上海市交大附中2024学年高二上期末英语试卷（文字版含答案）

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考试说明：试卷最后的挑战题为非必答题，分值10分
Ⅰ. Listening Cmprehensin (25’)
本卷无音源，略
Ⅱ. Vcabulary
Sectin A (15’)
Directins: Beneath each f the fllwing sentences there are fur chices marked A, B, C and D. Chse the ne answer that best cmpletes the sentence.
1. * An extra three hurs f wrk every day is ________ with Lee’ s family life in that he treasures mst the time with his wife and children
A. incmpleteB. incnsistentC. incmpatibleD. incnclusive
2. *After seeing an electrical utlet sparking, Deysi tried t ________ devices frm nearby utlets, but then saw that a fire had already begun and spread t the furniture clse by.
A. unplugB. undC. uncverD. unwind
3. They d nt agree with us that human rights issues are minr and ________ frm “mre pressing” matters.
A. sciableB. separableC. sustainableD. scalable
4. * In recent years, enrllment in ________ prgrams has declined cmpared with the ther tw categries: cllege preparatry, general.
A. vcatinalB. reginalC. circumstantialD. mrtal
5. * In the mst famus f these letters, the lengthy seventh ne, he gives us smething f an ________ and tells us a little bit abut why he came t write this bk.
A. bidiversityB. feasibilityC. phtsynthesisD. autbigraphy
6. This ________ weight lss was nt just a number n the scale; it was a testament t his dedicatin and hard wrk.
A. substantialB. prspectiveC. rganicD. literal
7. She chse t resign rather than cmprmise her ________ by engaging in dishnest activities.
A. instrumentB. integrityC. individualismD. insight
8. Discriminatin based n race is nt nly mrally wrng but als ________ t the cmpany’s reputatin.
A. instrumentalB. cnsequentialC. prejudicialD. functinal
9. Due t health issues, he requested an ________ n his thesis submissin deadline.
A. intentinB. detentinC. divisinD. extensin
10. The ________ life f a tech gadget is cnstantly shrinking due t the rapid pace at which new mdels are being released int the market.
A. shiftB. shelfC. srrwD. seasn
11. Even thugh he was a pwerful figure in the cmmunity, he was nt ________ the law and had t answer fr his crimes.
A. againstB. byC. abveD. under
12. As the days grw shrter and the crisp mrning air signals the transitin frm summer t fall, the leaves n the trees will underg a gradual transfrmatin, changing clr ________.
A. by all meansB. by chanceC. by and byD. by heart
13. The child had a hard time ________ the divrce f his parents, but with time and understanding, he started t adapt t the new family dynamic.
A. cming t terms withB. cming alive withC. cming arundD. cming thrugh
14. He had always been cautius with his investments, but even the mst vigilant can ________ the unpredictable nature f the stck market.
A. end up withB. fall victim tC. drp ut fD. cut dwn n
15. I’ve tried every pssible slutin, but fr the life f me, I can’t figure ut what ________ is wrng with the cmputer.
A. in chasB. in caseC. in errrD. in heaven
Sectin B (20’)
Directins: Cmplete the fllwing passage by using the wrds in the bx. Each wrd can nly be used nce. Nte that there is ne wrd mre than yu need.
*(A)
The number f devices yu can talk t is multiplying — first it was yur phne, then yur car, and nw yu can tell yur kitchen ___16___ what t d. But even withut gadgets that understand ur spken cmmands, research suggests that, as bizarre as it sunds, under certain circumstances, peple regularly ascribe human traits t everyday bjects.
Smetimes we see things as human because we are lnely. In ne experiment, peple wh reprted feeling islated were mre likely than thers t attach ___17___ t varius gadgets. In turn, feeling clse t bjects can alleviate lneliness. When cllege students were reminded f a time they had been ___18___ in a scial setting, they cmpensated by exaggerating their number f friends — unless they were first given tasks that caused them t interact with their phne as if it had human ___19___. The phne apparently ___20___ in fr real friends.
At ther times, we ___21___ prducts in an effrt t understand them. One study fund that three in fur respndents ___22___ at their cmputer. Further, the mre their cmputer gave them prblems, the mre likely the respndents were t reprt that it had its wn “beliefs and desires”.
S hw d peple ___23___ traits t an bject? In part, we rely n lks. On humans, wide faces are assciated with ___24___. Similarly, peple rated cars, clcks and watches with wide faces as mre dminant-lking than narrw-faced nes, and preferred them — especially in cmpetitive situatins. An analysis f car sales in Germany fund that cars with grilles that were up turned like smiles sld best. The purchasers saw this feature as increasing a car’s ____25____.
(B)
Althugh many cmpanies ffer tuitin repayment, mst cmpanies nly repay emplyees fr classes that are ___26___ t their psitin. This is a very limiting plicy. A cmpany that repays emplyees fr all cllege credit curses — whether jb related r nt — ffers a service nt nly t the emplyees, but t the entire cmpany.
One gd reasn fr giving emplyees ___27___ tuitin repayment is that it shws the cmpany’s cmmitment t its emplyees. In tday’s ecnmy, where jb security is a thing f the past and emplyees feel mre and mre expendable (可牺牲的), it is imprtant fr a cmpany t ___28___ t its emplyees that it cares. The best way t d this is with cncrete investments in them. In turn, this cmmitment t the betterment f cmpany emplyees will create greater emplyee ___29___. A cmpany that puts ut funds t pay fr the educatin f its emplyees will get its mney ___30___ by having emplyees stay with the cmpany lnger. It will reduce emplyee ___31___, because even emplyees wh dn’t take advantage f the tuitin repayment prgram will be mre lyal t their cmpany just knwing that their cmpany cares ___32___ t pay fr their educatin.
Mst imprtantly, the cmpany that has an unrestricted tuitin repayment prgram will have higher quality emplyees. Althugh these cmpanies d indeed run the risk f lsing mney n emplyees wh g n t anther jb in a different cmpany as sn as they get their ___33___, mre ften than nt, the emplyee will stay with the cmpany.
And even if emplyees d leave after graduatin, it generally takes several years t cmplete any degree prgram. Thus, even if the emplyee leaves upn graduating, thrughut thse years, the emplyer will have a mre sphisticated, mre intelligent, and therefre mre valuable and prductive emplyee. And, if the emplyee stays, that educatin will ___34___ benefit the cmpany: Nt nly is the emplyee mre educated, but nw that emplyee can be ____35____ s the cmpany desn’t have t fill a high-level vacancy frm the utside. Open psitins can be filled by peple wh already knw the cmpany well.
Ⅲ. Reading Cmprehensin
Sectin A Clze (15’)
Directins: Fr each blank in the fllwing passage there are fur wrds r phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the wrd r phrase that best fits the cntext.
Are Screens Bad fr Our Bdies?
Never in recrded histry has a language been as widely spken as English is tday. The reasn why millins are learning it is simple: it is the language f internatinal business and, ____36____, the key t prsperity.
David Graddl, the authr f English Next, says it is ____37____ t view the stry f English simply as a success fr its native speakers in Nrth America, Britain and Ireland, and Australasia — but that wuld be a mistake. Glbal English has entered a mre cmplex stage, changing in ways that the English-speaking cuntries cannt cntrl and might nt ____38____.
An imprtant questin ne might ask is: whse English will it be in the future? Nn-native speakers nw ____39____ native English speakers by three t ne. The majrity f ____40____ in English tday take place between nn-native speakers. Accrding t David Graddl, many business meetings held in English appear t run mre smthly when n native English speakers are present. This is because native speakers are ften pr at ensuring that they are understd in internatinal discussins. They tend t think they need t avid lnger Latin-based wrds, but in fact ____41____ prblems are mre ften caused by their use f idims, metaphrs, phrasal verbs, etc.
Prfessr Barbara Seidlhfer, Prfessr f English and Applied Linguistic at the University f Vienna, recrds and transcribes spken English interactins between speakers f the language arund the wrld. She says her team has nticed that nn-native speakers are ____42____ standard English grammar in several ways. Even the mst experienced speakers smetimes mit the “s” in the third persn singular. Many mit definite and indefinite articles where they are ____43____ in standard English, r put them in where standard English des nt use them. Nuns that are nt plural in native-speaker English are used as plurals by nn-native speakers (e. g., “infrmatins,” “knwledges,” “advices”). Other variatins include “make a discussin,” “discuss abut smething,” r “phne t smebdy.”
Many native English speakers will insist that these are just ____44____. “Knwledges” and “phne t smebdy” are simply wrng. Many nn-native speakers wh teach English arund the wrld wuld ____45____. But language changes, and s d cncepts f grammatical ____46____.
Thse wh insist n standard English grammar remain in a(n) ____47____ psitin. Academics wh want their wrk published in internatinal jurnals have t bey the grammatical rules fllwed by native English-speaking elites. But spken English is anther matter: Why shuld nn-native speakers bther with what native speakers regard as crrect? Their main aim, ____48____, is t be understd by ne anther, and in mst cases there is n native speaker present.
Prfessr Seidlhfer says, “I think that what we are lking at is the ____49____ f a new internatinal attitude, the recgnitin, and awareness that in many internatinal cntexts nn-native speakers d nt need t speak like native speakers, t cmpare themselves t them, and thus always feel ‘____50____.’”
36. A. hweverB. therefreC. therwiseD. nevertheless
37. A. relievingB. fascinatingC. temptingD. disappinting
38. A. likeB. ppseC. mindD. dubt
39. A. utnumberB. utperfrmC. utlastD. utshine
40. A. studiesB. adjustmentsC. changesD. encunters
41. A. absrptinB. cmprehensinC. disturbanceD. cgnitin
42. A. disgracingB. imprvingC. varyingD. perfecting
43. A. editedB. neglectedC. avidedD. required
44. A. mistakesB. cincidencesC. exceptinsD. excuses
45. A. fearB. bjectC. agreeD. fight
46. A. ignranceB. evlutinC. crrectnessD. guidance
47. A. hnredB. shakyC. fallingD. pwerful
48. A. in a wrdB. after allC. by all meansD. n the cntrary
49. A. disappearanceB. emergenceC. criticismD. evaluatin
50. A. less gdB. less educatedC. mre aggressiveD. mre implite
Sectin B (22’)
Directins: Read the fllwing fur passages. Each passage is fllwed by several questins r unfinished statements. Fr each f them there are fur chices marked A, B, C and D. Chse the ne that fits best accrding t the infrmatin given in the passage yu have just read.
(A)
I used t believe curtesy was a thing f the past. Very seldm have I met a curteus human being in this mdern era f the s-called Generatin X.
Recently, I had t change my thinking, when I came face t face with just such a human being. I had gne t a fashinable cffee place, with tw f my grwn-up daughters. The place was crwded with the usual lud crwd and we had t climb a steep flight f stairs in rder t find an empty table. After enjying cffee and snacks, we were walking dwn the steep stairs, where the narrw space made climbing dwn nly pssible in a single file, with hardly any space fr anther persn t either climb up r cme dwn.
Just as I was in the middle f the staircase, a gentleman entered the main entrance f the restaurant which was right in frnt f the staircase. I was sure I wuld be pushed rughly by this man wh wuld want t g up in a hurry. I kept cming dwn as fast as I culd, hlding n t the banister (扶手), in spite f my advanced years. My daughters were already dwn, lking up at me wrriedly, hping I wuld reach them befre the stranger started up the stairs, knwing I was a nervus srt.
Nearly reaching them, I nticed the man still standing near the dr, I reached my daughters and passed the stranger at the entrance dr which he kept hlding pen. I lked back thinking he was still at the dr, deciding whether t g in r find anther less crwded place. I saw him ging up the stairs, tw at a time. I tld my daughters abut it and all three f us felt bad that we did nt even thank the curteus gentleman wh was actually hlding the dr pen fr us ladies t pass thrugh.
We admired his kindness fr bth, waiting fr us t cme dwn befre ging up himself and als hlding the main entrance dr pen fr us t g ut. T date, I still remember this gentleman and pray t Gd t make mre human beings like him.
51. Befre she met the man in the restaurant, the authr had thught ________.
A. she didn’t belng t the Generatin XB. there were few plite peple in the mdern sciety
C. having cffee in a fancy café was nt her cup f teaD. human beings were brn curteus
52. In paragraph 2, the underlined phrase “in a single file” means that ________.
A. climbing dwn the staircase was easy as lng as we held the file in hand
B. walking dwn the stairs was like walking n a dcument
C. we needed permissin frm the restaurant wner befre we walked dwn
D. the staircase was s narrw that nly ne persn was allwed at a time
53. What can we infer frm the passage abut the authr?
A. She tended t feel nervus in sme stressful situatins.
B. She was shrt-tempered and ften walked very fast.
C. She was a lady in her early thirties and was quite fit.
D. She was grateful t the man and directly expressed thanks t him.
54. Which f the fllwing might be the best title fr this passage?
A. Strange Encunter at a Fancy CffeeshpB. The Decline f the Generatin X
C. A Man f Mystery and MannersD. Rediscvering Curtesy in a Crwded Wrld
(B)
Fur Htels That Will Make Yur Life Easier
Fr the business traveler wh’s all abut efficiency: check ut these htels that will get yu in and ut with minimum truble. When yu’re pressed fr time n a business trip, nthing can infuriate yu mre than a slw htel check-in prcess. On yur next trip, try these htels that ffer a speedier check-in prcess.
1. Ytel New Yrk
The self-service kisks at this high-tech New Yrk htel are pen 24/7 and wrk just like the nes yu’d see at an airprt. There are just five-steps t register and btain yur card key. There’s even a rbtic luggage bellby. Yu tap in the number f bags yu’re carrying and sizes, then wait fr a rbt arm t swing dwn and stre yur luggage in a lcker (say, fr a day trip). This als speeds up the check-in prcess if the first thing yu need t d, like me, is head t a series f meetings.
2. Marritt Detrit Airprt
Anther ptin fr business travelers in a hurry: Marritt is rlling ut its mbile check-in app t 325 htels this year, including the Marritt Detrit Airprt htel. (I’ve tested the app itself but nt fr a real visit quite yet.) Here is the basic idea: yu dwnlad the iPhne r Andrid app. The night befre, yu can “check-in” virtually. When yu arrive, yu get an alert that the rm is ready and yur key, which is already tied t yur reservatin, is waiting fr yu at the desk.
3. Hyatt Regency Minneaplis
I happened t stay at this htel recently and liked hw fast the kisk check-in wrks. Like the Ytel, the kisk asks yu t insert yur credit card, similar t an airprt terminal. The whle prcess tk abut three minutes. When I left, I was equally impressed with the fast check-ut. An agent meets yu in the lbby with an iPad and asks fr an email t use fr a receipt. The big advantage: yu never have t wait in line.
4. Radissn LaCrsse
The Radissn is trying t make the kisk prcess even faster. At a few select htels like the Radissn Lacrsse in Wiscnsin, yu use a mbile app t register and then receive a barcde by email r text. When yu get t the kisk, yu can scan the barcde t get yur key withut any ther steps required. It’s super fast. Yu can find this new check-in system at the Radissn htels in Salt Lake City, Seattle, and Phenix as well.
55. What des the wrd “infuriate” in Paragraph 2 mst prbably mean?
A. T anny.B. T remind.C. T amuse.D. T impress.
56. In which tw htels can custmers check in befre they physically arrive at the frnt desk?
A. Ytel New Yrk and Marritt Detrit Airprt.
B. Marritt Detrit Airprt and Radissn LaCrsse.
C. Marritt Detrit Airprt and Hyatt Regency Minneaplis.
D. Hyatt Regency Minneaplis and Radissn LaCrsse.
57. Travis is a traveler, wh is very particular abut efficiency but is cncerned abut privacy leakage when checking-in nline. He plans t stay at a htel fr ne night and leave first thing in the mrning fr a tur f the city. He wuld cme back t the htel and pick up his belngings at dusk. Which f fllwing htel best meets his needs?
A. Ytel New Yrk.B. Marritt Detrit Airprt.
C. Hyatt Regency Minneaplis.D. Radissn LaCrsse.
(C)
Daydreaming
It seems like every day there’s anther study pinting t hw this r that mdern technlgy is destrying ur ability t fcus. But what if the prblem is that we are expected t fcus t much? By nt giving ur brains enugh dwntime, maybe we are actually making the prblems wrse.
Ever since I was a little kid, I have felt guilty abut daydreaming. I related t the character Bastian frm the mvie “The Neverending Stry”, when his father demanded, “Get yur head dwn ut f the cluds, and keep bth feet n the grund!” It is a memrable line that’s repeated thrughut the film, as Bastian struggles with the fantastical nature f the stry he is invlved in. And while I was never directly discuraged frm dreaming as a kid, as I’ve gtten lder, the ntes I’ve gtten frm ur culture certainly have tld me I was wasting my time whenever my head was in the cluds.
And yet, it never felt right t shut dwn that daydreaming. Fr ne, it was t fun. Hw amazing is it that as humans, we get t g anywhere, d anything, be a different versin f urselves — all safely within ur heads? But dn’t just take my wrd fr it: In the July, 2012 issue f Perspectives n Psychlgical Science, psychlgical scientist Mary Helen Immrdin-Yang and her clleagues gathered a number f studies and explred them fr details abut the brain at rest, with sme f the results summarized in ScienceDaily. “Findings suggest that individual differences in brain activity during rest are crrelated with cmpnents f sci-emtinal functining, such as self-awareness and mral judgment, as well as different aspects f learning and memry.” S just like sleeping allws ur brains t rerganize and finally wrk mre efficiently, daydreaming may help ur mental health, day-t-day.
And brain “time-uts” may als help kids learn better (pssibly prving wrng thse adults wh blame kids fr daydreaming). “We fcus n the utside wrld in educatin and dn’t lk much at inside fcused skills and attentins but inside fcus impacts the way we build memries, make meaning and mve that learning int new cntexts,” says Immrdin-Yang. Fr kids wh have been taught sme versin f inner fcus, the studies that Immrdin-Yang lked at indicated that they are less likely t suffer frm high levels f anxiety, perfrm better n tests, and d a better jb f planning fr the future.
Next time yu see a kid (r adult!) staring ff int space, remember that they might actually getting imprtant wrk dne.
58. In the last sentence f the first paragraph, “the prblems” refer t ________.
A. the prblems with the brain healthB. the prblems with fcus
C. the prblems with mdern technlgyD. the prblems with daydreaming
59. Which f the fllwing des NOT belng t the benefits f daydreaming?
A. Daydreaming makes life mre fascinating.
B. Daydreaming helps children imprve academic perfrmance.
C. Day dreaming is gd fr kids’ mental health.
D. Daydreaming enables adults t have mre jb pprtunities.
60. Frm the passage, we can infer that ________.
A. Mary Helen Immrdin-Yang and her clleagues draw their cnclusin based n ther researchers’ studies
B. the Mvie “The Neverending Stry” mainly describes the relatinship between Bastian and his father
C. the authr was warned by her parents that having her head in the cluds was a waste f time
D. we shuld encurage kids t stare ff int space as ften as pssible
61. As an adult, the authr nw hlds a ________ attitude twards daydreaming.
A. negativeB. supprtiveC. neutralD. dubtful
Sectin C (8’)
Directins: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a prper sentence given in the bx. Each sentence can be used nly nce. Nte that there are tw mre sentences than yu need.
Ratinal Online Shpping
It’s a traditin fr Chinese t make special purchases such as snacks and festive fd during the Spring Festival seasn. S many sellers try t attract cnsumers by varius discunts and special ffers, including nline sellers.
Recently, during the Spring Festival seasn, grup buying websites have seen their businesses bming due t New Year packages. Nw many lcal snacks frm different places and regins acrss the cuntry are being packed as New Year gifts by the sellers. ___62___
The lwer prices have attracted many cnsumers. One f these websites says they attract mre than 100,000 cnsumers in just a day. ___63___ Otherwise, yu may start the New Year with an empty wallet. S just think carefully befre buying nline.
Recently, sme peple have shared their annual nline shpping bill n scial media and many have been shcked by the ttal sum they spent during the past year. The ttal bill exceeded 10,000 yuan fr many netizens. Lking thrugh the bill, many peple admitted that many items they had bught nline weren’t necessary. ___64___ It was simply because the prices were lwer. Sme had free delivery, and thers might have been discunted. In additin, there were als sme discunted seasns such as the Single Day Discunt n Nvember 11. Even peple wuld nrmally nt buy things they had never thught abut having, they just fund themselves ding it when seeing the discunt.
Liu Guili is a prfessr at the Schl f Public Administratin at Nanchang University. She says buying nline is cnvenient and is preferred by many cnsumers, but gd judgment is needed befre lading up the nline shpping basket. ___65___ Never spend mre than yu can affrd. She urges shppers t bear in mind that every shp wner wants t mtivate buyers t spend. THINK TWICE befre yu buy.
第Ⅱ卷
*Ⅳ. Grammar (20’)
Directins: After reading the passage belw, fill in the blanks t make the passage cherent and grammatically crrect. Fr the blanks with a given wrd, fill in each blank with the prper frm f the given wrd; fr the ther blanks, use ne wrd that best fits each blank.
(A)
It is quite reasnable t blame traffic jams, the cst f gas and the great speed f mdern life, but manners n the rad are becming hrrible. Everybdy knws that ____66____ (nice) men wuld becme fierce tigers behind the wheel. Yu might tlerate the dd rad-hg, the rude and incnsiderate driver, but nwadays the well-mannered driver is the exceptin ____67____ the rule.
Rad pliteness is nt nly gd manners, but gd sense t. It takes the mst cl-headed drivers great patience ____68____ (resist) the temptatin t take revenge when ____69____ (subject) t uncivilized behavir. On the ther hand, a little pliteness ges a lng way t ____70____ (relieve) the tightness f mtring. A friendly nd r a wave f thanks in respnse t ____71____ act f pliteness helps t create an atmsphere f gd will and calm s necessary in mdern traffic cnditins.
Hwever, misplaced pliteness ____72____ als be dangerus. Typical examples are the driver wh brakes vilently t allw a car t emerge frm a side street t fllwing traffic, ____73____ a few secnds later the rad wuld be clear anyway; r the man wh waves a child acrss a zebra crssing int the path f ncming vehicles ____74____ may be unable t stp in time.
A veteran driver tld me it wuld help if drivers learnt t filter crrectly int traffic stream ne at a time withut causing ttal blckages that give rise t bad temper. Years ag, experts warned us that explsin in car wnership ____75____ (demand) mre give-and-take frm all rad users. It is high time fr all f us t take this message t heart.
(B)
Sme persns lk n laws with fear, hatred, r annyance. Laws seem t limit peple’s freedm t d many things they wuld like t d. ____76____ laws may prevent us frm ding things we wish t d at the mment, laws make everyne's life safer and mre pleasant.
____77____ laws we culd nt hld n t ur prperty; we culd nt g t bed at night expecting t wake up in the mrning and find that we had nt been rbbed; n stres ____78____we buy fd, clthes, and ther necessities culd stay pen and sell t us. Our banks wuld nt be safe places ____79____ (keep) ur mney.
Scial life wuld be impssible withut laws t cntrl the way peple treat ne anther. It is nt the laws ____80____ shuld be feared but the truble that cmes t everyne when laws are brken. Once this is understd, a citizen will nt fear r hate the law. ____81____ (understand) the need fr gd laws and the evil results f breaking laws is the first requirement f gd citizenship and gvernment.
Philsphers nce ____82____ (believe) that in prehistric time peple lived withut laws in a “state f nature”. Peple were free t d ____83____ they pleased unless smene strnger stpped them by frce. As a result, life became s dangerus and unsafe that leaders ____84____create laws t prtect life and prperty.
This is n lnger believed t be true. Schlars nw think that as sn as peple began living in small grups, they wrked ut rules fr getting alng with ne ther. In time everyne accepted and supprted the rules. Such rules and habits f life are called flkways.
Flkways are prbably the real beginning f human laws, ____85____ f religin, mrals, and educatin. As life became mre cmplex, flkways became mre cmplete guides t living. After thusands f years, sme f the imprtant flkways were put int writing as the earlier laws.
Ⅴ. Summary Writing (10’)
Directins: Read the fllwing passage. Summarize the main idea and the main pint(s) f the passage in n mre than 60 wrds. Use yur wn wrds as far as pssible.
What Is Emtinal Eating?
Emtinal eating is when peple use fd as a way t deal with feelings instead f t satisfy hunger. We’ve all been there, finishing a whle bag f chips ut f bredm r dwning ckie after ckie while preparing fr a big test. But when dne a lt — especially withut realizing it — emtinal eating can affect weight, health, and verall well-being.
Nt many f us make the cnnectin between eating and ur feelings. But understanding what drives emtinal eating can help peple take steps t change it.
One f the biggest myths abut emtinal eating is that it’s caused by negative feelings. Yes, peple ften turn t fd when they’re stressed ut, lnely, sad, anxius, r bred. But emtinal eating can be linked t psitive feelings t, like the rmance f sharing dessert n Valentine’s Day r the celebratin f a hliday feast. Smetimes emtinal eating is tied t majr life events, like a death r a divrce. Mre ften, thugh, it’s the cuntless little daily stresses that cause smene t seek cmfrt r distractin in fd.
Emtinal eating patterns can be learned: A child wh is given candy after a big achievement may grw up using candy as a reward fr a jb well dne. A kid wh is given ckies as a way t stp crying may learn t link ckies with cmfrt. It’s nt easy t “unlearn” patterns f emtinal eating. But it is pssible. And it starts with an awareness f what’s ging n.
We’re all emtinal eaters t sme extent (wh hasn’t suddenly fund rm fr dessert after a filling dinner?). But fr sme peple, emtinal eating can be a real prblem, causing serius weight gain. The truble with emtinal eating (aside frm the health issues) is that nce the pleasure f eating is gne, the feelings that cause it remain. And yu ften may feel wrse abut eating the amunt r type f fd yu did. That’s why it helps t knw the differences between physical hunger and emtinal hunger. Next time yu reach fr a snack, check in and see which type f hunger is driving it.
Ⅵ. Translatin (3'+3'+4'+5'=15')
Directins: Translate the fllwing sentences int English, using the wrds given in the brackets.
87. 一想到考试她就心神不宁，很难集中精力做其他事情。(disturb)
88. 扎实的数学基础对于攻读工程学的学生来说是必不可少的。(fundatin)
89. 随着中国北方气温跌破冰点，冰雪旅游和冰雪体育活动的热度不断攀升。(with)
90. 一旦重金属污染进入食物链，将对全球生态环境造成影响，危及全人类的健康和福祉。(pse)
【挑战题】(10')
Directins: Read the fllwing fur passages. Each passage is fllwed by several questins r unfinished statements. Fr each f them there are fur chices marked A, B, C, D and E. Chse the ne that fits best accrding t the infrmatin given in the passage yu have just read.
In this excerpt frm an essay n the symblic language f dreams, the writer Erich Frmm explres the nature f symbls.
One f the current definitins f a symbl is that it is “smething that stands fr smething else.” We can differentiate between three kinds f symbls: the cnventinal, the accidental, and the universal symbl.
The cnventinal symbl is the best knwn f the three, since we emply it in everyday language. If we see the wrd “table” r hear the sund “table,” the letters t-a-b-l-e stand fr smething else. They stand fr the thing “table” that we see, tuch, and use. What is the cnnectin between the wrd “table” and the thing “table”? Is there any inherent relatinship between them? Obviusly nt. The thing table has nthing t d with the sund table, and the nly reasn the wrd symblizes the thing is the cnventin f calling this particular thing by a name. We learn this cnnectin as children by the repeated experience f hearing the wrd in reference t the thing until a lasting assciatin is frmed s that we dn’t have t think t find the right wrd.
There are sme wrds, hwever, in which the assciatin is nt nly cnventinal. When we say “phey,” fr instance, we make with ur lips a mvement f dispelling the air quickly. It is an expressin f disgust in which ur muths participate. By this quick expulsin f air we imitate and thus express ur intentin t expel smething, t get it ut f ur system. In this case, as in sme thers, the symbl has an inherent cnnectin with the feeling it symblizes. But even if we assume that riginally many r even all wrds had their rigins in sme such inherent cnnectin between symbl and the symblized, mst wrds n lnger have this meaning fr us when we learn a language.
Wrds are nt the nly illustratin fr cnventinal symbls, althugh they are the mst frequent and best-knwn nes. Pictures als can be cnventinal symbls. A flag, fr instance, may stand fr a specific cuntry, and yet there is n intrinsic cnnectin between the specific clrs and the cuntry fr which they stand. They have been accepted as denting that particular cuntry, and we translate the visual impressin f the flag int the cncept f that cuntry, again n cnventinal grunds.
The ppsite t the cnventinal symbl is the accidental symbl, althugh they have ne thing in cmmn: there is n intrinsic relatinship between the symbl and that which it symblizes. Let us assume that smene has had a saddening experience in a certain city; when he hears the name f that city, he will easily cnnect the name with a md f sadness, just as he wuld cnnect it with a md f jy had his experience been a happy ne. Quite bviusly, there is nthing in the nature f the city that is either sad r jyful. It is the individual experience cnnected with the city that makes it a symbl f a md.
The same reactin culd ccur in cnnectin with a huse, a street, a certain dress, certain scenery, r anything nce cnnected with a specific md. We might find urselves dreaming that we are in a certain city. We ask urselves why we happened t think f that city in ur sleep and may discver that we had fallen asleep in a md similar t the ne symblized by the city. The picture in the dream represents this md, the city “stands fr” the md nce experienced in it. The cnnectin between the symbl and the experience symblized is entirely accidental.
The universal symbl is ne in which there is an intrinsic relatinship between the symbl and that which it represents. Take, fr instance, the symbl f fire. We are fascinated by certain qualities f fire in a fireplace. First f all, by its aliveness. It changes cntinuusly, it mves all the time, and yet there is cnstancy in it. It remains the same withut being the same. It gives the impressin f pwer, f energy, f grace and lightness. It is as if it were dancing, and had an inexhaustible surce f energy. When we use fire as a symbl, we describe the inner experience characterized by the same elements which we ntice in the sensry experience f fire the md f energy, lightness, mvement, grace, gaiety, smetimes ne, smetimes anther f these elements being predminant in the feeling.
The universal symbl is the nly ne in which the relatinship between the symbl and that which is symblized is nt cincidental, but intrinsic. It is rted in the experience f the affinity between an emtin r thught, n the ne hand, and a sensry experience, n the ther. It can be called universal because it is shared by all men, in cntrast nt nly t the accidental symbl, which is by its very nature entirely persnal, but als t the cnventinal symbl, which is restricted t a grup f peple sharing the same cnventin. The universal symbl is rted in the prperties f ur bdy, ur senses, and ur mind, which are cmmn t all men and, therefre, nt restricted t individuals r t specific grups. Indeed, the language f the universal symbl is the ne cmmn tngue develped by the human race, a language which it frgt befre it succeeded in develping a universal cnventinal language.
91. The passage is primarily cncerned with ________.
A. refuting an argumentB. illustrating an aximC. describing a prcess
D. prving a thesisE. refining a definitin
92. Accrding t paragraph 2 and 3, “table” and “phey” differ in that ________.
A. nly ne is a cnventinal symbl
B. “table” is a better-knwn symbl than “phey”
C. “phey” has an intrinsic natural link with its meaning
D. children learn “phey” mre readily than they learn “table”
E. nly ne is used exclusively by children
93. It can be inferred frm the passage that anther example f a wrd with bth inherent and cnventinal assciatins t its meaning is ________.
A. hissB. hikeC. hldD. candleE. telephne
94. The authr cntends that cnventinal symbls ________.
A. are less meaningful than accidental nes
B. necessarily have an innate cnnectin with an emtin
C. can be pictrial as well as linguistic
D. are less familiar than universal symbls
E. appeal chiefly t cnventinally minded peple
95. Which f the fllwing wuld the authr be mst likely t categrize as a cnventinal symbl?
A. a cuntry radB. a patchwrk quiltC. a bnfire
D. the city f LndnE. the Statue f Liberty
96. Accrding t the authr’s argument, a relatinship between the city f Paris and the md f jy can best be described as ________.
A. innateB. dreamlikeC. elemental
D. cincidentalE. immutable
97. A majr factr distinguishing a universal symbl frm cnventinal and accidental symbls is ________
A. its rigins in sensry experienceB. its dependence n a specific ccasin
C. the intensity f the md experiencedD. its unmemrable nature
E. its appeal t the individual
98. Which f the fllwing wuld the authr mst likely categrize as a universal symbl?
A. the letters f-i-r-eB. the letters p-h---e-yC. a red dress
D. an American flagE. water in a stream
99. The wrd “prperties” in the last paragraph means ________.
A. pssessinsB. attributesC. investments
D. titlesE. grunds
100. The authr cntends in the last paragraph that the language f the universal symbl ________.
A. antedates the develpment f everyday cnventinal language
B. restricts itself t thse capable f cmprehending symblism
C. shuld be adpted as the cmmn tngue fr the human race
D. grew ut f human effrts t create a universal cnventinal language
E. develped accidentally frm the human desire t cmmunicate
A. appliance B. assign C. cnsciusness D. dminance E. excluded F. friendliness
G. perfrmance H. persnify I. qualities J. std K. yelled
A. back B. degree C. demnstrate D. dubly E. enugh F. finally
G. lyalty H. prmted I. relevant J. turnver K. uncnditinal
A. Mrever, she suggests that cnsumers shuld set a mnthly shpping budget limit.
B. Why did peple chse t buy things they didn't really need s blindly?
C. Traditinally, peple tend t cnsider expensive items t be f high-quality.
D. S it can save cnsumers time and truble f selecting gifts.
E. Hwever, experts remind cnsumers t cntrl the urge t ver-shp nline.
F. What can we d t prevent urselves frm buying things withut ratinal thughts?