鲁教版（五四）八上册英语 unit2 知识清单 素材

这是一份鲁教版（五四）八上册英语 unit2 知识清单 素材，共14页。
Unit 2 Why don’t you talk to your parents？ Section A重点单词及短语allow 允许；准许 v.常用搭配：allow sb. to do sth.允许某人做某事例：The doctor allowed him to take a short talk every day.医生允许他每天进行短距离的散步。【拓展】allow的常见用法：① allow sth.允许某事例：I don’t think she will allow it.我想她不会允许这件事的。② allow doing sth.允许做某事例：We don’t allow smoking in our house.我们家里不允许吸烟。③ be allowed to do sth.被允许做某事例：Passengers are not allowed to smoke on the bus.公交车上不允许乘客吸烟。look through 快速查看；浏览look through为动词+介词型短语，后面接物。例：Look through the passage quickly and answer the questions.快速浏览短文并回答问题。【拓展】动词look的相关短语：look at 看 look for寻找 look after照顾look around环视 look forward to盼望 look up向上看；查找查阅big deal 重要的事big deal为习语。例：If I don’t win, it’s not a big deal.如果我输了，那也不是什么大不了的事。【拓展】deal的常见用法：①deal 名词，意为“协议；交易”例：We did a deal with them last week.上周我们与他们达成了一项协议。②deal作不及物动词，意为“处理” deal with sth.处理某事例：How did you deal with the bike?你怎么处理那辆自行车了？get on with和睦相处；关系良好get on with sb.意为“和某人和睦相处;和某人关系很好”,同义短语为 get along(well) with sb.。例：She can't get on with her sister她不能和她妹妹和睦相处。They don' t get on with each other.他们彼此关系不好。【拓展】① get on with sth.(= get along with sth.)意为“某事进展”。例：I'm not getting on very fast with this work我这项工作进展不是很快。② get on(= get along)意为“进展;进步”,后接副词或用于how引导的疑问句中。例：Linda is getting on well at school.琳达在学校进步很大。How are you getting on these days?你近来生活如何?argue 争吵；争论 v.argue此处用作不及物动词,意为“争吵;争论”。其名词为 argument. argue with sb.= have an argument with sb.与某人争论; argue about sth.就某事争论。例：The boy argued with his mother about his homework.那个男孩就作业与他妈妈争吵起来。Don't argue about this matter any more不要再为这件事争论了。elder 年纪较长的 adj.elder形容词,意为“年纪较长的”,是old的一种比较级形式,主要用于表示家庭成员之间的长幼关系。例：His elder sister is at school.他的姐姐在上学。【辨析】elder与 olderelder 年纪较长的，不能与than连用,表示兄弟姐妹中比较大或比较年长的,只作定语older 年龄较大的,较可指人, 也可指物,可作定语老的,较旧的也可作表语,常与than连用instead 代替，反而，替 adv.instead 副词，意为“代替”，常放在句首或句尾,表示前面的事情没做，而做了后面的事情。修饰整个句子作状语，位于句首时，其后可用逗号。例：Lee was ill so I went instead.李病了，所以我去了。常见用法：instead of +n./doing 代替，而不是，放在句中例：She wrote to him instead of calling him. =She didn’t call him. She wrote to him instead.她给他写信而不是打电话。whatever 任何；每一；任何事物 pron.whatever代词，意为“任何；每一；任何事物”，引导名词性从句。例：You can eat whatever you like.你愿意吃什么就吃什么。【拓展】whatever作代词时，还可意为“无论什么”，此时，whatever可以和no matter what替换。例：Whatever you do, do your best.=No matter what you do, do your best.无论做什么，都要尽自己最大的努力。nervous 焦虑的；担忧的 adj.nervous形容词，焦虑的。be nervous about对……感到紧张例：Don’t be nervous about your exams.不要担心你的考试。offer 主动提出；自愿给予 v.offer及物动词,意为“主动提出;自愿给予”。常见结构为: offer to do sth.主动提出做某事, offer sb sth.= offer sth. to sb.提供给某人某物。例：She offered to teach me French她主动提出教我法语。He will offer a house to the winner他将提供一所房子给获胜者。【辨析】offer与 provideoffer “自愿给予;主动提出”,常用于offer sb. sth.或offer sth to sb.例：She offered me a job.=She offered a job to me.她提供给我一份工作。provide为做好准备而“提供;供给”,常用于provide sb. with sth.或provide sth. for sb.结构。例：The school provided food for the students.=The school provided the students with food.学校为学生们提供伙食。explain 解释；说明 v.explain 及物动词，explain sth. to sb.意为“向某人解释某事”explain的名词形式为explanation。例：Could you explain the meaning of the word？你能解释一下这个单词的意思吗？重点句子Why don’t you talk to your parents? 你为什么不和你打父母谈谈呢？Why don't you do sth. ?= Why not do sth.? 为什么不……呢？【拓展】用于提建议的句型有：①What about doing sth. ?=How about doing sth.? ….怎么样？②Why don’t you do sth.?= Why not do sth.? 为什么不呢？③Let’s do sth. 让我们一起做某事吧。④Shall we/I do sth.? 我们做…好吗？⑤had better do/not do sth. 最好做/不做某事⑥Will/Would you please do sth. 请你做…好吗？⑦Would you like to do sth.? 你想去做某事吗？⑧Would you mind doing sth.？你介意做某事吗？ 回答I have to study too much so I don’t get enough sleep. 我要学的太多，因此我睡眠不足。too much 太多的，修饰不可数名词。【辨析】too much，too many与much tootoo many 太多 修饰可数名词复数例：There are too many people in the park.公园里有太多的人。too much 太多 修饰不可数名词，置于名词前；也可修饰动词，放在动词后例：I have too much homework to do today.今天我有太多的作业要做。The doctor told him not to drink too much.医生告诉他不要喝太多。much too 太，修饰形容词或副词原级，表示程度例：The work is much too hard for me.这工作对我来说太难了。What’s wrong? 怎么啦？What’s wrong( with sb../ sth.) （某人/物） 怎么了？常用于询问对方有什么问题或有什么不顺心的事，也可用于询问某件东西出了什么问题。例：What’s wrong with her computer?她的电脑怎么了？【拓展】“……出了什么问题”的其他表达有：What’s the matter with...?/What’s one’s trouble?Why don’t you go to sleep earlier this evening? 今天晚上你为什么不早点睡觉呢？【辨析】go to sleep, go to bed与sleepgo to sleep 去睡觉 强调动作例：He went to sleep early，for he was very tired.他早早去睡觉了，因为他很累。go to bed 去睡觉 表示上床去睡这个动作，与get up相对例：He often goes to bed at nine.他经常9点上床睡觉。sleep“睡觉”，不及物动词，强调睡的全过程，为延续性动词例：She sleeps for just six hours every day.她每天只睡6个小时。You look sad, Kim. 金，你看起来很伤心。look 看起来 （系动词，后跟形容词作宾语）【拓展】系动词，后常跟 adj.作表语一是：（be） am /is /are be quiet=keep quiet 保持安静二保持：stay/keep （表示持续状态） stay healthy=keep healthy 保持健康三变化：become/get/turn （表示状态变化）五起来：sound/look/smell/taste/feel （表示感觉）Yes, but I’m still angry with her. 是的，但是我仍然很生她的气。be angry with sb. 生某人的气【拓展】angry形容词，生气的,副词形式为angrily生气地①be angry with sb.. =be mad at sb.. 对某人生气②be angry at/about sth.对某事感到生气 ③be angry to do sth. 做某事感到生气 Relations between my parents have become difficult.我父母之间的关系已经变得不易相处。（1）between介词,意为“在…之间(两者)”;也可指在众多事物的每两者之间。 between..and在……和……之间。例：I'm usually free between Wednesday and Friday我在周三至周五之间通常有空。（2）此处 have become为现在完成时态,意为“已经变得”。现在完成时的基本用法是表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,谓语部分由“助动词 have/has+动词的过去分词”构成。例：They have passed the exam.他们已经通过了考试。When they argue, it’s like a big, black cloud hanging over our home. 当他们争吵的时候，就像有一大团乌云笼罩在我们家。like此处用作介词,意为“像……一样”。 look like意为“看起来像”,多指外貌上相像, be like意为像”,既可指外貌上相像,又指性格上相像。例：I'm going to be a pop star like Michael Jackson我要成为像迈克尔·杰克逊那样的流行歌星。The hat on the table looks like a cat桌子上的那顶帽子看起来像一只猫。Tom is like his mother. He is kind and tall汤姆像他妈妈,他又和蔼又高大。【辨析】like与aslike“像……一样”,作介词,用于说明相似关系,指两者在形态上像或性质上有相似之处例：He works like a worker他像工人一样工作。(实际他不是工人。）as“作为;看作”,作介词,用于说明同一关系，指身份、资格等例：He works as a worker.作为一名工人而工作。(实际上,他是工人)over此处用作介词,意为“在…上方”。例：The sun is shining over our head太阳在我们的头顶上照耀着。At home I always feel lonely and nervous.在家里我总是觉得孤独和焦虑。lonely形容词,意为“孤独的;寂寞的”,常用作表语或定语。例：The old man often feels lonely.这个老人常常觉得孤独。【拓展】 lonely作形容词,还可意为“偏僻的;人迹罕至的”。例：Look at the lonely house!看看这所偏僻房子！【辨析】 lonely与 alonelonely形容词 孤独的；寂寞的 作定语或表语且有感情色彩例：The woman always feels very lonely那个妇女总是感到很孤独。alone 副词独自地；单独地 作状语，不带感情色彩例：My uncle came alone.我叔叔一个人来了。形容词独自的；单独的 作表语，不带感情色彩例：She was alone in the room她独自一人在房间里。My cousin borrows my things without returning them. 我堂弟借我东西没有还我。return 此处用作及物动词，意为“归还”相当于give... back。return sth. to sb.把某物还给某人。例：Don’t forget to return my keys to me.=Don’t forget to give my keys back to me.别忘了把钥匙还给我。You left your homework at home.你把作业忘在家里了。leave此处用作及物动词，意为“丢下;忘了带”,在汉语中常说“忘记”。过去式为left。例：I left my bag on the bus。我把包忘在公共汽车上了。【辨析】 leave与 forgetleave “丢下;忘了带” 指把某物忘在某地例：She left her keys in the room. 她把钥匙落在房间里了。forget “忘记”,指由于记忆上的忽略而忘记了某人或某事例：She forgot her address.我忘了她的地址。【拓展】① leave作动词,意为“离开”例：He left his hometown at the age of 15。他15岁时离开了家乡。②leave作及物动词,“留下;剩下”。 leave sb. sth意为“留给某人某物”。例：Could I leave her a message?我可以给她留个言吗?You are afraid of speaking in front of people.你害怕在人们面前说话。afraid形容词,意为“怕;害怕”,常作表语。例：Don' t be afraid.不要怕。【拓展】 afraid的用法① be afraid of sb./sth. 害怕某人或某物例：The boy is afraid of his mother.那个男孩怕他妈。② be afraid of doing sth. 害怕做某事，侧重主语“担心、害怕”某事发生例：She is afraid of making mistakes.她害怕犯错误。③be afraid to do sth. “不敢/害怕做某事”,侧重主语“不敢做某事”例： She is afraid to dive.她不敢跳水。④be afraid+that从句 “恐怕”,多用于客气地提出个人意见或看法例：I'm afraid that I can't go today.恐怕我今天去不了了。Section B重点单词及短语pressure 压力 n.此处作不可数名词。the pressure of...……的压力 under pressure压力之下put pressure on sb.向某人施压例：Nobody enjoys the pressure of city life.没有人喜欢都市生活的压力。compete 竞争；参加比赛 v.不及物动词,意为“竞争;参加比赛”。compete with sb.与某人竞争, compete in在……方面竞争例：We can't compete with them on price我们在价格上无法与他们竞争。Five children competed in the race5个孩子参加赛跑。【拓展】competition可数名词,意为“比赛;竞争”。例：He came first in the writing competition他在写作比赛中获得了第一名。continue 持续；继续存在 v.不及物动词，意为“持续；继续存在”相当于 go on。例：The rain continued all day.雨连续下了一整天。【拓展】continue作及物动词，后面常接名词、动词-ing 或动词不定式例：Let’s continue our meeting.让我们继续开会。push 督促；鞭策；推动 v.push作及物动词，意为“督促；鞭策” push sb. to do sth.督促某人做某事例：Don’t push him so hard. 别督促他这么紧。【拓展】push翻译为推动；移动；既可以作及物动词，也可以作不及物动词例：I pushed the car, but it didn’t move.我推了推小汽车，但它不动。Push hard when I tell you to.我叫你推时，你就使劲推。development 发育；发展；成长 n.不可数名词,意为“发育;发展;成长”,是由动词 develop加后缀-ment构成的。例：The doctor said the baby’s development was very good.医生说婴儿的发育很好。【拓展】① develop动词,意为“发育;发展;发达”例：Rain and sun develop plants雨水和阳光使植物生长。② develop的形容词有两个: developed(发达的)和 developing(发展中的)。例：America is a developed country.美国是一个发达国家。China and India are developing countries中国和印度是发展中国家。重点句子Maybe I could cut out a few of their activities, but I believe these activities are important for my children’s future. 或许我可以减少他们的一些活动， 但是我相信这些活动对孩子们的未来很重要。cut out 删除；删去 动词后加副词短语，代词作宾语，要放在两个单词中间。例：You’d better cut out that sentence.你最好删掉那个句子。【拓展】cut up 切碎 cut down 砍到 cut in 插队 cut off 切断（水、电）供应I really want them to be successful. 我真的很想他们成功。successful形容词，成功的，可做表语或定语，作表语时，常用结构为：be successful in (doing) sth.在做（某事）方面成功例：He was successful in his studies.他在他的学业方面很成功。【拓展】① success 名词 成功；成名 the key to success成功的关键②succeed不及物动词，意为“成功，达到目的”例：I believe our plan will succeed.我相信我们的计划会成功。And they are always comparing them with other children.并且她们总是把他们和别的孩子比较。（1）be always doing sth.意为“总是做某事”,表示再三的、多次的重复行为,常带有厌恶、赞扬等感情色彩。例：The little girl is always crying.这个小女孩总是哭。He was always trying out some new ideas.他总是试验一些新的想法。compare此处用作及物动词,意为“比较”。例：We compared this picture with that one我们把这幅画和那幅画进行了比较。【辨析】compare...with与 compare...tocompare...with... “把……与……比较”,常用于两个同类事物之间,着重区别例：She compares me with my brother她把我和我哥哥进行比较。compare...to... “把……比作……”,常用于两个不同性质的事物比较例：We often compare children to flowers.我们经常把孩子比作花朵。Dr. Alice Green says all these activities can cause a lot of stress for children. 爱丽丝. 格林医生说所有的这些活动可能给孩子们带来很多压力。cause 动词，意为“造成，使发生” cause sb. to do sth 使某人做某事cause sth. for sb. 给某人添麻烦【辨析】 cause, reason与 excuse cause 名词，原因，指引起某种结果的“原因”，后接介词 of.例：The cause of the accident was the fact that he was driving too fast.事故原因是事实上他车开的太快。reason 名词，理由，原因，指决定做某事或采取某项行动的理由。例：The reason he was driving so fast was that he didn’t want to miss an important meeting.他开车这么快的理由是他不想错过一个重要的会议。excuse 名词，辩解；借口，指对某种行为所做的解释，可以是真的，也可以是托词。例：He made a good excuse for his driving. 他为自己开快车找了一个堂皇的借口。Perhaps children/ parents should / could ......或许孩子们/父母应该/ 可能……perhaps 副词，意为“也许；可能”【辨析】perhaps，probably，possibly与maybe perhaps 意为“也许，可能”，一般指比较小的可能性。例：Perhaps I will see him the day after tomorrow, but I am not sure.我后天可能去看他，但是我不太确定。probably“很可能，大概”，其可能性最大，表示一种几乎完全肯定的意思例：He will probably refuse the offer.他很可能拒绝这个职位。possibly 意为“可能，或许，也许”，可能性较大。例：I’ll see you today, or possibly tomorrow.我今天去看你，或者可能是明天。maybe“或许，大概”，主要用于非正式场合，常用在口语中，语气比 perhaps 轻。例：Maybe you put the letter in your basket.或许你把信放在了你的篮子里。Does Cathy Taylor think it’s important for kids to join after-school activities? 凯西. 泰勒认为对于孩子们而言参加课文活动重要吗？It’s + adj.(easy, difficult, important, necessary) +(for sb.) to do sth.（对某人来说）做某事是怎么样的【辨析】若形容词表示事物特征的，如：easy ,difficult, hard ,important 等，须用介词 for 例：It’s difficult for us to learn English.对我们来说学英语很难。若形容词表示人的性格、品质与特点，如：good ,kind ,nice, wrong 等，用介词 of。例：It’s very kind of you to give me your seat.你真是太好了把座位让给我。