特训04 阅读理解议论文（名校模拟10篇）- 高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练（北京专用）

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学校：__________姓名：__________班级：__________考号：__________
（2024高三上·北京朝阳·期末）The Age f Infrmatin is mushrming, perhaps even bulging. If yu tried t dwnlad all the data available tday, yu’d need mre than 180 millin years t d s. But yu are wrng t assume that all this infrmatin wuld stimulate a bst f innvatin t match the utput f data. Indeed, the last time we fund urselves in a perid f significant innvatin, pursuing the ideas with the biggest spark, was mre than 120 years ag, in a perid called the Age f Insight.
Innvatins, bth big and small, start with a new idea. Often, these ideas ccur as a mment f insight-the result f a nvel cnnectin in ur brains made between existing and new infrmatin. Studies shw insights invlve quiet signals deep in the brain, just under the surface f awareness. Anything that helps us ntice quiet signals, such as taking breaks between meetings, nly adpting necessary learning appraches r aviding distractins like scial media, can increase the chance f insights. Hwever, it’s becming mre challenging t find thse quiet signals with the increasing use f technlgy, filling every mment with emergencies and an endless supply f cntent.
Besides, we als want t increase the quality f them-t be able t srt thrugh big new ideas and find the nes that have real value, which can be hard t measure. Launched in 2015, the Eureka Scale(尤里卡量表) allws us t assess the strength f ur insight experiences n a five-pint scale, which is marked by intense emtins, mtivatin, memry advantage, aftershcks, and fllwing ideas. The Scale cmbines these five variables int a single value and allws us t define the imprtance f a new idea. The level-5 insight, invlving the richest emtin, mtivatin, and lasting impact, hlds the greatest significance.
Because insights are ne f the best ways t drive engagement, innvatin, and behavir change, the Eureka Scale has brad applicatins fr measuring and imprving individual and rganizatinal perfrmance. Mre imprtantly, it can be used t measure the impact f different kinds f wrk envirnments and learning appraches n participants’ grwth-bth in the mment r afterward.
In rder fr rganizatins t benefit frm anther age f insight, it’s nt enugh t try t access mre data r increase the number f insights we generate. Instead, it’s abut making space fr the biggest ideas t emerge frm all the infrmatin. Using the shared language f the Eureka Scale as a way t measure hw imprtant ideas are, relative t each ther, will enable better decisin-making tward practical and cmpetitive utcmes. And if we’re t enter a new age f insight, we must design ur envirnments t allw fr the best insight pssible t surface.
1．What des the underlined wrd “bulging” in Paragraph 1 prbably mean?
A．Stabilizing.
B．Explding.
C．Shifting.
D．Cllapsing.
2．Accrding t the passage, hw can the pssibility f insights be increased?
A．By engaging in nging scial media interactins.
B．By relying n technlgy t receive regular ntices.
C．By stepping away frm cmputers between meetings.
D．By participating in additinal training and caching sessins.
3．What can be inferred frm the passage?
A．The Eureka Scale cntrls the influence f ur insights.
B．Pssessing minimal emtinal respnses is a level-5 insight.
C．Bth the quantity and quality f insights are essential t innvatin.
D．A breakthrugh has been made in innvatin due t a wealth f infrmatin.
4．What is the authr’s attitude twards the current envirnment fr innvatins?
A．Uncertain.
B．Optimistic.
C．Uncncerned.
D．Dissatisfied.
（2024高三上·北京石景山·期末）A Swiss radi statin recently carried ut a scial experiment n air, testing rbt-created vices and cntent. The 13-hur experiment tk place at the French-language statin Culeur 3. During the perid, listeners heard the clned vices f five human presenters. The statin’s prgramming als included music created by artificial intelligence (AI) methds. The prgramming infrmed listeners abut the experiment every 20 minutes.
“AI is taking yur favrite radi by strm,” a vice said. “Our vice clnes and AI are here t unsettle, surprise and shake yu. And fr that matter, this text was als written by a rbt.”
Recent AI develpments have led t the creatin f a series f tls that permit rbts t lead different human activities. These tls belng t a grup f systems knwn as “generative AI”. The tls use machine learning methds t train AI systems n huge amunts f data t prduce human-quality results. One f the mst highly publicized generative AI tls is called ChatGPT. It received wide attentin by demnstrating the ability t quickly prduce written answers t questins at a level and quality similar t humans. Hwever, the develpment f “generative AI” systems has led t sme criticism f the technlgy. Critics have warned that such systems, if used incrrectly, culd cause ecnmic, cultural and scial harms.
The statin said in a statement it received hundreds f messages n the day f the experiment, with sme supprting and thers ppsing. One persn cmplained f unfunny jkes. Anther listener admitted t nt recgnizing the prgramming as an experiment. One critic called the prject a waste f time fr a statin that gets public financing. Many listeners nted, “Yu can sense these are rbts, and there are fewer surprises, less persnality.” Sme listeners were even mre frceful, urging statin fficials t “give us back ur humans!”
The Swiss statin’s chief, Antine Multne, tld The Assciated Press that Culeur 3 was able t carry ut the experiment because it is already knwn fr ding prvcative things.
Multne defended the prject as a lessn n hw t live with AI. “I think if we becme striches (鸵鸟) ... we put ur heads in the sand and say, ‘Mn Dieu, there’s a new technlgy! We’re all ging t die!’ then yeah, we’re ging t die because it (AI) is cming, whether we like it r nt,” Multne said by phne. “We want t master the technlgy s we can then put limits n it.” He added that abut 90 percent f the listener reactins suggested the experiment was a gd idea.
1．What did the scial experiment test?
A．Audiences’ feedback.B．Rbt-created systems.
C．Human presenters’ vices.D．AI-generated prgrammes.
2．What des the wrd “prvcative” underlined in Paragraph 5 mst prbably mean?
A．Stimulative.B．Cnservative.C．Persuasive.D．Instructive.
3．What shuld we d with AI accrding t Antine Multne?
A．Limit and prevent its prgress.B．Take human elements ut f it.
C．Take advantage f it withut defence.D．Research and make use f it sensibly.
4．Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．Putting AI Vices n RadiB．Creating Generative AI Tls
C．Explring the Develpment f AID．Replacing Annuncers with AI
（2024高三上·北京石景山·期末）A persn culd be frgiven fr believing 20 years ag that the Internet wuld sn revlutinise academic publishing, because it became pssible fr publishers t spread schlarly wrk at the click f a buttn — much cheaper than the traditinal subscriptin-based (订阅) mdel. Recgnising the pprtunity, many schlars and librarians began t advcate a new, pen access mdel, in which articles are made freely available nline t anyne. The result wuld be a true nline public library f science.
Hwever, mre than tw decades later, the mvement has made nly slight prgress, and the traditinal subscriptin-based mdel remains entrenched.
Frtunately, things are changing. A big she drpped when the University f Califrnia (UC) Libraries, ne f the biggest library systems, declined t renew its cntract with Elsevier, a leading scientific publisher. Elsevier wanted the Libraries t pay tw fees: One fr its package f licensed jurnals and the ther fr the use f Elsevier’s pen access mdel. UC Libraries wanted the licensed jurnals fee t cver the pen access fee; they als wanted pen access t all UC researches published in Elsevier jurnals. When the tw sides culdn’t cme t terms, the Libraries walked away.
Actually, the pen access revlutin is mre likely t be led by research funding agencies, wh can use their purse pwer t prmte pen access. A team f funders, Calitin S, insisted that any research they fund shuld be published in a jurnal that makes all f its articles freely and immediately available t the public, which is called Plan-S.
Nw that sme librarians and funders are flexing their muscles, what shuld academics d? The wrst respnse wuld be t cmplain that Plan-S deprives(剥夺) them f academic freedm. Sme thughtful academics might wrry that a shift t pen access wuld affect their prmtin. After all, subscriptin jurnals are mre familiar and mre prestigius (有威望的) in the current system. Hwever, if enugh academics supprt pen access, the system culd reach a tipping pint beynd which subscriptins n lnger signal prestige. Reaching that pint wuld take cnsiderable time and effrts, but it is pssible.
When the jurnal system began in 1665, it was kind f a frm f pen access. Jurnals allwed academics t learn penly frm ne anther. It was nly in the 1900s that the jurnal system became thrughly cmmditized(商品化). Nw is the time t bring it back t its rts.
1．What des the underlined wrd prbably mean?
A．Uncertain.B．Rted.C．Limited.D．Ppular.
2．What is the cre f failed negtiatin between UC Libraries and Elsevier?
A．The duratin f the cntract.B．The way f payment.
C．The charge fr pen access mdel.D．The chice f licensed jurnals.
3．What can be inferred frm the passage?
A．Academics welcme pen access mdel with full heart.
B．Open access mdel will sn achieve a dminant psitin.
C．Publishers are willing t abandn the subscriptin mdel gradually.
D．Establishing a true nline public library f science requires jint effrts.
4．What is the authr’s attitude twards the pen access mdel?
A．Critical.B．Supprtive.C．Disapprving.D．Indifferent.
（2024高三上·北京丰台·期末）Over millins f years humans have respnded t certain situatins withut thinking t hard. If ur ancestrs sptted mvement in the nearby frest, they wuld run first and questin later. At the same time, the ability t analyze and t plan is part f what separates us frm ther animals. The questin f when t trust yur instinct (直觉)and when t think slw matters in the ffice as much as in the savannah(草原).
Slw thinking is the feature f a well-managed wrkplace. Yet instinct als has its place. Sme decisins are mre cnnected t emtinal respnses and less t analysis. In demanding custmer-service r public-facing situatins, instinct is ften a better guide t hw t behave.
Instinct can als be imprved. Plenty f research has shwn that instinct becmes mre unerring with experience. In ne well-knwn experiment, vlunteers were asked t assess whether a selectin f designer handbags were real r nt. Sme were instructed t perate n instinct and thers t deliberate(深思熟虑)ver their decisin. Instinct wrked better fr thse wh wned at least three designer handbags; indeed, it utperfrmed analysis. The mre expert yu becme, the better yur instinct tends t be.
Hwever, the real reasn t embrace fast thinking is that it is, well, fast. It is ften the nly way t get thrugh the day. T take ne example, when yur inbx flds with new emails at the start f a new day, there is abslutely n way t read them all carefully. Instinct is what helps yu decide which nes t answer and which t delete r leave unpened. Fast thinking can als help the entire rganizatin. The value f many managerial decisins lies in the simple fact that they have been made at all. Yet as data expldes, the temptatin(诱惑)t ask fr ne mre bit f analysis has becme much harder t resist. Managers ften suffer frm verthinking, turning a simple prblem int a cmplex ne.
When t use instinct in the wrkplace rests n its wn frm f pattern recgnitin. Des the decisin maker have real expertise in this area? Is this a field in which emtin matters mre than reasning? Abve all, is it wrth delaying the decisin? Slw thinking is needed t get the big calls right. But fast thinking is the way t stp deliberatin turning t a waste f time.
1．What des the underlined wrd “unerring” in Paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A．Accurate.B．Creative.C．Cntrllable.D．Obvius.
2．What can we learn frm the passage?
A．Managers can affrd the cst f slw thinking.
B．Fast thinking can be a bst t wrk efficiency.
C．Slw thinking will hld us back in the lng run.
D．T much data is t blame fr wrng decisins.
3．What is the authr's purpse f writing the passage?
A．T explain hw instinct wrks.
B．T cmpare instinct and slw thinking.
C．T highlight the value f instinct in the wrkplace.
D．T illustrate the develpment f different thinking patterns.
（2024高三上·北京密云·期末）Des Chinese philsphy influence yur parenting? It is the questin I am mst ften asked. Chinese philsphy cntains many lessns that are useful, accessible and timely when applied t the challenges f parenting. Cnfucianism and Daism suggest ways t guide yur children tward meaning and fulfilment rather than wealth and fame.
Parenting is tugh, especially because there isn’t a ne-size-fits-all apprach. Different kids need different things. Hw d we stay fcused n what matters mst? Hw d we navigate difficult times with ur kids and supprt them when they struggle? All f us want ur children t be successful, partly because we lve them and want them t be happy. But it is easy t mistake “success” with certain kinds f academic r athletic achievements.
Of curse, ne can define success in this way. But ancient Chinese philsphers believed that real success is nt measured by fame, mney r pwer. A successful life is ne in which a persn flurishes: they are happy, fulfilled, and they find meaning in what they d and wh they are. This type f fulfilment cmes frm lving and being lved by thers within the cntext f meaningful, lasting relatinships; giving generusly f what yu have t thers; caring fr and having a genuine lve f nature; and shuldering yur respnsibility.
Mst f us knw that having an Ivy League degree and a high-paying jb is nt ging t make ur children happy and fulfilled in life. Yet we wrry abut hw they will find things they lve t d and that they are gd at. Philsphers frm the tw mst influential ancient Chinese traditins — Cnfucianism and Daism — talk mre abut human flurishing, virtue, happiness and fulfilment than abut “success”.
Chinese philsphers argued that we genuinely flurish — are happiest and mst fulfilled — when we develp these virtues. This can never be measured in terms such as earning pwer, entering famus schls r getting jbs. Instead, it is measured in hw we treat peple — hw ne lves and is lved by ne’s family and friends — and in what ne des t make the wrld a kinder, gentler, mre humane and beautiful place. They encurage us t help ur children learn mre abut the wrld arund them.
The Cnfucians and Daists were a little like yin and yang: Cnfucians have a lt f active, hands-n ways t help children grw, such as participating in traditins, while the Daists recmmend simpler activities, such as explring the beauty f nature. Their diverse views n living a gd life are precisely what makes Chinese philsphy such a great resurce fr parents.
Parenting is messy. It is nt simple r straightfrward but cmplex and difficult. There are n magic slutins that make things easy r smth. Mst f us will need t piece tgether different appraches in rder t find smething that wrks well and feels right in different situatins, fr different children, and at different times in a child’s life.
1．Accrding t the authr, parenting is challenging because________.
A．Parents dn’t knw what success refers t
B．Children dn’t believe in Chinese philsphy
C．There are many theries f parenting t chse
D．One can’t find a standard apprach t suit every child
2．What is the pinin f ancient Chinese philsphers?
A．Peple wh flurish can feel successful because they live a meaningful life.
B．Only when peple make cntributin t sciety can they feel successful.
C．A successful life can be measured by reputatin and wealth.
D．Success just means ne shuld be friendly t nature.
3．What can we infer frm this passage?
A．Cnfucians think graduating frm famus university can make children intelligent and fulfilled.
B．Daists are mre influential than Cnfucians because f their simpler activities.
C．Cnfucians and Daists tgether can prvide parents abundant resurces.
D．It is enugh fr parents t just learn Chinese Philsphy well.
4．What’s the authr’s attitude twards adpting Chinese Philsphy t parenting?
A．Critical .B．Objective.
C．Indifferent.D．Suspicius.
（2024高三上·北京朝阳·期末）My university has nw tpped the U.S. News & Wrld Reprt rankings fr 11 years running. Given Princetn’s success, yu might think I wuld be a fan f the list. Nt s. Dn’t get me wrng. I am prud f Princetn’s teaching, research and cmmitment t service. I like seeing ur quality recgnized. Rankings, hwever, are a misleading way t assess universities. Different schls have distinct strengths, structures and missins. The idea f picking ne as “best”, as thugh educatinal prgrams cmpeted like athletic teams, is strange.
Hwever, the U.S. News rankings attract great attentin and a huge custmer base. Applicants and their families rely n the rankings and feel pressure t get int highly regarded institutins. As a result, many schls make intense effrts t mve up in the rankings. This cmpetitin prduces damaging cnsequences. Fr example, sme universities avid ding difficult but valuable things—such as admitting talented lwer-incme students wh can succeed at university if given apprpriate supprt.
Still, students and families need cmparative infrmatin t chse universities. If rankings mislead, what is the alternative? Fr generatins, buyers have turned t Cnsumer Reprts fr advice abut almst everything except university educatin. When Cnsumer Reprts evaluates a prduct, it assesses multiple factrs s that ptential buyers can make their wn chice wisely. Similarly, university applicants need infrmatin abut sme basic variables. Graduatin rates are crucial. A university that des nt graduate its students is like a car with a bad maintenance (维修) recrd. It csts mney withut getting yu anywhere. What applicants need is nt the average graduatin rate, but the rate fr students with backgrunds like their wn. Fr example, sme places successfully graduate their wealthy students but d less well fr lwer-incme students. Applicants shuld als see sme measure f pst-graduatin utcmes.
Here is a partial list f ther factrs that matter: cst f tuitin (学费) and fees; high-quality teachers actively engaged in undergraduate instructin; and a learning culture cmpsed f diverse students wh study hard and educate ne anther. Judged by these criteria, many schls culd be “Cnsumer Reprts Best Buys”. Applicants shuld be excited t get int any f them; they shuld pick the ne they find mst appealing; and they shuld nt waste time wrrying abut which is “the best”.
It wuld be great t have a Cnsumer Reprts fr universities. I hpe that sme natinal publicatin will have the curage t prduce an annual, user-friendly Cnsumer Reprts-style analysis f higher educatin institutins, even if it is nt as attractive as a ftball-style set f rankings. In the meantime, thse f us wh understand the imperfectin in the rankings must call them ut—even when, indeed especially when, we finish at the tp.
1．What is the authr’s attitude twards university rankings?
A．Supprtive.B．Indifferent.C．Disapprving.D．Neutral.
2．Why des the authr mentin Cnsumer Reprts?
A．T reveal the multiplicity f cnsumers.
B．T present the infrmatin f ptential buyers.
C．T highlight the difficulty f chsing universities.
D．T emphasize the need f verall evaluatin f universities.
3．What can we learn frm this passage?
A．It is nt likely t have a Cnsumer Reprts fr universities.
B．The mst suitable university fr applicants may nt rank the tp.
C．The average graduatin rate is crucial t lwer-incme applicants.
D．The tp universities can see the imperfectin in the rankings better.
4．What is the main idea f the passage?
A．There is n such thing as a gd r bad student.
B．Educatin equality is an ideal hard t be realized.
C．An alternative apprach is needed t assess universities.
D．Discriminatin against pr students brings lss f talents.
（2024上·北京大兴·高二统考期末）In the annals f human histry, few subjects have generated as much excitement, debate, and guess as artificial intelligence (AI). This revlutinary technlgy, which enables machines t perfrm tasks that nce required human intelligence, has the ptential t transfrm every part f ur sciety, frm healthcare and finance t transprtatin and entertainment.
At its heart, AI is all abut data. Massive amunts f data are fed int algrithms that learn frm this data, allwing them t make predictins, recgnize patterns, and even make decisins. This “machine learning” is the driving frce behind many f the AI applicatins we see tday, frm virtual assistants like Siri and Alexa t mre advanced systems like IBM’s Watsn, which can analyze vast amunts f infrmatin t assist dctrs in diagnsing diseases.
The transfrmative ptential f AI is undeniable. In the medical field, fr instance, AI can assist in early detectin f diseases, predict patient utcmes, and even suggest treatment ptins. In finance, algrithms can predict stck market trends, and prvide persnalized financial advice. In transprtatin, self-driving cars equipped with AI systems prmise t reduce accidents, ease traffic jams, and transfrm urban landscapes.
Hwever, with great ptential cmes great respnsibility. The rise f AI has caused debates abut is ethical implicatins (道德含义). The machines are nly as gd as the data they are fed, and there’s a grwing cncern abut biases (偏见) being built int AI systems. Fr instance, facial recgnitin technlgies, used in everything frm unlcking phnes t plice mnitring cameras, have cme under check fr misidentifying individuals based n race r gender.
Mrever, the widespread adptin f AI culd lead t significant jb displacement. While new rles and industries might emerge as a result f AI, it is nt sure that these will pay ff the jbs lst. This culd increase incme inequalities and causes difficulties t scial systems.
Anther majr cncern is the “black bx” nature f AI. Many AI systems perate in ways that even their creatrs dn’t fully understand. This can be prblematic, especially in critical applicatins like healthcare r criminal justice where understanding the lgic behind a decisin is imprtant.
Then there’s the ptential fr AI t be weapnized. In the hands f evil actrs, AI culd be used t spread misinfrmatin, cntrl public pinin, r even engage in internet warfare. The glbal cmmunity must cme tgether t set standards and regulatins t prevent such misuse.
On the brighter side, many experts believe that by setting the right framewrks and investing in educatin and retraining, we can use the pwer f AI fr the greater gd. By fstering (促进) a culture f cntinuus learning and staying abreast (并排的，并肩的) f technlgical advancements, sciety can benefit frm the prmise f AI while aviding its ptential dangers.
In cnclusin, artificial intelligence stands as ne f the mst prfund inventins f ur time. While it ffers vast pprtunities, it als pses significant challenges that we, as a sciety, must welcme. As we stand at this technlgical crssrads, ur chices will determine whether AI serves as a benefit r a harm fr humanity.
29. Which f the fllwing best describes the methd by which machines acquire the capability t perfrm tasks that traditinally required human intelligence?
A. By prgramming predefined rules.
B. Thrugh user interactins every day.
C. By ingesting and prcessing vast amunts f data.
D. Via regular sftware updates frm develpers.
30. In the cntext f the article, hw des the authr primarily demnstrate the effect f artificial intelligence?
A. By citing numerus statistical data.
B. By presenting bth the psitive ptential and the challenges f AI.
C. Thrugh persnal experiences.
D. By fcusing n the negative effects f AI.
31. Which f the fllwing is the best title?
A. The Rise f Virtual Assistants: Siri and Alexa
B. Understanding the Mechanisms Behind AI Algrithms
C. Artificial Intelligence: Charting the Curse fr Tmrrw’s Tech
D. Balancing the Ptential and challenges f AI in Mdern Sciety
32. What can we learn frm the passage?
A. AI has already replaced mst human jbs and is the leading cause f unemplyment.
B. The glbal cmmunity has taken measures t prevent AI misuse.
C. The peratin f many AI systems is easily understd by their creatrs.
D. The slving t the dilemma brught by AI needs cllective effrts f ur sciety.
（2024上·北京石景山·高二统考期末）There exist cruel wars, fighting and sadness in the wrld tday, s it’s nt nly necessary, but als essential t have a gd sense f humr just t help us tide thrugh difficult times in ur lives. Putting a smile n smene’s face when yu knw they are feeling depressed, as the saying ges, makes me feel gd and warms my heart.
Hw wuld yu feel if yu culd nt jke arund with yur wife, husband, child, c-wrker, neighbr, clse friend, r even just smene that yu are standing in line with at yur crner stre? I am always saying things that make thers smile r laugh, even if I dn’t knw the persn I’m jking arund with. My Grandma always fund humr in everything she did, even if it was the hardest jb anyne culd imagine. This nt nly relieves stress in any situatin, but als is cmmn curtesy (礼貌) t speak t thers that are arund yu.
I knw f a few peple that dn’t have a funny bne in their bdies, as they say. Everyne arund them culd be rlling n the flr after hearing a great jke and they wuld sit there withut the slightest smile n their face. They dn’t get the jke that makes thers laugh. I am busting a gut while they just sit there, lking at me as if I were frm uter space. Hw can peple nt get a really funny jke?
Laughing is essential t keeping yur stress levels under cntrl. Withut humr we wuld find urselves with a lt f psychlgical prblems, r n a lt f medicatins t keep us frm ging crazy. There is t much sadness in this present wrld. It drives peple crazy. We all need t find a way t bypass the sadness and bring a little light int ur lives. S, I believe ur best medicine is t get tgether and tell sme jkes and have sme fun laughing tgether.
33. What is the authr’s attitude twards the present wrld?
A. Psitive.B. Satisfied.C. Critical.D. Indifferent.
34. The authr answers the questin in the secnd paragraph with.
A. evidence and argumentB. pinins and persuasin
C. examples and cnclusinD. descriptins and analysis
35. The phrase “busting a gut” underlined in Paragraph 3 can be replaced by .
A. speaking ludlyB. laughing hard
C. acting strangelyD. explaining carefully
36. In writing the passage, the authr mainly intends t .
A. talk abut his wn understanding f humr
B. intrduce a practical way t get thrugh daily life
C. encurage peple t make jkes abut serius matters
D. cnvince peple f the pwer f being ptimistic abut life
（2024上·北京东城·高二统考期末）As yu leave the Bandhavgarh Natinal Park in India, there is a ntice which shws a huge tiger. The ntice says, “Yu may nt have seen me, but I have seen yu.” There are mre than a billin peple in India and Indian tigers prbably see humans every single day. Tigers can and d kill almst anything they meet in the jungle. Hwever, it is a little strange that attacks n humans are nt that frequent.
Sme peple might argue that these attacks were in fact cmmn in the past. But there were far mre tigers arund in thse days. S, t sme extent, attacks appear t have been as rare then as they are tday.
Peple think it is because f fears, but what exactly are tigers afraid f? Can they really knw that we may be even better armed than they are? Surely nt. Has the species prgrammed the experiences f all tigers with humans int its genes t be inherited as instinct? Perhaps. But I think the explanatin may be simpler and, in a way, mre interesting.
I suspect that a tiger’s fear f humans lies in the way he actually bserves us visually. Imagine a tiger sees a man wh is 1.8 meters tall. A tiger is less than 1 meter tall but he may be up t 3 meters lng frm head t tail. S when a tiger sees the man face n, it might nt be unreasnable fr him t assume that the man is 6 meters lng. If he met a deer f this size, he might attack the animal by leaping n its back, but when he lks behind the man, he can’t see a back. Frm the frnt the man is huge, but lked at frm the side he all but disappears. This must be very disturbing. A hunter has t be cnfident that it can kill its prey, and n ne is cnfident when they are discncerted.
The ppsite is true f a squatting human. A squatting human is half the size and presents twice the spread f back, and appears like a medium-sized deer. Many incidents f attacks n peple invlve villagers bending ver t cut grass. The fact that humans stand upright may nt just distinguish them frm ther species, but als help them t survive in an unpredictable envirnment.
37. As fr sme peple’s pinin n tiger attacks, the authr is ________.
A. bjectiveB. uncncernedC. supprtiveD. disapprving
38. Why des the authr raise three questins in Paragraph 3?
A. T present assumptins.B. T evaluate arguments.
C. T questin findings.D. T cnfirm pinins.
39. What des the underlined wrd “discncerted” in Paragraph 4 prbably mean?
A. Cnfused.B. Annyed.C. Depressed.D. Surprised.
40. What can we learn frm the last tw paragraphs?
A. It is the genes that cause the tiger’s fear f humans.
B. It is hard fr a tiger t make ut the shape f humans.
C. Tigers sense the danger the mment they spt humans.
D. Tigers are less cnfident when facing squatting humans.
（2024上·北京丰台·高二统考期末）The need fr clarity extends beynd hw we cmmunicate science t hw we evaluate it. Wh can really define stck phrases such as ‘a significant cntributin t research’? Or understand what ‘high impact’ r ‘wrld-class’ mean? Scientists demand that institutins shuld be clear abut their criteria and cnsider all schlarly utputs—preprints, cde, data, peer review, teaching, mentring and s n.
My view abut the practices in research assessment is that mst assessment guidelines permit sliding standards: instead f clearly defined terms, they give us feel-gd slgans that lack any fixed meaning. Facing the prblem will get us much f the way twards a slutin.
Brad language increases rm fr misunderstanding. ‘High impact’ can be cde fr where research is published. Or it can mean the effect that research has had n its field, r n sciety lcally r glbally—ften very different things. Yet cnfusin is the least f the prblems. Wrds such as ‘wrld-class’ and ‘excellent’ allw assessrs t vary cmparisns depending n whse wrk they are assessing. Academia(学术界) cannt be a fair and reasnable system if standards change depending n whm we are evaluating. Uncnscius bias(偏见) assciated with factrs such as a researcher’s gender, ethnic rigin and scial backgrund helps the academic injustice cntinue. It was nly with duble-blind review f research prpsals that wmen finally gt fair access t the Hubble Space Telescpe.
Many strategies exist t imprve fairness in academia, but cnceptual clarity is paramunt. Being clear abut hw specific qualities are valued leads assessrs t think critically abut whether thse qualities are truly being cnsidered. Achieving that cnceptual clarity requires discussin with faculties, staff and students: hurs and hurs f it. The University Medical Center Utrecht in the Netherlands, fr example, held a series f cnversatins, each invlving 20-60 researchers, and then spent anther year revising its research assessment plicies t recgnize scial impacts.
Frank cnversatins abut what is valued in a particular cntext, r at a specific institutin, are an essential first step in develping cncrete recmmendatins. Althugh ambiguus(模棱两可的) terms, fr instance ‘wrld-class’ and ‘significant’, are a barrier when perfrming assessments, university administratrs have said that they rely n flexible language t make rm t reward a variety f cntributins. S it makes sense that mre specific language in review and prmtin must be able t accmmdate varied utputs, utcmes and impacts f schlarly wrk.
Setting specific standards will be tugh. It will be inviting t fall back n the misleading standards such as impact factrs, r n ambiguus terms that can be agreed t by everyne but applied wisely by n ne. It is t early t knw what thse standards will be r hw much they will vary, but the right discussins are starting t happen. They must cntinue.
41. Regarding the current practices in research assessment, the authr is ________.
A. supprtiveB. puzzled
C. uncncernedD. disapprving
42. What can we learn frm this passage?
A. Bias n assessrs can cause inequality.B. Frank cnversatins harm schlarly wrk.
C. Specific qualities need t be clearly stated.D. Brad language ensures academic fairness.
43. What des the wrd “paramunt” underlined in Para. 4 mst prbably mean?
A. primary.B. recgnized.
C. ptinal.D. accmplished.
44. Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A. Fix research assessment. Change slgans fr clear standards.
B. Fix research assessment. Change evaluatins fr cnversatins.
C. Define research assessment. Change simplicity fr specificatin.
D. Define research assessment. Change brad language fr flexible ne.