, which I nw characterised as childish ddling (乱画). In my 30s, I made painter friends and learned new ways f lking at art. Hwever, I culdn’t let myself have a g at actually ding it. Thugh these new friends were abstract painters using il paints, r were printmakers r sculptrs, I tk il painting as the tab (禁忌) high frm I wasn’t allwed t practice.
One night, in my early 40s, I dreamed that a big wman in red apprached me, handed me a bag f paints, and tld me t start painting. The dream felt s authritative that it shk me. It was a frm f energy, giving me back smething I’d lst. Accrdingly, I started by experimenting with water clurs. Finally, I bught sme il paints.
Althugh I have enjyed breaking my decades-lng tab abut wrking with il paints, I have discvered I nw prefer chalks and ink. I let my line drawings turn int cartns I send t friends. It all feels free and easy. Un-anxius. This time arund, I can accept my limitatins but keep ging.
Becming a successful painter calls fr being reslute. I realised I was always afraid f wanting t much. That dream reminded me that thse fears and desires culd encurage me t take risks and make experiments.
24. Hw did the authr feel abut the result f the art exam?
A. Scared.B. Wrried.C. Discuraged.D. Wrnged.
25. In her 30s, the authr _________.
A. avided il painting practiceB. sught fr a painting career
C. fancied abstract paintingD. exhibited child paintings
26. Which wrd wuld best describe the authr’s dream?
A. Cnfusing.B. Empwering.
C. Disturbing.D. Entertaining.
27. What can we learn frm this passage?
A. Actins speak luder than wrds.B. Hard wrk is the mther f success.
C. Dreams are the reflectins f realities.D. Creative activities invlve being cnfident.
（2024·北京卷C）
The ntin that we live in smene else’s vide game is irresistible t many. Searching the term “simulatin hypthesis” (模拟假说) returns numerus results that debate whether the universe is a cmputer simulatin —— a cncept that sme scientists actually take seriusly. Unfrtunately, this is nt a scientific questin. We will prbably never knw whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea t advance scientific knwledge.
The 18th-century philspher Kant argued that the universe ultimately cnsists f things-in-themselves that are unknwable. While he held the ntin that bjective reality exists, he said ur mind plays a necessary rle in structuring and shaping ur perceptins. Mdern sciences have revealed that ur perceptual experience f the wrld is the result f many stages f prcessing by sensry systems and cgnitive (认知的) functins in the brain. N ne knws exactly what happens within this black bx. If empirical (实证的) experience fails t reveal reality, reasning wn’t reveal reality either since it relies n cncepts and wrds that are cntingent n ur scial, cultural and psychlgical histries. Again, a black bx.
S, if we accept that the universe is unknwable, we als accept we will never knw if we live in a cmputer simulatin. And then, we can shift ur inquiry frm “Is the universe a cmputer simulatin?” t “Can we mdel the universe as a cmputer simulatin? ” Mdelling reality is what we d. T facilitate ur cmprehensin f the wrld, we build mdels based n cnceptual metaphrs (隐喻) that are familiar t us. In Newtn’s era, we imagined the universe as a clck. In Einstein’s, we uncvered the standard mdel f particle (粒子) physics.
Nw that we are in the infrmatin age, we have new cncepts such as the cmputer, infrmatin prcessing, virtual reality, and simulatin. Unsurprisingly, these new cncepts inspire us t build new mdels f the universe. Mdels are nt the reality, hwever. There is n pint in arguing if the universe is a clck, a set f particles r an utput f cmputatin. All these mdels are tls t deal with the unknwn and t make discveries. And the mre tls we have, the mre effective and insightful we can becme.
It can be imagined that cmparable t the prcess f building previus scientific mdels, develping the “cmputer simulatin” metaphr-based mdel will als be a hugely rewarding exercise.
28. What des the authr intend t d by challenging a hypthesis?
A. Make an assumptin.B. Illustrate an argument.
C. Give a suggestin.D. Justify a cmparisn.
29. What des the phrase “cntingent n” underlined in Paragraph 2 prbably mean?
A. Accepted by.B. Determined by.C. Awakened by.D. Discvered by.
30. As fr Kant’s argument, the authr is _________.
A. appreciativeB. dubtfulC. uncncernedD. disapprving
31. It is implied in this passage that we shuld _________.
A. cmpare the current mdels with the previus nes
B. cntinue explring the classical mdels in histry
C. stp arguing whether the universe is a simulatin
D. turn simulatins f the universe int realities up.
（2024·北京卷D）
Franz Bas’s descriptin f Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the prbable mral cde f early humans. Here, nrms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understd and taken t heart. Dishnest and vilent behaviurs were disapprved f; leadership, marriage and interactins with ther grups were lsely gverned by traditins. Cnflict was ften reslved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads t chas, it was strngly discuraged. With life in the unfrgiving Nrthern Canada being s demanding, the Inuit’s practical apprach t mrality made gd sense.
The similarity f mral virtues acrss cultures is striking, even thugh the relative ranking f the virtues may vary with a scial grup’s histry and envirnment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discuraged, while cperatin, humbleness and curage are praised. These universal nrms far pre-date the cncept f any mralising religin r written law. Instead, they are rted in the similarity f basic human needs and ur shared mechanisms fr learning and prblem slving. Our scial instincts (本能) include the intense desire t belng. The apprval f thers is rewarding, while their disapprval is strngly disliked. These scial emtins prepare ur brains t shape ur behaviur accrding t the nrms and values f ur family and ur cmmunity. Mre generally, scial instincts mtivate us t learn hw t behave in a scially cmplex wrld.
The mechanism invlves a repurpsed reward system riginally used t develp habits imprtant fr self-care. Our brains use the system t acquire behaviural patterns regarding safe rutes hme, efficient fd gathering and dangers t avid. Gd habits save time, energy and smetimes yur life. Gd scial habits d smething similar in a scial cntext. We learn t tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is incnvenient. We acquire what we call a sense f right and wrng.
Scial benefits are accmpanied by scial demands: we must get alng, but nt put up with t much. Hence self-discipline is advantageus. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain bsts self-cntrl, just as it bsts prblem-slving skills in the scial as well as the physical wrld. These abilities are strengthened by ur capacity fr language, which allws scial practices t develp in extremely unbvius ways.
32. What can be inferred abut the frming f the Inuit’s mral cde?
A. Living cnditins were the drive.B. Unwritten rules were the target.
C. Scial traditin was the basis.D. Hnesty was the key.
33. What can we learn frm this passage?
A. Incnveniences are the cause f telling lies.B. Basic human needs lead t universal nrms.
C. Language capacity is limited by self-cntrl.D. Written laws have great influence n virtues.
34. Which wuld be the best title fr this passage?
A. Virtues: Bridges Acrss CulturesB. The Values f Self-discipline
C. Brains: Walls Against ChasD. The Rts f Mrality
目录
01 模拟基础练
【题型一】阅读理解之推理判断---隐含推断题（最新模拟）
【题型二】阅读理解之推理判断---写作目的和意图题（最新模拟）
【题型三】阅读理解之推理判断---作者的写作态度（最新模拟）
【题型四】阅读理解之推理判断---推断文章出处（最新模拟）
02 重难创新练（阅读理解创新题）
03 真题实战练
【说明】因为是二轮复习，所以为了保持语篇的完整性，没有对语篇进行删减，对细节理解题进行了蓝色标注。
ne=bun tw= she three=tree fur= dr five= hive
six= sticks seven= heaven eight= gate nine =vine ten= hen
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