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专项训练7 诺贝尔奖（诺贝尔文学奖；诺贝尔物理学奖）-【China Daily·时事热点】2025年高考英语题型30分钟限时精练原卷版
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这是一份专项训练7 诺贝尔奖（诺贝尔文学奖；诺贝尔物理学奖）-【China Daily·时事热点】2025年高考英语题型30分钟限时精练原卷版，共10页。
诺贝尔奖（瑞典语：Nbel priset，英语：Nbel Prize）是指根据诺贝尔1895年的遗嘱而设立的五个奖项，包括：物理学奖、化学奖、和平奖、生理学或医学奖和文学奖，旨在表彰在物理学、化学、和平、生理学或医学以及文学上“对人类作出最大贡献”的人士；以及瑞典中央银行1968年设立的诺贝尔经济学奖，用于表彰在经济学领域做出杰出贡献的人。
1901年诺贝尔奖首次颁发，包括：诺贝尔物理学奖、诺贝尔化学奖、诺贝尔和平奖、诺贝尔生理学或医学奖和诺贝尔文学奖。1968年瑞典中央银行增设“瑞典中央银行纪念诺贝尔经济科学奖”，该奖于1969年首次颁发，人们习惯上称这个额外的奖项为诺贝尔经济学奖。诺贝尔奖的甄选委员会通常在每年10月公布得主。颁奖典礼于每年12月10日，即诺贝尔逝世周年纪念日，分别在瑞典首都斯德哥尔摩和挪威首都奥斯陆由国王举行授奖仪式。2020年9月24日诺贝尔基金会主席拉尔斯·海肯斯滕表示2020年诺贝尔奖奖金将增加至1000万瑞典克朗（约110万美元） 。
根据诺贝尔奖官网显示，诺贝尔奖每年评选和颁发一次，诺贝尔奖包括一枚金牌、一份证书以及一笔奖金。截至2023年，共授予965位个人和27个团体 ，其中4位个人以及1个团体两次获奖、1个团体三次获奖 。
2024年10月7日至14日，2024年诺贝尔奖颁奖典礼举行。
话题语法填空
诺贝尔文学奖
Suth Krean authr Han Kang has been awarded the 2024 Nbel Prize in Literature, the Swedish Academy annunced n Thursday.
The annuncement made Han the first Suth Krean writer _______(win) this prestigius hnr. The academy praised her "fr her intense petic prse that _________(cnfrnt) histrical traumas and expses the fragility（脆弱；易碎性；脆弱性） f human life."
"I was able t talk t Han Kang n the phne," said Swedish Academy permanent secretary Mats Malm after annuncing the winner. "She was having an rdinary day it seemed – had just finished supper with her sn. She wasn't really prepared fr this, ______ we have begun t discuss preparatins fr December."
"I'm s surprised and abslutely I'm hnured," Han said, in a phne interview _________(share) by the Swedish Academy. "I grew up with Krean literature, ________ I feel very clse t. S I hpe this news is nice fr Krean literature readers, and my friends and writers."
Anders Olssn, chair f the Nbel Cmmittee fr Literature, cmmended Han's "physical empathy fr the vulnerable, ften female lives" f her characters.
"She has a unique _____________(aware) f the cnnectins between bdy and sul, the living and the dead, and in a ________(pet) and experimental style, has becme an innvatr in cntemprary prse," Olssn said.
Her nvel The Vegetarian, which wn the 2016 Internatinal Bker Prize, remains her mst internatinally ____________(recgnize) wrk.
诺贝尔物理学奖
After the Nbel Prize in physics went t Jhn J. Hpfield and Geffrey E. Hintn "fr fundatinal discveries and inventins that enable machine learning with artificial neural netwrks", many asked _________ a prize fr physics has gne t cmputer scientists fr what is als an achievement in cmputer science.
Even Hintn, a winner f the 2018 Turing Award and ne f the "gdfathers f AI", was himself "extremely surprised" ________ receiving the call telling him he had gt the Nbel in physics, while the ther recipient Hpfield said "It was just astunding."
_________(actual), the artificial neural netwrk research has a lt t d with physics. The neural netwrks tday can learn frm their wn mistakes and cnstantly imprve, thus being able t slve cmplicated prblems fr humanity. Fr example, the Large Language Mdel that's the basis f the varius GPT technlgies peple use tday dates back _______ the early days when Hpfield and Hintn frmed and imprved their netwrk.
Instead f __________(weak) the rle f physics, that the Nbel Prize in Physics ges t neural netwrk achievements strengthens it by revealing t the wrld the rle physics, r fundamental science ________ a whle, plays in sharpening technlgy. Physics studies the rules ________(fllw) by particles and the universe and paves the way fr mdern technlgies. That is why there is much t thank physicists ________ the milestnes mdern cmputer science has crssed.
话题阅读
A
With the drugs that she created, Getrade Elin achieved her life’s missin: t relieving human suffering. Beynd the individual drugs she discvered, she pineered a nw, mre scientific apprach t drug develpment that frever changed medical research.
When she was 15, Elin’s grandfather died frm cancer painfully. The experience decided her career path. At age 19, with a degree in chemistry, she lked fr wrk. She tk jbs as a secretary, a chemistry teacher, and an unpaid wrker in a lab. Finally, in 1944, Elin fund the jb f her dreams, assisting Gerge Hitchings at Burrughs Wellcme, a drug cmpany.
Hitchings and Elin gave up the traditinal trial-and-errr apprach t drug develpment, in favr f a scientific apprach. Starting frm the understanding that all cells require nucleic acid (核酸) t reprduce, they reasned that rapidly grwing bacteria (细菌) require even mre t keep the pace f grwth. Find a way t disrupt (扰乱) their life cycle, and yu find a way t stp disease.
Elin’s first majr discvery was a substance that disrupts the frmatin f leukaemia cells. But the effect failed t last lng. Elin determined t find a way t make the effects f her drug last lnger.
Elin’s final majr breakthrugh was in the develpment f the drug acyclvir. Scientists dubted that drugs culd be invented t fight viruses: any substance that wuld kill a virus wuld be pisnus t the bdy. Hwever, thrugh tireless effrts, the drug Elin’s team develped culd be used t fight many diseases. Elin’s name appears n 45 patents fr life-saving and life-changing drugs.
Thugh her individual discveries were significant, when Elin received the Nbel Prize in Physilgy r Medicine in 1988, it wasn’t fr ne particular drug — it was fr a new, mre reasnable apprach t drug develpment. As a result, althugh she died in 1999 at the age f 81, Gertrude Elin is still saving lives.
1．What inspired Elin t g int medical research?
A．Her grandfather’s death.B．Her teaching experience.
C．A drug cmpany’s influence.D．Gerge Hitching’s encuragement.
2．What was the key t stpping disease accrding t Elin?
A．Finding a pisnus substance t kill viruses.
B．Quickening the speed f grwth f all cells.
C．Preventing the frmatin f bacteria.
D．Remving tissues attacked by bacteria.
3．What did ther scientists think f the drug acyclvir at first?
A．It shuld be put int use immediately.
B．It might be harmful t human bdies.
C．It culd nly have shrt-term effects.
D．It culd be used t fight many diseases
4．Why did Elin win the Nbel Prize in Physilgy r Medicine?
A．She pineered a new way f develping drugs.
B．She discvered a life-saving drug.
C．She btained 45 patents.
D．She adpted a trial-and-errr apprach in medical research
B
TU YOUYOU AWA RDED NOBEL PRIZE
This year’s Nbel Prize fr Physilgy r Medicine has been awarded t Tu Yuyu (c-winner), whse research led t the discvery f artemisinin, a crucial new treatment fr malaria. Artemisinin has saved hundreds f thusands f lives, and has led t imprved health fr millins f peple. Over 200 millin peple arund the wrld get malaria each year, and abut 600, 000 die frm it. Artemisinin has becme a vital part f the treatment fr malaria, and is thught t save 100, 000 lives a year in Africa alne.
Tu Yuyu, a cmmitted and patient scientist, was brn in Ningb, China, n 30 December 1930, and graduated frm Peking University Medical Schl in 1955. After she graduated, she wrked at the China Academy f Traditinal Chinese Medicine in Beijing. In 1967, the Chinese gvernment frmed a team f scientists with the bjective f discvering a new treatment fr malaria, and Tu Yuyu was amng the first researchers chsen. In the beginning, Tu Yuyu went t Hainan, where malaria was mre cmmn, t study malaria patients. In 1969, she became the head f the prject in Beijing, and decided t review ancient Chinese medical texts t find traditinal btanical treatments fr the disease. Her team examined ver 2, 000 ld medical texts, and evaluated 280, 000 plants fr their medical prperties. Frm their research, they discvered and tested 380 distinct ancient Chinese medical treatments that shwed prmise in the fight against malaria.
One medical text frm the furth century suggested using the extract frm sweet wrmwd t treat a fever. Tu’s team tested a cllectin f dried wrmwd leaves but fund n effect. They then tried biling fresh wrmwd, and using the liquid btained frm this t treat malaria, but this did nt wrk either. Their prject gt stuck. Hwever, Tu Yuyu wuld nt acknwledge defeat. She analysed the medical texts again, and by chance, she fund ne sentence suggesting a different way t treat the wrmwd. She cncluded that biling the sweet wrmwd apparently destryed its medical prperties. Using a lwer temperature t draw ut the extract, she fund a substance that wrked. After failing mre than 190 times, the team finally succeeded in 1971. Tu Yuyu and her team members even insisted n testing the medicine n themselves t make sure that it was safe. Later, the medicine was tested n malaria patients, mst f whm recvered. This medicine，which was called artemisinin, sn became a standard treatment fr malaria.
Accrding t Tu Yuyu, the discvery f artemisinin was a team effrt. Upn hearing that she had been awarded the Nbel Prize, she said, “The hnur is nt just mine. There is a team behind me，and all the peple f my cuntry. This success prves the great value f traditinal Chinese medicine. It is indeed an hnur fr China’s scientific research and Chinese medicine t be spread arund the wrld.”
5．What happened t Tu Yuyu when she was 37?
A．She made a decisin t settle dwn in Hainan.
B．She was appinted head f a team f scientists.
C．She was chsen t discver a new treatment fr malaria.
D．She graduated frm Peking University Medical Schl.
6．Why was Tu Yuyu awarded the Nbel Prize?
A．She devted her whle life t medicine research.
B．She develped an effective drug fr malaria in 1971.
C．She came up with a revlutinary thery abut medicine.
D．She made a breakthrugh in the Chinese scientific cmmunity.
7．What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A．Tu Yuyu is a very mdest persn.
B．Tu Yuyu takes great pride in herself.
C．Tu Yuyu was surprised at the great prize.
D．Tu Yuyu made traditinal Chinese medicine spread.
C
The Nbel Prize is ne f the mst prestigius awards in the wrld. It was established by Alfred Nbel, a Swedish chemist, engineer, and inventr. Nbel was knwn fr inventing dynamite. Hwever, he was cncerned abut hw his inventins culd be used fr destructive purpses in war. Thus, in his will, he stipulated that his frtune be used t establish prizes in physics, chemistry, physilgy r medicine, literature, and peace.
The first Nbel Prizes were awarded in 1901. Since then, the Nbel Prize has been awarded t cuntless utstanding individuals wh have made significant cntributins t their respective fields. The Nbel Prize in Physics and Chemistry ften recgnizes revlutinary discveries and advancements in science. The Nbel Prize in Physilgy r Medicine hnrs breakthrughs in the understanding and treatment f diseases. The Nbel Prize in Literature rewards utstanding literary wrks that have a prfund impact n humanity. The Nbel Peace Prize is given t thse wh have wrked tirelessly t prmte peace and reslve cnflicts.
Winning a Nbel Prize is nt nly a great hnr but als brings attentin t the imprtant wrk being dne in varius fields. It inspires future generatins f scientists, writers, and peacemakers t strive fr excellence and make the wrld a better place.
8．Wh established the Nbel Prize?
A．A Swedish physicist.B．A Swedish chemist.
C．A Swedish engineer.D．A Swedish inventr.
9．What was Alfred Nbel knwn fr inventing?
A．Gunpwder.B．Dynamite.C．Electricity.D．The telephne.
10．Hw many fields des the Nbel Prize cver?
A．Three.B．Fur.C．Five.D．Six.
11．Which field des the Nbel Prize in Physilgy r Medicine hnr?
A．Discveries in physics.B．Breakthrughs in treating diseases.
C．Outstanding literary wrks.D．Effrts t prmte peace.
D
This stamp belngs t a lng-running series f pstage stamps issued by the US. At first glance, Rachel Carsn seems a slight figure amng these giants. Physically, perhaps, she was — but she has turned ut t be ne f the mst influential.
As a child, Carsn was fascinated by bks and animals. Her first bk, Under the Sea Wind, was published in 1941, but sld prly. Her secnd bk, The Sea Arund Us, was published in 1951, which was a success. A greater success was t fllw. The early 1950s were a time when technlgy was unquestined. Man wuld irn ut all the incnveniences f nature, and create an ever mre cnvenient ne fr human wrld. One f the tls with which this wuld be achieved was DDT. Swiss chemist Paul Muller had wn the 1948 Nbel Prize fr discvering its capacity fr killing insects, and the chemical was ging t rt ut nt just diseases related t insects like malaria (疟疾), but agricultural and husehld pests.
But what abut birds that ate the dying insects? Or the lasting effects f DDT in the atmsphere, nce it had dne its wrk? Vices were als being raised that DDT and ther pesticides culd cause cancer in humans. The mre Carsn explred these side-effects, the mre cnvinced she became f their danger. She decided t write her next bk abut that, and, beynd it , the threat f ther verused chemicals.
Silent Spring — the title symblizes a terrifying, birdless future — was published in 1962. It was the first bk t bring awareness f what we nw regard as eclgical issues t the general public and “Bk f the Mnth” in Octber that year. Scientists gave it favurable reviews. Chemical cmpanies did nt, attacking nt just her arguments but her persnality. She was accused f assisting the spread f malaria by supprting n pest cntrl f any kind. By 1970, even President Nixn had cme rund t her pint f view, setting up the US Envirnmental. Prtectin Agency.
12．What d the underlined wrds “irn ut” in paragraph 2 mean?
A．Give ut.B．Put ut.C．Take away.D．Clear away.
13．What is paragraph 3 mainly abut?
A．The inspiratin f writing her bk.B．The side-effects f DDT.
C．The results f eating dying insects.D．The advantages f DDT.
14．What can we learn abut the bk Silent Spring?
A．It gained wide supprt initially.B．It brught Carsn amunts f prfits.
C．It arused public awareness n eclgy.D．It received vilent attack frm scientists.
15．What might be a suitable title fr the text?
A．The Bk f the MnthB．The Pwer f Wrds
C．An Influential BigraphyD．A Fantastic Stamp
话题完形填空
It is Nbel Prize week, the ne week every year when peple frm all crners f the glbe celebrate science, read abut ribsmes (核糖体), and give their best sht at trying t understand particle physics. It is als the ne week when science is guaranteed sme prime headline space n mainstream news utlets. And yet the science Nbels (in medicine, physics, and chemistry) present a(n) 16 view f science.
The prblem starts with the 17 f prize-winners selected every year. The rules gverning the Nbel Prize 18 it t just three winners in each categry. This means that fr every discvery that is awarded a Nbel, the majrity f cntributing scientists end up being 19 .
As a matter f fact, science has never been a(n) 20 effrt. Isaac Newtn std n the “shulders f giants”; Neil Armstrng’s “ne small step” was a dream realized by hundreds f thusands f engineers and scientists. Science is, and always has been, and repetitive prcess where individuals draw n discveries made by thers t 21 advance the bundaries f human knwledge. Yes, Albert Einstein famusly wn the Nbel Prize all by himself fr a paper he alne authred, but he culd nt have made his discveries withut 22 wrk by Max Planck, James Maxwell, and several thers.
T make matters wrse, typical f the Nbel Prizes, nne f the 23 was a first authr n any f the publicatins cited by the prize annuncements. The first authr f a scientific paper is typically the persn wh did the hands-n labratry wrk, usually a graduate student r yung pst-dctral researcher. It is precisely these 24 researchers wh are in greater need f the Nbel Prize mney than their generally tenured (终身的) supervisrs.
Mre basically, awarding the prizes t nly three scientists spreads a visin f science as an individual enterprise. By ensuring that graduate students are nt given 25 recgnitin, the prizes reinfrce (加强) the mistaken image f a scientist as an ld white man in a lab cat. This can nly 26 gender and racial inequalities in science, especially further alng in an academic career.
Any ne f these reasns is sufficient t 27 the Nbel Prizes. Here is ne idea: Award the Nbel Prizes nt t 28 but fr discveries; dnate the prize mney t an internatinal science fund t prmte further explratin in each year’s prize-winning field f research.
A science-riented Nbel, rather than a scientist-riented ne, wuld educate the public in the mst imprtant scientific develpments and, 29 , stimulate new scientific prgress by using the prize mney t fund the next generatin f researchers. Science wrks best when the 30 f ne generatin f scientists are paid frward t drive the next t even greater heights. That is t say, scientists f different generatins wrk with jint effrts t supprt future scientific advancements fr the betterment f sciety as a whle.
16．A．strangeB．utdatedC．all-rundD．advanced
17．A．qualityB．diversityC．disciplineD．figure
18．A．restrictB．extendC．relateD．apply
19．A．emplyedB．ignredC．respectedD．nminated
20．A．terrificB．cnstantC．intellectualD．individual
21．A．naturallyB．rapidlyC．graduallyD．persnally
22．A．previusB．subsequentC．physicalD．cmmercial
23．A．emplyeesB．addresseesC．awardeesD．refugees
24．A．chief-psitinB．early-careerC．senir-managementD．academic-wrld
25．A．dueB．immediateC．literaryD．gvernmental
26．A．turn dwnB．level ffC．take awayD．step up
27．A．claimB．refrmC．presentD．annunce
28．A．rganizersB．researchersC．spnsrsD．supervisrs
29．A．in factB．in cmparisnC．in theryD．in turn
30．A．legendsB．spiritsC．achievementsD．mysteries
话题语法填空
A
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入一个适当的单词或所给单词的正确形式。
Austrian authr Peter Handke cllected the 2019 Nbel Prize in Literature while the 2018 award, which 31 (delay), went t Plish authr Olga Tkarczuk.
Handke “has established himself as ne f the mst 32 (influence) writers in Eurpe after the Secnd Wrld War”. His wrks are filled with a strng desire 33 (discver) and make his discveries cme t life by finding new literary expressins fr them, the Swedish Academy said. He 34 (write) many nvels in the past decades, like Shrt Letter, Lng Farewell, 35 a yung Austrian writer travels acrss the United States in search f his wife. This nvel is 36 (general) cnsidered as ne f Handke's typical cnfusing 37 (wrk).
Tkarczuk became 38 winner f the 2018 award “fr a narrative (叙事的) imaginatin that with encyclpedic (博学的) passin represents the crssing f bundaries as a frm f life”. Her first wrk came ut in 1993, and 39 was believed that her third nvel Primevaland Other Times marked her majr breakthrugh. In 2018, she was awarded the Man Bker Internatinal Prize fr her nvel Flights, 40 (becme) the first Plish writer t d s.
B
At what age d yu hit the peak f yur career?
When Jhn Gdenugh wn the Nbel prize in chemistry in 2019 at the age f 97, scientists breathed a sigh f relief. Many had wrried that the cmmittee wuld nt get arund t hnuring his grundbreaking wrk n lithium-in batteries frm 1980.
Gdenugh was 41 (ld) winner f the wrld’s fremst research prize. Usually, laureates (获奖者) are clser t 55 when they pick up the phne t hear the welcme Swedish accent. But it 42 take years between the publicatin f a laureate’s career-defining wrk and recgnitin frm the Nbel cmmittee. At what age are they at the height f their pwers?
The answer has changed ver time. Science laureates 43 received the prize between 1901 and 1950 were, n average, 39 years ld when they published their winning paper, accrding t research published in 1957. But a study f mre recent Nbel laureates published in 2019 by Rasmus Bjrk f the Technical University f Denmark fund that science and ecnmics winners were, n average, 44 at the time f their prizewinning wrk.
Differences 44 disciplines have lessened. In the first half f the 20th century physicists and chemists were significantly yunger when they made their big cntributins (at 35 and 38 respectively) 45 were medical scientists (42). At the time this 46 (attribute) t the birth f mdern physics at the turn f the century—spurred by new radiatin discveries, the thery f relativity and quantum mechanics—which set the scene fr yunger scientists 47 (make) their mark.
Nw, hwever, the ages f peak achievement in each field are much clser, thugh physicists still tend t be slightly yunger than average. Physicists need fewer papers t make a big cntributin, which may be 48 they tend t be relatively yung when that happens. They usually win Nbels fr ne big discvery, whereas ecnmists, fr example, get them fr theries they develp ver several years, which pushes up their average age.
Regardless f discipline, future Nbel laureates in science are mst prductive frm late yuth t early middle age. Perhaps that is when they find themselves at the sweet intersectin f fresh ideas and the means t pursue them. The median age f first-year PhD students in the OECD, a club f mainly rich cuntries, is 29. Prmising yung researchers wh want t start their wn labs ften get funding arund five years after they graduate.
Surprisingly, writers, wh depend less n dctral degrees and grants fr lab equipment, als d their best wrk as they enter middle age. Sme Nbel laureates in literature, 49 Bb Dylan, were chsen fr their cntributins ver a lifetime. But in cases where the Nbel cmmittee singled ut fr cmmendatin individual wrks, the authrs’ average age was 41.
Perhaps peple destined t d prizewinning wrk becme happier, and therefre mre creative, as they enter 50 40s. Sciety lves the idea f yung talent, but it shuld celebrate middle-aged talent, t.
诺贝尔奖（瑞典语：Nbel priset，英语：Nbel Prize）是指根据诺贝尔1895年的遗嘱而设立的五个奖项，包括：物理学奖、化学奖、和平奖、生理学或医学奖和文学奖，旨在表彰在物理学、化学、和平、生理学或医学以及文学上“对人类作出最大贡献”的人士；以及瑞典中央银行1968年设立的诺贝尔经济学奖，用于表彰在经济学领域做出杰出贡献的人。
1901年诺贝尔奖首次颁发，包括：诺贝尔物理学奖、诺贝尔化学奖、诺贝尔和平奖、诺贝尔生理学或医学奖和诺贝尔文学奖。1968年瑞典中央银行增设“瑞典中央银行纪念诺贝尔经济科学奖”，该奖于1969年首次颁发，人们习惯上称这个额外的奖项为诺贝尔经济学奖。诺贝尔奖的甄选委员会通常在每年10月公布得主。颁奖典礼于每年12月10日，即诺贝尔逝世周年纪念日，分别在瑞典首都斯德哥尔摩和挪威首都奥斯陆由国王举行授奖仪式。2020年9月24日诺贝尔基金会主席拉尔斯·海肯斯滕表示2020年诺贝尔奖奖金将增加至1000万瑞典克朗（约110万美元） 。
根据诺贝尔奖官网显示，诺贝尔奖每年评选和颁发一次，诺贝尔奖包括一枚金牌、一份证书以及一笔奖金。截至2023年，共授予965位个人和27个团体 ，其中4位个人以及1个团体两次获奖、1个团体三次获奖 。
2024年10月7日至14日，2024年诺贝尔奖颁奖典礼举行。
话题语法填空
诺贝尔文学奖
Suth Krean authr Han Kang has been awarded the 2024 Nbel Prize in Literature, the Swedish Academy annunced n Thursday.
The annuncement made Han the first Suth Krean writer _______(win) this prestigius hnr. The academy praised her "fr her intense petic prse that _________(cnfrnt) histrical traumas and expses the fragility（脆弱；易碎性；脆弱性） f human life."
"I was able t talk t Han Kang n the phne," said Swedish Academy permanent secretary Mats Malm after annuncing the winner. "She was having an rdinary day it seemed – had just finished supper with her sn. She wasn't really prepared fr this, ______ we have begun t discuss preparatins fr December."
"I'm s surprised and abslutely I'm hnured," Han said, in a phne interview _________(share) by the Swedish Academy. "I grew up with Krean literature, ________ I feel very clse t. S I hpe this news is nice fr Krean literature readers, and my friends and writers."
Anders Olssn, chair f the Nbel Cmmittee fr Literature, cmmended Han's "physical empathy fr the vulnerable, ften female lives" f her characters.
"She has a unique _____________(aware) f the cnnectins between bdy and sul, the living and the dead, and in a ________(pet) and experimental style, has becme an innvatr in cntemprary prse," Olssn said.
Her nvel The Vegetarian, which wn the 2016 Internatinal Bker Prize, remains her mst internatinally ____________(recgnize) wrk.
诺贝尔物理学奖
After the Nbel Prize in physics went t Jhn J. Hpfield and Geffrey E. Hintn "fr fundatinal discveries and inventins that enable machine learning with artificial neural netwrks", many asked _________ a prize fr physics has gne t cmputer scientists fr what is als an achievement in cmputer science.
Even Hintn, a winner f the 2018 Turing Award and ne f the "gdfathers f AI", was himself "extremely surprised" ________ receiving the call telling him he had gt the Nbel in physics, while the ther recipient Hpfield said "It was just astunding."
_________(actual), the artificial neural netwrk research has a lt t d with physics. The neural netwrks tday can learn frm their wn mistakes and cnstantly imprve, thus being able t slve cmplicated prblems fr humanity. Fr example, the Large Language Mdel that's the basis f the varius GPT technlgies peple use tday dates back _______ the early days when Hpfield and Hintn frmed and imprved their netwrk.
Instead f __________(weak) the rle f physics, that the Nbel Prize in Physics ges t neural netwrk achievements strengthens it by revealing t the wrld the rle physics, r fundamental science ________ a whle, plays in sharpening technlgy. Physics studies the rules ________(fllw) by particles and the universe and paves the way fr mdern technlgies. That is why there is much t thank physicists ________ the milestnes mdern cmputer science has crssed.
话题阅读
A
With the drugs that she created, Getrade Elin achieved her life’s missin: t relieving human suffering. Beynd the individual drugs she discvered, she pineered a nw, mre scientific apprach t drug develpment that frever changed medical research.
When she was 15, Elin’s grandfather died frm cancer painfully. The experience decided her career path. At age 19, with a degree in chemistry, she lked fr wrk. She tk jbs as a secretary, a chemistry teacher, and an unpaid wrker in a lab. Finally, in 1944, Elin fund the jb f her dreams, assisting Gerge Hitchings at Burrughs Wellcme, a drug cmpany.
Hitchings and Elin gave up the traditinal trial-and-errr apprach t drug develpment, in favr f a scientific apprach. Starting frm the understanding that all cells require nucleic acid (核酸) t reprduce, they reasned that rapidly grwing bacteria (细菌) require even mre t keep the pace f grwth. Find a way t disrupt (扰乱) their life cycle, and yu find a way t stp disease.
Elin’s first majr discvery was a substance that disrupts the frmatin f leukaemia cells. But the effect failed t last lng. Elin determined t find a way t make the effects f her drug last lnger.
Elin’s final majr breakthrugh was in the develpment f the drug acyclvir. Scientists dubted that drugs culd be invented t fight viruses: any substance that wuld kill a virus wuld be pisnus t the bdy. Hwever, thrugh tireless effrts, the drug Elin’s team develped culd be used t fight many diseases. Elin’s name appears n 45 patents fr life-saving and life-changing drugs.
Thugh her individual discveries were significant, when Elin received the Nbel Prize in Physilgy r Medicine in 1988, it wasn’t fr ne particular drug — it was fr a new, mre reasnable apprach t drug develpment. As a result, althugh she died in 1999 at the age f 81, Gertrude Elin is still saving lives.
1．What inspired Elin t g int medical research?
A．Her grandfather’s death.B．Her teaching experience.
C．A drug cmpany’s influence.D．Gerge Hitching’s encuragement.
2．What was the key t stpping disease accrding t Elin?
A．Finding a pisnus substance t kill viruses.
B．Quickening the speed f grwth f all cells.
C．Preventing the frmatin f bacteria.
D．Remving tissues attacked by bacteria.
3．What did ther scientists think f the drug acyclvir at first?
A．It shuld be put int use immediately.
B．It might be harmful t human bdies.
C．It culd nly have shrt-term effects.
D．It culd be used t fight many diseases
4．Why did Elin win the Nbel Prize in Physilgy r Medicine?
A．She pineered a new way f develping drugs.
B．She discvered a life-saving drug.
C．She btained 45 patents.
D．She adpted a trial-and-errr apprach in medical research
B
TU YOUYOU AWA RDED NOBEL PRIZE
This year’s Nbel Prize fr Physilgy r Medicine has been awarded t Tu Yuyu (c-winner), whse research led t the discvery f artemisinin, a crucial new treatment fr malaria. Artemisinin has saved hundreds f thusands f lives, and has led t imprved health fr millins f peple. Over 200 millin peple arund the wrld get malaria each year, and abut 600, 000 die frm it. Artemisinin has becme a vital part f the treatment fr malaria, and is thught t save 100, 000 lives a year in Africa alne.
Tu Yuyu, a cmmitted and patient scientist, was brn in Ningb, China, n 30 December 1930, and graduated frm Peking University Medical Schl in 1955. After she graduated, she wrked at the China Academy f Traditinal Chinese Medicine in Beijing. In 1967, the Chinese gvernment frmed a team f scientists with the bjective f discvering a new treatment fr malaria, and Tu Yuyu was amng the first researchers chsen. In the beginning, Tu Yuyu went t Hainan, where malaria was mre cmmn, t study malaria patients. In 1969, she became the head f the prject in Beijing, and decided t review ancient Chinese medical texts t find traditinal btanical treatments fr the disease. Her team examined ver 2, 000 ld medical texts, and evaluated 280, 000 plants fr their medical prperties. Frm their research, they discvered and tested 380 distinct ancient Chinese medical treatments that shwed prmise in the fight against malaria.
One medical text frm the furth century suggested using the extract frm sweet wrmwd t treat a fever. Tu’s team tested a cllectin f dried wrmwd leaves but fund n effect. They then tried biling fresh wrmwd, and using the liquid btained frm this t treat malaria, but this did nt wrk either. Their prject gt stuck. Hwever, Tu Yuyu wuld nt acknwledge defeat. She analysed the medical texts again, and by chance, she fund ne sentence suggesting a different way t treat the wrmwd. She cncluded that biling the sweet wrmwd apparently destryed its medical prperties. Using a lwer temperature t draw ut the extract, she fund a substance that wrked. After failing mre than 190 times, the team finally succeeded in 1971. Tu Yuyu and her team members even insisted n testing the medicine n themselves t make sure that it was safe. Later, the medicine was tested n malaria patients, mst f whm recvered. This medicine，which was called artemisinin, sn became a standard treatment fr malaria.
Accrding t Tu Yuyu, the discvery f artemisinin was a team effrt. Upn hearing that she had been awarded the Nbel Prize, she said, “The hnur is nt just mine. There is a team behind me，and all the peple f my cuntry. This success prves the great value f traditinal Chinese medicine. It is indeed an hnur fr China’s scientific research and Chinese medicine t be spread arund the wrld.”
5．What happened t Tu Yuyu when she was 37?
A．She made a decisin t settle dwn in Hainan.
B．She was appinted head f a team f scientists.
C．She was chsen t discver a new treatment fr malaria.
D．She graduated frm Peking University Medical Schl.
6．Why was Tu Yuyu awarded the Nbel Prize?
A．She devted her whle life t medicine research.
B．She develped an effective drug fr malaria in 1971.
C．She came up with a revlutinary thery abut medicine.
D．She made a breakthrugh in the Chinese scientific cmmunity.
7．What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A．Tu Yuyu is a very mdest persn.
B．Tu Yuyu takes great pride in herself.
C．Tu Yuyu was surprised at the great prize.
D．Tu Yuyu made traditinal Chinese medicine spread.
C
The Nbel Prize is ne f the mst prestigius awards in the wrld. It was established by Alfred Nbel, a Swedish chemist, engineer, and inventr. Nbel was knwn fr inventing dynamite. Hwever, he was cncerned abut hw his inventins culd be used fr destructive purpses in war. Thus, in his will, he stipulated that his frtune be used t establish prizes in physics, chemistry, physilgy r medicine, literature, and peace.
The first Nbel Prizes were awarded in 1901. Since then, the Nbel Prize has been awarded t cuntless utstanding individuals wh have made significant cntributins t their respective fields. The Nbel Prize in Physics and Chemistry ften recgnizes revlutinary discveries and advancements in science. The Nbel Prize in Physilgy r Medicine hnrs breakthrughs in the understanding and treatment f diseases. The Nbel Prize in Literature rewards utstanding literary wrks that have a prfund impact n humanity. The Nbel Peace Prize is given t thse wh have wrked tirelessly t prmte peace and reslve cnflicts.
Winning a Nbel Prize is nt nly a great hnr but als brings attentin t the imprtant wrk being dne in varius fields. It inspires future generatins f scientists, writers, and peacemakers t strive fr excellence and make the wrld a better place.
8．Wh established the Nbel Prize?
A．A Swedish physicist.B．A Swedish chemist.
C．A Swedish engineer.D．A Swedish inventr.
9．What was Alfred Nbel knwn fr inventing?
A．Gunpwder.B．Dynamite.C．Electricity.D．The telephne.
10．Hw many fields des the Nbel Prize cver?
A．Three.B．Fur.C．Five.D．Six.
11．Which field des the Nbel Prize in Physilgy r Medicine hnr?
A．Discveries in physics.B．Breakthrughs in treating diseases.
C．Outstanding literary wrks.D．Effrts t prmte peace.
D
This stamp belngs t a lng-running series f pstage stamps issued by the US. At first glance, Rachel Carsn seems a slight figure amng these giants. Physically, perhaps, she was — but she has turned ut t be ne f the mst influential.
As a child, Carsn was fascinated by bks and animals. Her first bk, Under the Sea Wind, was published in 1941, but sld prly. Her secnd bk, The Sea Arund Us, was published in 1951, which was a success. A greater success was t fllw. The early 1950s were a time when technlgy was unquestined. Man wuld irn ut all the incnveniences f nature, and create an ever mre cnvenient ne fr human wrld. One f the tls with which this wuld be achieved was DDT. Swiss chemist Paul Muller had wn the 1948 Nbel Prize fr discvering its capacity fr killing insects, and the chemical was ging t rt ut nt just diseases related t insects like malaria (疟疾), but agricultural and husehld pests.
But what abut birds that ate the dying insects? Or the lasting effects f DDT in the atmsphere, nce it had dne its wrk? Vices were als being raised that DDT and ther pesticides culd cause cancer in humans. The mre Carsn explred these side-effects, the mre cnvinced she became f their danger. She decided t write her next bk abut that, and, beynd it , the threat f ther verused chemicals.
Silent Spring — the title symblizes a terrifying, birdless future — was published in 1962. It was the first bk t bring awareness f what we nw regard as eclgical issues t the general public and “Bk f the Mnth” in Octber that year. Scientists gave it favurable reviews. Chemical cmpanies did nt, attacking nt just her arguments but her persnality. She was accused f assisting the spread f malaria by supprting n pest cntrl f any kind. By 1970, even President Nixn had cme rund t her pint f view, setting up the US Envirnmental. Prtectin Agency.
12．What d the underlined wrds “irn ut” in paragraph 2 mean?
A．Give ut.B．Put ut.C．Take away.D．Clear away.
13．What is paragraph 3 mainly abut?
A．The inspiratin f writing her bk.B．The side-effects f DDT.
C．The results f eating dying insects.D．The advantages f DDT.
14．What can we learn abut the bk Silent Spring?
A．It gained wide supprt initially.B．It brught Carsn amunts f prfits.
C．It arused public awareness n eclgy.D．It received vilent attack frm scientists.
15．What might be a suitable title fr the text?
A．The Bk f the MnthB．The Pwer f Wrds
C．An Influential BigraphyD．A Fantastic Stamp
话题完形填空
It is Nbel Prize week, the ne week every year when peple frm all crners f the glbe celebrate science, read abut ribsmes (核糖体), and give their best sht at trying t understand particle physics. It is als the ne week when science is guaranteed sme prime headline space n mainstream news utlets. And yet the science Nbels (in medicine, physics, and chemistry) present a(n) 16 view f science.
The prblem starts with the 17 f prize-winners selected every year. The rules gverning the Nbel Prize 18 it t just three winners in each categry. This means that fr every discvery that is awarded a Nbel, the majrity f cntributing scientists end up being 19 .
As a matter f fact, science has never been a(n) 20 effrt. Isaac Newtn std n the “shulders f giants”; Neil Armstrng’s “ne small step” was a dream realized by hundreds f thusands f engineers and scientists. Science is, and always has been, and repetitive prcess where individuals draw n discveries made by thers t 21 advance the bundaries f human knwledge. Yes, Albert Einstein famusly wn the Nbel Prize all by himself fr a paper he alne authred, but he culd nt have made his discveries withut 22 wrk by Max Planck, James Maxwell, and several thers.
T make matters wrse, typical f the Nbel Prizes, nne f the 23 was a first authr n any f the publicatins cited by the prize annuncements. The first authr f a scientific paper is typically the persn wh did the hands-n labratry wrk, usually a graduate student r yung pst-dctral researcher. It is precisely these 24 researchers wh are in greater need f the Nbel Prize mney than their generally tenured (终身的) supervisrs.
Mre basically, awarding the prizes t nly three scientists spreads a visin f science as an individual enterprise. By ensuring that graduate students are nt given 25 recgnitin, the prizes reinfrce (加强) the mistaken image f a scientist as an ld white man in a lab cat. This can nly 26 gender and racial inequalities in science, especially further alng in an academic career.
Any ne f these reasns is sufficient t 27 the Nbel Prizes. Here is ne idea: Award the Nbel Prizes nt t 28 but fr discveries; dnate the prize mney t an internatinal science fund t prmte further explratin in each year’s prize-winning field f research.
A science-riented Nbel, rather than a scientist-riented ne, wuld educate the public in the mst imprtant scientific develpments and, 29 , stimulate new scientific prgress by using the prize mney t fund the next generatin f researchers. Science wrks best when the 30 f ne generatin f scientists are paid frward t drive the next t even greater heights. That is t say, scientists f different generatins wrk with jint effrts t supprt future scientific advancements fr the betterment f sciety as a whle.
16．A．strangeB．utdatedC．all-rundD．advanced
17．A．qualityB．diversityC．disciplineD．figure
18．A．restrictB．extendC．relateD．apply
19．A．emplyedB．ignredC．respectedD．nminated
20．A．terrificB．cnstantC．intellectualD．individual
21．A．naturallyB．rapidlyC．graduallyD．persnally
22．A．previusB．subsequentC．physicalD．cmmercial
23．A．emplyeesB．addresseesC．awardeesD．refugees
24．A．chief-psitinB．early-careerC．senir-managementD．academic-wrld
25．A．dueB．immediateC．literaryD．gvernmental
26．A．turn dwnB．level ffC．take awayD．step up
27．A．claimB．refrmC．presentD．annunce
28．A．rganizersB．researchersC．spnsrsD．supervisrs
29．A．in factB．in cmparisnC．in theryD．in turn
30．A．legendsB．spiritsC．achievementsD．mysteries
话题语法填空
A
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入一个适当的单词或所给单词的正确形式。
Austrian authr Peter Handke cllected the 2019 Nbel Prize in Literature while the 2018 award, which 31 (delay), went t Plish authr Olga Tkarczuk.
Handke “has established himself as ne f the mst 32 (influence) writers in Eurpe after the Secnd Wrld War”. His wrks are filled with a strng desire 33 (discver) and make his discveries cme t life by finding new literary expressins fr them, the Swedish Academy said. He 34 (write) many nvels in the past decades, like Shrt Letter, Lng Farewell, 35 a yung Austrian writer travels acrss the United States in search f his wife. This nvel is 36 (general) cnsidered as ne f Handke's typical cnfusing 37 (wrk).
Tkarczuk became 38 winner f the 2018 award “fr a narrative (叙事的) imaginatin that with encyclpedic (博学的) passin represents the crssing f bundaries as a frm f life”. Her first wrk came ut in 1993, and 39 was believed that her third nvel Primevaland Other Times marked her majr breakthrugh. In 2018, she was awarded the Man Bker Internatinal Prize fr her nvel Flights, 40 (becme) the first Plish writer t d s.
B
At what age d yu hit the peak f yur career?
When Jhn Gdenugh wn the Nbel prize in chemistry in 2019 at the age f 97, scientists breathed a sigh f relief. Many had wrried that the cmmittee wuld nt get arund t hnuring his grundbreaking wrk n lithium-in batteries frm 1980.
Gdenugh was 41 (ld) winner f the wrld’s fremst research prize. Usually, laureates (获奖者) are clser t 55 when they pick up the phne t hear the welcme Swedish accent. But it 42 take years between the publicatin f a laureate’s career-defining wrk and recgnitin frm the Nbel cmmittee. At what age are they at the height f their pwers?
The answer has changed ver time. Science laureates 43 received the prize between 1901 and 1950 were, n average, 39 years ld when they published their winning paper, accrding t research published in 1957. But a study f mre recent Nbel laureates published in 2019 by Rasmus Bjrk f the Technical University f Denmark fund that science and ecnmics winners were, n average, 44 at the time f their prizewinning wrk.
Differences 44 disciplines have lessened. In the first half f the 20th century physicists and chemists were significantly yunger when they made their big cntributins (at 35 and 38 respectively) 45 were medical scientists (42). At the time this 46 (attribute) t the birth f mdern physics at the turn f the century—spurred by new radiatin discveries, the thery f relativity and quantum mechanics—which set the scene fr yunger scientists 47 (make) their mark.
Nw, hwever, the ages f peak achievement in each field are much clser, thugh physicists still tend t be slightly yunger than average. Physicists need fewer papers t make a big cntributin, which may be 48 they tend t be relatively yung when that happens. They usually win Nbels fr ne big discvery, whereas ecnmists, fr example, get them fr theries they develp ver several years, which pushes up their average age.
Regardless f discipline, future Nbel laureates in science are mst prductive frm late yuth t early middle age. Perhaps that is when they find themselves at the sweet intersectin f fresh ideas and the means t pursue them. The median age f first-year PhD students in the OECD, a club f mainly rich cuntries, is 29. Prmising yung researchers wh want t start their wn labs ften get funding arund five years after they graduate.
Surprisingly, writers, wh depend less n dctral degrees and grants fr lab equipment, als d their best wrk as they enter middle age. Sme Nbel laureates in literature, 49 Bb Dylan, were chsen fr their cntributins ver a lifetime. But in cases where the Nbel cmmittee singled ut fr cmmendatin individual wrks, the authrs’ average age was 41.
Perhaps peple destined t d prizewinning wrk becme happier, and therefre mre creative, as they enter 50 40s. Sciety lves the idea f yung talent, but it shuld celebrate middle-aged talent, t.
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