专题05 阅读理解之说明文15篇-【真题汇编】备战2024-2025学年高二英语下学期期末真题分类汇编（北京专用）.zip

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There are risks, but sme educatrs think that ChatGPT and ther large language mdels(LLMs)can be pwerful learning tls. They culd help students by prviding a persnalized guiding that is available at any time and might be accessible t mre students than human teachers wuld be. Or they culd help teachers and students by making infrmatin that nly exists in the textbks much easier t find and understand.
There are still prbkems t be slved. Questins remain abut whether LLMscan be made crrect and reliable enugh t be trusted as learning helpers. It’s t sn t knw what their final effect n educatin will be, but mre institutins (研究机构) need t explre ChatGPT’s advantages and dangers, and share what they are leaning, r their students might miss aut n a valuable tl.
Despite the risks, educatrs shuld nt avid using LLMs. Rather, they need t teach students the chat rbt’s strengths and weaknesses and supprt institutins’ effrts t imprve the mdels fr educattn-specific purpses. This culd mean building task-specific versins f LLMs that harness their strengths in dialgue and summarizatin and reduce the risks f a chat rbt prviding students with inaccurate (不准确的) infrmatin r enabling them t cheat.
Arizna State University (ASU), fr example, develped a platfrm that enables its members t use LLM-pwered chat rbts. These rbts are instructed t seek answers t users’questins in specific data sets, such as scientific papers r lecture ntes. This apprach nt nly makes use f the chat rbt’s cnversatinal pwer, but alszreduces the chance f errrs.
As understanding f the LLMs’pwer and limitatins increases, mre university- wide plans will certainly appear. Using LLMs withut cnsidering their disadvantages will gain the ppsite effect. Fr many educatinal purpses, errr-prne (容易出错 的) tls damage students’ability t learn and cannt help students. But sme institutins are trying t reduce the LLMs’weaknesses, even aiming t turn thse int strengths by, fr example, using them t imprve students’critical-thinking skills.
Educatrs must be brave t avid missing a huge pprtunity and careful t ensure that institutins everywhere use LLMs in a way that makes the wrld better, nt wrse.
1．What can we infer abut ChatGPT frm Paragraph 1?
A．It is used in exams by sme students.B．It is ging t replace human teachers.
C．It is especially ppular amng teachers.D．It imprves educatrs’ evaluatin methds.
2．What is Paragraph 2 mainly abut?
A．LLMs’pssible risks.B．LLMs’pwerful tls.
C．ILMs’leaning ability.D．LLMs’ptential benefits.
3．What shuld students knw when using LLMs?
A．Their task-specific versins.
B．Their strengths and weaknesses.
C．Their prblems and pssible risks.
D．Their mdels fr educatin purpses.
4．What des the underlined wrd “harness” in Paragraph 4 prbably mean?
A．Imprve.B．Discver.C．Use.D．Test.
5．As fr the future f LLMs, the writer is _________
A．cnfusedB．hpefulC．uncncernedD．dubtful
【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 4．C 5．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了ChatGPT等大型语言模型在教育领域的应用、潜在好处、存在的问题及如何利用好这些工具。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段的“This AI chat rbt can write clear, well-researched essays in respnse t given questins, frcing educatrs arund the wrld t rethink their evaluatin (测评) methds. A few cuntries brught back pen-and-paper exams, and sme schls asked students t d their hmewrk at schl, after learning abut a subject at hme.(这款人工智能聊天机器人可以针对给定的问题撰写清晰、经过充分研究的论文，迫使世界各地的教育工作者重新思考他们的评估方法。一些国家恢复了纸笔考试，一些学校要求学生在家学习一门学科后在学校做作业)”可知，一些国家恢复了笔试考试，一些学校要求学生在家里学习一门课程后在学校做作业，这表明一些学生可能在考试中使用ChatGPT。由此可推知，ChatGPT被一些学生用于考试。故选A。
2．主旨大意题。根据第二段的“There are risks, but sme educatrs think that ChatGPT and ther large language mdels (LLMs) can be pwerful learning tls.(虽然存在风险，但一些教育工作者认为ChatGPT和其他大型语言模型可以成为强大的学习工具)”以及全段可知，第二段主要介绍了ChatGPT等大型语言模型在教育领域的潜在好处，它们可以为学生提供个性化的指导，帮助教师和学生更容易地查找和理解教材上的信息。故选D。
3．细节理解题。根据第四段的“Despite the risks, educatrs shuld nt avid using LLMs. Rather, they need t teach students the chat rbt’s strengths and weaknesses and supprt institutins’ effrts t imprve the mdels fr educattn-specific purpses.(尽管存在风险，但教育工作者不应避免使用LLM。相反，他们需要教学生聊天机器人的优缺点，并支持机构努力改进用于特定教育目的的模型)”可知，教育者需要教学生了解聊天机器人的优点和缺点，因此学生应该了解LLMs的优点和缺点。故选B。
4．词句猜测题。根据划线单词所在句子的“summarizatin and reduce the risks f a chat rbt prviding students with inaccurate (不准确的) infrmatin r enabling them t cheat(总结并降低聊天机器人为学生提供不准确信息或使他们作弊的风险)”可知，改进针对教育目的的模型就意味着可以利用他们的优势并总结并降低聊天机器人为学生提供不准确信息或使他们作弊的风险。所以划线单词harness的意思为“利用，使用”。故选C。
5．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Educatrs must be brave t avid missing a huge pprtunity and careful t ensure that institutins everywhere use LLMs in a way that makes the wrld better, nt wrse.(教育工作者必须勇于把握这一巨大的机遇，同时也要谨慎行事，确保各地的机构以一种使世界变得更好而非更糟的方式使用大型语言模型（LLMs）)”可推知，尽管作者提到了风险和挑战，但教育者必须勇敢，不要错过巨大的机会。由此可推知，这表明作者对于LLMs的是抱有希望的。故选B。
（23-24高二下·北京顺义·期末）A mvie abut rural sccer players fcuses n teenage girls and seeks t inspire audiences t fllw dreams. In late 2018, Fei Yu, a directr frm Sichuan Prvince, went int the pr villages f Yunnan Prvince in search f inspiratin. During the jurney, ne idea attracted him as he watched children playing sccer in a village, which is lcated arund 110 kilmeters nrth f Lijiang.
As a gentle wind swept-thrugh the valley, Fei listened t the faraway sunds f hrses and children and a clear image began t frm in his mind — that a grup f children playing sccer n the village rfs (屋顶). That image inspired the pening scene f Ftball n the Rf, and after taking hme the special award in the films market prject sectin f the 2023 China Glden Rster and Hundred Fwers Film Festival, the film was n acrss the Chinese mainland n April 20.
The film tells the jurney f a teenage girl, Aime, wh’s crazy abut sccer. She has the hpe that by advancing t the finals in a cmpetitin, her mther, wh has left thefr rural hmetwn t wrk in a big city, might see her n televisin. Facing many challenges, she helps her elder sister and her classmates t start a sccer team and asks a fruit seller wh used t be a sccer star t cach them. Her determinatin pays ff as she is finally selected t jin the team and takes part in an imprtant match.
During Fei Yu’s search fr inspiratin, he met a girl, wh was eager t invite the directr t her hme, shwed him arund, and used a lng wden stick t pick fresh lemns ff a tree as a treat. The directr was deeply mved when he realized that the grl, wh had been left in the care f a grandfather wh’s cntinually busy with rural difficult tasks, lnged t feel mre cnnected t her parents wrking in a faraway city.
She became the surce fr the female main characters in the mvie. Traveling t many areas, frm the cities f Lijiang and Kaiyuan, t Chuxing, Fei Yu and his team chse arund 10, 000 students in 203 schls befre selecting all main characters.
“The sht has ended, but the yung girl’s lve fr sccer has nt. She has fund a new directin t sht fr in life. This is very meaningful,” says Fei, adding that he hpes the audience will als find strength and curage t realize their dreams thrugh the film.
1．Why did Fei Yu g int the village?
A．T teach sccer.B．T help the pr girls.
C．T achieve an award.D．T try t find inspiratin.
2．Accrding t the passage, what d we knw abut the film?
A．Aime ges t the village near Lijiang.
B．Aime isn’t chsen t jin the sccer team finally.
C．The film named Ftball n the Rf is successful.
D．The film tells the jurney f a by’s passin abut sccer.
3．Why did Aime hpe t advance t the finals in a cmpetitin?
A．T shw her lve fr sccer.
B．T leave the rural hmetwn.
C．T be seen by her mther n TV.
D．T be cached by a frmer sccer star.
4．When realizing the girl lnged t feel mre cnnected t her parents, Fei Yu felt________.
A．tuchedB．interestedC．inspiredD．amazed
5．Which wuld be the best title fr this passage?
A．A Beneficial StressB．A Heartwarming Gal
C．A Wnderful TeamwrkD．A Meaningful Cmpetitin
【答案】1．D 2．C 3．C 4．A 5．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一部关于农村足球少女的电影《屋顶足球》，这部电影讲述了一个对足球充满热情的少女的故事，旨在激励观众追求自己的梦想。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“In late 2018, Fei Yu, a directr frm Sichuan Prvince, went int the pr villages f Yunnan Prvince in search f inspiratin.(2018年末，来自四川省的导演飞鱼走进云南省的贫困村庄，寻找灵感)”可知，飞鱼去村庄是为了寻找灵感。故选D项。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“That image inspired the pening scene f Ftball n the Rf, and after taking hme the special award in the films market prject sectin f the 2023 China Glden Rster and Hundred Fwers Film Festival, the film was n acrss the Chinese mainland n April 20.(这一画面启发了《屋顶足球》的开场，在获得2023年中国金鸡百花电影节电影市场项目单元特别奖后，这部电影于4月20日在中国大陆上映)”可知，电影《屋顶足球》荣获得2023年中国金鸡百花电影节电影市场项目单元特别奖，说明这部电影是成功的。故选C项。
3．细节理解题。根据第三段中“She has the hpe that by advancing t the finals in a cmpetitin, her mther, wh has left the rural hmetwn t wrk in a big city, might see her n televisin.(她希望能在比赛中进入决赛，这样她那位离开农村家乡去大城市工作的母亲就可能在电视上看到她了)”可知，Aime希望能在比赛中进入决赛，这样她母亲就可能在电视上看到她了。故选C项。
4．细节理解题。根据第四段“The directr was deeply mved when he realized that the girl, wh had been left in the care f a grandfather wh’s cntinually busy with rural difficult tasks, lnged t feel mre cnnected t her parents wrking in a faraway city.(当导演意识到这个女孩被留在家乡，由一直忙于农村繁重工作的祖父照顾时，她渴望与在远方城市工作的父母有更多的联系，他深受感动)”可知，当飞鱼意识到这个女孩渴望与在远方城市工作的父母有更多的联系时，他深受感动。故选A项。
5．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段中“A mvie abut rural sccer players fcuses n teenage girls and seeks t inspire audiences t fllw dreams. (这部关于农村足球运动员的电影聚焦于十几岁的女孩，旨在激励观众追随梦想)”和最后一段中““The sht has ended, but the yung girl’s lve fr sccer has nt. She has fund a new directin t sht fr in life. This is very meaningful,” says Fei, adding that he hpes the audience will als find strength and curage t realize their dreams thrugh the film.(“拍摄结束了，但小女孩对足球的热爱并没有结束。她找到了人生的新方向。这很有意义，”他补充说，他希望观众也能通过这部电影找到实现梦想的力量和勇气)”可知，文章介绍了一部关于农村足球少女的电影，这部电影讲述了一个对足球充满热情的少女的故事，她的目标是能在比赛中进入决赛，这样在远方工作的母亲就可能在电视上看到她。B项“一个温暖人心的目标”能够概括文章主旨，适合作为文章标题。故选B项。
（23-24高二下·北京海淀·期末）A theme at this year’s Wrld Ecnmic Frum (WEF) meeting was the perceived need t “accelerate breakthrughs in research and technlgy”. Sme f this framing was mtivated by the climate emergency, sme by the pprtunities and challenges presented by generative artificial intelligence. Yet in varius cnversatins, it seemed t be taken fr granted that t address the wrld’s prblems, scientific research needs t mve faster.
The WEF mindset resnates (产生共鸣) with the Silicn Valley dictate — usually credited t Mark Zuckerberg — t mve fast and break things. But what if the thing being brken is science? Or public trust?
The WEF meeting tk place just a frtnight after Harvard University President Claudine Cay stepped dwn after cmplaints were made abut her schlarship. Gay’s trubles came n the heels f the resignatin f Stanfrd University President Mare Tessier-Lavigne, after an internal investigatin cncluded that his neurscience research had “multiple prblems”. In respnse. Gay requested crrectins t several f her papers; Tessier-Lavigne requested retractin (撤回) f three f his. Althugh it may be impssible t determine just hw widespread such prblems really are, it’s hard t imagine that the spectacle f high-prfile schlars crrecting and retracting papers has nt had a negative impact n public trust in science and perhaps in experts bradly.
In recent years we’ve seen imprtant papers, written by prminent scientists and published in prestigius jurnals, retracted because f questinable data r methds. In ne interesting case, Frances H. Arnld f the Califrnia Institute f Technlgy, wh shared the 2018 Nbel Prize in Chemistry, vluntarily retracted a paper when her lab was unable t replicate her results — but after the paper had been published. In an pen aplgy, she stated that she was “a bit busy” when the paper was submitted and “did nt d my jb well”. Arnld’s hnesty is admirable, but it raises a questin: Are schlars at super cmpetitive places really taking the time t d their wrk right?
The prblem is nt unique t the U. S. In Eurpe, frmal research assessments — which are used t allcate future funding — have fr years judged academic departments largely n the quantity f their utput. Due t the fact that the existing system has created a cunterincentive t advancement in science, a refrm is underway urging an emphasis n quality ver quantity.
Gd science takes time. Nearly a century passed between bichemist Friedrich Miescher’s identificatin f the DNA mlecule and suggestin that it might be invlved in inheritance and the elucidatin f its duble-helix structure in the 1950s. And it tk just abut half a century fr gelgist and gephysicists t accept gephysicist Alfred Wegener’s idea f cntinental drift.
There’s plenty f circumstantial evidence that scientists and ther schlars are pushing results ut far faster than they used t. Sme f this grwth is driven by mre scientists and mre c-authrship (papers, but it als suggests that the research wrld has priritized quantity ver quality. Researched may need t slw dwn — nt speed up — if we are t prduce knwledge wrthy f trust.
1．What can we learn frm the first three paragraphs?
A．Tessier-Lavigne resigned frm Sandfrd after Gay stepped dwn.
B．Gay gave back her schlarships due t students’ cmplaints.
C．Faster scientific develpment has led t climate change.
D．Public trust in science may have already been shaken.
2．Why is the example f Frances H. Arnld mentined in Paragraph 4?
A．T questin the wrks f Nbel Prize winners.
B．T shw the practice f paper retractin is cmmn.
C．T indicate even the influential scientists are in a rush.
D．T highlight scientists’ quality f hnesty in academia.
3．The underlined wrd “cunterincentive” in Paragraph 5 refers t a (n) ______ factr.
A．unfairB．indecisiveC．discuragingD．irratinal
4．Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．The Danger f Fast ScienceB．The Battle between Quality and Quantity
C．The Crisis amng Tp ScientistsD．The Principle behind Research Assessments
【答案】1．D 2．C 3．C 4．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了如今科学研究存在急于发表论文，过于注重数量导致了很多问题。
1．细节理解题。根据第三段“Althugh it may be impssible t determine just hw widespread such prblems really are, it’s hard t imagine that the spectacle f high-prfile schlars crrecting and retracting papers has nt had a negative impact n public trust in science and perhaps in experts bradly.(虽然可能无法确定这些问题到底有多普遍，但很难想象，高调的学者纠正和撤回论文的场面没有对公众对科学的信任产生负面影响，甚至可能对专家产生广泛的影响)”可知，公众对科学的信任可能已经动摇了。故选D。
2．推理判断题。根据第四段“In recent years we’ve seen imprtant papers, written by prminent scientists and published in prestigius jurnals, retracted because f questinable data r methds. In ne interesting case, Frances H. Arnld f the Califrnia Institute f Technlgy, wh shared the 2018 Nbel Prize in Chemistry, vluntarily retracted a paper when her lab was unable t replicate her results—but after the paper had been published. In an pen aplgy, she stated that she was “a bit busy” when the paper was submitted and “did nt d my jb well”. Arnld’s hnesty is admirable, but it raises a questin: Are schlars at super cmpetitive places really taking the time t d their wrk right?(近年来，我们看到一些由杰出科学家撰写并发表在知名期刊上的重要论文，因为数据或方法存在问题而被撤回。一个有趣的例子是，加州理工学院的Frances H. Arnld分享了2018年诺贝尔化学奖，当她的实验室无法复制她的结果时，她自愿撤回了一篇论文——但这篇论文已经发表了。在一次公开道歉中，她表示，提交论文时她“有点忙”，“没有做好我的工作”。Arnld的诚实令人钦佩，但这也提出了一个问题：在竞争激烈的大学里，学者们真的花时间做好自己的工作吗？)”可知，第四段提到了Frances H. Arnld的例子是为了表明即使是有影响力的科学家也很着急完成论文。故选C。
3．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“t advancement in science, a refrm is underway urging an emphasis n quality ver quantity”可知，正在进行重质量、轻数量的改革，说明现行制度对科学进步的作用令人沮丧。故划线词意思是“令人沮丧的”。故选C。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“A theme at this year’s Wrld Ecnmic Frum (WEF) meeting was the perceived need t “accelerate breakthrughs in research and technlgy”. Sme f this framing was mtivated by the climate emergency, sme by the pprtunities and challenges presented by generative artificial intelligence. Yet in varius cnversatins, it seemed t be taken fr granted that t address the wrld’s prblems, scientific research needs t mve faster.(今年世界经济论坛会议的一个主题是人们认为有必要“加速研究和技术的突破”。其中一些框架是由气候紧急情况推动的，另一些是由可生成人工智能带来的机遇和挑战推动的。然而，在各种对话中，人们似乎理所当然地认为，要解决世界上的问题，科学研究需要加快步伐)”结合文章主要说明了如今科学研究存在急于发表论文，过于注重数量导致了很多问题。可知，A选项“快速科学的危险”最符合文章标题。故选A。
（23-24高二下·北京海淀·期末）Fd packaging frm arund the wrld cntains at least 68 “frever chemicals” that can seep int what we eat. a new study finds. And 61 f them are nt even suppsed t be used in such prducts. “It’s nt clear why the latter chemicals, which are nt n lists f thse authrized fr use in fd cntainers, are in such packaging.” says the study’s authr Birgit Geueke.
The study fcused n a class f chemicals called perfluralkyl and plyflurnlkyl substances (PFASs), which are smetimes called “frever chemicals” because they dn’t break dwn readily in the envirnment r in the bdy. That’s because their characteristic carbn-flurine bnd is ne f the strngest in nature. Fr decades, these substances have been used in a wide range f cnsumer prducts, frm ckware t pesticide s t csmetics, because they are prf against water and grease.
Geueke and her team fund a mismatch between what they detected in actual prducts and a database f PFAS chemicals authrized fr use in fd packaging. Abut 140 PFASs are knwn t be used in fd packaging, but nly seven f the 68 chemicals in the study were n this list. Geueke says it’s unclear hw r why the ther 61 chemicals turned up. David Andrews, a chemist and txiclgist at a nnprfit envirnmental advcacy rganizatin, suggests it’s pssible that unknwn impurities emerged during the manufacturing f the authrized chemicals r that the authrized PFASs degrade ver time. This class f chemicals includes many lng-chain mlecules, and they can break int shrter chains that are simply different types f PFASs.
PFASs have been fund in human bld and breast milk, drinking water, sil and ther startling places arund the wrld. Expsure t sme f the mst studied PFASs has been assciated with cancer. reprductive prblems and lessened respnses t vaccines. “There’s an incredible bdy f scientific evidence linking PFAS chemicals t health harm,” says Andrews. Many cuntries are evaluating restrictins f PFASs in fd packaging.
Chemical industry representatives have advcated fr dealing with PFASs as individual chemicals. Befre publishing the new study. Scientific American reached ut t the American Chemistry Cuncil (ACC), a chemistry industry trade assciatin, abut it, but the rganizatin did nt reply. On its dedicated PFAS webpage. ACC ntes that “all PFASs are nt the same. Each individual chemical has its wn unique prperties and uses.”
Andrews and Geueke bth say the presence f unknwn PFASs in fd packaging is gd reasn t regulate these chemicals as a single class—a psitin shared with many ther scientific experts and envirnmental prtectin grups. There are mre than 12,000 knwn PFASs, and scientists dn’t knw much abut mst f them. “Only sme PFASs have ever been tested fr txicity,” Geueke says, and “there are prbably ther ways t prduce fd packaging.”
1．What can we learn abut PFASs frm the passage?
A．They are able t resist water and grease.B．They last lng and never break dwn.
C．They cntain the lngest chemical bnd.D．They are mainly used fr fd packaging.
2．Paragraph 3 is mainly abut ______.
A．the ptential usage f the unknwn impurities
B．the authrizatin f fd packaging chemicals
C．the likely transfrming prcess frm PFASs int new chemicals
D．the pssible explanatin fr the presence f unauthrized PFASs
3．The wrds n the webpage in Paragraph 5 may shw that ACC ______.
A．has wrked ut ways t use PFASs safely in different prducts
B．agrees with chemical industry representatives regarding PFASs
C．has gt the authritative pwer in dealing with PFASs
D．supprts testing mre unknwn PFASs fr txicity
4．Which wuld Geueke prbably agree with?
A．Laws shuld be made t ban the use f PFASs.
B．Fd packaging alternatives shuld be explred.
C．The chemicals in fd packaging shuld be listed.
D．Scientists shuld cntinue discvering new PFASs.
【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 4．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了世界各地的食品包装中至少含有68种“永久化学物质”，它们会渗入我们所吃的食物中。一项新的研究发现。其中61种甚至不应该用于此类产品。对此科学家进行了研究。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Fr decades, these substances have been used in a wide range f cnsumer prducts, frm ckware t pesticide s t csmetics, because they are prf against water and grease.(几十年来，这些物质被广泛应用于各种消费品中，从炊具到杀虫剂再到化妆品，因为它们可以防水和防油脂)”可知，PFASs能抵抗水和油脂。故选A。
2．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Geueke and her team fund a mismatch between what they detected in actual prducts and a database f PFAS chemicals authrized fr use in fd packaging. Abut 140 PFASs are knwn t be used in fd packaging, but nly seven f the 68 chemicals in the study were n this list. Geueke says it’s unclear hw r why the ther 61 chemicals turned up. David Andrews, a chemist and txiclgist at a nnprfit envirnmental advcacy rganizatin, suggests it’s pssible that unknwn impurities emerged during the manufacturing f the authrized chemicals r that the authrized PFASs degrade ver time. This class f chemicals includes many lng-chain mlecules, and they can break int shrter chains that are simply different types f PFASs.( Geueke和她的团队发现，他们在实际产品中检测到的PFAS化学物质与授权用于食品包装的PFAS化学物质数据库不匹配。已知约有140种全氟辛烷化合物用于食品包装，但研究中68种化学物质中只有7种在清单上。Geueke说，目前还不清楚其他61种化学物质是如何或为什么出现的。非营利环保组织的化学家和毒理学家戴维·安德鲁斯认为，可能是在生产授权化学品的过程中出现了未知的杂质，或者是授权的全氟辛醚随着时间的推移而降解。这类化学物质包括许多长链分子，它们可以分解成不同类型的PFASs的短链)”可知，第3段主要是关于存在未经授权的PFASs的可能解释。故选D。
3．推理判断题。根据第五段“Chemical industry representatives have advcated fr dealing with PFASs as individual chemicals. Befre publishing the new study. Scientific American reached ut t the American Chemistry Cuncil (ACC), a chemistry industry trade assciatin, abut it, but the rganizatin did nt reply. On its dedicated PFAS webpage. ACC ntes that “all PFASs are nt the same. Each individual chemical has its wn unique prperties and uses.”(化学工业代表主张将全氟辛烷磺酸作为单独的化学品来处理。在发表这项新研究之前。《科学美国人》联系了美国化学理事会。一家化学工业行业协会对此表示关注，但该组织没有回复。在其专用的PFAS网页，行政协调会上指出，“并非所有PFASs都是相同的。每种化学物质都有其独特的性质和用途。”)”可知，网页上第5段的文字可能表明，行政协调会同意化学工业代表对全氟辛烷磺酸的看法。故选B。
4．细节理解题。根据最后一段““Only sme PFASs have ever been tested fr txicity,” Geueke says, and “there are prbably ther ways t prduce fd packaging.”(Geueke说：“只有一些全氟辛烷磺酸被测试过毒性，可能还有其他生产食品包装的方法。”)”可知，Geueke认同应探索替代食品包装。故选B。
（23-24高二下·北京石景山·期末）The prductin f cffee beans is a huge, prfitable business, but, unfrtunately, full-sun prductin is taking ver the industry and bringing abut a lt f damage. The change in hw cffee is grwn frm shade-grwn prductin t full-sun prductin endangers the very existence f certain animals and birds, and even disturbs the wrld’s eclgical balance.
On a lcal level, the damage f the frest required by full-sun fields affects the area’s birds and animals. The shade f the frest trees prvides a hme fr birds and ther (物种) that depend n the trees’ flwers and fruits. Full-sun cffee grwers destry this frest hme. As a result, many species are quickly dying ut.
On a mre glbal level, the destructin f the rainfrest fr full-sun cffee fields als threatens (威胁) human life. Medical research ften makes use f the frests’ plant and animal life, and the destructin f such species culd prevent researchers frm finding cures fr certain diseases. In additin, new cffee-grwing techniques are pisning the water lcally, and eventually the wrld’s grundwater.
Bth lcally and glbally, the cntinued spread f full-sun cffee plantatins (种植园) culd mean the destructin f the rainfrest eclgy. The lss f shade trees is already causing a slight change in the wrld’s climate, and studies shw that lss f xygen-giving trees als leads t air pllutin and glbal warming. Mrever, the new grwing techniques are cntributing t acidic (酸性的) sil cnditins.
It is bvius that the way much cffee is grwn affects many aspects f life, frm the lcal envirnment t the glbal eclgy. But cnsumers d have a chice. They can purchase shade-grwn cffee whenever pssible, althugh at a higher cst. The future health f the planet and mankind is surely wrth mre than an inexpensive cup f cffee.
1．What can we learn abut full-sun cffee prductin frm Paragraph 4?
A．It limits the spread f new grwing techniques.
B．It leads t air pllutin and glbal warming.
C．It slws dwn the lss f shade trees.
D．It imprves lcal sil cnditins.
2．The purpse f the text is t ________.
A．entertainB．advertiseC．instructD．persuade
3．Which f the fllwing shws the rganizatin f the passage?
(CP: Central Pint P: Pint C: Cnclusin)
A．B．
C．D．
【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了全日照的咖啡生产方式给环境和生态带来的种种危害，呼吁人们购买遮荫种植的咖啡。
1．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Bth lcally and glbally, the cntinued spread f full-sun cffee plantatins (种植园) culd mean the destructin f the rainfrest eclgy. The lss f shade trees is already causing a slight change in the wrld’s climate, and studies shw that lss f xygen-giving trees als leads t air pllutin and glbal warming.(在当地和全球范围内，全日照咖啡种植园的持续扩张可能意味着雨林生态的破坏。遮荫树的减少已经导致世界气候的轻微变化，研究表明，供氧气的树木的减少也会导致空气污染和全球变暖)”可知，全日照咖啡的种植方式会导致空气污染和全球变暖。故选B。
2．推理判断题。根据最后一段“But cnsumers d have a chice. They can purchase shade-grwn cffee whenever pssible, althugh at a higher cst. The future health f the planet and mankind is surely wrth mre than an inexpensive cup f cffee.(但消费者确实有选择。只要有可能，他们可以购买遮荫种植的咖啡，尽管价格更高。地球和人类未来的健康肯定比一杯廉价的咖啡更有价值)”可推知，作者写作本文的目的是劝说人们购买遮荫种植的咖啡。故选D。
3．推理判断题。文章第一段“The change in hw cffee is grwn frm shade-grwn prductin t full-sun prductin endangers the very existence f certain animals and birds, and even disturbs the wrld’s eclgical balance.(咖啡种植方式从遮荫生产转变为全日照生产，这危及了某些动物和鸟类的生存，甚至扰乱了世界的生态平衡)”提出中心论点，全日照的咖啡生产方式带来危害，第二段“On a lcal level, the damage f the frest required by full-sun fields affects the area’s birds and animals.(在地方层面上，充足的阳光场对森林的破坏会影响该地区的鸟类和动物)”、第三段“On a mre glbal level, the destructin f the rainfrest fr full-sun cffee fields als threatens (威胁) human life.(在更全球化的层面上，为全日照咖啡田而破坏雨林也威胁着人类的生命)”以及第四段“Bth lcally and glbally, the cntinued spread f full-sun cffee plantatins culd mean the destructin f the rainfrest eclgy.(在当地和全球范围内，全日照咖啡种植园的持续扩张可能意味着雨林生态的破坏)”从不同层面展开说明，三段为并列关系，最后一段“It is bvius that the way much cffee is grwn affects many aspects f life, frm the lcal envirnment t the glbal eclgy. (很明显，咖啡的种植方式会影响生活的许多方面，从当地环境到全球生态)”给出结论，所以A项能够体现文章的结构。故选A。
（23-24高二下·北京东城·期末）When climate activists glued themselves t the frame f a cpy f The Last Supper at Lndn’s Ryal Academy f Arts, they received a fairly sympathetic hearing. “N painting is wrth mre than my six-mnth-ld nephew’s life,” said a prtester, criticizing the British gvernment’s supprt f the fssil fuel industry during the urgent climate crisis. But when prtesters threw tmat sup at Van Ggh’s Sunflwers, and mashed ptates at Haystacks by Mnet — the censure rse.
“Abslutely absurd,” said the culture minister f France. “We have been deeply shaken by their risky endangerment,” read a statement frm the Internatinal Cuncil f Museums.
The prtesters are targeting wrks that are prtected behind glass — at least fr nw — s actual damage has been minimal. And perhaps the anger greeting their acts prves their pint: that peple care mre abut the threatened destructin f a painting than the actual destructin f the planet. But as the attacks wear n, and their impact decreases, they risk changing int a jke.
What’s especially misguided abut the prtests is their binary nature. “What is wrth mre, art r life?” a prtester asked. Why chse? “It’s pssible t blame bth envirnmental vandalism (蓄意破坏) and cultural vandalism at the same time,” Mark Pasnik, chair f the Bstn Art Cmmissin, said.
Art is nt the prblem here. In fact, cntemprary artists are making quite effective wrks abut the climate crisis, precisely using art as activism. Maya Lin’s Ghst Frest, a climate change memrial she created in a New Yrk City park, is nly ne example. “I believe that art can help us imagine and map sustainable future scenaris (设想), and, in ding s, give peple a way t see and hpe fr a different future,” Lin said.
The climate activists are surely crrect that the pace f refrm is far t slw, as the planet burns and deadly strms intensify. But they casually dismiss the sincere effrts f millins f peple wrking n the issue. It wuld be easier t respect the yung prtesters at Just Stp Oil, Last Generatin, and the rest f the splash grups if they were t spend their time and energy n the unexciting but essential plitical wrk arund climate change: legislatin, regulatin, and winning hearts and minds.
Perhaps predictably, the debates caused by the prtests have nt been abut climate change, but abut the prtests themselves. Given hw little they’ve dne t generate serius discussin r engage peple t the cause, the art attacks seem less like vital acts f lawbreaking than mere theatre.
1．What des the underlined wrd “censure” in Paragraph 1 prbably mean?
A．Apprval.B．Criticism.C．Stress.D．Spirits.
2．Which idea can help explain climate activists’ actin?
A．The end justifies the means.
B．Art speaks where wrds fail.
C．The freedm f prtest shuld be prtected.
D．Art matters in the fight against climate crisis.
3．What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A．The slutin t climate crisis lies in cmmunicatin.
B．Galleries shuld strengthen regulatins like theatres.
C．Climate activists shuld diversify their strategies.
D．Art attacks are mainly abut seeking attentin.
4．The authr writes the passage t ________.
A．launch a campaign B．assess a debateC．prpse a slutinD．challenge a practice
【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，讨论了气候活动家通过攻击艺术品来抗议气候变化的行为，以及这种行为的效果和影响。
1．词句猜测题。根据第一段“But when prtesters threw tmat sup at Van Ggh’s Sunflwers, and mashed ptates at Haystacks by Mnet — the censure rse(但当抗议者向梵高的《向日葵》扔番茄汤，向莫奈的《干草堆》扔土豆泥时，censure高涨)”可知，当抗议者向名画投掷食物时，引起了人们的强烈反应，这里“censure”指的是对这种行为的批评和指责，故选B项。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段“And perhaps the anger greeting their acts prves their pint: that peple care mre abut the threatened destructin f a painting than the actual destructin f the planet.(也许人们对他们的行为感到愤怒，这证明了他们的观点：人们更关心画作受到威胁的破坏，而不是地球实际上的破坏)”可知，气候活动家的激进行为是为了证明他们的观点（即人们更关心艺术品的潜在破坏，而不是地球的实际破坏），这让普通群众对此感到愤怒，可得出气候活动家的行动表明了A项“为了正当目的可以不择手段”，故选A项。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Given hw little they’ve dne t generate serius discussin r engage peple t the cause, the art attacks seem less like vital acts f lawbreaking than mere theatre.(考虑到他们在引发严肃讨论或吸引人们关注这一事业方面所做的努力微乎其微，艺术攻击似乎更像是戏剧表演，而不是至关重要的违法行为)”可知，作者认为气候活动家的艺术攻击行为更像是为了吸引注意力，而不是为了真正解决气候危机，故选D项。
4．推理判断题。根据第一段“When climate activists glued themselves t the frame f a cpy f The Last Supper at Lndn’s Ryal Academy f Arts, they received a fairly sympathetic hearing. “N painting is wrth mre than my six-mnth-ld nephew’s life,” said a prtester, criticizing the British gvernment’s supprt f the fssil fuel industry during the urgent climate crisis.(当气候活动人士将自己粘在伦敦皇家艺术学院一幅《最后的晚餐》复制品的框架上时，他们得到了相当同情的回应。“没有任何画作比我六个月大的侄子的生命更重要，”一名抗议者在批评英国政府在紧迫的气候危机中支持化石燃料产业时说)”、第二段“We have been deeply shaken by their risky endangerment(我们被他们的危险行为深深震惊了)”、第五段“In fact, cntemprary artists are making quite effective wrks abut the climate crisis, precisely using art as activism.(其实当代艺术家们正在用艺术作为行动主义的方式，创作出关于气候危机的相当有效的作品)”以及最后一段“Given hw little they’ve dne t generate serius discussin r engage peple t the cause, the art attacks seem less like vital acts f lawbreaking than mere theatre.(考虑到他们在引发严肃讨论或吸引人们关注这一事业方面所做的努力微乎其微，艺术攻击似乎更像是戏剧表演，而不是至关重要的违法行为)”可知，本文讨论了气候活动家通过攻击艺术品来抗议气候变化的行为，以及这种行为的效果和影响，并对这种行为提出了质疑，认为他们应该采取更有效的方式来应对气候危机。因此，作者写这篇文章的目的是质疑和挑战这种实践，故选D项。
（23-24高二下·北京东城·期末）In a new study, researchers have unveiled interesting findings that link the cnsumptin f refined carbhydrates-such as sugary snacks and highly prcessed fds-with changes in facial attractiveness. They fund that individuals wh cnsumed a high glycemic (血糖的) lad breakfast were rated as less attractive than thse wh cnsumed a lw ne.
104 participants were asked t attend the study early in the mrning n an empty stmach. Upn arrival, they were assigned t cnsume ne f tw types f breakfasts having the same calric values: ne high in refined carbhydrates and the ther lw. Abut tw hurs later, they were phtgraphed under standardized cnditins t ensure cnsistency in lighting, backgrund, and psitining. A separate grup f raters, wh were carefully selected t minimize cultural bias (偏见), assessed the facial phtgraphs, making judgments n verall attractiveness.
T evaluate lng-term dietary habits, the participants cmpleted detailed dietary questinnaires cncerning their cnsumptin during breakfast, afternn snacks, and between-meal snacks n the day befre the study. This infrmatin was used t calculate the glycemic lad and energy intake fr these meals, prviding a cmprehensive picture f their usual refined carbhydrate cnsumptin.
The researchers fund that participants wh cnsumed a breakfast rich in refined carbhydrates were less attractive than thse wh cnsumed a lw-glycemic breakfast. This effect was bserved fr bth male and female participants. The researchers prpsed that this culd be related t the physilgical effects f lw bld sugar, such as changes in skin bld flw and clur, which ccur fllwing the cnsumptin f high-glycemic fds.
When examining lng-term cnsumptin f refined carbhydrates thrugh glycemic lad measures, the researchers fund that a higher energy intake at breakfast was assciated with increased attractiveness fr bth men and wmen, suggesting that fds high in fats and prteins, which d nt lead t rapid glycemic respnses, might cntribute psitively t perceived attractiveness.
Hwever, the effects f refined carbhydrate cnsumptin n attractiveness varied depending n the specific meal and the gender f the participants. Fr example, while high energy intake at breakfast increased attractiveness acrss bth genders, the glycemic lad f afternn snacks had ppsite effects fr men and wmen. Men with a higher glycemic lad during their afternn snack were perceived as mre attractive, but fr wmen, a lwer glycemic lad in this meal was assciated with increased attractiveness.
While the study includes sme limitatins, the findings serve as a strng reminder f the far-reaching impact f dietary chices. Further research is needed t understand the brader scial implicatins f diet, which culd prvide valuable insights int the cmplex interplay between diet, bilgy, and scial behaviur.
1．What are Paragraph 2 and 3 mainly abut?
A．The research purpse.B．The research methds.
C．The research prpsal.D．The research backgrund.
2．What can we learn abut the research findings?
A．Sharp glycemic reactins might reduce attractiveness.
B．Lw bld sugar culd impact attractiveness psitively.
C．Men were less affected by refined carbhydrate cnsumptin.
D．High energy intake at meals had incnsistent effects n wmen.
3．What is the purpse f the research?
A．T explain a fd preference.B．T illustrate a bilgical prcess.
C．T present a dietary phenmenn.D．T explre a cmplex assciatin.
【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一项研究发现，摄入精制碳水化合物如甜食和高度加工食品会影响面部吸引力。
1．主旨大意题。根据第二段中“Upn arrival, they were assigned t cnsume ne f tw types f breakfasts having the same calric values: ne high in refined carbhydrates and the ther lw.”（到达目的地后，他们被分配食用两种热量相同的早餐中的一种：一种是高精制碳水化合物早餐，另一种是低精制碳水化合物早餐。）以及第三段中“T evaluate lng-term dietary habits, the participants cmpleted detailed dietary questinnaires cncerning their cnsumptin during breakfast, afternn snacks, and between-meal snacks n the day befre the study.”（为了评估长期饮食习惯，参与者填写了详细的饮食调查问卷，内容涉及研究前一天早餐、下午点心和两餐之间点心的食用情况。）可知第二段和第三段主要说的是研究方法。故选B项。
2．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段中“the researchers fund that a higher energy intake at breakfast was assciated with increased attractiveness fr bth men and wmen, suggesting that fds high in fats and prteins, which d nt lead t rapid glycemic respnses, might cntribute psitively t perceived attractiveness(研究人员发现早餐时摄入更多的能量与男性和女性的吸引力增加有关，这表明富含脂肪和蛋白质的食物，不会导致快速的血糖反应，可能对感知吸引力有积极的贡献)”可知，富含脂肪和蛋白质的食物，不会导致快速的血糖反应，可能对感知吸引力有积极的贡献，由此推知剧烈的血糖反应可能会降低吸引力。故选A项。
3．推理判断题。根据第一段中“In a new study, researchers have unveiled interesting findings that link the cnsumptin f refined carbhydrates-such as sugary snacks and highly prcessed fds-with changes in facial attractiveness. ”（在一项新的研究中，研究人员公布了一项有趣的发现，即精制碳水化合物的摄入与面部吸引力的变化有关。）可知，这个研究的目的是为了探索精制碳水化合物的摄入与面部吸引力的变化之间复杂的关联。故选D项。
（23-24高二下·北京丰台·期末）.
The vilence f shaking frm an earthquake is usually fcused in the directin the quake is traveling. But a bmerang quake may spread the intense shaking acrss a wider zne. The new study, published tday in the jurnal Nature Gescience, is a majr step tward clearing up the cmplex physics behind bmerang quakes and understanding their ptential damage.
The latest bmerang was recrded near the mid-cean ridge in the Atlantic in 2016. By examining the psitin f the epicenter (震中) and the energy released by each shaking phase, Stephen Hicks, an earthquake seismlgist at the Imperial Cllege Lndn and first authr f the new study, identified what seemed t be tw steps f the quake:The quake initially headed eastward, but then turned back west. “This was weird, ”he says. This secnd leg f the quake mved remarkably quickly, at s-called supershear speeds. The quake unzipped the surface at an estimated 11, 000 miles per hur—fast enugh t dart frm New Yrk t Lndn in 18. 5 minutes, s fast that it caused the gelgic versin f a snic bm.
Hw ften des this happen?A bmerang quake at supershear speeds, as Hicks and his team bserved in the Atlantic, may be a fairly rare type. But wider evidence f bmerang quakes is munting. These back-tracking events have been studied in cmputer mdels as well as simulated in lab experiments. “The thery says that it’s there, but it’s quite difficult t see that [in the real wrld], ”says Hicks. The 2016 earthquake in Kumamt als seems t have ruptured (破裂) in a similar prcess. Fr that event, the initial shake triggered tw ther quakes, ne f which raced backward t partially verlap the initial break.
Understanding when and why these bmerang events happen is vital t grappling with risks earthquakes present. “Studies like this help us understand hw past earthquakes ruptured, hw future earthquakes may rupture, and hw that relates t the ptential impact fr faults (断层) near ppulated areas, ”says Hicks.
These bmerangs maybe bscured by cnventinal appraches used t analyze quakes, which are based n an assumptin that a quake rushes in ne directin. “Naturally we’re nt lking fr it, we dn’t expect it t exist,” Hicks says. Yet fr earthquakes, it seems, cmplexities might be the nrm rather than the exceptin. As Hicks puts it: “The mre and mre we lk at earthquakes in mre detail, f curse we see stranger things.”
1．A bmerang earthquake differs frm ther quakes because ________.
A．it mves at a super-fast speed
B．it triggers several small quakes
C．it releases immeasurable energy
D．it shakes in tw ppsite directins
2．Frm the passage, we can learn that _________.
A．the cming f the next bmerang can be predicted
B．bmerangs are t cmplex t be fully understd
C．bmerang events are cmmnplace in the real wrld
D．cmmn methds are reliable in analyzing bmerangs
3．What des the underlined phrase “grappling with” in paragraph 4 prbably mean?
A．putting ffB．cping with
C．bringing abutD．fighting against
【答案】1．D 2．B 3．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“回旋镖地震”的研究进展和潜在危害。这种地震的特点是在传播过程中会改变方向，产生更广泛的强烈震动。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“The vilence f shaking frm an earthquake is usually fcused in the directin the quake is traveling. But a bmerang quake may spread the intense shaking acrss a wider zne. (地震产生的强烈震动通常集中在地震传播的方向上。但回旋镖地震可能会将强烈的震动扩散到更大的区域。)”同时根据第二段中“By examining the psitin f the epicenter(震中)and the energy released by each shaking phase, Stephen Hicks, an earthquake seismlgist at the Imperial Cllege Lndn and first authr f the new study, identified what seemed t be tw steps f the quake:The quake initially headed eastward, but then turned back west. (伦敦帝国理工学院(Imperial Cllege Lndn)的地震学家、这项新研究的第一作者斯蒂芬·希克斯(Stephen Hicks)通过研究震中的位置和每个震动阶段释放的能量，确定了地震的两个步骤：地震最初向东移动，但随后又向西转回。)”可知，一个回旋镖地震可能将强烈的震动传播到更广泛的区域，最新的回旋镖地震先向东移动，但随后又向西转回，因此回旋镖地震的震动方向会改变，先朝一个方向，然后转向相反的方向。因此，回旋镖地震与其他地震的主要区别在于它在两个相反的方向上震动。故选D。
2．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Yet fr earthquakes, it seems, cmplexities might be the nrm rather than the exceptin. As Hicks puts it: “The mre and mre we lk at earthquakes in mre detail, f curse we see stranger things.”(然而，对于地震来说，复杂性似乎是常态，而不是例外。正如希克斯所说：“我们对地震的观察越细致，当然就会看到更奇怪的东西。”)”可知，这表明回旋镖地震非常复杂，难以完全理解。故选B。
3．词义猜测题。根据划线词前面的内容“Understanding when and why these bmerang events happen is vital t…(了解这些“回旋镖地震”事件发生的时间和原因对于……)”以及划线词后面的内容“... risks earthquakes present.(……存在地震风险。)”以及后文中“Studies like this help us understand hw past earthquakes ruptured, hw future earthquakes may rupture, and hw that relates t the ptential impact fr faults (断层) near ppulated areas(这样的研究帮助我们了解过去的地震是如何破裂的，未来的地震可能会如何破裂，以及这与人口稠密地区附近断层的潜在影响有何关系)”可知，研究回旋镖地震帮助我们了解过去的地震是如何破裂的，未来的地震可能会如何破裂，以及这与人口稠密地区附近断层的潜在影响有何关系即研究回旋镖地震能够有助于我们处理或者解决目前地震存在的危险。故划线词与B选项“cping with(处理，解决)”为同义词。故选B。
（23-24高二下·北京昌平·期末）Our planet has just seen its httest mnth n recrd, with many places n fire r flded. The likelihd f extreme weather keeps increasing—and peple are nticing. Hwever, nt everyne ntices r feels this threat t the same extent.
Based n a representative sample f 1,071 survey respndents frm acrss the UK, we fund that peple in rural areas shwed higher degrees f place attachment than peple living in cities, as we expected. Hwever, we were surprised t see that the perceived threat f climate change in: mst rural lcatins was lwer. We had nt expected that utcme, s we started t dig a little deeper fr pssible reasns.
Rural peple may be mre resilient t change. Rural peple may experience climate change like everyne else, but they may have better ways f cping with it than city residents because f their clser relatinship with nature. This may have taught them t be mre flexible in hw they deal with change. After all, nature changes a lt and that culd make them less wrried abut the majr changes happening arund them.
Peple in rural areas may nt be as aware f climate change as peple in cities. Lking mre clsely, the effect is mstly dwn t educatin rather than whether peple live in rural areas r nt. Research shws that general levels f climate awareness in the UK are quite high. But this des nt necessarily crrespnd t readiness fr actin r behaviural change. It is well dcumented, thugh, that rural inhabitants tend t have mre cnservative views, which culd affect the way climate change is interpreted. Cnservative views are ften assciated with less cncern abut the climate.
Peple in rural areas may nt experience climate change in the same wav as peple in cities. This is because rural areas have higher levels f green space than urban areas. Fr example, yu will feel the heat less when yu are surrunded by trees.
S, althugh we were surprised that the higher degree f place attachment in peple living rurally did nt necessarily lead t a higher perceptin f climate change threat, we can see there are gd reasns fr that.
1．What des the wrd “resilient” underlined in Paragraph 3 mst prbably mean?
A．Easy t adapt.B．Ready t illustrate.
C．Difficult t ntice.D．Willing t challenge.
2．What can we learn frm the passage?
A．Cnservative views in rural areas lwer the perceptin f climate change.
B．Strng rural place attachment results in higher climate change awareness.
C．Well-educated peple are mre likely t take actins fr climate change.
D．Rural peple pay mre attentin t climate change than city residents.
3．Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．Wh are t blame fr climate change?
B．Hw d peple perceive climate change?
C．Why is climate change perceived differently?
D．What can peple d t cpe with climate change?
【答案】1．A 2．A 3．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了农村地区的人们相比于城市居民来说对气候变化的感知度较低，并分析了其中的原因。
1．词句猜测题。根据文章第三段“Rural peple may experience climate change like everyne else, but they may have better ways f cping with it than city residents because f their clser relatinship with nature.(农村人可能会像其他人一样经历气候变化，但他们可能比城市居民有更好的应对方式，因为他们与自然的关系更密切。)”可知，农村人可能更能适应气候变化，所以推断划线词的意思是“容易适应”。故选A项。
2．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“It is well dcumented, thugh, that rural inhabitants tend t have mre cnservative views, which culd affect the way climate change is interpreted. Cnservative views are ften assciated with less cncern abut the climate.(然而，有充分的证据表明，农村居民往往有更保守的观点，这可能会影响对气候变化的解释。保守的观点往往与不太关心气候联系在一起。)”可推知，农村地区的保守观点降低了人们对气候变化的感知度。故选A项。
3．主旨大意题。分析全文内容，结合第二段中“Hwever, we were surprised t see that the perceived threat f climate change in: mst rural lcatins was lwer.(然而，我们惊讶地发现，大多数农村地区对气候变化威胁的感知程度较低)”可知，文章主要介绍了农村地区的人们相比于城市居民来说对气候变化的感知度较低，并分析了其中的原因，所以C选项“为什么人们对气候变化的看法不同？”适合用作文章标题。故选C项。
（23-24高二下·北京昌平·期末）Kim fund the prspect f learning a new language discuraging, especially as an adult. She saw spending dzens r hurs a year n lessns with nly slw prgress n a new skill as ut f reach. This was undubtedly nw Kim felt abut her decades’ lng ambitin t learn Spanish. That all changed, hwever, when a ppular language-learning app presented a mre attractive apprach: cmplete ne lessn—just six r seven minutes lng—every day in rder t eventually becme bilingual (双语的). This adds up t abut 40 hurs f study each year, but it is presented as a bite-size daily gal. Actually, this can be applied t almst any ambitius target. But hw effective is it?
Fr ur study, we partnered with CTL, a nnprfit rganizatin that prvides free crisis cnsultatin. All CTL vlunteers are asked t cmplete 200 hurs f crisis cnsultatin within a year. We were curius if breaking dwn this gal culd make it mre apprachable and increase actual wrking hurs.
We randmly assigned mre than 9,000 CTL vlunteers t receive e-mails fr three mnths. One grup was encuraged t hit the 200-hur mark with n actual gal breakdwn. Tw ther grups, hwever, were given clear subgals: we encuraged ne t vlunteer fr fur hurs every week and the ther t vlunteer fr eight hurs every tw weeks. Then we tracked hw much time each grup spent vlunteering during ur study.
Bth grups wh were encuraged t fcus n a smaller subgal vlunteered 7 t 8 percent mre than their peers wh were merely encuraged t hit their big gal. We als fund suggestive evidence that the mre flexible “eight hurs every tw weeks” framing led t mre lasting benefits ver time. Althugh vlunteering declined each week during the study acrss all participants, this decline was slwer in the “eight hurs every tw weeks” cnditin. It suggests that making mdest gals flexible might encurage lng-term perseverance.
If s, after ne year, becming bilingual is at last within reach fr Kim.
1．The authr mentins Kim in the first paragraph mainly t ________.
A．make a predictinB．intrduce a tpic
C．present an assumptinD．evaluate an argument
2．Why did the authr and his team cperate with CLT?
A．T calculate the prfits f the rganizatin.
B．T increase the actual hurs f vluntary wrk.
C．T evaluate the effectiveness f a gal-setting strategy.
D．T imprve the wrking skills f vlunteers in cnsultatin.
3．What is Paragraph 3 mainly abut?
A．Analysis f the study.B．Prcess f the study.
C．Findings f the study.D．Significance f the study.
4．What des the authr intend t tell us?
A．Making a fixed gal helps lnger perseverance.
B．Setting a bigger gal drives peple t achieve mre.
C．Sticking t an ambitius gal cntributes t success.
D．Breaking dwn a bigger gal leads t better results.
【答案】1．B 2．C 3．B 4．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了一个流行的语言学习应用程序通过把学习目标分解成小目标，来完成最后的学习任务。研究表明，将适度的目标变得灵活可能会鼓励长期的毅力。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Kim fund the prspect f learning a new language discuraging, especially as an adult. She saw spending dzens r hurs a year n lessns with nly slw prgress n a new skill as ut f reach. This was undubtedly nw Kim felt abut her decades’ lng ambitin t learn Spanish. That all changed, hwever, when a ppular language-learning app presented a mre attractive apprach: cmplete ne lessn—just six r seven minutes lng—every day in rder t eventually becme bilingual (双语的).( Kim发现学习一门新语言的前景令人沮丧，尤其是作为一个成年人。她认为，一年花几十个或几个小时上一门新技能的课，而在这门新技能上只有缓慢的进步是遥不可及的。这无疑是金现在对她几十年来学习西班牙语的夙愿的感受。然而，这一切都改变了，当一个流行的语言学习应用程序提出了一个更有吸引力的方法：为了最终成为双语，每天完成一节课——只要六到七分钟)”可知，作者在第一段提到Kim主要是为了引入话题。故选B。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Fr ur study, we partnered with CTL, a nnprfit rganizatin that prvides free crisis cnsultatin. All CTL vlunteers are asked t cmplete 200 hurs f crisis cnsultatin within a year. We were curius if breaking dwn this gal culd make it mre apprachable and increase actual wrking hurs.(在我们的研究中，我们与CTL合作，这是一个提供免费危机咨询的非营利组织。所有CTL志愿者都被要求在一年内完成200小时的危机咨询。我们很好奇，打破这个目标是否能让它更容易实现，并增加实际工作时间)”可知，作者和他的团队与CLT合作是为了评估目标设定策略的有效性。故选C。
3．主旨大意题。根据第三段“We randmly assigned mre than 9,000 CTL vlunteers t receive e-mails fr three mnths. One grup was encuraged t hit the 200-hur mark with n actual gal breakdwn. Tw ther grups, hwever, were given clear subgals: we encuraged ne t vlunteer fr fur hurs every week and the ther t vlunteer fr eight hurs every tw weeks. Then we tracked hw much time each grup spent vlunteering during ur study.(我们随机分配了9000多名CTL志愿者，在三个月内接收电子邮件。其中一组被鼓励在没有实际目标分解的情况下达到200小时的目标。然而，另外两组被赋予了明确的子目标：我们鼓励一组每周做4小时的志愿者，另一组每两周做8小时的志愿者。然后我们追踪了每一组在研究期间做志愿者的时间)”可知，第三段的主要内容是研究过程。故选B。
4．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Bth grups wh were encuraged t fcus n a smaller subgal vlunteered 7 t 8 percent mre than their peers wh were merely encuraged t hit their big gal. We als fund suggestive evidence that the mre flexible “eight hurs every tw weeks” framing led t mre lasting benefits ver time. Althugh vlunteering declined each week during the study acrss all participants, this decline was slwer in the “eight hurs every tw weeks” cnditin. It suggests that making mdest gals flexible might encurage lng-term perseverance.(两组被鼓励专注于小目标的志愿者比那些只被鼓励实现大目标的同龄人多出7%到8%。我们还发现，随着时间的推移，更灵活的“每两周八小时”框架能带来更持久的好处。尽管在研究期间，所有参与者的志愿活动每周都在减少，但在“每两周8小时”的情况下，这种下降速度较慢。研究表明，将适度的目标变得灵活可能会鼓励长期的毅力)”可知，作者想告诉我们把更大的目标分解会带来更好的结果。故选D。
（23-24高二下·北京西城·期末）With its 1.2 millin LED lights shining brightly against the Las Vegas night, the Las Vegas Sphere may well be the ultimate symbl f 2020s veruse. But that gigantic entertainment space is als smething else: a symbl f the cming cnflict between ur climate gals and ur seemingly insatiable (永不满足) appetite fr stuff.
In the 1990s, multiclr LED lights were invented t prevent climate disasters by greatly reducing the amunt f electricity we use. After all, LED lights use 90 percent less energy and last arund 18 times lnger than incandescent bulbs (白炽灯). Yet the amunt f electricity we cnsume fr light glbally is rughly the same tday as it was in 2010. That’s partly because f ppulatin and ecnmic grwth in the develping wrld. But anther big reasn is that as technlgy has advanced, we’ve nly grwn mre wasteful.
There’s an ecnmic term fr this: the Jevns Paradx, named fr the 19th-century English ecnmist William Stanley Jevns, wh nticed that as steam engines became ever mre efficient, Britain’s appetite fr cal increased rather than decreased. The lgic f Jevns is that instead f banking the efficiency savings we make as technlgy advances, we g ut and spend it.
Tday, yu can see examples f the Paradx everywhere. When residents in England installed hme insulatin, their verall heating energy demand sn rebunded, ending up at abut the same level as it was befre: The residents had apparently chsen t turn up their thermstats (温控器) and live in warmer hmes.
The gd news is that in sme cases the efficiency gains are s great that even ur insatiable appetite fr new stuff cannt cmpletely negate them. Tday’s car engines require less fuel, even thugh Americans n average nw drive lnger distances in heavier cars. Hwever, the bad news is that the Jevns Paradx seems t be hard-wired int us. There are few examples thrughut histry f peple willingly cnsuming less energy, either fr mral r envirnmental reasns.
Fr sme, the slutin is bvius: Gvernments must d mre t limit ur energy use, perhaps thrugh regulatins r taxes. A glbal carbn tax wuld help — thugh the chances f establishing ne remain slim. A mre innvative answer cmes frm Rb West, funder and chief executive f Thunder Said Energy. Having spent years dcumenting the Jevns Paradx and finding it far mre widespread than ecnmists predicted, he thinks the best hpe we have is t fight Jevns with Jevns. That means applying the idea that cnsumptin increases as gds becme cheaper and mre efficient t ur prductin f energy. In ther wrds, the future lies nt in ratining (定量供应) energy and hping humans suddenly change their behavir, but in ensuring any energy we use is as green and attractive as pssible.
1．Why des the authr mentin the Las Vegas Sphere?
A．T highlight a space.B．T predict an ending.
C．T prvide a slutin.D．T express a cncern.
2．What des the underlined wrd “negate” in Paragraph 5 mst prbably mean?
A．Put ff.B．Break dwn.C．Push up.D．Wipe ut.
3．What can we learn frm the passage?
A．The Jevns Paradx requires mre examples.
B．Envirnmental awareness is hard-wired in humans.
C．Energy cnsumptin grws as technlgy advances.
D．Efficiency gains guarantee the realizatin f climate gals.
4．Which f the fllwing statements wuld Rb West mst prbably agree with?
A．The slutin is always t further energy efficiency.
B．A glbal carbn tax has aided in limiting energy use.
C．Humans are eager t change their cnsumptin behavir.
D．Ecnmists have verestimated the effect f the Jevns Paradx.
【答案】1．D 2．D 3．C 4．A
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。本文探讨了随着技术进步而出现的能源浪费现象，特别是所谓的“杰文斯悖论”，即随着能源使用效率的提高，人们并未因此减少能源消耗，反而因为商品变得更加便宜和高效而增加了消费。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“With its 1.2 millin LED lights shining brightly against the Las Vegas night, the Las Vegas Sphere may well be the ultimate symbl f 2020s veruse. But that gigantic entertainment space is als smething else: a symbl f the cming cnflict between ur climate gals and ur seemingly insatiable (永不满足) appetite fr stuff. (120万盏LED灯在拉斯维加斯的夜空下闪闪发光，拉斯维加斯球体很可能是本世纪20年代过度使用的终极象征。但这个巨大的娱乐空间也有别的含义：它象征着我们的气候目标与我们似乎无法满足的物质欲望之间即将发生的冲突)”可知，拉斯维加斯球体是2020年代过度使用的终极象征，同时也是我们气候目标与我们似乎永不满足的物质欲望之间即将发生的冲突的象征。因此，作者提到拉斯维加斯球体是为了表达一种担忧。故选D。
2．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文的句子“Tday’s car engines require less fuel, even thugh Americans n average nw drive lnger distances in heavier cars. Hwever, the bad news is that the Jevns Paradx seems t be hard-wired int us. There are few examples thrughut histry f peple willingly cnsuming less energy, either fr mral r envirnmental reasns. (今天的汽车发动机需要更少的燃料，尽管美国人现在平均驾驶更重的汽车行驶更远的距离。然而，坏消息是，杰文斯悖论似乎与我们根深蒂固。纵观历史，人们出于道德或环境原因愿意减少能源消耗的例子很少)”可知，在某些情况下，效率的提高是如此之大，即使我们对新事物的贪得无厌的胃口也不能完全否定它们。因此，划线词与D选项“Wipe ut(勾销，去除)”意思接近。故选D。
3．推理判断题。根据第三段中“There’s an ecnmic term fr this: the Jevns Paradx, named fr the 19th-century English ecnmist William Stanley Jevns, wh nticed that as steam engines became ever mre efficient, Britain’s appetite fr cal increased rather than decreased. The lgic f Jevns is that instead f banking the efficiency savings we make as technlgy advances, we g ut and spend it. (对此有一个经济学术语：杰文斯悖论(Jevns Paradx)，以19世纪英国经济学家威廉·斯坦利·杰文斯(William Stanley Jevns)的名字命名。他注意到，随着蒸汽机的效率越来越高，英国对煤炭的需求非但没有减少，反而增加了。杰文斯的逻辑是，我们不是把随着技术进步而节省下来的效率存起来，而是走出去花掉)”可知，随着技术的进步，能源消耗实际上在增长，而不是减少。特别是提到了杰文斯悖论（Jevns Paradx），即随着蒸汽机等技术的效率提高，能源消耗并没有减少，反而因为商品变得更加便宜和高效而增加了。因此，我们可以得出结论，能源消耗随着技术的进步而增长。故选C。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“A mre innvative answer cmes frm Rb West, funder and chief executive f Thunder Said Energy. Having spent years dcumenting the Jevns Paradx and finding it far mre widespread than ecnmists predicted, he thinks the best hpe we have is t fight Jevns with Jevns. That means applying the idea that cnsumptin increases as gds becme cheaper and mre efficient t ur prductin f energy. In ther wrds, the future lies nt in ratining (定量供应) energy and hping humans suddenly change their behavir, but in ensuring any energy we use is as green and attractive as pssible. (来自Thunder Said Energy的创始人兼首席执行官罗布·韦斯特（Rb West）给出了一个更具创新性的答案。他花了几年的时间来记录杰文斯悖论（Jevns Paradx），并发现这个悖论比经济学家预测的要普遍得多。他认为，我们最好的希望就是用杰文斯悖论来对抗杰文斯悖论。这意味着，随着商品变得更加便宜和高效，消费也会增加，我们将这种思想应用到能源生产中。换句话说，未来不在于对能源进行配给，并希望人类突然改变他们的行为，而在于确保我们使用的任何能源都尽可能地绿色和吸引人)”可知，Rb West认为对抗杰文斯悖论的最好希望是用杰文斯悖论本身来对抗它，这意味着应用商品变得更便宜和更高效时消费增加的观念到我们的能源生产上。这意味着未来的出路不在于定量供应能源和寄望于人类突然改变行为，而在于确保我们使用的任何能源都尽可能环保和吸引人。因此，他认为提高能源效率是解决问题的关键。故选A。
（23-24高二下·北京西城·期末）Our travels are nt limited t physical time. We als experience mental time travel. We visit the past thrugh ur memries and then jurney int the future by imagining what tmrrw r next year might bring. When we d s, we think f urselves as we are nw, remember wh we nce were and envisin hw we will be.
A recent study explres hw ne particular brain regin helps t knit tgether memries f the present and future selves. When peple sustain an injury t this area, it leads t a damaged sense f identity. The regin, called vmPFC, may prduce a fundamental mdel f the persn and place it in mental time. When the regin des s, it may be the surce f ur sense f self. It’s als fund that memries that reference the self are easier t recall. They benefit frm what researchers have called a self-reference effect.
In the study, the researchers used the self-reference effect t assess memries f present and future selves amng peple wh had brain lesins (损伤) t the vmPFC． The scientists wrked with peple with vmPFC lesins, then cmpared them with a cntrl grup made up f peple with injuries t ther parts f the brain and healthy individuals. They were asked t list adjectives t describe themselves and a celebrity, bth in the present and future. Later, they had t recall these same traits. It was discvered that peple in the cntrl grup culd recall mre adjectives linked t themselves than adjectives linked t the celebrity. Hwever, the participants with vmPFC lesins had little r n ability t recall references t the self, regardless f the cntext f time. Their identificatin f adjectives fr celebrities was als cmparatively weak.
These findings are intriguing, fr the study helps us understand hw self-related memries depend n the functin f the vmPFC． But what abut ur past selves? Previus studies asked peple t cnsider their past selves, but there was n evidence f the self-reference effect. Our past selves seem freign t us, as if they were individuals apart frm us.
One idea that scientists have put frward t understand this distinctin is that perhaps we are nt very kind in ur judgments f ur past selves. Instead we may be rather critical f ur previus behavir, emtins and persnal traits. We may use ur past primarily t cnstruct a mre psitive self-image in the present. Put anther way, because we may recgnize flaws (瑕疵) in ur past self’s behavir, we tend t distance urselves frm the persn we nce were.
Therefre, bringing the present and future int the sptlight is central t understanding the way ur brain and thughts shape ur current selves. And with the research, we have a better idea abut the way a small regin within ur brain is able t build and hld the cre ability t maintain ur identity.
1．Frm the passage, we can learn that ________.
A．peple with vmPFC lesins have a brken sense f identity
B．vmPFC-injured peple recall celebrities better than thers d
C．the self-reference effect plays a vital rle in cnsidering past self
D．peple tend t accept past self after realizing their previus faults
2．As fr the findings f the recent study n vmPFC, the authr is ________.
A．criticalB．dubtfulC．apprvingD．uncncerned
3．Which f the fllwing wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．Testing Our MemriesB．Creating Our Sense f Self
C．The Pwer f Self-Reference EffectD．The Imprtance f Mental Time Travel
【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章探讨了大脑中的一个特定区域（vmPFC）如何帮助我们将现在的记忆与未来的自我记忆结合起来，从而维持我们的身份感。这项研究发现加深了我们对大脑如何塑造和维持我们当前身份的理解。
1．细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“ It was discvered that peple in the cntrl grup culd recall mre adjectives linked t themselves than adjectives linked t the celebrity. Hwever, the participants with vmPFC lesins had little r n ability t recall references t the self, regardless f the cntext f time. Their identificatin f adjectives fr celebrities was als cmparatively weak. (研究发现，对照组的人能回忆起更多与自身相关的形容词，而不是与名人相关的形容词。然而，vmPFC损伤的参与者几乎无法回忆起与自身相关的引用，无论时间背景如何。他们对名人的形容词识别能力也相对较弱。)”可知，当人们在这个区域（vmPFC）受伤时，他们几乎无法回忆起与自身相关的引用，无论时间背景如何会导致身份感的受损。这与选项A的描述“peple with vmPFC lesins have a brken sense f identity (vmPFC损伤的人失去了身份感)”相符。故选A。
2．推理判断题。根据第四段中“These findings are intriguing, fr the study helps us understand hw self-related memries depend n the functin f the vmPFC. (这些发现很有趣，因为这项研究帮助我们理解自我相关的记忆是如何依赖于vmPFC的功能的。)”可知，作者认为这些发现很有趣，因为这项研究帮助我们理解自我相关记忆如何依赖于vmPFC的功能，这说明作者对于vmPFC研究的发现持肯定态度。因此，作者对于vmPFC研究的发现持赞成态度。C选项“apprving(支持的)”与作者态度相一致。故选C。
3．主旨大意题。通读全文，文章主要讨论了vmPFC区域如何帮助我们将现在的记忆与未来的自我记忆结合起来，以维持我们的身份感。B选项“Creating Our Sense f Self(创造我们的自我意识)”最能概括文章的主旨，符合文章标题。故选B。
2023-2024学年北京期末真题
（22-23高二下·北京朝阳·期末）A theme at this year’s Wrld Ecnmic Frum (WEF) meeting in Switzerland was the perceived need t “speed up breakthrughs in research and technlgy” Sme f this framing was mtivated by the climate emergency; sme by the pprtunities and challenges presented by generative artificial intelligence (AI). In varius cnversatins, it seems t be taken fr granted that t address the wrld’s prblems, scientific research needs t mve faster and break things. But what if the thing being brken is science? Or public trust?
In recent years, we’ve seen imprtant papers written by well-knwn scientists and published in influential jurnals were retracted (召回) because f questinable data r methds. In ne ntable case, Frances H. Arnld, wh shared the 2018 Nbel Prize in Chemistry, vluntarily retracted a paper when her lab was unable t replicate (复制) her results — but after the paper had been published. In an pen aplgy, she stated that she was “a bit busy” when the paper was submitted and “did nt d my jb well”. Arnld’s hnesty is admirable, but it raises a questin; Are schlars at super cmpetitive places such as Harvard, Stanfrd and Yale rushing t publish rather than taking the time t d their wrk right?
It’s impssible t answer this questin scientifically because there’s n scientific definitin f “rushing”. But there’s little dubt that we live in a culture where academics at leading universities are under enrmus pressure t prduce results—and a lt f them—quickly.
Frmal research assessments have fr years judged academic departments largely n the utput quantity. The existing system has led t reduced mtivatin fr excellence and innvatin in academic research. A recent refrm by academics within the field has urged fr quality ver quantity.
Gd science takes time. Mre than 50 years passed between the 1543 publicatin f Cpernicus’s magnum pus (天体运行论), and the brad scientific acceptance f the helicentric mdel f the universe. Nearly a century passed between bichemist Friedrich Miescher’s identificatin f the DNA and the clarificatin f its duble-helix structure in the 1950s. And it tk just abut half a century fr gelgists and gephysicists t accept gephysicist Alfred Wegener’s idea f cntinental mvement.
Scientists and ther schlars are pushing results ut far faster than they used t. Cnsider the vlume f academic papers being published these days. One recent study put the number at ver seven millin a year, cmpared with fewer than a millin as recently as 1980. Anther study fund 265 academic authrs—tw thirds f whm were in the medical and life sciences—wh published a paper every five days n average.
Sme f this grwth is driven by mre scientists and mre c-authrship f papers, but the numbers als suggest that the research wrld has priritized quantity ver quality. Researchers may need t slw dwn—nt speed up—if we are t prduce trustwrthy knwledge.
1．The authr gives an example f Frances H. Arnld t shw that ______.
A．academic fields value hnestyB．scientists lack time fr research
C．schlars tend t publish papers in a hurryD．labratries fail t replicate scientific results
2．What can be inferred frm the passage?
A．AI and climate issues blck research prgress.
B．Defining “rushing” bsts academic prductivity.
C．Identifying DNA is easier than clarifying its structure.
D．Schlars have acknwledged the prblem with academic evaluatin.
3．Accrding t the passage, what is the authr’s pinin n scientific research?
A．Research credibility is a tp pririty in science.
B．Mre publicatins enhance researchers’ reputatin.
C．Studies in medical and life sciences are satisfactry.
D．C-authrship needs t be cancelled fr reliable research.
【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了如今科学研究存在急于发表论文，过于注重数量导致了很多问题。
1．推理判断题。根据第二段“Arnld’s hnesty is admirable, but it raises a questin; Are schlars at super cmpetitive places such as Harvard, Stanfrd and Yale rushing t publish rather than taking the time t d their wrk right?(Arnld的诚实令人钦佩，但这也引发了一个问题；哈佛、斯坦福和耶鲁等竞争激烈的大学的学者们是不是急于发表论文，而不是花时间做好自己的工作？)”可知，作者以Frances H. Arnld为例，说明学者往往急于发表论文。故选C。
2．推理判断题。根据第四段“Frmal research assessments have fr years judged academic departments largely n the utput quantity. The existing system has led t reduced mtivatin fr excellence and innvatin in academic research. A recent refrm by academics within the field has urged fr quality ver quantity.(多年来，正式的研究评估主要是根据产出数量来判断学术部门。现有的体制导致学术研究追求卓越和创新的动力减弱。该领域的学者最近进行了一项改革，呼吁重质轻量)”可知，学者们已经承认了学术评估的问题。故选D。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Sme f this grwth is driven by mre scientists and mre c-authrship f papers, but the numbers als suggest that the research wrld has priritized quantity ver quality. Researchers may need t slw dwn—nt speed up—if we are t prduce trustwrthy knwledge.(这一增长部分是由更多的科学家和更多的论文合著者推动的，但这些数字也表明，研究界更看重数量而不是质量。如果我们想要获得值得信赖的知识，研究人员可能需要放慢速度，而不是加快速度)”可知，作者对科学研究的看法是研究可信度是科学领域的头等大事。故选A。
（22-23高二下·北京朝阳·期末）Mst peple will learn ne r tw languages in their lives, but Vaughn Smith speaks 24 languages, a hyperplyglt— a rare individual wh speaks mre than 10 languages. Hwever, scientists have largely ignred what’s ging n inside the brains f plyglts—peple wh speak mre than five languages— says Evelina Fedrenk, a cgnitive (认知的) neurscientist at the Massachusetts Institute f Technlgy. She adds,“ That’s partly because they accunt fr nly 1% f peple glbally, making it difficult t find enugh participants fr research.” In a new study led by Fedrenk, researchers lked inside the minds f plyglts like Smith t reveal hw language-specific regins in their brains respnd t hearing different languages. “This study will cntribute t ur understanding f hw ur brain learns languages,” she says.
T gain insights int hw plyglts prcess five r mre languages, Fedrenk’s team scanned the brains f 25 plyglts. They used a brain imaging technique called functinal magnetic resnance imaging (fMRI), which measures bld flw in the brain, t map ut these language netwrks. Inside the fMRI machine, the plyglts listened t a series f 16-secnd-lng recrdings in ne f eight different languages. The eight languages included each participant’s native language, three thers they learned later in life, and fur unfamiliar languages. Tw f the unfamiliar languages were clsely related t the participant’s native language—fr instance, Spanish fr a native Italian speaker. The ther tw unfamiliar languages came frm unrelated language families.
The researchers fund that when participants heard any f the eight languages, bld always rushed t the same brain regins. In ther wrds, the participants’ brains appeared t use the same basic netwrk as mnlinguals (单语言者) t try t understand the sunds, regardless f which language they heard. Mrever, the activity in the brain’s language netwrks changed based n hw well participants understd a language. The mre familiar the language, the larger the respnse. Brain activity particularly was invigrated when participants heard unfamiliar languages that were clsely related t nes they knew well. This might have happened as brain areas wrked vertime t puzzle ut the meanings based n similarities between the languages.
There was ne exceptin t the rule: When participants heard their native tngue, their language netwrks were actually quieter than when they heard ther familiar languages. This trend held even when participants were fluent in their ther familiar languages. That culd be s because expertise reduces the amunt f brain pwer needed fr a task, the researchers nte.
While this study casts light n multilinguists’ brain activity, there are still unanswered questins. Ntably, future research hpes t study peple wh learned multiple languages frm infancy (婴儿期). Nevertheless, “this study culd ne day lead t better tls t help peple relearn languages mre easily after a strke r brain damage.” Fedrenk says.
1．What is the main purpse f the first paragraph?
A．T present a latest brain thery.B．T stress the significance f the study.
C．T explain the research methd.D．T prvide the definitins f tw terms.
2．What can we learn frm the passage?
A．The brain prcesses native languages with much effrt.
B．Bld flw in the brain is unrelated t language familiarity.
C．The brain uses the same areas t prcess multiple languages.
D．Effective treatments fr language disrders have been discvered.
3．What des the wrd “invigrated” underlined in Paragraph 3 mst prbably mean?
A．Evaluated.B．Activated.C．Affected.D．Reduced.
4．Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．Impact f Language Familiarity n Brain
B．Challenges in Studying Language Geniuses
C．Secrets f Language Prcessing in Plyglts
D．Edge f fMRI in Revealing Language Prcessing
【答案】1．B 2．C 3．B 4．C
【导语】本文属于说明文。文章通过介绍一项关于多语言者大脑活动的研究，旨在向公众普及认知神经科学领域的最新发现，解释多语言者如何处理和理解不同语言的科学原理，以及这项研究对理解大脑语言学习机制的贡献。
1．推理判断题。由文章第一段“Mst peple will learn ne r tw languages in their lives, but Vaughn Smith speaks 24 languages, a hyperplyglt— a rare individual wh speaks mre than 10 languages. Hwever, scientists have largely ignred what’s ging n inside the brains f plyglts—peple wh speak mre than five languages— says Evelina Fedrenk, a cgnitive (认知的) neurscientist at the Massachusetts Institute f Technlgy. She adds,“ That’s partly because they accunt fr nly 1% f peple glbally, making it difficult t find enugh participants fr research.” In a new study led by Fedrenk, researchers lked inside the minds f plyglts like Smith t reveal hw language-specific regins in their brains respnd t hearing different languages. “This study will cntribute t ur understanding f hw ur brain learns languages,” she says. (大多数人在一生中会学习一到两种语言，但沃恩·史密斯会说24种语言，他是一个精通多种语言的人——很少有人会说10种以上的语言。麻省理工学院的认知神经科学家Evelina Fedrenk说，然而，科学家们在很大程度上忽视了多语言者——会说五种以上语言的人——大脑内部发生的事情。她补充说：“部分原因是他们只占全球人口的1%，因此很难找到足够的参与者进行研究。”在费多连科领导的一项新研究中，研究人员观察了像史密斯这样的通晓多种语言的人的大脑内部，以揭示他们大脑中特定语言区域对听到不同语言的反应。她说：“这项研究将有助于我们理解大脑是如何学习语言的。”)”可知，它首先提到了多数人只会学习一到两种语言，然后介绍了超多语言者Vaughn Smith的情况，并指出科学家们对于这类人群大脑内部运作情况的研究很少，最后通过Evelina Fedrenk的话强调了新研究将有助于我们理解大脑是如何学习语言的。因此，第一段的主要目的是强调这项研究的意义。故选B。
2．推理判断题。由文章第三段中“The researchers fund that when participants heard any f the eight languages, bld always rushed t the same brain regins. (研究人员发现，当参与者听到八种语言中的任何一种时，血液总是涌向相同的大脑区域。)”可知，无论听到哪一种语言，参与者的大脑总是有血液涌向相同的区域，即大脑使用相同的区域来处理多种语言。故选C。
3．词句猜测题。由文章第三段中“Mrever, the activity in the brain’s language netwrks changed based n hw well participants understd a language. The mre familiar the language, the larger the respnse. (此外，大脑语言网络的活动根据参与者对语言的理解程度而变化。语言越熟悉，反应就越大。)”和“when participants heard unfamiliar languages that were clsely related t nes they knew well. (当参与者听到与他们熟悉的语言密切相关的不熟悉的语言时)”可知，当参与者听到与他们熟悉的语言密切相关的陌生语言时，他们的大脑活动尤其活跃。因此，invigrated在此处意为“激活”。A. Evaluated评估；B. Activated激活；C. Affected影响；D. Reduced减少。故选B。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段中“ In a new study led by Fedrenk, researchers lked inside the minds f plyglts like Smith t reveal hw language-specific regins in their brains respnd t hearing different languages. “This study will cntribute t ur understanding f hw ur brain learns languages,” she says. (在费多连科领导的一项新研究中，研究人员观察了像史密斯这样的通晓多种语言的人的大脑内部，以揭示他们大脑中特定语言区域对听到不同语言的反应。她说：“这项研究将有助于我们理解大脑是如何学习语言的。”)”可知，文章主要通过研究，揭示了多语言者处理多种语言的秘密。因此，最合适的标题是“Secrets f Language Prcessing in Plyglts (多语言者语言处理的秘密)”。故选C。
（22-23高二下·北京房山·期末）Art is everywhere. Any public space has been carefully designed by an artistic mind t be bth functinal and beautiful. Why, then, is art still s widely cnsidered t be “the easy subject” at schl, insignificant t wider sciety, a waste f time and effrt?
Art can cnnect culture with cmmercial (商业的) prducts in a way that nt many ther things can; art generates mney and hlds significant emtinal and cultural value within cmmunities. When peple attend a cncert, they are paying fr music, sure, maybe even htel rms, meals, and transprt, but they als gain an incredible experience, a unique atmsphere and a memry that will g thrugh the rest f their lives. Peple dn’t just want material things anymre, they want t experience life—the arts are a perfect crssver (交迭) between culture and cmmerce.
Furthermre, the arts can bring cmmunities tgether, reducing lneliness and making peple feel safer. Scial relatinships are created amng individuals when they share their arts experiences thrugh reflectin and discussin, and their expressin f cmmn values thrugh artwrks in hnur f events significant t a natin’s experience.
The arts clearly have a pretty psitive impact n physical and psychlgical health. It is fund that peple wh frequent cultural places r participate in artistic events are mre likely t gain gd health cmpared t thse wh d nt; mre engagement with the arts is linked t a higher level f peple’s well-being. The Ryal Sciety f Public Health discvered that music and art, when used in hspitals, help t imprve the cnditins f patients by reducing stress, anxiety and bld pressure.
Children wh are invlved with the arts make greater achievements in their educatin: thse engaged with drama have greater literary ability while thers taking part in musical practice exhibit greater skills in math and languages. Kids with preference fr the arts have a greater chance f finding emplyment in the future. Participating in the arts is essential fr child develpment; encuraging children t express themselves in cnstructive ways culd help t frm healthy emtinal respnses in later life.
Vital t human life, art is celebrated and used by natins acrss the wrld fr varius purpses. Life withut art wuld be bring and dead still, fr art is a part f what makes us human.
1．As fr art prducts, which wuld the authr agree with?
A．Mst peple buy them fr cllectin.
B．Their prices may climb up as time passes.
C．They differ frm many ther cmmercial prducts.
D．They have cultural values rather than cmmercial values.
2．Kids wh engage with the arts tend t ________.
A．be mre respnsible adults when they grw up
B．be mre cnfident in exhibiting their learning skills
C．have mre pprtunities t d creative jbs in the future
D．have better learning perfrmance and emtinal develpment
3．What can we learn frm this passage?
A．Art prducts are mre expensive.
B．The arts can make peple feel lnelier.
C．Artistic activities can imprve peple’s health.
D．The arts can help peple becme mre beautiful.
4．What is the best title fr this passage?
A．Art Is Beneficial fr PatientsB．Art Wastes Time and Effrt
C．Art Can Prevent Heart DiseaseD．Art Is Imprtant t Humankind
【答案】1．C 2．D 3．C 4．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要从艺术与文化、商业的交融、社区凝聚力、身心健康以及教育成就等方面，全面阐述了艺术的重要性和积极影响。
1．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Art can cnnect culture with cmmercial (商业的) prducts in a way that nt many ther things can; art generates mney and hlds significant emtinal and cultural value within cmmunities.(艺术可以把文化和商业产品联系起来，这是其他很多东西做不到的。艺术能赚钱，并在社区中拥有重要的情感和文化价值。)”以及“Peple dn’t just want material things anymre, they want t experience life—the arts are a perfect crssver (交迭) between culture and cmmerce.(人们不再只是想要物质上的东西，他们想要体验生活——艺术是文化和商业之间的完美交迭。)”可知，作者认为艺术作品和其他商业产品不一样，艺术作品将文化和产品联系在一起，使文化和商业之间的完美交迭。故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据文章第五段“Children wh are invlved with the arts make greater achievements in their educatin: thse engaged with drama have greater literary ability while thers taking part in musical practice exhibit greater skills in math and languages. (参与艺术的孩子在他们的教育中取得更大的成就:那些参与戏剧的孩子有更大的文学能力，而其他参加音乐实践的孩子在数学和语言方面表现出更大的技能。)”以及“Participating in the arts is essential fr child develpment; encuraging children t express themselves in cnstructive ways culd help t frm healthy emtinal respnses in later life.(参与艺术活动对儿童发展至关重要;鼓励孩子以建设性的方式表达自己可以帮助他们在以后的生活中形成健康的情绪反应。)”可知，参与艺术的孩子未来会在学业上有更好的表现，并且拥有健康的情绪反应。故选D。
3．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“The arts clearly have a pretty psitive impact n physical and psychlgical health. It is fund that peple wh frequent cultural places r participate in artistic events are mre likely t gain gd health cmpared t thse wh d nt; mre engagement with the arts is linked t a higher level f peple’s well-being. (艺术显然对身心健康有相当积极的影响。研究发现，经常去文化场所或参加艺术活动的人比不这样做的人更有可能获得良好的健康；更多地参与艺术与人们的更高水平的福祉有关。)”可知，艺术对人们的身心健康有着积极的影响，也就是说艺术可以改善人们的健康。故选C。
4．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Art is everywhere. Any public space has been carefully designed by an artistic mind t be bth functinal and beautiful. Why, then, is art still s widely cnsidered t be “the easy subject” at schl, insignificant t wider sciety, a waste f time and effrt?(艺术无处不在。任何公共空间都是由艺术头脑精心设计的，既实用又美观。那么，为什么艺术仍然被广泛认为是学校里的“轻松科目”，对更广泛的社会来说无足轻重，是浪费时间和精力呢？)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要从艺术与文化、商业的交融、社区凝聚力、身心健康以及教育成就等方面，全面阐述了艺术的重要性和积极影响。故选D。