新高考英语二轮复习题型归纳与变式演练专题14 说明文体类阅读理解（2份打包，原卷版+解析版））

这是一份新高考英语二轮复习题型归纳与变式演练专题14 说明文体类阅读理解（2份打包，原卷版+解析版）），文件包含新高考英语二轮复习题型归纳与变式演练专题14说明文体类阅读理解原卷版doc、新高考英语二轮复习题型归纳与变式演练专题14说明文体类阅读理解解析版doc等2份试卷配套教学资源，其中试卷共208页， 欢迎下载使用。


一、解题策略
1. 考情分析
最近五年，说明文的出现变化不大，一直很稳定，选材通常是各学科的前沿问题；高科技领域的科研成果；人们比较关心的社会问题；人文方面的经典。由于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由简到难的方式，因此说明文是高考试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常后置。阅读理解试题的中要考点之一是考查学生对词汇和句式的掌握。说明文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。词汇运用灵活，同一词的不同词性的用法交替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常达到了4-5%。不过考生可以通过说明文的语言特点来帮助理解语篇，例如，同位语、下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号（如破折号、冒号都有表示解释和说明）等。
2. 得分要点
高考阅读理解中，说明文为主要体裁之一。高考阅读理解题的设问主要围绕以下四方面：细节事实题、主旨大意题、推理判断题、猜测词义题。其中，说明文主要以细节事实、主旨大意和猜测词义三方面问题为主。
一、词义猜测类题型
阅读理解题中常要求学生猜测某些单词或短语的意思。历年英语高考题中均有此类题目，有的文章尽管没有专门设题，但由于文章中常常出现生词，因此，词义的猜测还是贯穿在文章的阅读理解之中。解这类题目一般是通过上下文去理解或根据构词法去猜测。判断一个单词的意思不但离不开句子，而且还需要把句子放在上下文中，根据上下文提供的线索加以猜测。运用构词法,语境等推测关键词义，可以根据以下几种方法猜测：
（一）内在逻辑关系
根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义。
1.通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词
通过同义词猜词，一是要看由and或r连接的同义词词组，如happy and gay，即使我们不认识gay这个词，也可以知道它是愉快的意思.这是高三册第八单元阅读第五段的句子：
The wrd ＂secure＂ in paragraph 5 line is clsest in meaning t_________.
A.freefrmanxiety B.anxius C.nervus D.happy
根据上下文和同义词，可以选出答案A。
二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词，如Man has knwn smething abut the planets Venus，Mars，and Jupiter with the help f spaceships. 此句中的Venus（金星）,Mars（火星）,Jupiter（木星）均为生词，但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于＂行星＂这一义域.通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如but，while，hwever等；二是看与nt搭配的或表示否定意义的词语，如：He is s hmely，nt at all as handsme as his brther.根据nt at 我们不难推测出hmely的意思，即不英俊,不漂亮的意思。
2.根据因果关系猜测词义
通过因果关系猜词，首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词（如because，as，since，fr，s，thus，as a result，f curse，therefre等等）表示前因后果。例如：
Yu shuldn’t have blamed him fr that，fr it wasn’t his fault.通过fr引出的句子所表示的原因（那不是他的错），可猜出blame的词义是＂责备＂。
3.通过定义或释义关系来推测词义
例如：But smetimes，n rain falls fr a lng，lng time. Then there is a dry perid，r drught.
从drught所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的时期，即drught，由此可见drught意思为＂久旱＂，＂旱灾＂。而a dry perid和drught是同义语。这种同义或释义关系常由is，r，that is，in ther wrds，be called或破折号等来表示。
4.通过句法功能来推测词义
例如：Bananas，ranges，pineapples，ccnuts and sme ther kind f fruit grw in warm areas.假如pineapples和ccnuts是生词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples，ccnuts和bananas，ranges是同类关系，同属fruit类，因此它们是两样水果，准确地说，是菠萝和椰子。
5.通过描述猜词
描述即作者为帮助读者更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。例如The penguin is a kind f sea bird living in the Suth Ple. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Althugh it cannt fly，it can swim in the icy water t catch the fish.从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类.后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。
（二）外部相关因素
外部相关因素是指篇章（句子或段落）以外的其他知识，有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时，就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如：The snakes lithered thrugh the grass.根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出slither词义为＂爬行＂。
（三）构词法
在阅读文章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根,前缀,后缀,合成等构词法知识，这些问题便不难解决了。
1.根据前缀猜测词义
例如：He fell int a ditch and lay there，semi-cnscius，fr a few minutes.根据词根cnscius（清醒的，有意识的），结合前缀semi（半，部分的，不完全的），我们便可猜出semicnscius词义＂半清醒的，半昏迷的。＂I’m illiterate abut such things.词根lit-erate意为＂有文化修养的，通晓的＂，前缀il表示否定，因此illiterate指＂一窍不通，不知道的＂。
2.根据后缀猜测词义
例如：Insecticide is applied where it is needed.后缀cide表示＂杀者，杀灭剂＂，结合大家熟悉的词根insect（昆虫），不难猜出insecticide意为＂杀虫剂＂。Then the vapr may change int drplets.后缀let表示＂小的＂，词根drp指＂滴，滴状物＂。将两个意思结合起来，便可推断出drplet词义＂小滴，微滴＂。
3.根据复合词的各部分猜测词义
例如：Grwing ecnmic prblems were high-lighted by a slwdwn in il utput. Hightlight或许是一个生词，但是分析该词结构后，就能推测出其含义。它是由high（高的，强的）和light（光线）两部分组成，合在一起便是＂以强光照射，使突出＂的意思。Bullfight is very ppular in Spain. Bull（公牛）和fight（打，搏斗）结合在一起，指一种在西班牙颇为流行的体育运动—斗牛。
二、主旨大意类题型
主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎样把握主旨大意题呢？通常有以下几种方法：
（一）阅读文章的标题或副标题
文章的标题是一篇文章的题眼，通过阅读标题或副标题可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。
（二）寻找文章的主题句
分析篇章结构，找出文章主题。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第二句,即文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主题.若短文由若干段组成，除仔细阅读第一段的首句外，还须仔细阅读每一段的第一句，即段落中心.通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有时也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用来说明和阐述主题句。因此，在确定文章的中心思想时，要求学生重视阅读文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常贯穿在全文中，因此要求学生综观全文，对段落的内容要融会贯通，对文章透彻理解后归纳总结。主题句的特点是：1.相对于其他句子，它表达的意思比较概括；2.主题句一般结构简单；3.段落中其他句子必定是用来解释,支撑或发展主题句所表达的思想的。
总之，为提高阅读理解能力，在阅读时应抓中心思想,作者意图及关键词语，运用联想,比较,归纳,推测等方法，得出最佳结论，选择最佳答案，不能主观臆测，把自己的观点强加进去，与文章的观点混为一谈。经过长时间有计划,有目的的系统训练，使学生加快阅读速度，提高阅读的正确性，使两者有机地统一起来，以提高学生阅读英语和运用英语进行交际的能力，为继续学习和运用英语切实打好基础.阅读是一种综合性很强的语言实际活动。我们只有进行大量的课内外阅读，掌握一定的阅读技巧，正确运用阅读方法，才能有效地提高阅读理解能力。
3. 常用解题方法
定位对照法：
先阅读题干，然后根据问题的要求，按照题目顺序依次有针对性地结合题干中的关键词到文中定位，阅读相关部分并快速寻找有效信息。再将原文和选项进行比较。当问题与原文材料相同的时候，对号入座；如果问题与原文不同．则可以同义替换、归纳事实等。
选项分析法：
根据题干中的关键词，找准相关句、段的内容。再仔细对照，排除于文章内容不一致的错误信息，从而确定选项。
3.中心精确捕捉法：根据议论文特点对文章中心段或句进行精准分析。
4. 两种解题步骤
方式一：
1.读开头段，把握中心（中心明确）；
2.解“主旨题”以及“主旨相关题”；
3.解“细节题”（先定段，后定句）。
方式二
1.读开头段，把握中心（中心不明确）；
2.解“细节题”（先定段，后定句）；
3.解“主旨题”以及“主旨相关题”。
【注意事项】
1.不必通读全文，不必千方百计理解文章所有语句；
2.必须首先读好开头与结尾段，快速准确找出文章中心主旨；
3.注意并充分利用文章中所给出的中文提示词。
二、高考真题
一、2022年高考真题
2022年6月新高考1卷A篇
Grading Plicies fr Intrductin t Literature
Grading Scale
90-100, A; 80-89, B; 70-79, C; 60-69, D; Belw 60, E.
Essays (60%)
Yur fur majr essays will cmbine t frm the main part f the grade fr this curse: Essay 1 = 10%; Essay 2 = 15%; Essay 3 = 15%; Essay 4 = 20%.
Grup Assignments (30%)
Students will wrk in grups t cmplete fur assignments (作业) during the curse. All the assignments will be submitted by the assigned date thrugh Blackbard, ur nline learning and curse management system.
Daily Wrk/In-Class Writings and Tests/Grup Wrk/Hmewrk (10%)
Class activities will vary frm day t day, but students must be ready t cmplete shrt in-class writings r tests drawn directly frm assigned readings r ntes frm the previus class' lecture/discussin, s it is imprtant t take careful ntes during class. Additinally, frm time t time I will assign grup wrk t be cmpleted in class r shrt assignments t be cmpleted at hme, bth f which will be graded.
Late Wrk
An essay nt submitted in class n the due date will lse a letter grade fr each class perid it is late. If it is nt turned in by the 4th day after the due date, it will earn a zer. Daily assignments nt cmpleted during class will get a zer. Shrt writings missed as a result f an excused absence will be accepted.
21. Where is this text prbably taken frm?
A. A textbk.B. An exam paper.C. A curse plan.D. An academic article.
22. Hw many parts is a student’s final grade made up f?
A. Tw.B. Three.C. Fur.D. Five.
23. What will happen if yu submit an essay ne week after the due date?
A. Yu will receive a zer.B. Yu will lse a letter grade.
C. Yu will be given a test.D. Yu will have t rewrite it.
【答案】21. C 22. B 23. A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了文学概论课程评分办法。
【21题详解】推理判断题。根据文章标题“Grading Plicies fr Intrductin t Literature (文学概论课程评分办法)”和Essays (60%)部分“Yur fur majr essays will cmbine t frm the main part f the grade f fr this curse (你的四篇主要文章将构成本课程评分的主要部分)”可知，文章介绍了文学概论课程评分办法，可得出本文是出自一个课程计划。故选C项。
【22题详解】细节理解题。根据黑体小标题“Essays (60%)”、“Grup Assignments (30%)”和“Daily Wrk/In-Class Writings and Tests/Grups Wrk/Hmewrk (10%)”可知，学生的最终成绩由3部分组成。故选B项。
【23题详解】推理判断题。根据“Late Wrk”部分“If it is nt turned in by the 4th day after the due date, it will earn a zer. (如果没有在截止日期后的第4天上交，将会得到零分)”可知，如果在截止日期后一周才交文章，你将会得零分。故选A项。
2022年6月新高考1卷B篇
Like mst f us, I try t be mindful f fd that ges t waste. The arugula (芝麻菜)was t make a nice green salad, runding ut a rast chicken dinner. But I ended up wrking late. Then friends called with a dinner invitatin. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even wrse, I had unthinkingly bught way t much; I culd have made six salads with what I threw ut.
In a wrld where nearly 800 millin peple a year g hungry, “fd waste ges against the mral grain,” as Elizabeth Ryte writes in this mnth’s cver stry. It’s jaw-drpping hw much perfectly gd fd is thrwn away — frm “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grcers t large amunts f uneaten dishes thrwn int restaurant garbage cans.
Prducing fd that n ne eats wastes the water, fuel, and ther resurces used t grw it. That makes fd waste an envirnmental prblem. In fact, Ryte writes, “if fd waste were a cuntry, it wuld be the third largest prducer f greenhuse gases in the wrld.”
If that’s hard t understand, let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back f my refrigeratr. Mike Curtin sees my arugula stry all the time — but fr him, it's mre like 12 bnes f dnated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO f DC Central Kitchen in Washingtn, D.C., which recvers fd and turns it int healthy meals. Last year it recvered mre than 807,500 punds f fd by taking dnatins and cllecting blemished (有瑕疵的) prduce that therwise wuld have rtted in fields. And the strawberries? Vlunteers will wash, cut, and freeze r dry them fr use in meals dwn the rad.
Such methds seem bvius, yet s ften we just dn’t think. “Everyne can play a part in reducing waste, whether by nt purchasing mre fd than necessary in yur weekly shpping r by asking restaurants t nt include the side dish yu wn’t eat,” Curtin says.
24. What des the authr want t shw by telling the arugula stry?
A. We pay little attentin t fd waste.B. We waste fd unintentinally at times.
C. We waste mre vegetables than meat.D. We have gd reasns fr wasting fd.
25. What is a cnsequence f fd waste accrding t the test?
A. Mral decline.B. Envirnmental harm.
C. Energy shrtage.D. Wrldwide starvatin.
26. What des Curtin’s cmpany d?
A. It prduces kitchen equipment.B. It turns rtten arugula int clean fuel.
C. It helps lcal farmers grw fruits.D. It makes meals ut f unwanted fd.
27. What des Curtin suggest peple d?
A. Buy nly what is needed.B. Reduce fd cnsumptin.
C. G shpping nce a week.D. Eat in restaurants less ften.
【答案】24. B 25. B 26. D 27. A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了我们日常生活中的食物浪费现象以及华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官科廷为解决食物浪费而采取的努力。
【24题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Like mst f us, I try t be mindful f fd that ges t waste.(像我们大多数人一样，我努力关注那些被浪费的食物)”及“But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even wrse, I had unthinkingly bught way t much; culd have made six salads with what I threw ut.(但随着时间的推移，芝麻菜变坏了。更糟糕的是，我不假思索地买了太多东西；我扔掉的东西可以做六份沙拉)”可推知，作者想通过讲述芝麻菜的故事来表明我们有时会无意间浪费食物。故选B。
【25题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段“Prducing fd that n ne eats wastes the water, fuel, and ther, resurces used t grw it. That makes fd waste an envirnmental prblem. In fact, Ryte writes, “if fd waste were a cuntry, it wuld be the third largest prducer f greenhuse gases in the wrld.”(生产没人吃的食物会浪费用于种植食物的水、燃料和其他资源。这使得食物浪费成为一个环境问题。事实上，罗伊特写道，“如果食物浪费是一个国家，它将是世界上第三大温室气体排放国。”)”可知，根据文中的说法，浪费食物的一个后果是对环境的危害。故选B。
【26题详解】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Curtin is CEO f DC Central Kitchen in Washingtn. D.C., which recvers fd and turns it int healthy meals. Last year it recvered mre than 807,500 punds f fd by taking dnatins and cllecting blemished (有瑕疵的) prduce, that therwise wuld have rtted in fields. And the strawberries? Vlunteers will wash, cut, and freeze r dry them fr use in meals dwn the rad.(科廷是华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官，该公司把食物复原，变成健康的食物。去年，该组织通过接受捐赠和收集有瑕疵的农产品，收回了超过807500磅的食物，否则这些农产品就会在地里腐烂。草莓呢？志愿者们将清洗、切割、冷冻或干燥它们，以便在路上的餐食中使用)”可知，科廷的公司用人们不想要的食物重新制作食物。故选D。
【27题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段中的““Everyne can play a part in reducing waste, whether by nt purchasing mre fd than necessary in yur weekly shpping r by asking restaurants t nt include the side dish yu wn’t eat,” Curtin says.(“每个人都可以在减少浪费方面发挥作用，无论是在每周的购物中不购买不必要的食物，还是要求餐馆不包括你不吃的配菜，”科廷说)”可知，科廷建议人们只买需要的东西来避免浪费食物。故选A。
2022年6月新高考1卷C篇
The elderly residents (居民) in care hmes in Lndn are being given hens t lk after t stp them feeling lnely.
The prject was dreamed up by a lcal charity (慈善组织) t reduce lneliness and imprve elderly peple’s wellbeing, It is als being used t help patients suffering dementia, a serius illness f the mind. Staff in care hmes have reprted a reductin in the use f medicine where hens are in use.
Amng thse taking part in the prject is 80-year-ld Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used t keep hens when I was yunger and had t prepare their breakfast each mrning befre I went t schl. ”
“I like the prject a lt. I am dwn there in my wheelchair in the mrning letting the hens ut and dwn there again at night t see they’ve gne t bed.”
“It’s gd t have a different fcus. Peple have been bringing their children in t see the hens and residents cme and sit utside t watch them. I’m enjying the creative activities, and it feels great t have dne smething useful.”
There are nw 700 elderly peple lking after hens in 20 care hmes in the Nrth East, and the charity has been given financial supprt t rll it ut cuntrywide.
Wendy Wilsn, extra care manager at 60 Penfld Street, ne f the first t embark n the prject, said: “Residents really welcme the idea f the prject and the creative sessins. We are lking frward t the benefits and fun the prject can bring t peple here.”
Lynn Lewis, directr f Ntting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy t be taking part in the prject. It will really help cnnect ur residents thrugh a shared interest and creative activities.”
28. What is the purpse f the prject?
A. T ensure harmny in care hmes. B. T prvide part-time jbs fr the aged.
C. T raise mney fr medical research. D. T prmte the elderly peple’s welfare.
29. Hw has the prject affected Ruth Xavier?
A. She has learned new life skills.B. She has gained a sense f achievement.
C. She has recvered her memry.D. She has develped a strng persnality.
30. What d the underlined wrds “embark n” mean in paragraph 7?
A. Imprve.B. Oppse.C. Begin.D. Evaluate.
31. What can we learn abut the prject frm the last tw paragraphs?
A. It is well received.B. It needs t be mre creative.
C. It is highly prfitable.D. It takes ages t see the results.
【答案】28. D 29. B 30. C 31. A
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况的项目。
【28题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第二段“The prject was dreamed up by a lcal charity (慈善组织) t reduce lneliness and imprve elderly peple’s wellbeing (该项目由当地一家慈善机构构想，旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况)”可知，这个项目的目的是为了提高老年人的幸福。故选D。
【29题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第五段““It’s gd t have a different fcus. Peple have been bringing their children in t see the hens and residents cme and sit utside t watch them. I’m enjying the creative activities, and it feels great t have dne smething useful.” (有不同的关注点很好。人们把自己的孩子带进来看母鸡，居民们也来外面坐着看它们。我喜欢创造性的活动，做一些有用的事情的感觉很好)”可推知，Ruth Xavier通过该项目获得了一种成就感。故选B。
【30题详解】词义猜测题。根据文章倒数第二段“Residents really welcme the idea f the prject and the creative sessins. We are lking frward t the benefits and fun the prject can bring t peple here. (居民们非常欢迎该项目的想法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣)”以及划线处前的“ne f the first (第一批人之一)”可知Wendy Wilsn是着手这项工程的人之一，划线处的含义与C项：“Begin (开始)”含义相近。故选C。
【31题详解】推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Residents really welcme the idea f the prject and the creative sessins. We are lking frward t the benefits and fun the prject can bring t peple here. (居民们非常欢迎该项目的想法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣)”以及最后一段“Lynn Lewis, directr f Ntting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy t be taking part in the prject. It will really help cnnect ur residents thrugh a shared interest and creative activities.” (“诺丁山路径”的负责人林恩·刘易斯说:我们很高兴能参与这个项目。它将通过共同的兴趣和创造性活动真正帮助我们的居民联系起来)”可知，该项目的反响很好。故选A。
2022年6月新高考1卷D篇
Human speech cntains mre than 2,000 different sunds, frm the cmmn “m” and “a” t the rare clicks f sme suthern African languages. But why are certain sunds mre cmmn than thers? A grund-breaking, five-year study shws that diet-related changes in human bite led t new speech sunds that are nw fund in half the wrld’s languages.
Mre than 30 years ag, the schlar Charles Hckett nted that speech sunds called labidentals, such as “f” and “v”, were mre cmmn in the languages f scieties that ate sfter fds. Nw a team f researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University f Zurich, Switzerland, has fund hw and why this trend arse.
They discvered that the upper and lwer frnt teeth f ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard t prduce labidentals, which are frmed by tuching the lwer lip t the upper teeth. Later, ur jaws changed t an verbite structure (结构), making it easier t prduce such sunds.
The team shwed that this change in bite was cnnected with the develpment f agriculture in the Nelithic perid. Fd became easier t chew at this pint. The jawbne didn’t have t d as much wrk and s didn’t grw t be s large.
Analyses f a language database als cnfirmed that there was a glbal change in the sund f wrld languages after the Nelithic age, with the use f “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thusand years. These sunds are still nt fund in the languages f many hunter-gatherer peple tday.
This research verturns the ppular view that all human speech sunds were present when human beings evlved arund 300,000 years ag. ”The set f speech sunds we use has nt necessarily remained stable since the appearance f human beings, but rather the huge variety f speech sunds that we find tday is the prduct f a cmplex interplay f things like bilgical change and cultural evlutin,“ said Steven Mran, a member f the research team.
32. Which aspect f the human speech sund des Damián Blasi’s research fcus n?
A. Its variety.B. Its distributin.C. Its quantity.D. Its develpment.
33. Why was it difficult fr ancient human adults t prduce labidentals?
A. They had fewer upper teeth than lwer teeth.
B. They culd nt pen and clse their lips easily.
C. Their jaws were nt cnveniently structured.
D. Their lwer frnt teeth were nt large enugh.
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly abut?
A. Supprting evidence fr the research results.
B. Ptential applicatin f the research findings.
C. A further explanatin f the research methds.
D. A reasnable dubt abut the research prcess.
35. What des Steven Mran say abut the set f human speech sunds?
A. It is key t effective cmmunicatin.B. It cntributes much t cultural diversity.
C. It is a cmplex and dynamic system.D. It drives the evlutin f human beings.
【答案】32. D 33. C 34. A 35. C
【解析】本篇是一篇说明文。主要介绍因为饮食的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语音。
【32题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“Mre than 30 years ag, the schlar Charles Hckett nted that speech sunds called labidentals, such as “f” and "v", were mre cmmn in the languages f scieties that ate sfter fds. Nw a team f researchers led by Damian Blasi at the University f Zurich, Switzerland, has fund hw and why this trend arse.（30多年前，学者Charles Hckett注意到，被称为唇齿音的语音，如“f”和“v”，在吃软食物的社会的语言中更常见。现在，瑞士苏黎世大学的Damian Blasi领导的一组研究人员发现了这一趋势产生的方式和原因。）”可知Damian Blasi的研究重点是在语言的演变上。故选D项。
【33题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They discvered that the upper and lwer frnt teeth f ancient human adults were aligned，making it hard t prduce labidentals，which are frmed by tuching the lwer lip t the upper teeth. Later, ur jaws changed t an verbite structure , making it easier t prduce such sunds.（他们发现，古人类的上门牙和下门牙是对齐的，因此很难产生唇齿音，唇齿音是通过下唇接触上牙齿而形成的。后来，我们的下颚变成了覆盖咬合结构，更容易发出这样的声音）”可知，因为古代成年人的下颚结构使他们很难发出唇齿音。故选C项。
【34题详解】主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“Analyses f a language database als cnfirmed that there was a glbal change in the sund f wrld languages after the s Nelithic age, with the use f “f” and “v”increasing remarkably during the last few thusand years. These sunds are still nt fund in the languages f many hunter-gatherer peple tday.（对语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，在过去几千年里，“f”和“v”的使用显著增加。这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然没有发现）”可知，第五段主要是通过列明数据分析结果来进一步证明研究结果。故选A项。
【35题详解】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中““The set f speech sunds we use has nt necessarily remained stable since the appearance f human beings, but rather the huge variety f speech sunds that we find tday is the prduct f a cmplex interplay f things like bilgical change and cultural evlutin,” said Steven Mran, a member f the research team.（研究小组成员Steven Mran说:“自从人类出现以来，我们使用的语音不一定保持稳定，我们今天发现的各种语音都是生物变化和文化进化等复杂相互作用的产物。”）”可知，Steven Mran认为语音是一个复杂的动态系统。故选C项。
2022年6月全国甲卷B篇
Gffin’s cckats, a kind f small parrt native t Australasia, have been shwn t have similar shape-recgnitin abilities t a human tw-year-ld. Thugh nt knwn t use tls in the wild, the birds have prved skilful at tl use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cckats were presented with a bx with a nut inside it. The clear frnt f the bx had a “keyhle” in a gemetric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” t chse frm. Inserting the crrect “key” wuld let ut the nut.
In humans, babies can put a rund shape in a rund hle frm arund ne year f age, but it will be anther year befre they are able t d the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability t recgnize that a shape will need t be turned in a specific directin befre it will fit is called an “allcentric frame f reference”. In the experiment, Gffin’s cckats were able t select the right tl fr the jb, in mst cases, by visual recgnitin alne. Where trial-and-errr was used, the cckats did better than mnkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Gffin’s cckats d indeed pssess an allcentric frame f reference when mving bjects in space, similar t tw-year-ld babies.
The next step, accrding t the researchers, is t try and wrk ut whether the cckats rely entirely n visual clues (线索), r als use a sense f tuch in making their shape selectins.
24. Hw did the cckats get the nut frm the bx in the experiment?
A. By fllwing instructins.B. By using a tl.
C. By turning the bx arund.D. By remving the lid.
25. Which task can human ne-year-lds mst likely cmplete accrding t the text?
A. Using a key t unlck a dr.B. Telling parrts frm ther birds.
C. Putting a ball int a rund hle.D. Gruping tys f different shapes.
26. What des the fllw-up test aim t find ut abut the cckats?
A. Hw far they are able t see.B. Hw they track mving bjects.
C. Whether they are smarter than mnkeys.D. Whether they use a sense f tuch in the test.
27. Which can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Cckats: Quick Errr CheckersB. Cckats: Independent Learners
C. Cckats: Clever Signal-ReadersD. Cckats: Skilful Shape-Srters
【答案】24. B 25. C 26. D 27. D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。
【24题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Thugh nt knwn t use tls in the wild, the birds have prved skilful at tl use while kept in the cage. (虽然人们不知道这些鸟在野外会使用工具，但事实证明，它们在关在笼子里时就能熟练地使用工具)”以及“the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” t chse frm. Inserting, the crrect “keys” wuld let ut the nut. (研究人员给了这些鸟5把形状各异的“钥匙”供它们选择。插入，正确的“钥匙”会让坚果出来)”可知，在实验中，凤头鹦鹉是通过使用工具从盒子里取出坚果的。故选B。
【25题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第二段“In humans, babies can put a rund shape in a rund hle frm arund ne year f age (在人类身上，婴儿从一岁左右就可以把一个圆形的物品放进一个圆形的洞里)”结合选项，可知，一岁儿童最有可能完成“将一个球放进一个圆形的洞里”的任务。故选C。
【26题详解】推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“The next step, accrding t the researchers, is t try and wrk ut whether the cckats rely entirely n visual clues, r als use a sense f tuch in making their shape selectins. (根据研究人员的说法，下一步是尝试弄清楚凤头鹦鹉是完全依靠视觉线索，还是也使用触觉来选择它们的形状)”可推知，后续测试的目的是了解凤头鹦鹉在测试中是否使用触觉。故选D。
【27题详解】主旨大意题。通读全文，再结合文章第一段“Cffin’s cckats, a kind f small parrt native t Australasia, have been shwn t have similar shape-recgnitin abilities t a human tw-year-ld. (科芬的凤头鹦鹉是一种原产于大洋洲的小鹦鹉，它的形状识别能力与两岁的人类相似)”可推知，本文主要介绍了会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。D项“Cckats: Skilful Shape-Srters (凤头鹦鹉：识别形状的熟练工)”符合文意，最适合作为本文标题。故选D。
2022年6月全国甲卷C篇
As Ginni Bazlintn reached Antarctica, she fund herself greeted by a grup f little Gent penguins (企鹅) lnging t say hell. These gentle, lvely gatekeepers welcmed her and kick-started what was t be a trip Ginni wuld never frget.
Ever since her childhd, Ginni, nw 71, has had a deep lve fr travel. Thrughut her career (职业) as a prfessinal dancer, she tured in the UK, but always lnged t explre further. When she retired frm dancing and her sns eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time t take the plunge.
After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began t travel the wrld, eventually getting wrk teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discvered she culd get last-minute cheap deals n ships ging t Antarctica frm the islands ff Tierra del Fueg, the suthernmst tip f the Suth American mainland. “I just decided I wanted t g,” she says. “I had n idea abut what I’d find there and I wasn’t nervus, I just wanted t d it. And I wanted t d it alne as I always prefer it that way.”
In March 2008, Ginni barded a ship with 48 passengers she’d never met befre, t begin the jurney twards Antarctica. “Frm seeing the wildlife t witnessing sunrises, the whle experience was amazing. Antarctica left an impressin n me that n ther place has,” Ginni says. “I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just rse ut f the water like sme prehistric creature and I thught it was smiling at us. Yu culd still hear the peratic sunds it was making underwater.”
The realizatin that this is a precius land, t be respected by humans, was ne f the biggest things that hit hme t Ginni.
28. Which f the fllwing best explains “take the plunge” underlined in paragraph 2?
A. Try challenging things.B. Take a degree.
C. Bring back lst memries.D. Stick t a prmise.
29. What made Ginni decide n the trip t Antarctica?
A. Lvely penguins.B. Beautiful scenery.
C. A discunt fare.D. A friend’s invitatin.
30. What des Ginni think abut Antarctica after the jurney?
A. It culd be a hme fr her.B. It shuld be easily accessible.
C. It shuld be well preserved.D. It needs t be fully intrduced.
31. What is the text mainly abut?
A. A childhd dream.B. An unfrgettable experience.
C. Sailing arund the wrld.D. Meeting animals in Antarctica.
【答案】28. A 29. C 30. C 31. B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了71岁的Ginni Balintn从小就对旅行有着深深的热爱，渴望探险，不再跳舞和孩子们成家立业之后，她开始周游世界，并在2008年开始了前往南极洲的旅程。
【28题详解】词句猜测题。根据第二段划线词前文“Thrughut her career(职业) as a prfessinal dancer, she tured in the UK, but always lnged t explre further. (在她的职业舞蹈演员生涯中，她曾在英国巡演，但一直渴望进一步探索)”和“When she retired frm dancing and her sns eventually flew the nest (当她不再跳舞，她的儿子们最终独立生活)”可知，Ginni在退休和儿子们成家立业之后，她决定尝试有挑战性的事情。由此推知，划线词组take the plunge与try challenging things“尝试有挑战性的事情”意思接近。故选A。
【29题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段中的“And it was in Chile she discvered she culd get last-minute cheap deals n ships ging t Antarctica frm the islands ff Tiera del Fueg. (正是在智利，她发现自己可以在最后一刻买到从火地岛附近岛屿前往南极洲的廉价船票)”可知，是折扣的票价让Ginni决定去南极洲旅行的。故选C。
【30题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段“The realizatin that this is a precius land, t be respected by humans, was ne f the biggest things that hit hme t Ginni. (意识到这是一块宝贵的土地，应该受到人类的尊重，这是Ginni最深刻的感受之一)”可知，旅行结束后，Ginni认为南极洲应该得到很好的保护。故选C。
【31题详解】主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要讲述了Ginni Balintn去南极旅行的经历，再根据第一段“These gentle lvely gatekeepers welcmed her and kick-started what was t be a trip Ginni wuld never frget. (这些温柔可爱的看门人欢迎了她，并开始了一次Ginni永远不会忘记的旅行)”和倒数第二段Ginni Balintn对南极之旅的评价可知，文章主要介绍了Ginni Balintn去南极洲之旅让她非常难忘。由此可知，An unfrgettable experience. (一次难忘的经历)能够概括文章主旨。故选B。
2022年6月全国乙卷C篇
Can a small grup f drnes (无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability f railways and, at the same time, help railway peratrs save billins f eurs each year? That is the very likely future f applying tday’s “eyes in the sky” technlgy t making sure that the millins f kilmetres f rail tracks and infrastructure (基础设施) wrldwide are safe fr trains n a 24/7 basis.
Drnes are already being used t examine high-tensin electrical lines. They culd d precisely the same thing t inspect railway lines and ther vital aspects f rail infrastructure such as the crrect psitin f railway tracks and switching pints. The mre regularly they can be inspected, the mre railway safety, reliability and n-time perfrmance will be imprved. Csts wuld be cut and peratins wuld be mre efficient (高效) acrss the bard.
That includes huge savings in maintenance csts and better prtectin f railway persnnel safety. It is calculated that Eurpean railways alne spend apprximately 20 billin eurs a year n maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, ften at night, t inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerus wrk that culd be avided with drnes assisting the crews’ effrts.
By using the latest technlgies, drnes culd als start prviding higher-value services fr railways, detecting faults in the rail r switches, befre they can cause any safety prblems. T perfrm these tasks, drnes fr rail dn’t need t be flying verhead. Engineers are nw wrking n a new cncept: the rail drnes f the future. They will be mving n the track ahead f the train, and prgrammed t run autnmusly. Very small drnes with advanced sensrs and AI and travelling ahead f the train culd guide it like a c-pilt. With their ability t see ahead, they culd signal any prblem, s that fast-mving trains wuld be able t react in time.
28. What makes the applicatin f drnes t rail lines pssible?
A. The use f drnes in checking n pwer lines.B. Drnes’ ability t wrk at high altitudes.
C. The reductin f cst in designing drnes.D. Drnes’ reliable perfrmance in remte areas.
29. What des “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer t?
A. Persnnel safety.B. Assistance frm drnes.
C. Inspectin and repair.D. Cnstructin f infrastructure.
30. What functin is expected f the rail drnes?
A. T prvide early warning.B. T make trains run autmatically.
C T earn prfits fr the crews.D. T accelerate transprtatin.
31. Which is the mst suitable title fr the text?
A. What Faults Can Be Detected with Drnes
B. Hw Prductin f Drnes Can Be Expanded
C. What Difficulty Drne Develpment Will Face
D. Hw Drnes Will Change the Future f Railways
【答案】28. B 29. C 30. A 31. D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。应用今天的“空中之眼”的技术，无人机能在保证铁路安全可靠的同时又能帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元。
【28题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Drnes are already being used t examine high-tensin electrical lines. They culd d precisely the same thing t inspect railway lines and ther vital aspects f rail infrastructure such as the crrect psitin f railway tracks and switching pints.(无人机已经被用于检查高压电线。他们完全可以做同样的事情来检查铁路线路和铁路基础设施的其他重要方面，如铁路轨道和换乘点的正确位置)”可推知，无人机在高空工作的能力使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能。故选B。
【29题详解】词义猜测题。根据后文“It is calculated that Eurpean railways alne spend apprximately 20 billin eurs a year n maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, ften at night, t inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. (据统计，仅欧洲铁路公司每年在铁路维护上的花费就约为200亿欧元，其中包括经常在夜间派遣维修人员检查和维修铁路基础设施)”可知花在maintenance上的费用是用于“inspect and repair the rail infrastructure （检查和维修铁路基础设施”，由此可知“That includes huge savings in maintenance csts and better prtectin f railway persnnel safety”是指大幅节省检修成本和更好地保护铁路人员安全，划线词和 C项：Inspectin and repair(检修)含义相近。故选C。
【30题详解】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段 “Very small drnes with advanced sensrs and AI and travelling ahead f the train culd guide it like a c-pilt. With their ability t see ahead, they culd signal any prblem, s that fast-mving trains wuld be able t react in time.(带有先进传感器和人工智能的非常小的无人机可以像副驾驶一样在火车前面行驶。 凭借他们的预见能力，他们可以发出任何问题的信号，以便快速行驶的火车能够及时做出反应。)”可知对于无人机期待的功能是提前发现问题。故选A。
【31题详解】主旨大意题。根据文章主题段第一段“Can a small grup f drnes(无人机)guarantee the safety and reliability f railways and, at the same time, help railway peratrs save billins f eurs each year? That is the very likely future f applying tday’s “eyes in the sky” technlgy t making sure that the millins f kilmeters f rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施)wrldwide are safe fr trains n a24/7 basis.(一小群无人机能否在保证铁路安全可靠的同时，帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元?这很可能是应用今天的“空中之眼”技术的未来，以确保全球数百万公里的铁路轨道和基础设施全天候安全运行。)”以及后文第二段讲到了使用无人机检查电力线路使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能;第三段讲到了使用无人机大幅节省维护成本和更好地保护铁路人员安全；第四段讲到了通过使用最新的技术，无人机还可以开始为铁路提供更高的价值，可知文章主要讲述了无人机将如何改变铁路的未来，所以D项“无人机将如何改变铁路的未来。”符合文章中心思想，适合作为本文的最佳标题。故选D。
2022年6月全国乙卷D篇
The Gvernment’s sugar tax n sft drinks has brught in half as much mney as Ministers first predicted it wuld generate, the first fficial data n the plicy has shwn.
First annunced in April, 2016, the tax which applies t sft drinks cntaining mre than 5g f sugar per 100ml, was intrduced t help reduce childhd besity (肥胖). It is believed that tday’s children and teenagers are cnsuming three times the recmmended level f sugar, putting them at a higher risk f the disease.
Initially the sugar tax was expected t make £520m a year fr the Treasury. Hwever, data f the first six mnths shwed it wuld make less than half this amunt. At present it is expected t generate £240m fr the year ending in April 2019, which will g t schl sprts.
It cmes after mre than half f sft drinks sld in shps have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers (制造商) s they can avid paying the tax. Drinks nw cntain 45 millin fewer kils f sugar as a result f manufacturers’ effrts t avid the charge, accrding t Treasury figures. Since April drinks cmpanies have been frced t pay between 18p and 24p fr every litre f sugary drink they prduce r imprt, depending n the sugar cntent.
Hwever sme high sugar brands, like Classic Cca Cla, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing t change fr fear f upsetting cnsumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and mst alchlic drinks are free f the tax, as are small cmpanies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.
Tday’s figures, accrding t ne gvernment fficial, shw the psitive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millins f punds fr sprts facilities (设施) and healthier eating in schls. Helping the next generatin t have a healthy and active childhd is f great imprtance, and the industry is playing its part.
32. Why was the sugar tax intrduced?
A. T cllect mney fr schls.B. T imprve the quality f drinks.
C. T prtect children’s health.D. T encurage research in educatin.
33. Hw did sme drinks cmpanies respnd t the sugar tax?
A. They turned t verseas markets.B. They raised the prices f their prducts.
C. They cut dwn n their prductin.D. They reduced their prducts’ sugar cntent.
34. Frm which f the fllwing is the sugar tax cllected?
A. Mst alchlic drinks.B. Milk-based drinks.C. Fruit juices.D. Classic Cke.
35. What can be inferred abut the adptin f the sugar tax plicy?
A. It is a shrt-sighted decisin.B. It is a success stry.
C. It benefits manufacturers.D. It upsets custmers.
【答案】32. C 33. D 34. D 35. B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国政府对软饮料征收的糖税来解决儿童以及青少年的健康问题，同时该收入用于学校体育。
【32题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“First annunced in April, 2016, the tax which applies t sft drinks cntaining mre than 5g f sugar per 100ml, was intrduced t help reduce childhd besity .（该税于2016年4月首次宣布，适用于每100毫升含糖超过5g的软饮料，旨在帮助减少儿童肥胖）”可知，征收糖税的目的是帮助儿童减少肥胖，保护儿童健康。故选C项。
【33题详解】细节理解题。根据第四段中的“It cmes after mre than half f sft drinks sld in shps have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers s they can avid paying the tax.（此前，制造商已经降低了商店中销售的超过一半的软饮料的含糖量，以避免纳税）”可知，一些饮料公司通过降低了产品的含糖量来避税。故选D项。
【34题详解】细节理解题。根据第五段中的“Hwever, sme high sugar brands, like Classic Cca Cla, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing t change fr fear f upsetting cnsumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and mst alchlic drinks are free f the tax, as are small cmpanies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.（然而，一些高糖品牌，如经典可口可乐，已经接受了糖税，并拒绝改变，因为担心会惹恼消费者。果汁、以牛奶为原料的饮料和大多数酒精饮料是免税的，每年生产不到100万升的小公司也是免税的）”可知，糖税主要来自经典可口可乐这些高糖品牌。故选D项。
【35题详解】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Tday’s figures, accrding t ne gvernment fficial, shw the psitive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millins f punds fr sprts facilities and healthier eating in schls.（根据一位政府官员的说法，今天的数据显示了糖税的积极影响，它为学校的体育设施和健康饮食筹集了数百万英镑）”可推断，糖税政策的实施是一个成功的政策。故选B项。
2022年6月北京卷C篇
“What wuld the wrld be if there were n hunger?” It’s a questin that Prfessr Crystal wuld ask her students. They fund it hard t answer, she wrte later, because imagining smething that isn’t part f real life—and learning hw t make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught t artists and engineers, but much less ften t scientists. Crystal set ut t change that, and helped t create a glbal mvement. The result—an apprach knwn as systems thinking—is nw seen as essential in meeting glbal challenges.
Systems thinking is crucial t achieving targets such as zer hunger and better nutritin because it requires cnsidering the way in which fd is prduced, prcessed, delivered and cnsumed, and lking at hw thse things intersect (交叉 ) with human health, the envirnment, ecnmics and sciety. Accrding t systems thinking, changing the fd system—r any ther netwrk—requires three things t happen. First, researchers need t identify all the players in that system; secnd, they must wrk ut hw they relate t each ther; and third, they need t understand and quantify the impact f thse relatinships n each ther and n thse utside the system.
Take nutritin. In the latest UN reprt n glbal fd security, the number f undernurished (营养不良 )peple in the wrld has been rising, despite great advances in nutritin science. Tracking f 150 bichemicals in fd has been imprtant in revealing the relatinships between calries, sugar, fat and the ccurrence f cmmn diseases. But using machine learning and artificial intelligence, sme scientists prpse that human diets cnsist f at least 26,000 bichemicals—and that the vast majrity are nt knwn.This shws that we have sme way t travel befre achieving the first bjective f systems thinking - which,in this example, is t identify mre cnstituent parts f the nutritin system.
A systems apprach t creating change is als built n the assumptin that everyne in the system has equal pwer. But as sme researchers find, the fd system is nt an equal ne. A gd way t redress (修正 ) such pwer imbalance is fr mre universities t d what Crystal did and teach students hw t think using a systems apprach.
Mre researchers, plicymakers and representatives frm the fd industry must learn t lk beynd their direct lines f respnsibility and adpt a systems apprach. Crystal knew that visins alne dn’t prduce results, but cncluded that “we’ll never prduce results that we can’t envisin”.
28. The authr uses the questin underlined in Paragraph 1 t ________.
A. illustrate an argumentB. highlight an pinin
C. intrduce the tpicD. predict the ending
29. What can be inferred abut the field f nutritin?
A. The first bjective f systems thinking hasn’t been achieved.
B. The relatinships amng players have been clarified.
C. Machine learning can slve the nutritin prblem.
D. The impact f nutritin cannt be quantified.
30. As fr systems thinking, which wuld the authr agree with?
A. It may be used t justify pwer imbalance.
B. It can be applied t tackle challenges.
C. It helps t prve why hunger exists.
D. It ges beynd human imaginatin.
【答案】28. C 29. A 30. B
【解题导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了解决全球挑战的重要方法——系统思维。
28.【解析】推理判断题。由文章第一段““What wuld the wrld be if there were n hunger?” It’s a questin that Prfessr Crystal wuld ask her students. They fund it hard t answer, she wrte later, because imagining smething that isn’t part f real life—and learning hw t make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught t artists and engineers, but much less ften t scientists. Crystal set ut t change that, and helped t create a glbal mvement. The result—an apprach knwn as systems thinking—is nw seen as essential in meeting glbal challenges. (“如果没有饥饿，世界会是什么样子？”这是 Crystal教授会问学生的问题。她后来写道，他们发现很难回答这个问题，因为想象一些不属于现实生活的东西，并学习如何将其变成现实是一项罕见的技能。它被教授给艺术家和工程师，但很少教授给科学家。Crystal着手改变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全球运动。结果，一种被称为系统思维的方法现在被视为应对全球挑战的关键。)”可知，文章开头提出问题是为了引出话题-系统思维的方法被视为应对全球挑战的关键。故选C项。
29.【解析】细节理解题。由文章第三段“This shws that we have sme way t travel befre achieving the first bjective f systems t hinking - which,in this example, is t identify mre cnstituent parts f the nutritin system.(这表明，在实现系统思考的第一个目标之前，我们还有一段路要走——在本例中，这是为了确定营养系统的更多组成部分。)”可知，实现系统思维的第一个目标还有一段路需要走，现尚未实现。故选A项。
30.【解析】推理判断题。由文章第一段“Crystal set ut t change that, and helped t create a glbal mvement. The result—an apprach knwn as systems thinking—is nw seen as essential in meeting glbal challenges.(Crystal着手改变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全球运动。结果，一种被称为系统思维的方法现在被视为应对全球挑战的关键。)”可知，作者认为该系统能应用于解决挑战。故选B项。
2022年6月浙江卷B篇
All arund the wrld, there are small changes taking place. At the side f rads, behind schl playgrunds and n all kinds f unlved pieces f land acrss twns and cities, tiny frests barely the size f tennis curts are appearing, making a great place fr bth wildlife and lcal peple wh may nt nrmally have easy access t nature. This is the Tiny Frest mvement, which aims t prve that the best things in life really d cme in small packages.
Tiny frests were first pineered as a cncept in the 1970s by Dr Miyawaki, a Japanese btanist. As he went n t share his cncept with thers, the idea sn tk ff in India and ther cuntries befre eventually reaching Eurpe, where it became ppular in places like France, Belgium and the Netherlands.
S hw des it wrk? Luise Hartley, wh is leading the Tiny Frest prject in the UK, explains that the prcess begins by identifying areas in which a tiny frest culd have the biggest influence. “We fcus n urban areas where access t nature is ften nt that easy”, says Hartley. “We see it as a chance t try t break the grwing discnnect between peple and nature.”
In a Tiny Frest, there must be a minimum f 600 trees, and the trees are planted much clser tgether and withut chemicals r fertilisers (肥料). There are usually arund 30 different kinds f all-native tree species (物种). This variety, cupled with the fact that tiny frests grw up t ten times faster than standard frests, means they attract a rich abundance f wildlife. It’s als thught that these places culd help reduce the risk f flding, remve carbn frm the atmsphere and fight climate change, as well as imprving the mental health f thse living lcally.
4. What d we knw abut the Tiny Frest mvement?
A. It has achieved ntable success.B. It is led by number f schls.
C. It began in Eurpe in the 1970s.D. It will spread t the cuntryside.
5. What is the purpse f the prject led by Hartley in the UK?
A. T prmte ec-turism.B. T imprve frestry research.
C. T ppularise gardening.D. T get peple clse t nature.
6. What is special abut the trees in a Tiny Frest?
A. They are small in size.B. They are thickly planted.
C. They are freign species.D. They are heavily fertilised.
【答案】4. A 5. D 6. B
【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍的是世界各地的“小森林”的兴起。
【4题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段的“As he went n t share his cncept with thers, the idea sn tk ff in India and ther cuntries befre eventually reaching Eurpe, where it became ppular in places like France, Belgium and the Netherlands.(随着他继续与他人分享他的概念，这个想法很快在印度和其他国家流行起来，最终传到了欧洲，在法国、比利时和荷兰等地流行起来。)”可知，“小森林”运动取得了显著的成功。故选A。
【5题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段的““We fcus n urban areas where access t nature is ften nt that easy”, says Hartley. “We see it as a chance t try t break the grwing discnnect between peple and nature.”(哈特利说:“我们关注的是城市地区，在那里接触自然往往不那么容易。我们认为这是一个尝试打破人与自然之间日益疏远的机会。”)”可知，Hartley在英国领导的这个项目的目的是让人们接近自然，故选D。
【6题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段的“In a Tiny Frest, there must be a minimum f 600 trees, and the trees are planted much clser tgether and withut chemicals r fertilisers (肥料).(在一个小森林里，必须有至少600棵树，树木种植得更紧密，没有化学品或化肥。)”可知，“小森林”里的树的特别之处在于它们种得很密。故选B。
2022年6月浙江卷C篇
Many peple believe that wrking t the maximum is the secret t success, but research has fund that mderatin(适度) als gets results n the jb.
In a study led by Ellen Langer f Harvard University, researchers asked peple t translate sentences int a new a made-up language. Subjects wh practiced the language mderately befrehand made fewer errrs than thse wh practiced extensively r nt at all. High levels f knwledge can make peple t attached t traditinal ways f viewing prblems acrss fields the arts, sciences, and plitics. High cnscientiusness is related t lwer jb perfrmance, especially in simple jbs where it desn’t pay t be a perfectinist.
Hw lng we stay n the clck and hw we spend that time are under careful examinatin in many wrkplaces. The yung banker wh eats lunch at his desk is prbably seen as a g-getter, while his clleagues wh chat ver a relaxed cnference-rm meal get dirty lks frm the crner ffice. “Peple frm cultures that value relatinships mre than urs des are shcked by the thught f eating alne in frnt f a cmputer”, says Art Markman, a prfessr f psychlgy at the University f Texas, Austin. Scial interactin has been shwn t lift md(情绪) and get peple thinking in new directins and in ways that culd help imprve any pst-lunch effrt.
Markman als prmtes ff-task time. “Part f being a gd thinker is experiencing things that are seemingly unrelated t what yu are wrking n at the mment but give yu fresh ideas abut yur wrk,” he says. “Als, there is a lt f research shwing that a psitive md leads t higher levels f prductivity and creativity. S, when peple d things t increase their life satisfactin, they als make themselves mre effective at wrk.”
7. What des Ellen Langer’s study shw?
A. It is wrthwhile t be a perfectinist
B. Translatin makes peple knwledgeable.
C. Simpler jbs require greater cautin.
D. Mderate effrt prduces the best result.
8. The underlined wrd “g-getter” in paragraph 3 refers t smene Wh_______.
A. is gd at handling pressureB. wrks hard t becme successful
C. a has a natural talent fr his jb.D. gets n well with his c-wrkers
9. What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A. A gd thinker is able t inspire ther peple.
B. Experience unrelated t yur jb is useless.
C. A cheerful md helps make a creative mind.
D. Fcusing n what yu d raises prductivity.
10. What des the text seem t advcate?
A. Middle-f-the-rad wrk habits.B. Balance between wrk and family.
C. Lng-standing cultural traditins.D. Harmny in the wrk envirnment.
【答案】7. D 8. B 9. C 10. A
【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了许多人认为工作到最大限度是成功的秘诀，但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果。所以要适度工作，工作时要有积极的情绪，这会让自己在工作中更有效率。
【7题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段“Many peple believe that wrking t the maximum is the secret t success, but research has fund that mderatin(适度) als gets results n the jb.(许多人认为工作到最大限度是成功的秘诀，但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果。)”和第二段中“In a study led by Ellen Langer f Harvard University, researchers asked peple t translate sentences int a new a made-up language. Subjects wh practiced the language mderately befrehand made fewer errrs than thse wh practiced extensively r nt at all.(在哈佛大学Ellen Langer领导的一项研究中，研究人员要求人们将句子翻译成一种新的虚构的语言。那些事先适度练习这门语言的受试者比那些全力练习或根本不练习的受试者犯的错误要少。)”可知，第一段提出主题，即适度的工作也会带来成果，接着第二段作者用Ellen Langer的研究来证明这一点，由此可推知，Ellen Langer的研究表明适度的努力会产生最好的结果。故选D。
【8题详解】词句猜测题。根据划线单词下文“while his clleagues wh chat ver a relaxed cnference-rm meal get dirty lks frm the crner ffice.(而他那些在会议室吃饭时闲聊的同事们则在角落办公室里得到不屑的目光。)”可知，while前后是对比关系，那些在会议室吃饭时闲聊的同事会得到别人不屑的目光，即被认为不努力工作，相反，那些在办公桌前吃午饭的年轻银行家可能被视为是一个努力工作以求成功的人，由此可知，划线单词g-getter，指的是那些努力工作以求成功的人，故选B。
【9题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Als, there is a lt f research shwing that a psitive md leads t higher levels f prductivity and creativity.(此外，许多研究表明，积极的情绪能够提高生产力和创造力。 )”可知，积极的情绪能够提高生产力和创造力，由此可推知，愉快的心情有助于创造性思维。故选C。
【10题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段中“but research has fund that mderatin(适度) als gets results n the jb.(但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果)”和第二段中“High cnscientiusness is related t lwer jb perfrmance, especially in simple jbs where it desn’t pay t be a perfectinist.(高尽责性与低工作表现有关，尤其是在简单的工作中，追求完美并不值得。)”可知，文章主要介绍研究表明适度的工作也会带来成果，所以文章提倡适度工作，即中庸的工作习惯。故选A。
2022年1月浙江卷C篇
The benefits f regular exercise are well dcumented but there's a new bnus t add t the ever-grwing list.New research fund that middle-aged wmen wh were physically fit culd be nearly 90 percent less likely t develp dementia（失智症）in later life-and if they did，it came n a decade later than less sprty wmen.
Lead researcher Dr.Helena Hrder, f the University f Gthenburg in Sweden,said:“These findings are exciting because it's pssible that imprving peple's cardivascular（心血管的）fitness in middle age culd delay r even prevent them frm develping dementia.”
Fr the study,191 wmen with an average age f 50 tk a bicycle exercise test until they were tired ut t measure their peak（最大值的）cardivascular capacity.The average peak wrklad was measured at 103 watts.
A ttal f 40 wmen met the criteria fr a high fitness level with a capacity f 120 watts r higher. While 92 wmen were in the medium fitness categry; A ttal f 59 were f lw fitness level ,with a peak wrklad f 80 watts r less,r having their tests stpped because f health prblems.
These wmen were then tested fr dementia six times ver the fllwing fur decades.During that time,44 f the wmen develped dementia.Five percent f the highly fit wmen develped dementia,cmpared t 25 percent f the wmen with medium fitness and 32 percent f the wmen with lw fitness.
"Hwever,this study des nt shw cause and effect between cardivascular fitness and dementia, it nly shws an assciatin.said Hrder. Mre research is needed t see if imprved fitness culd have a psitive effect n the risk f dementia and als t lk at when during a lifetime a high fitness level is mst imprtant." She als admitted that a relatively small number f wmen were studied,all f whm were frm Sweden,s the results might nt be applicable t ther grups.
27.What is n the ever-grwing list mentined in the first paragraph?
A.Psitive effects f ding exercises. B.Exercises suitable fr the middle-aged.
C.Experimental studies n dementia. D.Advantages f sprty wmen ver men.
28.Why did the researchers ask the wmen t d bicycle exercise?
A.T predict their maximum heart rate. B.T assess their cardivascular capacity.
C.T change their habit f wrking ut. D.T detect their ptential health prblems.
29.What d we knw abut Dr Hrder's study?
A. It aimed t find a cure fr dementia. B.Data cllectin was a lengthy prcess.
C.Sme participants withdrew frm it. D.The results were far frm satisfactry.
30.Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
A.Mre Wmen Are Exercising t Prevent Dementia
B.Middle-Aged Wmen Need t D Mre Exercise
C.Fit Wmen Are Less Likely t Develp Dementia
D.Biking Imprves Wmen's Cardivascular Fitness
【答案】27-30 ABBC
【解析】第27题 细节理解题。根据第一段The benefits f regular exercise are well dcumented but there's a new bnus t add t the ever-grwing list.可知a new bnus (即psitive effects f ding exercise) are n the ever grwing list. 故选A。
第28题 细节理解题。根据第三段fr the study, 191 wmen with… tk a bicycle exercise…t measure their peak cardivascular capacity. 可知实验测试的是骑自行车对心血管的影响，故选B。
第29题 推断题。根据最后一段第一句以及最后一段Mre research is needed t see …可知数据的采集是漫长的。故选B.
第30题 主旨题--选标题。根据第一段实验结果new research fund that… develp dementia…,以及第五段第一句，these wmen were then tested fr dementia…,以及最后一段mre research … n the risk f dementia 可知全文是围绕关键词dementia（失智症）展开的研究，研究结果指明健康的女性得失智症的概率更低。故选C。
二、2021年高考真题
1.【2021新高考1卷 C篇】
When the explrers first set ft upn the cntinent f Nrth America, the skies and lands were alive with an astnishing variety f wildlife. Native Americans have taken care f these precius natural resurses wisely. Unfrtunately, it tk the explrers and the settlers wh fllwed nly a few decades t decimate a large part f these resurces. Millins f waterfwl（水禽）were killed at the hands f market hunters and a handful f verly ambitius sprtsmen. Millins f acres f wetlands were dried t feed and huse the ever-increasing ppulatins, greatly reducing waterfwl habitat（栖息地）.
In 1934, with the passage f the Migratry Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly cncerned natin tk firm actin t stp the destructin f migratry（迁徙的）waterfwl and the wetlands s vital t their survival. Under this Act, all waterfwl hunters 16 years f age and ver must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. "Ding" Darling, a plitical cartnist frm Des Mines, lwa, wh at that time was appinted by President Franklin Rsevelt as Directr f the Bureau f Bilgical Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price t ensure the survival f ur natural resurces.
Abut 98 cents f every duck stamp dllar ges directly int the Migratry Bird Cnservatin Fund t purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat fr inclusin int the Natinal Wildlife Refuge System—a fact that ensures this land will be prtected and available fr all generatins t cme. Since 1934, better than half a billin dllars has gne int that Fund t purchase mre than 5 millin acres f habitat. Little wnder the Federal Duck Stamp Prgram has been called ne f the mst successful cnservatin prgrams ever initiated.
1.What was a cause f the waterfwl ppulatin decline in Nrth America?
A.Lss f wetlands. B.Ppularity f water sprts.
C.Pllutin f rivers. D.Arrival f ther wild animals.
2.What des the underlined wrd "decimate" mean in the first paragraph?
A.Acquire. B.Exprt. C.Destry. D.Distribute.
3.What is a direct result f the Act passed in 1934?
A.The stamp price has gne dwn.
B.The migratry birds have flwn away.
C.The hunters have stpped hunting.
D.The gvernment has cllected mney.
4.Which f the fllwing is a suitable title fr the text?
A.The Federal Duck Stamp Stry
B.The Natinal Wildlife Refuge System
C.The Benefits f Saving Waterfwl
D.The Histry f Migratry Bird Hunting
【文章大意】本文为说明文，讲述了美国为了保护“水禽”颁布了一项政策，狩猎者需要购买相关水禽类邮票，然后政府把售卖所得款拨给候鸟保护基金组织。
1.A【解析】细节理解题。根据题干信息Nrth America以及decline定位到第一段：Millins f waterfwl were killed at… Millins f acres f wetlands were dried… greatly reducing waterfwl habitat. 分析可知，数百万的水禽被猎人和野心过大的运动员给杀害了。而数百万英亩的湿地被开垦以喂养和容纳日益增长的人口，而这大大减少了水禽的栖息地。可知，湿地流失是导致水禽数量减少的原因。 故选A。
2.C【解析】词义猜测题。根据题干信息first paragraph定位到第一段：Unfrtunately, it tk the explrers and the settlers wh fllwed nly a few decades t decimate a large part f these resurces. 根据Unfrtunately（不幸地是）可知，此处与前文 "taken care f" 形成对比，故此处应表示 "损害、毁坏" 。原文译为：不幸地是，这些探险者和定居者只花了几十年的时间就毁掉了这些资源的很大一部分。故选C。
3.D【解析】推理判断题。根据题干信息in 1934定位到第二、三段。分析可知，第二段是在说明在颁布了这个法令之后，16岁或者超过16岁以上的水禽捕猎者必须每年购买并携带联邦鸭票，而第三段则提及了大约98%的鸭子邮票的钱都是直接被用于购买保护湿地。 因此D选项, 政府可以筹集钱，符合题意。故选D。
4.A【解析】主旨大意题。根据原文分析可知，首先作者先提出了湿地的破坏导致了水禽数量的下降，而后政府则通过发行联邦鸭票筹集资金，用于保护湿地，是史上最成功的保护项目之一。因此A选项，联邦鸭票的故事符合题意。故选A。
2.【2021全国甲卷 B篇】
Prt Lympne Reserve, which runs a breeding（繁育） prgramme, has welcmed the arrival f a rare black rhin calf （犀牛幼崽）. When the tiny creature arrived n January 31. she became the 40th black rhin t be brn at the reserve. And fficials at Prt Lympne were delighted with the new arrival, especially as black rhins are knwn fr being difficult t breed in captivity（圈养）.
Paul Beer, head f rhin sectin at Prt Lympne, said: "Obviusly we're all abslutely delighted t welcme anther calf t ur black rhin family. She's healthy, strng and already eager t play and explre. Her mther, Sli, is a first-time mum and she is ding a fantastic jb. It's still a little t cld fr them t g ut int the pen, but as sn as the weather warms up, I have n dubt that the little ne will be ut and abut explring and playing every day."
The adrable female calf is the secnd black rhin brn this year at the reserve, but it is t early t tell if the calves will make gd candidates t be returned t prtected areas f the wild. The first rhin t be brn at Prt Lympne arrived n January 5 t first-time mther Kisima and weighed abut 32kg. His mther, grandmther and great grandmther were all brn at the reserve and still live there.
Accrding t the Wrld Wildlife Fund, the glbal black rhin ppulatin has drpped as lw as 5500, giving the rhins a "critically endangered" status.
1.Which f the fllwing best describes the breeding prgramme?
A.Cstly. B.Cntrversial. C.Ambitius. D.Successful.
2.What des Paul Beer say abut the new-brn rhin?
A.She lves staying with her mther.
B.She dislikes utdr activities.
C.She is in gd cnditin.
D.She is sensitive t heat.
3.What similar experience d Sli and Kisima have?
A.They had their first brn in January.
B.They enjyed explring new places.
C.They lived with their grandmthers.
D.They were brught t the reserve yung.
4.What can be inferred abut Prt Lympne Reserve?
A.The rhin sectin will be pen t the public.
B.It aims t cntrl the number f the animals.
C.It will cntinue t wrk with the Wrld Wildlife Fund.
D.Sme f its rhins may be sent t the prtected wild areas.
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述肯特野生动物园庆祝一只可爱的稀有动物黑犀牛幼崽的到来。
1..D 【解析】细节理解题。根据题干关键词 "the breeding prgramme " 定位在原文第一段第一句话Prt Lympne Reserve, which runs a breeding （繁育） prgramme, has welcmed the arrival f a rare black rhin calf （犀牛幼崽） . 林普恩港保护区(Prt Lympne Reserve)开展了一项繁殖计划，它迎来了一头稀有的黑犀牛犊牛的到来。所以，应该是成功的。故选D项。
2.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据题干关键词 "Paul Beer say" 定位在第二段他说的话，其中根据 "Obviusly we're all abslutely delighted t welcme anther calf t ur black rhin family. She's healthy, strng and already eager t play and explre." 显然，我们都非常高兴地欢迎另一头小牛来到我们的黑犀牛家庭。她健康，强壮，并且已经渴望玩耍和探索。可知在这个新生的小犀牛状况很好。故选C项。
3.A【解析】推理判断题。根据题干关键词 "similar experience ，Sli and Kisima" 定位在原文第二段 "Her mther, Sli, is a first-time mum and she is ding a fantastic jb. 她的母亲，索里奥，是第一次当妈妈，她做得很好。" 和第三段 "The first rhin t be brn at Prt Lympne arrived n January 5 t first-time mther Kisima and weighed abut 32kg. 1月5日，在林普恩港出生的第一头犀牛来到了它的第一位母亲基西马身边，体重约32公斤。" 可知Sli 和Kisima相似点都是第一次当妈妈。故选A项。
4.D【解析】推理判断题。根据题干关键词 "PrtLympne Reserve" 定位在原文第一段 "Prt Lympne Reserve, which runs a breeding （繁育） prgramme" 和第三段 "His mther, grandmther and great grandmther were all brn at the reserve and still live there. 他的母亲、祖母和曾祖母都出生在保护区，至今仍住在那里。" 可知林普恩港保护区是负责一项繁殖计划的项目，它的一些犀牛一直住在保护区，所以一些犀牛可能会被送到野生保护区。故选D项。
3.【2021全国甲卷 D篇】
Wh is a genius? This questin has greatly interested humankind fr centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almst the internatinal symbl fr genius. But we want t g beynd ne man and explre the nature f genius itself. Why is it that sme peple are s much mre intelligent r creative than the rest f us? And wh are they?
In the sciences and arts, thse praised as geniuses were mst ften white men, f Eurpean rigin. Perhaps this is nt a surprise. It's said that histry is written by the victrs, and thse victrs set the standards fr admissin t the genius club. When cntributins were made by geniuses utside the club—wmen, r peple f a different clr r belief—they were unacknwledged and rejected by thers.
A study recently published by Science fund that as yung as age six, girls are less likely than bys t say that members f their gender（性别）are "really, really smart." Even wrse, the study fund that girls act n that belief: Arund age six they start t avid activities said t be fr children wh are "really, really smart." Can ur planet affrd t have any great thinkers becme discuraged and give up? It desn't take a genius t knw the answer: abslutely nt.
Here's the gd news. In a wired wrld with cnstant glbal cmmunicatin, we're all psitined t see flashes f genius wherever they appear. And the mre we lk, the mre we will see that scial factrs（因素） like gender, race, and class d nt determine the appearance f genius. As a writer says, future geniuses cme frm thse with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance（毅力）, and simple gd frtune, wh are able t change the wrld."
1.What des the authr think f victrs' standards fr jining the genius club?
A.They're unfair. B.They're cnservative.
C.They're bjective. D.They're strict.
2.What can we infer abut girls frm the study in Science?
A.They think themselves smart.
B.They lk up t great thinkers.
C.They see gender differences earlier than bys.
D.They are likely t be influenced by scial beliefs.
3.Why are mre geniuses knwn t the public?
A.Imprved glbal cmmunicatin.
B.Less discriminatin against wmen.
C.Acceptance f victrs' cncepts.
D.Changes in peple's scial psitins.
4.What is the best title fr the text?
A.Geniuses Think Alike
B.Genius Takes Many Frms
C.Genius and Intelligence
D.Genius and Luck
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了天才的实质，批评了天才种族轮和性别轮，并指出其危害。
1.A【解析】推理判断题。根据题干 "victrs' standards fr jining the genius club" 定位到第二段It's said that histry is written by the victrs, and thse victrs set the standards fr admissin t the genius club. When cntributins were made by geniuses utside the club—wmen, r peple f a different clr r belief—they were unacknwledged and rejected by thers. 据说历史是由胜利者书写的，而这些胜利者为天才俱乐部设定了准入标准。当俱乐部外的天才——女性、不同肤色或信仰的人——做出贡献时，他们得不到认可，也会被其他人拒绝），据此可以推断出作者认为胜利者的标准是不公平的，所以选A项。
2.D【解析】推理判断题。根据题干girls frm the study in Science定位到第三段A study recently published by Science fund that as yung as age six, girls are less likely than bys t say that members f their gender（性别）are "really, really smart." Even wrse, the study fund that girls act n that belief: Arund age six they start t avid activities said t be fr children wh are "really, really smart." 《科学》杂志最近发表的一项研究发现，在6岁时，女孩比男孩更不可能说出自己性别的成员，更糟糕的是，研究发现女孩们的行为都是基于这样的信念：在六岁左右，她们开始避免从事那些所谓 "非常聪明" 的孩子们的活动）。据此可推知女孩有可能被社会错误信念所影响，故选D项。
3.A【解析】细节理解题。根据题干 "mre geniuses knwn t the public" 定位最后一段In a wired wrld with cnstant glbal cmmunicatin, we're all psitined t see flashes f genius wherever they appear 在一个全球互联世界里，我们都能看到天才的出现，无论它们出现在哪里，可知更多的天才被公众所知道的原因在于改善的全球通信，故选A项。
4.B【解析】主旨大意题。A项（天才的想法相同）文章没有涉及；C项（天才和智力）只是文章的一个细节不能作为文章的主旨； D项（天才和运气）也只是在文章的最后稍微提起，也只是文章的一个小细节。根据文章的最后一句As a writer says, future geniuses cme frm thse with "intelligence, creativity, perseverance（毅力）, and simple gd frtune, wh are able t change the wrld.”正如一位作家所说，未来的天才来自那些具有 "智慧、创造力和毅力" 的人和简单的好运，那些能改变世界的人。纵观全文可知，天成具有多样性，故选B项。
4.【2021全国乙卷 B篇】
When almst everyne has a mbile phne, why are mre than half f Australian hmes still paying fr a landline（座机）?
These days yu'd be hard pressed t find anyne in Australia ver the age f 15 wh desn't wn a mbile phne. In fact plenty f yunger kids have ne in their pcket. Practically everyne can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime.
Still, 55 percent f Australians have a landline phne at hme and nly just ver a quarter (29%) rely nly n their smartphnes, accrding t a survey（调查）. Of thse Australians wh still have a landline, a third cncede that it's nt really necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket—19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case f emergencies. I think my hme falls int that categry.
Mre than half f Australian hmes are still chsing t stick with their hme phne. Age is naturally a factr（因素）—nly 58 percent f Generatin Ys still use landlines nw and then, cmpared t 84 percent f Baby Bmers wh've perhaps had the same hme number fr 50 years. Age isn't the nly factr; I'd say it's als t d with the makeup f yur husehld.
Generatin Xers with yung families, like my wife and I, can still find it cnvenient t have a hme phne rather than prviding a mbile phne fr every family member. That said, t be hnest the nly peple wh ever ring ur hme phne are ur Baby Bmers parents, t the pint where we play a game and guess wh is calling befre we pick up the phne (using Caller ID wuld take the fun ut f it).
Hw attached are yu t yur landline? Hw lng until they g the way f gas street lamps and mrning milk deliveries?
1.What des paragraph 2 mainly tell us abut mbile phnes?
A.Their target users.
B.Their wide ppularity.
C.Their majr functins.
D.Their cmplex design.
2.What des the underlined wrd "cncede" in paragraph 3 mean?
A.Admit. B.Argue. C.Remember. D.Remark.
3.What can we say abut Baby Bmers?
A.They like smartphne games.
B.They enjy guessing callers' identity.
C.They keep using landline phnes.
D.They are attached t their family.
4.What can be inferred abut the landline frm the last paragraph?
A.It remains a family necessity.
B.It will fall ut f use sme day.
C.It may increase daily expenses.
D.It is as imprtant as the gas light.
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。当今世界上几乎所有人都有手机，但一半以上澳大利亚家庭仍然拥有座机，本文说明了出现这一现象的原因。
1..B【解析】主旨大意题。根据题干信息paragraph 2，定位到文章第二段。分析可知，该段主要说明手机在澳大利亚的使用率非常高，手机使用十分普及。故选B。
2.A【解析】词义猜测题。根据题干信息cncede，定位到第三段Still, 55 percent f Australians have a landline phne at hme… Of thse Australians wh still have a landline, a third cncede that it's nt really necessary…。分析可知，虽然55%的人的家中都还有座机，但他们中的三分之一的人认为座机其实并不十分必要。由此我们可以推测，这些人在说it's nt necessary的时候是在承认这件事。故选A。
3.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据题干信息Baby Bmers，定位到第四段Age is naturally a factr （因素）— nly 58 percent f Generatin Ys still use landlines nw and then, cmpared t 84 percent f Baby Bmers wh've perhaps had the same hme number fr 50 years.分析可知，84%的Baby Bmers仍用座机，而且他们可能已经用同一个座机号码50年了。由此可知，Baby Bmers仍在用座机。故选C。
科普小知识：Baby Bmer指在第二次世界大战后（1946-1962）生育高峰期出生的人。
4.B【解析】推理判断题。根据题干信息last paragraph，定位到原文最后一段Hw lng until they g the way f gas street lamps and mrning milk deliveries? 。分析可知，煤气路灯和早晨送牛奶服务都离我们现在的生活比较久远，它们基本已经消失了。作者发出疑问：多久以后座机会走上煤气路灯、早晨送牛奶服务的老路呢？因此可以推测，座机有一天也会消失。选项B中的fall ut f use意为开始不用、渐渐废弃，符合文意。故选B。
5.【2021全国乙卷 C篇】
Yu've heard that plastic is plluting the cean—between 4.8 and 12.7 millin tnnes enter cean ecsystems every year. But des ne plastic straw r cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Vn Wng wants yu t knw that it des. He builds massive sculptures ut f plastic garbage, frcing viewers t re-examine their relatinship t single-use plastic prducts.
At the beginning f the year, the artist built a piece called "Strawpcalypse, " a pair f 10-ft-tall plastic waves, frzen mid-crash. Made f 168, 000 plastic straws cllected frm several vlunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shpping center in H Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Just 9% f glbal plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by n means the biggest surce（来源）f plastic pllutin, but they've recently cme under fire because mst peple dn't need them t drink with and, because f their small size and weight, they cannt be recycled. Every straw that's part f Vn Wng's artwrk likely came frm a drink that smene used fr nly a few minutes. Once the drink is gne, the straw will take centuries t disappear.
In a piece frm 2018, Vn Wng wanted t illustrate（说明） a specific statistic: Every 60 secnds, a trucklad's wrth f plastic enters the cean. Fr this wrk, titled "Trucklad f Plastic, " Vn Wng and a grup f vlunteers cllected mre than 10, 000 pieces f plastic, which were then tied tgether t lk like they'd been dumped（倾倒） frm a truck all at nce.
Vn Wng hpes that his wrk will als help pressure big cmpanies t reduce their plastic ftprint.
1.What are Vn Wng's artwrks intended fr?
A.Beautifying the city he lives in.
B.Intrducing ec-friendly prducts.
C.Drawing public attentin t plastic waste.
D.Reducing garbage n the beach.
2.Why des the authr discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3?
A.T shw the difficulty f their recycling.
B.T explain why they are useful.
C.T vice his views n mdern art.
D.T find a substitute fr them.
3.What effect wuld "Trucklad f Plastic" have n viewers?
A.Calming. B.Disturbing.
C.Refreshing. D.Challenging.
4.Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A.Artists' Opinins n Plastic Safety
B.Media Interest in Cntemprary Art
C.Respnsibility Demanded f Big Cmpanies
D.Ocean Plastics Transfrmed int Sculptures
【文章大意】本文为说明文。讲述了艺术家Benjamin Vn Wng用回收到的废旧吸管创作艺术作品“吸管末日”，目的是提醒人们警惕所生产、消费的塑料垃圾，以及提高人们对改善环境问题的参与意识。
1.C【解析】细节理解题。由第一段最后一句可知，该艺术家创作的初衷是督促公众重新审视与一次性塑料制品的关系。故选C。
2.A【解析】推理判断题。第三段作者阐述了吸管由于体积小，重量轻，很难回收。故选A。
3.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据首段… frcing viewers t re-examine their relatinship t… 及尾段… will als help pressure big cmpanies t reduce their plastic ftprint… 可知，原文中的Vn Wng希望让人们可以重新审视他们对于塑料制品的处理方式。B选项Disturbing的意思为 "令人不安的, 引起恐慌的" ，符合文意。故选B。
4.D【解析】主旨大意题。本文围绕环保话题，介绍了一位叫本杰明的艺术家，试图用塑料垃圾创作雕塑作品，唤起公众对塑料垃圾的重视。故选D。
6.【2021全国乙卷 D篇】
During an interview fr ne f my bks, my interviewer said smething I still think abut ften. Annyed by the level f distractin（干扰）in his pen ffice, he said, "That's why I have a membership at the cwrking space acrss the street—s I can fcus." His cmment struck me as strange. After all, cwrking spaces als typically use an pen ffice layut（布局）. But I recently came acrss a study that shws why his apprach wrks.
The researchers examined varius levels f nise n participants as they cmpleted tests f creative thinking. They were randmly divided int fur grups and expsed t varius nise levels in the backgrund, frm ttal silence t 50 decibels（分贝）, 70 decibels, and 85 decibels. The differences between mst f the grups were statistically insignificant; hwever, the participants in the 70 decibels grup—thse expsed t a level f nise similar t backgrund chatter in a cffee shp—significantly utperfrmed the ther grups. Since the effects were small, this may suggest that ur creative thinking des nt differ that much in respnse t ttal silence and 85 decibels f backgrund nise.
But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study als suggests that the right level f backgrund nise—nt t lud and nt ttal silence—may actually imprve ne's creative thinking ability. The right level f backgrund nise may interrupt ur nrmal patterns f thinking just enugh t allw ur imaginatins t wander, withut making it impssible t fcus. This kind f "distracted fcus" appears t be the best state fr wrking n creative tasks.
S why d s many f us hate ur pen ffices? The prblem may be that, in ur ffices, we can't stp urselves frm getting drawn int thers' cnversatins while we're trying t fcus. Indeed, the researchers fund that face-t-face interactins and cnversatins affect the creative prcess, and yet a cwrking space r a cffee shp prvides a certain level f nise while als prviding freedm frm interruptins.
1.Why des the interviewer prefer a cwrking space?
A.It helps him cncentrate.
B.It blcks ut backgrund nise.
C.It has a pleasant atmsphere.
D.It encurages face-t-face interactins.
2.Which level f backgrund nise may prmte creative thinking ability?
A.Ttal silence. B.50 decibels.
C.70 decibels. D.85 decibels.
3.What makes an pen ffice unwelcme t many peple?
A.Persnal privacy unprtected.
B.Limited wrking space.
C.Restrictins n grup discussin.
D.Cnstant interruptins.
4.What can we infer abut the authr frm the text?
A.He's a news reprter.
B.He's an ffice manager.
C.He's a prfessinal designer.
D.He's a published writer.
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，通过实验数据分析了过分办公室噪音对于办公效率的影响，但合伙办公有利于集中注意力，适量的声音有利于创新思维。
1.A【解析】细节理解题。由第一段第二句"… s I can fcus"可知，采访者喜欢在公用工作场所办公，是因为他可以集中精力。故选A。
2.C 【解析】细节理解题。由第二段"the participants in the 70 decibels grup… significantly utperfrmed the ther grups"可知，在70分贝下采访者的表现最优，说明该环境可以改善创造性思维能力。故选C。
3.D 【解析】推理判断题。由最后一段第二句"… can't stp urselves frm getting drawn int ther's cnversatins while we're trying t fcus"可知，开放式办公环境中，经常有其他事情分散人们的注意力。故选D。
4.D【解析】推理判断题。由第一段第一句可知，作者在为自己的书接受采访，可推断他是作家。故选D。
7.【2021.6 浙江卷 C篇】
If yu ever get the impressin that yur dg can "tell" whether yu lk cntent r annyed, yu may be nt smething. Dgs may indeed be able t distinguish between happy and angry human faces, accrding t a new study.
Researchers trained a grup f 11 dgs t distinguish between images（图像） f the same persn making either a happy r an angry face. During the training stage, each dg was shwn nly the upper half r the lwer half f the persn's face. The researchers then tested the dgs' ability t distinguish between human facial expressins by shwing them the ther half f the persn's face r images ttally different frm the nes used in training. The researchers fund that the dgs were able t pick the angry r happy face by tuching a picture f it with their nses mre ften than ne wuld expect by randm chance.
The study shwed the animals had figured ut hw t apply what they learned abut human faces during training t new faces in the testing stage. "We can rule ut that the dgs simply distinguish hetween the pictures bused n a simple cue, such as the sight f teeth, " said study anthr Crsin Muller. "Instead, ur results suggest that the surcessful dgs realized that a smiling muth means the same thing as smiling eyes, and the same rule applies t an angry muth having the same meaning as angry eyes."
"With ur study, we think we can nw cnfidently cnclude that at least sme dgs can distinguish human facial expressins," Muller tld Live Science.
At this pint, it is nt clear why dgs seem t be equipped with the ability t recgnize different facial expressins in humans."T us, the mst likely explanatin appears t be that the basis lies in their living with humans, which gives them a lt f expsure t human facial expressins, ” and this expsure has prvided them with many chances t learn t distinguish between them, Muller said.
1.The new study fcused n whether dgs can .
A.distinguish shapes
B.make sense f human faces
C.feel happy r angry
D.cmmunicate with each ther
2.What can we learn abut the study frm paragraph 2?
A.Researchers tested the dgs in randm rder.
B.Diverse methds were adpted during training.
C.Pictures used in the tw stages were different.
D.The dgs were phtgraphed befre the test.
3.What is the last paragraph mainly abut?
A.A suggestin fr future studies.
B.A pssible reasn fr the study findings.
C.A majr limitatin f the study.
D.An explanatin f the research methd.
【文章大意】 本文是一篇科普类说明文，实验研究表明，狗能够辨别人类的不同的面部的高兴还是愤怒表情。
1.B【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段第二句 "Dgs may indeed be able t distinguish between happy and angry human faces, accrding t a new study." 可知，狗能够分辨开心的表情和不开心的表情，故选B。
2 .C【解析】推断题。根据第二段第三句 "The researchers then tested the dgs' ability t distinguish between human facial expressins by shwing them the ther half f the persn's face r images ttally different frm the nes used in training." 可知，训练时和测试时使用的人脸照片完全不同，故选C。
3.B【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段可知，狗为何能够识别人的表情的原因不明，紧接着给出了最可能的解释：可能是狗长期与人类生活，所以练就了识别人类表情的能力，故选B。
8.【2021年6月天津卷A篇】
When starting cllege, mst students enjy a week's stay n campus befre classes actually begin. What shuld yu d with that time? Belw are several tips t ease（使熟悉） yurself int cllege life.
Participating in Campus Welcme Activities
Mst universities hst welcme events befre the academic year fficially begins, including freshmen rientatins （迎新会），campus picnics, and entertainments like cncerts.
Participating in such events is a great way t learn abut schl facilities and understand campus culture: What d students d fr fiin? What are their favrite classes? What is the histry f yur university? It can help yu bserve campus life utside the classrm.
Explring Campus
Getting t knw where essential campus resurces are—such as the student advising center, psychlgical services, and the tutring center~~will make yur first few weeks n campus a lt easier, because yu wn't have t lk fr them while still getting used t yur classes.
Take sme time t check ut the buildings where yur classes will be held. This will prevent yu frm getting lst in the first few days f classes, and familiarize yu with hw lng it takes t get frm place t place. If yu're wrried abut taking classes ne after anther in different buildings, a quick test run wn't hurt. That way, yu will avid ptential time delays in getting t yur classes.
Starting a Rutine
Befre getting t excited abut all f the fun things yu will be able t d during the week, remember that yu d have a pretty big schedule change cming up. Starting classes means being in different places at different times, s it’s a great idea t start getting used t that rutine right this week.
What helps yu mst is t schedule yur sleep. Fllwing the planned time will ensure yu have enugh sleep t get t thse early classes and stay wide awake.
If yu have ther daily rutines, such as exercising r talking n the phne with family, wrk thse int yur day-t-day life befre classes start s that yu get a better idea f hw they fit in with yur schedule.
36．By participating in campus welcme activities, freshmen can .
A．learn abut campus culture B.get their curse schedule
C.have a physical examinatin D.take an entrance test
37．Why are freshmen advised t have a quick test run between buildings ?
A．T see hw many facilities they can use. B.T avid being late fr future classes.
C.T help thse getting lst n campus. D.T practice running n their way t class.
38．When is it best fr freshmen t start getting used t the new rutine?
A．On the first day f their classes. B.Befre the rientatin week.
C.After their first-day classes. D.During the rientatin week.
39．What des the authr suggest freshmen d t stay fcused in class?
A．Take physical exercise befre class. B.Leave their phnes pwered ff.
C.Take early classes every day. D.Keep t the sleep schedule.
40．What is the authr's purpse in writing this passage?
A．T ffer sme tips n making an easier start at cllege.
B.T remind freshmen abut the first day f schl.
C.T help freshmen rganize campus activities.
D.T share his cllege experience with the reader.
【答案】36．A 37．B 38．D 39．D 40．A
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。主要针对新生真正开学前一周的活动给出一些建议，帮助新生轻松开始大学生活。
36．细节理解题。根据Participating in Campus Welcme Activities标题下的第二段中“Participating in such events is a great way t learn abut schl facilities and understand campus culture:（参加这些活动是了解学校设施和了解校园文化的好方法）”可知，参加欢迎活动可以了解校园文化，故选择A项。
37．细节理解题。根据Explring Campus标题下的第二段中“That way, yu will avid ptential time delays in getting t yur classes.（那样，你将会避免在去上课时可能出现的延误）”可知，快跑测试，可以避免将来上课迟到，故选择B项。
38．细节理解题。根据Starting a Rutine 标题下的第一段“Starting classes means being in different places at different times, s it’s a great idea t start getting used t that rutine right this week.（课程开始意味着在不同的时间呆在不同的地方，所以就在这周开始习惯这种常规活动是个好主意）”可知，right this week指的是正式开学前的这一周，也叫rientatin week“迎新周” ，故选择D项。
39．推理判断题题。根据Starting a Rutine 标题下的第二段“What helps yu mst is t schedule yur sleep. Fllwing the planned time will ensure yu have enugh sleep t get t thse early classes and stay wide awake.（最有帮助的就是安排好的你的睡眠，按照计划的时间，将确保你有足够的睡眠来参加早上的课程，并保持清醒）”可知，想要保持清醒专注，就要保证睡眠时间。故选择D项。
40．推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句“Belw are several tips t ease（使熟悉） yurself int cllege life.（以下是几个帮你轻松进入大学生活的建议）”可知，作者主要是提出一些轻松开始大学生活的建议。故选择A项。

9.【2021年6月天津卷C篇】
In the fictinal wrlds f film and TV, artificial intelligence （Al） has been described as s advanced that it is indistinguishable frm humans. But what if we're actually getting clser t a wrld where Al is capable f thinking and feeling?
Tech cmpany UneeQ is heading fr its "digital humans", which appear life like n the screen nt nly in terms f language, but als because f facial mvements: raised eyebrws, a smile, even a nd. They lk clse t a human, but nt quite.
What lies beneath UneeQ9 s digital humans? Their 3D faces are mdeled n actual human features. Speech recgnitin enables them t understand what a persn is saying, and natural language prcessing is used t wrk ut a respnse. Meanwhile, anther Al cmpany, Sul Machines, is taking a mre bilgical apprach, with a "digital brain", that imitates aspects f the human brain t adjust the emtins "fblt" and "expressed" by its "digital peple".
Shiwali Mhan, an Al scientist at the Pal Research Center, is skeptical f these digital beings. "They're humanlike in their lks and the way they sund, but that in itself is nt being human," she says. "Human qualities als invlve hw yu think, hw yu apprach prblems, and hw yu break them dwn; and that takes a lt f algrithmic (算 法)design. Designing fr human-level intelligence is a different attempt than designing images that behave like humans." She then cntinues, “If smething lks like a human, we have high expectatins f them, but they might behave differently in ways that humans just instinctively (直觉地)knw hw ther humans react.
Yet the demand is there, with UneeQ seeing high adptin f its digital emplyees acrss the financial, health care, and cmmercial sectrs （行业）. "Unless these sectrs make their business mdels much mre efficient digitally, they might be left behind," says Chetan Dube, UneeQ9s CEO.
Sme ther cmpanies are taking their digital beings a step further, enabling rganizatins and individuals t create digital humans themselves using free-access platfrms they prvide. "The biggest mtivatin fr such platfrms is t ppularize Al," Dube says.
Mhan is cautius abut this apprach, yet she supprts the purpse behind these digital beings and is ptimistic abut where they are headed. "As we develp mre advanced Al technlgy, we wuld then have t use new ways f cmmunicating with that technlgy,she says. "'Hpefully, all f that is designed t supprt humans in their gals."
46．Accrding t Para. 2, in what respect（s） d UneeQ9s "digital humans" resemble human beings?
A．In the way they mve arund. B.In the way they act and react.
C.In bservatin and analysis. D.In speech and facial expressins.
47．Sul Machines’digital brain is a technlgical breakthrugh because it .
A．learns t make prper emtinal respnses
B.tends t imitate human beings' tne vividly
C.recgnizes the speech sunds it receives
D.prcesses the natural language it hears
48．In Mhan's pinin, what human quality is lacking in digital beings?
A．Calculating brain. B.Language skills.
C.Instinctive judgments. D.Prblem-slving ability.
49．What makes many sectrs emply digital humans?
A．The fear f falling behind in efficiency.
B.The urgency t prmte e-cmmerce.
C.The wish t spread digital technlgy.
D.The need t upgrade the health care system.
50．What des Mhan think f the future f digital beings?
A．It's well planned. B.It is prmising. C.It is uncertain. D.It's quite hpeless.
【答案】46．D 47．A 48．C 49．A 50．B
【分析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍许多科技公司正在推进、研发“数字人类”，并被很多部门使用。但一些科学家对此表示怀疑，并指出了“数字人类”并不是真正的人类，有很多缺陷。但前景还是很有希望的。46．细节理解题。根据第二段“Tech cmpany UneeQ is heading fr its "digital humans", which appear life like n the screen nt nly in terms f language, but als because f facial mvements: raised eyebrws, a smile, even a nd.”（科技公司UneeQ正在研发一种“数字人”，这种人在屏幕上看起来栩栩如生，不仅因为语言，还因为面部动作:眉毛扬起、微笑，甚至点头。）由此可知，根据第2段，UneeQ9s的“数字人”在言语和面部表情上方面与人类相似。故选D项。
47．细节理解题。根据第三段“Meanwhile, anther Al cmpany, Sul Machines, is taking a mre bilgical apprach, with a "digital brain", that imitates aspects f the human brain t adjust the emtins "fblt" and "expressed" by its “digital peple”.”（与此同时，另一家Al公司，灵魂机器公司，正在采取一种更具生物性的方法，拥有一个“数字大脑”，它模仿人脑的各个方面来调节其“数字人”的“fblt”和“表达”的情绪。）由此可知，灵魂机器的数字大脑是一项技术突破，因为它倾向于做出适当的情绪反应。故选A项。
48．推理判断题。根据第四段“"They're humanlike in their lks and the way they sund, but that in itself is nt being human," she says. "Human qualities als invlve hw yu think, hw yu apprach prblems, and hw yu break them dwn; and that takes a lt f algrithmic (算 法)design, but they might behave differently in ways that humans just instinctively (直觉地)knw hw ther humans react.”（“他们的外表和声音都像人类，但这本身不是人类，”她说。“人类的品质还包括你如何思考、如何处理问题以及如何分解问题；这需要大量的算法设计。但他们的行为方式可能不同，人类只是本能地知道其他人的反应。”）由此判断出，在Mhan看来，数字人缺少本能的判断。故选C项。
49．细节理解题。根据第五段“Yet the demand is there, with UneeQ seeing high adptin f its digital emplyees acrss the financial, health care, and cmmercial sectrs （行业）.Unless these sectrs make their business mdels much mre efficient digitally, they might be left behind”（但需求依然存在，UneeQ的数字员工在金融、医疗和商业行业的使用率很高。除非这些行业将它们的商业模式数字化得更高效，否则它们可能会被甩在后面）由此可知，害怕效率落后让许多行业使用“数字人类”。故选A项。
50．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Mhan is cautius abut this apprach, yet she supprts the purpse behind these digital beings and is ptimistic abut where they are headed.”（ Mhan对这种方法持谨慎态度，但她支持这些数字生物背后的目的，并对他们的未来持乐观态度）由此判断出，Mhan数字人的未来是有希望的。故选B项。
10.【2021年6月天津卷D篇】
Art is everywhere. Any public space has been carefully designed by an artistic mind t be bth functinal and beautiful. Why, then, is art still s widely cnsidered t be "the easy subject" at schl, insignificant t wider sciety, a waste f time and effrt?
Art can cnnect culture with cmmercial prducts in a way that nt many ther things can; art generates mney and hlds significant emtinal and cultural value within cmmunities. When peple attend a cncert, they are paying fr music, sure, maybe even htel rms, meals, and transprt, but they als gain an incredible experience, a unique atmsphere and a memry that will g thrugh the rest f their lives. Peple dn't just want material things anymre, they want t experience life一the arts are a perfect crssver（交迭）between culture and cmmerce.
Furthermre, the arts can bring cmmunities tgether, reducing lneliness and making peple feel safer. Scial bnds are created amng individuals when they share their arts experiences thrugh reflectin and discussin, and their expressin f cmmn values thrugh artwrks in hnur f events significant t a natin's experience.
The arts clearly have a pretty psitive impact n physical and psychlgical health. It is fund that peple wh frequent cultural places r participate in artistic events are mre likely t gain gd health cmpared t thse wh d nt; mre engagement with the arts is linked t a higher level f peple's wellbeing. The Ryal Sciety f Public Health discvered that music and art, when used in hspitals, help t imprve the cnditins f patients by reducing stress, anxiety and bld pressure.
Children wh are invlved with the arts make greater achievements in their educatin: thse engaged with drama have greater literary ability while thers taking part in musical practice exhibit greater skills in math and languages. Kids with preference fr the arts have a greater chance f finding emplyment in the future. Participating in the arts is essential fr child develpment; encuraging children t express themselves in cnstructive ways culd help t frm healthy emtinal respnses in later life.
Vital t human life, art is celebrated and used by natins acrss the wrld fr varius purpses. Life withut art wuld be bring and dead still, fr art is a part f what makes us human.
51．Art prducts differ frm mst ther cmmercial prducts because .
A．mst peple purchase them fr cllectin
B.they are mre expensive and less accessible
C.they have bth cmmercial and cultural values
D.their prices may climb up as time passes
52．By sharing their arts experiences, cmmunity members can .
A．keep the cmmunity safe frm illnesses
B.develp a strnger tie between them
C.learn t appreciate their wn wrks f art
D.ffer hnurable slutins t their prblems
53．What can we learn abut peple wh are invlved in artistic activities?
A．They enjy better living cnditins.
B.They like t cmpare themselves with thers.
C.They are particularly gd at bth music and art.
D.They tend t be healthier physically and mentally.
54．Hw des kids' engagement with the arts benefit them?
A．It prmtes their academic perfrmance and emtinal grwth.
B.It gives them mre cnfidence in exhibiting their learning skills.
C.It inspires their creativity in designing their future career.
D.It helps t make respnsible peple ut f them.
55．What is the best title fr this passage?
A．Hw Art Cures Our Hearts B.Art: A Blessing t Humankind
C.Hw Art Benefits Cmmunities D.Art: A Bridge Between Cultures
【答案】51．C 52．B 53．D 54．A 55．B
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。讲述了艺术这一活动对人类的重要意义，是我们不可或缺的社会生活之一。从赋予商品的商业价值，人类的身心健康和青少年的学术和情感发展等方面论述了艺术的重要意义。
51．细节理解题。根据第一段“Any public space has been carefully designed by an artistic mind t be bth functinal and beautiful.”（任何公共空间都是由艺术家精心设计的，既实用又美观。）以及“Art can cnnect culture with cmmercial prducts in a way that nt many ther things can”（艺术可以将文化与商业产品联系起来，这是其他很多东西都做不到的。）可以看出，可见艺术参与的作品兼具文化价值和商业价值。故选择C。
52．细节理解题。根据第三段“Scial bnds are created amng individuals when they share their arts experiences thrugh reflectin and discussin,, and their expressin f cmmn values thrugh artwrks in hnr f events significant t a natin's experience.”（当个人通过反思和讨论分享他们的艺术经验，并通过艺术作品表达共同的价值观，以纪念对一个国家的经验有重要意义的事件时，社会纽带就在他们之间建立起来。），可见通过分享经历，可以建立一种特殊的联系和纽带。故选择B。
53．细节理解题。根据第四段“It is fund that peple wh frequent cultural places r participate in artistic events are mre likely t gain gd health cmpared t thse wh d nt”（研究发现，经常出入文化场所或参加艺术活动的人比不经常出入文化场所或参加艺术活动的人更容易获得健康;），可见参加艺术活动的人们在身心上都相对更加健康。故选择D。
54．细节理解题。根据第五段“Children wh are invlved with the arts make greater achievements in their educatin”（参与艺术的孩子在他们的教育中取得更大的成就）以及“encuraging children t express themselves in cnstructive ways culd help t frm healthy emtinal respnses in later life.”（有助于在以后的生活中形成健康的情感反应。）可见艺术活动促进了孩子们的学业表现和情感成长。故选择A。
55．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Vital t human life, art is celebrated and used by natins acrss the wrld fr varius purpses. Life withut art wuld be bring and dead still, fr art is a part f what makes us human.”（艺术对人类的生命至关重要，世界各国为各种目的庆祝和使用艺术。没有艺术的生活将是无聊和死气沉沉的，因为艺术是我们人类的一部分。）可见艺术是人类重要的部分，文章中也详细描述了艺术对不同人群的好处。所以短文的最佳标题为“艺术:人类的福祉”。故选择B。
11.【2021年6月新高考2卷D篇】
An Australian prfessr is develping a rbt t mnitr the health f grazing cattle, a develpment that culd bring big changes t a prfessin that's relied largely n a lw-tech apprach fr decades but is facing a labr shrtage.
Salah Sukkarieh, a prfessr at the University f Sydney, sees rbts as necessary given hw cattlemen are aging. He is building a fur-wheeled rbt that will run n slar and electric pwer. It will use cameras and sensrs t mnitr the animals. A cmputer system will analyze the vide t determine whether a cw is sick. Radi tags (标签) n the animals will measure temperature changes. The quality f grassland will be tracked by mnitring the shape, clr and texture (质地) f grass. That way, cattlemen will knw whether they need t mve their cattle t anther field fr nutritin purpses.
Machines have largely taken ver planting, watering and harvesting crps such as cm and wheat, but the mnitring f cattle has gne thrugh fewer changes.
Fr Texas cattleman Pete Bnds, it's increasingly difficult t find wrkers interested in watching cattle. But Bnds desn't believe a rbt is right fr the jb. Years f experience in the industry - and failed attempts t use technlgy - have cnvinced him that the best way t check cattle is with a man n a hrse. Bnds, wh bught his first cattle almst 50 years ag, still has each f his cwbys inspect 300 r 400 cattle daily and lk fr signs that an animal is getting sick.
Other cattlemen see mre prmise in rbts. Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president f the Oklahma Cattlemen's Assciatin, said a rbt culd be extremely useful given rising cncerns abut cattle theft. Cattle tend t be kept in remte places and their value has risen, making them appealing targets.
12. What is a prblem with the cattle-raising industry?
A. Sil pllutin.B. Lack f wrkers.
C. Aging machines.D. Lw prfitability.
13. What will Sukkarieh's rbt be able t d?
A. Mnitr the quality f grass.B. Cure the diseased cattle.
C. Mve cattle t anther field.D. Predict weather changes.
14. Why des Pete Bnds still hire cwbys t watch cattle?
A. He wants t help them earn a living.B. He thinks men can d the jb better.
C. He is inexperienced in using rbts.D. He enjys the traditinal way f life.
15. Hw may rbts help with cattle watching accrding t Michael Kelsey?
A. Increase the value f cattle.B. Bring dwn the cst f labr.
C. Make the jb mre appealing.D. Keep cattle frm being stlen.
【【答案】】12. B 13. A 14. B 15. D
【【解析】】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了澳大利亚一名教授正在开发一种机器人，用于监测放牧牛健康状况。
【12题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第一段“An Australian prfessr is develping a rbt t mnitr the health f grazing cattle, a develpment that culd bring big changes t a prfessin that's relied largely n a lw-tech apprach fr decades but is facing a labr shrtage.（澳大利亚一名教授正在开发一种机器人，用于监测放牧牛的健康状况，这一开发可能会给畜牧业带来重大变化。几十年来，畜牧业主要依靠低技术手段，但目前正面临劳动力短缺的问题。）”可知，畜牧产业面临劳动力短缺的问题。故选B。
【13题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The quality f grassland will be tracked by mnitring the shape, clr and texture (质地) f grass.（通过监测草形状、颜色和质地来跟踪草地的质量。）”可知，Sukkarieh的机器人可以监测草的质量。故选A。
【14题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第四段“But Bnds desn't believe a rbt is right fr the jb. Years f experience in the industry - and failed attempts t use technlgy - have cnvinced him that the best way t check cattle is with a man n a hrse.（但邦兹认为机器人并不适合这份工作。多年的行业经验——以及使用技术的失败尝试——使他确信，检查牛的最好方法是让一名男子骑在马上。）”可知，皮特·邦兹仍然雇佣牛仔看牛是因为他认为人能做得更好。故选B。
【15题详解】细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president f the Oklahma Cattlemen's Assciatin, said a rbt culd be extremely useful given rising cncerns abut cattle theft.（俄克拉荷马州养牛人协会副会长迈克尔·凯尔西·帕里斯说，鉴于人们对偷牛的担忧不断上升，机器人可能会非常有用。）”可知，机器人帮助照看牛，可以防止牛被偷。故选D。
三、2020年高考真题
1. 【2020·全国卷I，C】
Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shws, while mst likely cntributing t fewer injuries. It des, hwever, have its wn prblem.
Race walkers are cnditined athletes. The lngest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilmeter race walk, which is abut five miles lnger than the marathn. But the sprt’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight thrugh mst f the leg swing and ne ft remain in cntact (接触) with the grund at all times. It’s this strange frm that makes race walking such an attractive activity, hwever, says Jaclyn Nrberg, an assistant prfessr f exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says, Accrding t mst calculatins, race walkers mving at a pace f six miles per hur wuld burn abut 800 calries(卡路里) per hur, which is apprximately twice as many as they wuld burn walking, althugh fewer than running, which wuld prbably burn abut 1,000 r mre calries per hur.
Hwever, race walking des nt pund the bdy as much as running des, Dr. Nrberg says. Accrding t her research, runners hit the grund with as much as fur times their bdy weight per step, while race walkers, wh d nt leave the grund, create nly abut 1.4 times their bdy weight with each step.
As a result, she says, sme f the injuries assciated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncmmn amng race walkers. But the sprt’s strange frm des place cnsiderable stress n the ankles and hips, s peple with a histry f such injuries might want t be cautius in adpting the sprt. In fact, anyne wishing t try race walking shuld prbably first cnsult a cach r experienced racer t learn prper technique, she says. It takes sme practice.
1. Why are race walkers cnditined athletes?
A. They must run lng distances.
B. They are qualified fr the marathn.
C. They have t fllw special rules.
D. They are gd at swinging their legs.
2. What advantage des race walking have ver running?
A. It’s mre ppular at the Olympics.
B. It’s less challenging physically.
C. It’s mre effective in bdy building.
D. It’s less likely t cause knee injuries.
3. What is Dr. Nrberg’s suggestin fr smene trying race walking?
A. Getting experts’ pinins.
B. Having a medical checkup.
C. Hiring an experienced cach.
D. Ding regular exercises.
4. Which wrd best describes the authr’s attitude t race walking?
A. Skeptical.B. Objective.
C. Tlerant.D. Cnservative.
【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了竞走相比跑步有诸多的优势，但是之前受过伤的人，要想从事这样运动要谨慎，最好咨询专家的建议。
1. C【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段“But the sprt’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight thrugh mst f the leg swing and ne ft remain in cntact with the grund at all times.”可知，但这项运动的规则要求竞走者的膝盖在摆动腿的大部分时间保持伸直，一只脚始终与地面接触。由此可知，竞走运动员是需要具备某些条件的运动员是因为运动员需要遵守特殊的规则。故选C项。
2. D【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段“As a result, she says, sme f the injuries assciated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncmmn amng race walkers.”可知，一些与跑步有关的损伤，比如跑步者的膝盖，在竞走者中并不常见。由此可知，竞走与跑步相比的优势是不太可能导致膝盖受伤。故选D项。
3. A【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段Dr. Nrberg说的话“In fact, anyne wishing t try race walking shuld prbably first cnsult a cach r experienced racer t learn prper technique(事实上，任何想尝试竞走的人都应该首先咨询教练或有经验的竞走运动员，学习适当的技巧。)”可知，Dr. Nrberg建议想尝试竞走的人征询专家的建议。故选A项。
4. B【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段“Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shws, while mst likely cntributing t fewer injuries. It des, hwever, have its wn prblem.”可知，研究表明，竞走和跑步一样有很多健身益处，而且它还很少导致受伤。不过，它也有自己的问题。由此判断出作者对于竞走的态度是客观的。故选B项。
2. 【2020·全国卷I，D】
The cnnectin between peple and plants has lng been the subject f scientific research. Recent studies have fund psitive effects. A study cnducted in Yungstwn，Ohi，fr example, discvered that greener areas f the city experienced less crime. In anther，emplyees were shwn t be 15% mre prductive when their wrkplaces were decrated with huseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute f Technlgy(MIT)have taken it a step further changing the actual cmpsitin f plants in rder t get them t perfrm diverse，even unusual functins. These include plants that have sensrs printed nt their leaves t shw when they’re shrt f water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in grundwater. ＂We’re thinking abut hw we can engineer plants t replace functins f the things that we use every day,＂explained Michael Stran, a prfessr f chemical engineering at MIT.
One f his latest prjects has been t make plants glw(发光)in experiments using sme cmmn vegetables. Stran’s team fund that they culd create a faint light fr three-and-a-half hurs. The light，abut ne-thusandth f the amunt needed t read by，is just a start. The technlgy, Stran said, culd ne day be used t light the rms r even t turn trees int self-pwered street lamps.
In the future，the team hpes t develp a versin f the technlgy that can be sprayed nt plant leaves in a ne-ff treatment that wuld last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are als trying t develp an n and ff＂switch＂where the glw wuld fade when expsed t daylight.
Lighting accunts fr abut 7% f the ttal electricity cnsumed in the US. Since lighting is ften far remved frm the pwer surce(电源)-such as the distance frm a pwer plant t street lamps n a remte highway-a lt f energy is lst during transmissin(传输).Glwing plants culd reduce this distance and therefre help save energy.
1. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A. A new study f different plants.
B. A big fall in crime rates.
C. Emplyees frm varius wrkplaces.
D. Benefits frm green plants.
2. What is the functin f the sensrs printed n plant leaves by MIT engineer?
A. T detect plants’ lack f water
B. T change cmpsitins f plants
C. T make the life f plants lnger.
D. T test chemicals in plants.
3. What can we expect f the glwing plants in the future?
A. They will speed up energy prductin.
B. They may transmit electricity t the hme.
C. They might help reduce energy cnsumptin.
D. They culd take the place f pwer plants.
4. Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A. Can we grw mre glwing plants?
B. Hw d we live with glwing plants?
C. Culd glwing plants replace lamps?
D. Hw are glwing plants made pllutin-free?
【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一种发光植物。文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。
1. D【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段中A study cnducted in Yungstwn, Ohi, fr example ,discvered that greener areas f the city experienced less crime. In anther, emplyees were shwn t be 15% mre prductive when their wrkplaces were decrated with huseplants.可知例如，在俄亥俄州扬斯敦进行的一项研究发现，城市绿化较好的地区犯罪率较低。在另一项研究中，当员工的工作场所被室内植物装饰时，他们的工作效率会提高15%。由此可知，第一段的主旨是关于绿色植物的益处。故选D。
2. A【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中These include plants that have sensrs printed n their leaves t shw when they're shrt f water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in grundwater.可知这就包括叶子上印有传感器来显示植物缺水的情况的植物，还有一种植物可以检测到地下水中的有害化学物质。由此可知，麻省理工学院工程师植物叶片上印上传感器的作用是检测植物缺水的情况。故选A。
3. C【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段中Glwing plants culd reduce this distance and therefre help save energy.可知发光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。由此可知，这种发光的植物在未来可能有助于减少能源消耗。故选C。
4. C【解析】主旨大意题。根据最后一段中Lighting accunts fr abut 7%f the ttal electricity cnsumed in the US. Since lighting is ften far remved frm the pwer surce-such as the distance frm a pwer plant t street lamps n a remte highway-a lt f energy is lst during transmissin. Glwing plants culd reduce this distance and therefre help save energy.可知照明约占美国总耗电量的7%。由于照明通常远离电源，例如从发电厂到偏僻公路上路灯的距离，在传输过程中会损失大量能源。发光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。结合文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一种发光植物，文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。由此可知，C选项“发光的植物能取代路灯吗？”最符合文章标题。故选C。
3. 【2020·全国卷 = 2 \* ROMAN II，B】
Sme parents will buy any high-tech ty if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.
Psychlgist Susan Levine, an expert n mathematics develpment in yung children the University f Chicag, fund children wh play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develp better spatial skills. Puzzle play was fund t be a significant predictr f cgnitin(认知) after cntrlling fr differences in parents’ incme, educatin and the amunt f parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed vide recrdings f 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at hme and fund children wh play with puzzles between 26 and 46 mnths f age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 mnths f age.
“The children wh played with puzzles perfrmed better than thse wh did nt, n tasks that assessed their ability t rtate(旋转)and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked t interact with their children as they nrmally wuld, and abut half f children in the study played with puzzles at ne time. Higher-incme parents tended t have children play with puzzles mre frequently, and bth bys and girls wh played with puzzles had better spatial skills. Hwever, bys tended t play with mre cmplex puzzles than girls, and the parents f bys prvided mre spatial language and were mre active during puzzle play than parents f girls.
The findings were published in the jurnal Develpmental Science.
1. In which aspect d children benefit frm puzzle play?
A. Building cnfidence.B. Develping spatial skills.
C. Learning self-cntrl.D. Gaining high-tech knwledge.
2. What did Levine take int cnsideratin when designing her experiment？
A. Parents’ age.B. Children’s imaginatin.
C. Parents’ educatin.D. Child-parent relatinship.
3. Hw d by differ frm girls in puzzle play?
A. They play with puzzles mre ften.
B. They tend t talk less during the game.
C. They prefer t use mre spatial language.
D. They are likely t play with tugher puzzles.
4. What is the text mainly abut?
A. A mathematical methd.B. A scientific study.
C. A wman psychlgistD. A teaching prgram.
【文章大意】本文是说明文。是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，研究过程和结果。
1. B【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中…fund children wh play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 develp better spatial skill(在2岁到4岁之间玩智力游戏的儿童在空间能力方面更好)可知，孩子们可以从智力游戏中发展更好的空间技能。B. Develping spatial skills(发展空间能力)符合以上说法，故选B项。
2. C【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中Puzzle play was fund t be a significant predictr f cgnitin after cntrlling fr difference in parents' incme, educatin and the amunt f parent talk, Levine said.( Levine说，在父母的收入、教育和父母谈话次数方面控制差异性之后，拼图游戏被发现是一个重要的认知预测)可知Levine在设计这个试验时考虑了父母的收入、教育程度和父母谈话的次数。C. Parents' educatin.(父母的教育)符合以上说法，故选C项。
3. D【解析】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中Hwever, bys tended t play with mre cmplex puzzles than girls,可知男孩比女孩更喜欢玩复杂的谜题，即他们可能会玩难度更大的谜题。D. They are likely t play with tugher puzzles.(他们有可能玩更复杂的谜题)符合以上说法，故选D项。
4. B【解析】主旨大意题。本文是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，研究过程和结果。所以是关于科学研究的。B. A scientific study(一项科学研究)符合以上说法，故选B项。
4. 【2020·全国卷 = 2 \* ROMAN II，C】
When yu were trying t figure ut what t buy fr the envirnmentalist n yur hliday list, fur prbably didn’t crss yur mind. But sme eclgists and fashin (时装)enthusiasts are trying t bring back the market fr fur made frm nutria(海狸鼠).
Unusual fashin shws in New Orleans and Brklyn have(shwcased)nutria fur made int clthes in different styles. “It sunds crazy t talk abut guilt-free fur-unless yu understand that the nutria are destrying vast wetlands every year”, says Cree McCree, prject directr f Righteus Fur.
Scientists in Luisiana were s cncerned that they decided t pay hunters $5 a tail. Sme f the fur ends up in the fashin shws like the ne in Brklyn last mnth.
Nutria were brught there frm Argentina by fur farmers and let g int the wild. “The ecsystem dwn there can’t handle this nn-native species(物种).It’s destrying the envirnment. It’s them r us.” says Michael Massimi, an expert in this field.
The fur trade kept nutria check fr decades，but when the market fr nutria cllapsed in the late 1980s，the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.
Bilgist Edmnd Mutn runs the nutria cntrl prgram fr Luisiana. He says it’s nt easy t cnvince peple that nutria fur is green, but he has n dubt abut it. Hunters bring in mre than 300,000 nutria tails a year, s part f Mutn’s jb these days is trying t prmte fur.
Then there’s Righteus Fur and its unusual fashin. Mdel Paige Mrgan says，”T give peple a guilt-free ptin that they can wear withut smene thrwing paint n them-1 think that’s ging t be a massive thing, at least here in New Yrk.” Designer Jennifer Andersn admits it tk her a while t cme arund t the pinin that using nutria fur fr her creatins is mrally acceptable. She trying t cme up with a lable t attach t nutria fashins t shw it is ec-friendly.
28. What is the purpse f the fashin shws in New Orleans and Brklyn?
A. T prmte guilt-free fur.
B. T expand the fashin market.
C. T intrduce a new brand.
D. T celebrate a winter hliday.
29. Why are scientists cncerned abut nutria?
A. Nutria damage the ecsystem seriusly.
B. Nutria are an endangered species.
C. Nutria hurt lcal cat-sized animals.
D. Nutria are illegally hunted.
30. What des the underlined wrd “cllapsed” in paragraph 5 prbably mean?
A. Bmed.B. Became mature.C. Remained stable.D. Crashed.
31. What can we infer abuf wearing fur in New Yrk accrding t Mrgan?
A. It’s frmal.B. It’s risky.C. It’s harmful.D. It’s traditinal.
【答案】
28. A29. A30. D31. B
【文章大意】本文是说明文。介绍了美国新奥良和布鲁克林举办了不同寻常的时装秀。展出海狸鼠制成的皮衣。海狸鼠们每年都在破坏大片的湿地，因此设计师称这是一种环保的举措，科学家们也对海狸鼠损坏生态平衡表示了担忧。
28. 推理判断题。根据第二段Unusual fashin shws in New Orleans and Brklyn have shwcased nutria fur made int clthes in different styles. “It sunds crazy t talk abut guilt-free fur-unless yu understand that the nutria are destrying vast wetlands every year,”says Cree McCree, prject directr f Righteus Fur.得知，美国新奥尔良和布鲁克林举办了不同寻常的时装秀，时装秀上展出海狸鼠皮制成的不同风格的衣服，项目总监Cree McCree说：“除非了解海狸鼠正每年破坏大片湿地，否则谈论无罪感皮衣是很疯狂的事情”，可以判断出由于海狸鼠对生态造成了巨大的破坏，这场海狸鼠皮衣时装秀销售的是无罪恶感皮衣。故选A。
29. 推理判断题。根据第三段Scientists in Luisiana were s cncerned that they decided t pay hunters $5 a tail.得知，科学家们如此担心以至于他们决定按照一条海狸鼠尾巴付给猎人们5美元，可以推断出科学家们担忧海狸鼠们严重破坏生态平衡，。故选A。
30. 词义猜测题。根据第五段The fur trade kept nutria in check fr decades, but when the market fr nutria cllapsed in the late 1980s,the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy. 得知，毛皮贸易使海狸鼠受到了几十年的控制，但是当海狸鼠市场在20世纪80年代末崩溃时，这种猫大小的动物数量疯长，根据but判断，这是转折关系，以前由于皮毛交易，海狸鼠处于控制，现在这种海狸鼠之所以能够数量激增，是由于市场不再销售海狸鼠皮毛导致的，可以推断出划线词cllapsed 是和D.crashed倒闭的意思最相近。故选D。
31. 推理判断题。根据第二段Mdel Paige Mrgan says, “T give peple a guilt –free ptin that they can wear withut smene thrwing paint n them-I think that’s ging t be a massive thing, at least in New Yrk. ” 得知，为了给人们一种无罪的选择，人们可以穿皮衣而不被人们泼油漆，我认为在纽约将是一件巨大的事情，根据模特摩根所说得知，在纽约穿皮质衣服是有风险的。故选B。
5. 【2020·全国卷 = 3 \* ROMAN III，D】
We are the prducts f evlutin, and nt just evlutin that ccurred billins f years ag. As scientists lk deeper int ur genes(基因), they are finding examples f human evlutin in just the past few thusand years. Peple in Ethipian highlands have adapted t living at high altitudes. Cattle -raising peple in East Africa and nrthern Eurpe have gained a mutatin (突变) that helps them digest milk as adults.
On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team f researchers reprted a new kind f adaptatin — nt t air r t fd, but t the cean. A grup f sea-dwelling peple in Sutheast Asia have evlved int better divers. The Bajau, as these peple are knwn, number in the hundreds f thusands in Indnesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditinally lived n husebats; in recent times, they’ve als built huses n stilts (支柱) in castal waters. “They are simply a stranger t the land,” said Redney C. Jubilad, a University f Hawaii researcher wh studies the Bajau.
Dr. Jubilad first met the Bajau while grwing up n Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as divers, spearfishing r harvesting shellfish. “We were s amazed that they culd stay underwater much lnger than us lcal islanders,” Dr. Jubilad said. “I culd see them actually walking under the sea.”
In2015, Melissa Ilard, then a graduate student in genetics at the University f Cpenhagen, heard abut the Bajau. She wndered if centuries f diving culd have led t the evlutin f physical characteristics that made the task easier fr them. “it seemed like the perfect chance fr natural selectin t act n a ppulatin,” said Dr. Ilard. She als said there were likely a number f ther genes that help the Bajau dive.
32. What des the authr want t tell us by the examples in paragraph 1?
A. Envirnmental adaptatin f cattle raisers.B. New knwledge f human evlutin.
C. Recent findings f human rigin.D. Significance f fd selectin.
33. Where d the Bajau build their huses?
A. In valleys.B. Near rivers.C. On the beach.D. Off the cast.
34. Why was the yung Jubilad astnished at the Bajau?
A. They culd walk n stilts all day.B. They had a superb way f fishing.
C. They culd stay lng underwater.D. They lived n bth land and water.
35. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Bdies Remdeled fr a Life at SeaB. Highlanders’ Survival Skills
C. Basic Methds f Genetic ResearchD. The Wrld’s Best Divers
【答案】
32. B33. D34. C35. A
【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。最近一项对人类基因的研究发现，人类的进化不仅仅发生在数十亿年前，而且最近几千年也有。Bajau人因为靠海为生，他们的身体已经进化成更能适应海洋生活。
32. 推理判断题。根据第一段的we are the prducts f evlutin, and nt just evlutin that ccurred billins f years ag. As scientists lk deeper int ur genes, they are finding examples f human evlutin in just the past few thusand years.(我们是进化的产物，而且不仅仅是数十亿年前的产物。当科学家更深入的研究我们的基因时，他们发现了人类在过去几千年进化的例子)可知，作者列举第一段的例子是为了告诉我们关于人类进化的一个新信息，那就是人类在最近几千年也在进化。B. New knwledge f human evlutin.(人类进化的新知识)符合以上说法，故选B项。
33. 细节理解题。根据第二段的The Bajau, as these peple are knwn, number in hundreds f thusands in Indnesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditinally live n husebats; in recent times, they've als built huses n stilts in castal waters.(这些人被称为Bajau，在印度尼西亚、马来西亚和菲律宾有数十万人。他们一直住在船屋上；最近他们也把房子建在沿海水域的吊脚楼上)可知，Bajau把房子建在沿海区域。D. Off the cast.(沿海)符合以上说法，故选D项。
34. 细节理解题。根据第三段的we were s amazed that they culd stay underwater much lnger than us lcal islanders.(我们很惊讶，他们在水下待的时间比我们当地的岛民要长的多)可知，让Jubilad感到吃惊的是Bajau人能在水下待更长的时间。C. They culd stay lng underwater. (他们能在水下待很长时间)符合以上说法，故选C项。
35. 主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，尤其是第二段的On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team f researchers reprted a new kind f adaptin-nt t air r t fd, but t the cean.(周四，在《细胞》杂志上发表的一篇文章中，一群研究人员报道了一种新的适应——不是空气也不是食物，而是海洋)可知，本文主要讲述了一种新的进化，即长期生活在海边，靠海为生的生活方式，让Bajau人的身体进化成更适应海洋生活。A. Bdies Remdeled fr a Life at Sea.(身体为适应海洋生活而重塑)可以作为本文标题，故选A项。
6. 【2020·山东卷，D】
Accrding t a recent study in the Jurnal f Cnsumer Research, bth the size and cnsumptin habits f ur eating cmpanins can influence ur fd intake. And cntrary t existing research that says yu shuld avid eating with heavier peple wh rder large prtins(份), it's the beanples with big appetites yu really need t avid.
T test the effect f scial influence n eating habits, the researchers cnducted tw experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate wmen were individually invited int a lab t stensibly(表面上)participate in a study abut mvie viewership. Befre the film began, each wman was asked t help herself t a snack. An actr hired by the researchers grabbed her fd first. In her natural state, the actr weighed 105 punds. But in half the cases she wre a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight t 180 punds.
Bth the fat and thin versins f the actr tk a large amunt f fd. The participants fllwed suit, taking mre fd than they nrmally wuld have. Hwever, they tk significantly mre when the actr was thin.
Fr the secnd test, in ne case the thin actr tk tw pieces f candy frm the snack bwls. In the ther case, she tk 30 pieces. The results were similar t the first test: the participants fllwed suit but tk significantly mre candy when the thin actr tk 30 pieces.
The tests shw that the scial envirnment is extremely influential when we're making decisins. If this fellw participant is ging t eat mre, s will I. Call it the “I’ll have what she's having” effect. Hwever, we'll adjust the influence. If an verweight persn is having a large prtin, I'll hld back a bit because I see the results f his eating habits. But if a thin persn eats a lt, I'll fllw suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can't I?
12. What is the recent study mainly abut?
A. Fd safety.B. Mvie viewership.
C. Cnsumer demand.D. Eating behavir.
13. What des the underlined wrd “beanples” in paragraph 1 refer t?
A. Big eaters.B. Overweight persns.
C. Picky eaters.D. Tall thin persns.
14. Why did the researchers hire the actr?
A. T see hw she wuld affect the participants.
B. T test if the participants culd recgnize her.
C. T find ut what she wuld d in the tw tests.
D. T study why she culd keep her weight dwn.
15. On what basis d we “adjust the influence” accrding t the last paragraph?
A. Hw hungry we are.B. Hw slim we want t be.
C. Hw we perceive thers.D. Hw we feel abut the fd.
【答案】
12. D13. D14. A15. C
【文章大意】本文是说明文。最近的研究表明：我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。文章详述了这个实验的过程。
12. 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Accrding t a recent study in the Jurnal f Cnsumer Research, bth the size and cnsumptin habits f ur eating cmpanins can influence ur fd intake”可知，根据消费者研究杂志最近的一项研究，我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。因此这项研究是关于饮食行为的。故选D。
13. 词义猜测题。根据前半句“And cntrary t existing research that says yu shuld avid eating with heavier peple wh rder large prtins（份）”可知，现有的研究认为：你应该避免和体重较重、点大份饭菜的人一起吃饭。后半句认为，你真正应该避免的是the beanples with big appetites。由cntrary t可推断出，画线词和heavier peple（超重的人）相反，结合选项，D选项（瘦瘦高高的人）正好和heavier peple正好相反。故选D。
14. 推理判断题。根据第二段的“T test the effect f scial influence n eating habits, the researchers cnducted tw experiments”可知， 为了测试社会影响对饮食习惯的影响，研究人员进行了两个实验。根据倒数第三段的内容可知，在两个实验中，胖的和瘦的演员都吃了大量的食物。参与者也照做，吃的食物比平常多。 然而，当演员是瘦的时候，参与者们服用的食物更多。由此推断，研究人员雇用演员是为了看看她如何影响参与者。故选A。
15. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“If an verweight persn is having a large prtin, I’ll hld back a bit because I see the results f his eating habits. But if a thin persn eats a lt, I’ll fllw suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can’t I? ”可知，如果一个超重的人吃很大一份，我会忍住一点，因为我看到了他饮食习惯的结果。但如果一个瘦的人吃很多，我会跟着做。如果他吃得多保持苗条，为什么我不能呢？ 因此推断我们是根据我们对他人的看法（即：如何看待他人）来调整影响的。故选C。
三、模拟演练
1、
An Israeli law banning t skinny mdels went int effect with the start f 2013. The law, apprved last March in Israel, requires mdels t prve they have maintained a Bdy Mass Index (BMI) f at least 18.5 fr three mnths befre a fashin shw. That means a wman wh is 68 inches tall can weigh n less than 119 punds.
“This law is anther step in the war against eating disrders,” said physician Adatt. “Underweight mdels,” he explained, “can n lnger serve as rle mdels fr inncent yung peple wh cpy their false image f being skinny.”
But sme critics in this cuntry say it is misguided, fcusing n weight instead f health. They als say the Israeli ban is bund t fail because f the strng pwer f the fashin industry. “I think it’s an apprach that isn’t ging t wrk.” said eating disrder expert Susan Ice, wh wrked with an rganizatin which creates a healthy wrking envirnment fr mdels.
But Adatt tld the reprter that he began t cncern the issue after meeting an ambitius mdel wh lked like she needed t be hspitalized. He said. “I realized that nly legislatin(立法) can change the situatin. There was n time t waste; s many girls were dieting t death.”
Hwever, the effrts t regulate mdels’ weight in Spain and Italy have nt resulted in significant changes in part because f difficulties in determining reliable methds f measuring weight and health.
Still, flks including Ice say there’s n denying that images frm Hllywd and the fashin industry can be difficult fr yung wmen t deal with. “Certainly I dn't believe the mdeling industry has caused the rise in eating disrders, but it makes it harder,” she says. “It’s a difficult recvery envirnment, wrshiping thinness as the beauty ideal.”
4．One benefit the new Israeli law may bring is ______.
A．t change the wrking cnditins f mdels
B．t lwer the chance f skinny mdels’ death
C．t prvide guidance fr wmen wrshiping thinness
D．t prevent mdels frm suffering frm eating disrders
5．In the pinin f the critics, the law wn’t succeed because _______.
A．it misleads yung wmen t frm a bad eating habit
B．the fashin industry is much t influential
C．it desn’t create a healthy wrking envirnment fr mdels
D．it desn’t prvide a prper apprach that can wrk well
6．What caused Adatt t think that a law was needed t change the situatin?
A．Being interviewed by a reprter.
B．Establishing his fashin mdel agent.
C．Meeting an ambitius but t skinny mdel.
D．Seeing a mdel die frm eating disrders.
7．Accrding t the passage, the new Israeli law banning skinny mdels is _____ .
A．practicalB．cntrversial
C．acceptableD．reasnable

【答案】
4．D
5．B
6．C
7．B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了在时尚产业中，年轻模特追求过度纤瘦唯美产生的社会问题。
4．细节理解题。根据第二段的“This law is anther step in the war against eating disrders,” said physician Adatt. 可知，新法能使模特免于饮食失调，故选D。
5．细节理解题。根据第三段的They als say the Israeli ban is bund t fail because f the strng pwer f the fashin industry. 可知，时尚界的影响力太大了，因此禁令有可能失败，故选B。
6．细节理解题。根据第四段的he began t cncern the issue after meeting an ambitius mdel wh lked like she needed t be hspitalized. 可知，在遇到一位看起来像需要住院治疗的雄心勃勃的模特后，他开始关注这个问题，故选C。
7．推理判断题。A. practical 实际的； B. cntrversial 有争议的； C. acceptable 可接受的； D. reasnable 合理的。由文章内容可知，以色列新法律（禁用过瘦的模特）是存在争议的，有支持者也有反对的，故选B。
2、
Crprate culture is the values and beliefs a cmpany develps ver time.The rle f crprate culture ist imprve a cmpany’s missin and strategies,with lng-term hpes f imprvements in a cmpany’s prfit.Mstly crprate culture cmes frm a cmpany’s tp management.
One rle f crprate culture is t influence emplyee behavir, hnesty, and cmpliance（服从）. A cmpany des nt have t necessarily create a direct influence fr these actins.A direct influence may be a setf written regulatins r ther plicies,and while these may be in place,the crprate culture is usually mref an indirect influence.
While many cmpanies try t create crprate culture thrugh the use f written plicies,its rle isharder t define.The human factr has an influence n hw crprate culture is expressed.The way uppermanagement acts and reacts t varius situatins defines hw lwer-level emplyees will act,and this aspectmay be mre imprtant than any written plicy.
A cmpany’s crprate culture can als extend beynd the walls f the business. Cnsumers wh believe a cmpany t be hnest and frthright（直率）may be mre lyal in their buying behavir. Emplyees in a cmpany’s custmer service department can als exhibit psitive crprate culture t utside individuals.Inthis case,the culture creates a link between the cmpany’s emplyees and its custmers.Hw custmers reactmay be a direct result frm the cmpany’s crprate culture.
Prduct quality can als be influenced by a cmpany’s crprate culture.Cmpanies that fcus nly nprfits may decide t avid high-quality materials in prducts,but try t suggest that the prducts are fhigher quality than they really are.This negative culture can then result in lwer brand lyalty withcnsumers.
12．What d we knw abut crprate culture frm this passage?
A．It is a set f rules and regulatins.
B．It is the way the emplyees act.
C．It is the values and beliefs f a cmpany.
D．It is the lng term hpe f a cmpany.
13．Which f the fllwing is mre efficient in creating crprate culture?
A．Making a set f rules and regulatins.
B．Setting an example fr the emplyees.
C．Learning the crprate culture regularly.
D．Encuraging the emplyees t wrk harder.
14．What can we infer frm the furth paragraph?
A．The custmer is always right.
B．Crprate culture has different functins.
C．Withut crprate culture,a cmpany will die.
D．Psitive crprate culture can prmte sales.
15．Which wrd can describe the cmpanies mentined in the last paragraph?
A．Creative.B．Efficient.
C．Dishnest.D．Dislyal.

【答案】
12．C
13．B
14．D
15．C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。企业文化是一个公司随着时间的推移而发展起来的价值观和信念。企业文化的作用是完善企业的使命和战略，并有望长期企业利润的提高。文章并指出了企业文化对企业销量和质量的影响作用。
12．细节理解题。根据文章第一句“Crprate culture is the values and beliefs a cmpany develps ver time.”可知企业文化是一个公司随着时间的推移而发展起来的价值观和信念。故选C。
13．推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句“Mstly crprate culture cmes frm a cmpany’s tp management.”可知企业文化大多来自公司的高层管理人员。即树立员工榜样更能有效地创造企业文化，故选B。
14．推理判断题。根据第四段倒数第二、三句“Emplyees in a cmpany’s custmer service department can als exhibit psitive crprate culture t utside individuals. In this case, the culture creates a link between the cmpany’s emplyees and its custmers.”可知公司客服部门的员工也可以向外界展示积极的企业文化。在这种情况下，企业文化在员工和客户之间建立了联系，而客户的反应可能是公司企业文化的直接结果。即可知积极的企业文化可以促进销售。故选D
15．细节理解题。最后一段第二句“Cmpanies that fcus nly n prfits may decide t avid high-quality materials in prducts, but try t suggest that the prducts are f higher quality than they really are.”可知那些只注重利润的公司可能会决定在产品中避免使用高质量的材料，但要尽量表明产品的质量比实际质量高。公司用低质量的产品冒充品质好的产品，这是一种“不诚实”的行为，故选C。
3、
A sheet f transparent new material at a University f Maryland lab lks like it might be plastic. But it’s actually wd—and it culd eventually be used t make energy-efficient windws r even see-thrugh buildings.
"Cmpared t glass, wd has lwer heat cnductivity, and it's lighter, strnger, and mre envirnmentally friendly," says Liangbing Hu, a materials science prfessr at the University f Maryland and ne f the authrs f a new study f the material.
The idea is t emply the material in buildings. With a windw made frm transparent wd instead f glass, fr example, a building wuld take less energy t heat and cl. Because f the structure f the wd, the windws culd als reduce glare frm the sun while allwing in natural light.
Researchers have experimented with transparent wd in the past, but the new methd is mre sustainable.
Other methds usually put the wd in a chemical cmpund Nacl t remve lignin, part f the wd that gives it structure. But this can weaken the wd, and it prduces waste that is hard t recycle. Hu and his team made slight changes t the prcess s it desn't fully remve the lignin. By brushing hydrgen perxide(过氧化物) ver the wd and leaving it under a UV light, they remved nly the parts f the lignin that give it clr. The result is transparent wd that can be cated in epxy(环氧树脂).
It’s just ne f a number f ways scientists and engineers are rethinking hw we can use this renewable resurce in cnstructin. Skyscrapers made entirely ut f wd are gaining ppularity in cities arund the wrld. And scientists recently discvered a technique t grw wd in a lab, pening up the pssibility f using wd withut having t cut dwn a frest.
The transparent wd is 50% strnger than previus transparent wd and culd even be used t build lad-bearing walls in a building. It culd als ptentially be used in ther ways, such as layers used in slar cells. A new cmpany called InventWd is wrking t cmmercialize the technlgy.
8．Why wuld peple like t chse transparent wd in their buildings in preference t glass?
A．It can cnduct heat mre quickly.
B．It is lighter and mre delicate.
C．It can let light in with less heat.
D．It has higher energy cnsumptin.
9．Cmpared with the experiment in the past, what is the difference f the new methd?
A．The new methd is less envirnmentally friendly.
B．The new methd can make the wd weaker.
C．Researchers brushed Nacl ver the wd.
D．Researchers nly tk away the lignin related t clr.
10．Which f the fllwing statements may the authr agree with ?
A．This see-thrugh wd can replace glass windws.
B．This see-thrugh wd is in mass prductin.
C．This transparent wd has been grwn in labs.
D．This transparent wd is nly ppular in cities.
11．What des the last paragraph mainly fcus n?
A．The advantages f transparent wd.
B．The prspect f transparent wd.
C．The prductin f transparent wd.
D．The cmpanies f transparent wd.

【答案】
8．C
9．D
10．A
11．B
【解析】这是一篇说明文，主要介绍了透明木头这一新型的建筑材料的制作原理及诸多优点，并可能在其他方面的潜在用途。
8．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“wd has lwer heat cnductivity, and it's lighter, strnger, and mre envirnmentally friendly (木头具有更低的热传导性，并且它更轻、更结实也更环保)”和第三段“the windws culd als reduce glare frm the sun while allwing in natural light (窗户也能减少阳光照射的强度，并同时让自然光照射进屋子)”可知，安装透明木材装修家受到很多人的青睐，因为它具有很多优点。故选C。
9．推理判断题。根据文章第五段“they remved nly the parts f the lignin that give it clr(他们只移除了部分的让木头有颜色的木质素)”可知，跟之前的实验不一样的地方在于，这些研究者只移除了赋予木头颜色的木质素，故选D。
10．推理判断题。根据文章首段“But it’s actually wd—and it culd eventually be used t make energy-efficient windws r even see-thrugh buildings (但事实上，它是木头，并且它可以被用于制作节能型的窗户或者透视大楼)”可知，作者认为透明木头有可能取代现在的玻璃窗户。故选A。
11．主旨大意题。根据文章尾段“It culd als ptentially be used in ther ways, such as layers used in slar cells. (它也可以有其他多种用途，比如用于太阳能电池的涂层)”可知，文章最后一段主要讲述了透明木头潜在的用途，故选B。
4、
A year f lckdwn has brught abut sme questinable fashin trends. In US suburbs, bathrbes and slippers are nw scially-acceptable clthing fr a trip t the grcery stre.
Ugly shes are als having mment. Crcs the maker f plastic clgs(木屐) nw with market wrth f $5. 3 billin, had a recrd 2020. The distinctive shes, with their punch(打孔机) hle design, have lng been ppular with hspital staff. During the COVID-19 utbreak, they have becme a sught-after item fr thse lking fr smething easy t wear and clean.
The cmpany sld mre than 69 millin pairs f shes in 2020 and pulled in nearly $1. 4 billin, a 13% jump frm 2019. The share price, up 650 percent frm its pandemic lw, has set repeated new highs this year.
Birkenstck is anther brand riding high n the shift t a mre casual lifestyle. The German grup recently sld itself t a LVMH-backed grup in a 4 billin deal.
The tw brands' ppularity shws n sign f fading. Pshmark, the secnd-hand clthing app, said Crcs and Birkenstck remained tp trending brands n its site in March. Sales are up sharply fr bth cmpared with the year-ag perid. Cperatin with celebrities (Justin Bieber fr Crcs, wmen's brand Prenza Schuler fr Birkenstck) shuld help maintain the trend.
The same cannt be said fr dress shes, which were already falling ut f fashin. Office clsures and fewer special ccasins such as weddings and graduatins have accelerated the trend. Sales fr the categry plummeted last year, accrding t market researchers The NPD Grup. These accunted fr nly 8% f ttal fashin ftwear dllar sales in 2020, cmpared with 17% in 2017.
Peple will sn reach again fr ging-ut clthes, mre frmal than pyjamas. But the market fr dress shes will never recver entirely. The ugly she mvement is here t stay.
12．What des the underlined wrd "plummeted" in paragraph 5 prbably mean?
A．Increased sharply.B．Increased slightly.
C．Decreased sharply.D．Decreased slightly.
13．What's the authr's pinin abut the prspect f ugly shes?
A．UncertainB．Pessimistic.C．Cautius.D．Cnfident.
14．What can be the best title f this passage?
A．Crcs give dress shes a kicking.B．Casual clthes are making a cmeback.
C．Punch hle design becmes a trend.D．Dress shes are falling ut f fashin.
15．What’s the purpse f this text?
A．T recmmend new shes.B．T present a new tendency.
C．T change peple’s lifestyle.D．T questin a fashin trend
【答案】
12．C
13．D
14．A
15．B
【解析】本文是说明文。文章介绍了受疫情影响人们的对鞋的偏好发生了变化，穿起来和清洗起来都很方便是拖鞋或木屐更受人们的喜爱，相反正装鞋正在被人们所抛弃。
12．词义猜测题。根据第六段“The same cannt be said fr dress shes, which were already falling ut f fashin.(正装鞋的情况就不一样了，它们已经过时了)”和“Sales fr the categry plummeted last year, accrding t market researchers The NPD Grup. These accunted fr nly 8% f ttal fashin ftwear dllar sales in 2020, cmpared with 17% in 2017.(市场研究机构NPD Grup的数据显示，去年这类产品的销量plummeted。2020年，这些产品仅占时尚鞋类总销售额的8%，而2017年为17%)”可知，2017年正装鞋销量(dress shes)占时尚鞋类总销售额的17%，而2020年的仅占8%，说明这类鞋的销量急剧下滑，“Sales fr the categry plummeted last year”中plummeted表示“急剧下滑”。故选C项。
13．推理判断题。根据末段“But the market fr dress shes will never recver entirely. The ugly she mvement is here t stay.(但正装鞋市场永远不会完全恢复。丑鞋子的发展趋势将会持续下去)”可推知，作者非常看好丑鞋子的前景，对其有发展有信心。故选D项。
14．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章介绍了以Crcs的塑料木屐为代表的丑鞋子(ugly shes)正在代替正装鞋(dress shes)成为潮流，再根据末段“But the market fr dress shes will never recver entirely. The ugly she mvement is here t stay.(但正装鞋市场永远不会完全恢复。丑鞋子的发展趋势将会持续下去)”可推知，A项“Crcs give dress shes a kicking.(Crcs鞋给正装鞋一记重击)”是最佳标题。故选A项。
15．推理判断题。根据第一段“A year f lckdwn has brught abut sme questinable fashin trends.(一年的封锁带来了一些让人难以相信的时尚趋势)”和后文介绍以Crcs的塑料木屐为代表的丑鞋子(ugly shes)正在代替正装鞋(dress shes)成为潮流可推知，本文的写作目的是：呈现在一种新的时尚趋势。 故选B项。
5、
Culd lking thrugh trees be the view t a greener future? Trees replacing the clear glass in yur windws is nt a wrk f science fictin. It's happening nw.
Frest Prducts Labratry researcher Junyng Zhu tgether with clleagues frm the University f Maryland and University f Clrad has develped a transparent wd material that may be the windw f tmrrw. Researchers fund that transparent wd has the ptential t utperfrm glass currently used in cnstructin in nearly every way.
While glass is the mst cmmn material used in windw cnstructin, it cmes with quite a few bad cnsequences. Heat easily transfers thrugh glass and amunts t higher energy bills when it escapes during cld weather and purs in when it's warm. Glass prductin used fr cnstructin als cmes with a heavy carbn ftprint. Manufacturing emissins alne are apprximately 25,000 metric tns per year, withut cnsidering the heavy ftprint f transprting the glass.
The innvatin was develped using wd frm the balsa tree, which is native t Suth and Central America. The team treated balsa wd t an xidizing bath, where the wd is kept in a bleach slutin at rm temperature t remve the light-absrbing substance frm the structure. The wd is then penetrated（注入）with a synthetic plymer called plyvinyl alchl（PVA）, creating a prduct that is virtually transparent. S the transparent wd is created, which is far mre durable and lighter than glass.
Switching t transparent wd culd prve t be cst efficient as well. It is apprximately five times mre thermally efficient than glass. cutting energy csts. It is made frm a sustainable, renewable resurce with lw carbn emissins.
With all f these ptential benefits fr cnsumers, manufacturing and the envirnment, the case fr transparent wd culdn't be clearer.
8．What is the main prblem with glass used in windw cnstructin?
A．It is inefficient in letting heat ut.
B．It des nt reflect light and heat.
C．It cause a high eclgical cst
D．It is incnvenient t transprt.
9．What des the underlined part "a bleach slutin" refer t?
A．A liquid t make bjects white.
B．A prcess t slve prblems.
C．A cntainer t stre liquids.
D．A way t make clrs fade.
10．What des paragraph 4 fcus n?
A．Hw t make things transparent
B．Hw t prduce the new material.
C．The benefits f the wd material.
D．The great imprtance f innvatin.
11．What is the authr's attitude twards transparent wd?
A．Skeptical.B．Ambiguus.
C．Cnservative.D．Appreciative.
【答案】
8．C
9．A
10．B
11．D
【解析】本文是说明文，研究发明了一种新型材料，透明的木材被创造出来，它比玻璃更耐用，也更轻。
8．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Heat easily transfers thrugh glass and amunts t higher energy bills when it escapes during cld weather and purs in when it's warm. Glass prductin used fr cnstructin als cmes with a heavy carbn ftprint. Manufacturing emissins alne are apprximately 25,000 metric tns per year withut cnsidering the heavy ftprint f transprting the glass”热量很容易通过玻璃传递，当它在寒冷的天气中逃逸，在温暖的天气中涌入时，会导致更高的能源账单。用于建筑的玻璃生产也带来了沉重的碳足迹。如果不考虑玻璃运输的沉重足迹，仅制造业每年的排放量就约为25,000公吨。可知，玻璃窗户会产生更高的能源账单，有严重的碳足迹，说明玻璃窗户的主要问题是不利于环境、生态代价高。故选C项。
9．词义猜测题。根据第四段中的“The team treated balsa wd t an xidizing bath, where the wd is kept in a bleach slutin at rm temperature t remve the light-absrbing substance frm the structure”研究小组将巴尔沙木材处理到氧化浴中，在室温下将木材保存在漂白剂溶液中，以去除结构上的吸光物质。 研究小组将巴尔沙木材置于a bleach slutin 中可知，slutin 是一种液体，且能去除结构中的吸光物质。结合常识，白色不吸光，所以巴尔沙木材会变白，可得出a bleach slutin 是一种能让物体变白的液体。故选A项。
10．主旨大意题。第四段最后一句“S the transparent wd is created, which is far mre durable and lighter than glass.” 因此，透明的木材被创造出来，它比玻璃更耐用，也更轻。本句话是对这一段内容的总结：如何生产出这种新型材料。故选B项。
11．推理判断题。根据最后一段“With all f these ptential benefits fr cnsumers, manufacturing and the envirnment, the case fr transparent wd culdn't be clearer” 由于透明木材对消费者、制造业和环境都有潜在的好处，使用透明木材的理由再清楚不过了。可知，作者认为透明木材对消费者、制造业和环境有潜在好处，说明作者对透明木材持欣赏的（Appreciative）态度。故选D项。
六、
Visual language is a frm f cmmunicatin that uses visual elements (元素) as ppsed t frmal written language t cnvey meaning r an idea. Graphicacy, the ability t cmmunicate visually, is cnsidered as imprtant as literacy and numeracy, the abilities t read and cunt. Sme peple are visual thinkers, using that part f the brain that is emtinal and creative t prcess and give meaning t infrmatin. Visual cmmunicatin can find expressin in paintings, drawings, symbls, r simply lines and shapes arranged fr a specific effect.
Art is an example f visual language. A painting r sculpture can cnvey ideas r aruse specific kinds f emtinal respnses. It may als express ideas abut histrical events, abstract cncepts, r simply be abut the way certain shapes r frms “wrk” tgether r create a certain effect n the mind. Sme researchers believe that different parts f the brain respnd in unique ways t clrs and shapes.
Pictgrams (象形文字) and idegrams (表意文字) are types f visual language. Pictgrams are pictures that are similar t what they represent. They are still used tday t cmmunicate infrmatin. Many peple arund the wrld are familiar with the pictgrams indicating such things as airprts, public facilities, and nn-smking areas indicated by a cigarette in a circle with a line acrss it. Idegrams are pictures that represent ideas and can ften be understd withut the aid f written language. Sme schlars track mdern alphabets t pictures. Letters are actually ancient pictures, and wrds are a series f pictures. Mdern alphabet letters are nt nly phnetic (语音的) symbls but are based n ancient religius images and symbls.
Musivisual cmmunicatin is als a part f visual language. The term refers t music created specifically t imprve the visual experience f film. It crrespnds t the images being seen n the screen, and the music aruses a sense f terrr, fear, r ther emtins. Mst mvie gers understand the language f musical clues shwing that smething dramatic r imprtant is abut t happen.
12．What is Visual language accrding t the text?
A．An idea cnveyed by artists.
B．An ability t read and cunt.
C．A system used t aruse emtins.
D．A way f prcessing and expressing infrmatin.
13．What may be the rigin f the mdern alphabet letters?
A．Public facilities.B．Imaginary lines.
C．Living cnditins.D．Religius images.
14．What can we learn abut the music f a film frm the last paragraph?
A．A visual thinker can make it better.
B．It can help the audience predict the plt.
C．It ften changes withut the audience’s ntice.
D．It makes the film mre emtinal and cmplex.
15．What can be the best title fr the text?
A．What Is Visual Language?
B．What Is the Origin f Language?
C．Hw can We Learn Visual Language?
D．Hw des Visual Language Affect Life?

【答案】
12．D
13．D
14．B
15．A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了什么是视觉语言及它的用途。
12．细节理解题。根据第一段关键句“Visual language is a frm f cmmunicatin that uses visual elements (元素) as ppsed t frmal written language t cnvey meaning r an idea.”（视觉语言是一种交流形式，它使用视觉元素而不是正式的书面语言来传达意义或想法。）可知，视觉语言是一种交流形式，它使用视觉元素来传达意义或想法，由此可知，视觉语言是一种处理和表达信息的方式。故选D项。
13．细节理解题。根据第三段关键句“Mdern alphabet letters are nt nly phnetic (语音的) symbls but are based n ancient religius images and symbls.”（现代字母表的字母不仅是语音符号，而且是基于古老的宗教形象和符号。）可知，现代字母表的字母是基于古老的宗教形象和符号而产生的，由此可知，现代字母表的字母的起源可能是宗教形象。故选D项。
14．推理判断题。根据最后一段关键句“Mst mvie gers understand the language f musical clues shwing that smething dramatic r imprtant is abut t happen.”（大多数电影观众都能理解音乐的语言，这些音乐暗示着一些戏剧性或重要的事情即将发生。）可知，电影里的音乐暗示着一些戏剧性或重要的事情即将发生，由此可推断出，电影音乐可以帮助观众预测接下来即将发生的情节。故选B项。
15．主旨大意题。通读文章，结合第一段关键句“Visual language is a frm f cmmunicatin that uses visual elements (元素) as ppsed t frmal written language t cnvey meaning r an idea.”（视觉语言是一种交流形式，它使用视觉元素而不是正式的书面语言来传达意义或想法。）可知，文章主要介绍了什么是视觉语言，并在后文分别介绍了“pictgrams”、“idegrams”和“musivisual cmmunicatin”等不同种类的视觉语言，“What Is Visual Language?”意为“什么是视觉语言？”能够概括文章主要内容。故选A项。
6、
TerraCycle is a cmpany that has recycled and upcycled (升级改造) just abut any garbage it can get its hands n. It upcycles things like pens and markers int dust bins and picnic tables and cigarette ends int railrad ties.
Nw, TerraCycle wants t help families waste even less with a new bk Make Garbage Great: The TerraCycle Family Guide t a Zer-Waste Lifestyle. The bk is part wake-up call, part histry lessn, part hw-t, and part DIY arts and crafts instructin.
In an effrt t help peple d what they can t curb their cntributin t the tns f waste created every day, Make Garbage Great gives the histry f varius materials, discusses why thse varius materials are a prblem, and gives tips and DIY prjects t recycle r upcycle each material.
There is a chapter each n plastics, metals, paper, glass, wd, rubber and rganics. Each chapter is filled with tns f tips and ideas fr reducing the amunt f waste yu create and fr respnsibly handling the waste yu end up creating in yur hme. If yu’re a cnscius cnsumer, sme f the infrmatin yu may already knw, but there are als tips in this bk that will help yu recycle mre than yu thught yu were able t. It has infrmatin n where yu can take ld sneakers, pillws, and all that electrnic waste that seems t pile up quicker and quicker each year.
Whether the bk inspires yu t get a little clever at dealing with yur waste r simply inspires yu t think befre yu buy r befre yu thrw, anyne wh is cncerned abut the amunt f waste ur culture creates will find sme ideas here. Even the physical bk itself is a bit f an inspiratin. It’s printed n tree-free paper and is a reminder that there is usually a sustainable (可持续的) alternative t many f the prducts that we waste.
8．What is the bk intended t d?
A．T advertise fr the cmpany.
B．T help families make mney.
C．T instruct peple t learn arts.
D．T help families reduce waste.
9．What can we knw abut the bk?
A．It is intended fr husewives.
B．It is envirnmentally friendly.
C．It is well received all ver the wrld.
D．It is nt different frm ther paper bks.
10．What des the authr’s attitude twards the bk?
A．Psitive.B．Negative.
C．Dubtful.D．Objective.
11．What culd be the best title fr the text?
A．Live A Mre Healthy Life?
B．Want A Zer-waste Lifestyle?
C．TerraCycle — A Respnsible Cmpany
D．Make Garbage Great — A Key t Success

【答案】
8．D
9．B
10．A
11．B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了致力于垃圾回收和升级改造的TerraCycle公司为了帮助人们减少生活垃圾而出版了一本书，书中介绍了一些关于对废弃物品重新再利用的方法。
8．细节理解题。根据第二段中的Nw, TerraCycle wants t help families waste even less with a new bk Make Garbage Great: The TerraCycle Family Guide t a Zer-Waste Lifestyle. (现在，TerraCycle希望通过一本新书《让垃圾变得伟大：TerraCycle家庭零废物生活指南》来帮助家庭减少浪费)可知，这本书的目的是为了帮助家庭减少浪费。故选D。
9．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的后两句Even the physical bk itself is a bit f an inspiratin. It’s printed n tree-free paper and is a reminder that there is usually a sustainable (可持续的) alternative t many f the prducts that we waste.(甚至实体书本身也有一些灵感。它印在没有树木的纸上，提醒我们通常有一个可持续的选择来替代我们浪费的许多产品)可知，这本书的用纸不是由树制成的，这本书是环保的。故选B。
10．推理判断题。根据全文尤其最后一段作者的描述Whether the bk inspires yu t get a little clever at dealing with yur waste r simply inspires yu t think befre yu buy r befre yu thrw, anyne wh is cncerned abut the amunt f waste ur culture creates will find sme ideas here. Even the physical bk itself is a bit f an inspiratin.(无论这本书是鼓励你在处理废物方面变得更聪明一点，还是只是鼓励你在买东西或扔东西之前思考一下，任何关心我们的文化造成的废物的人都会在这里找到一些想法。甚至实体书本身也有一些启发)可以看出，作者对这本书的态度是积极肯定的。故选A。
11．主旨大意题。本文主要内容是帮助人们减少生活垃圾和对废物的重新利用的方法。由此可知，B. Want A Zer-waste Lifestyle?(想要零废物的生活方式吗？)可以体现文章的中心，适合做本文最佳标题。故选B。
7、
Children grw taller in rural husehlds where their mthers are supprted t grw their wn fd, accrding t new research frm the University f East Anglia (UEA). The research, which lked at husehlds in sme develping cuntries, shwed grwing their wn fd helped mthers t prevent their children frm being stunted, wasting away and underweight. Their children’s fd was mre varied, meaning these children had access t different classes f fd nutrients.
The team frm UEA analyzed studies that intrduced wmen t hme farming in sme African and Asian cuntries. The hme farming included grwing brightly clred vitamin A-rich fruit and vegetables, and smetimes als included chicken farming. The health f these wmen’s children was assessed ver the next year r mre, and they did better than children f ther wmen. N studies, hwever, reprted n children’s eye health. The researchers cncluded that high-quality trials are needed t assess the impact f hme fd prductin n nutritinal blindness in children, which is caused by an insufficient intake f vitamin A．Arund 250 millin pre-schl children are deficient in vitamin A, accrding t the Wrld Health Organizatin. Vitamin A deficiency is the main glbal cause f childhd blindness, which als increases the risk f dying frm ther childhd diseases and vitamin A plays a significant rle in nrmal immune functin. It remains ne f the mst widespread micrnutrient deficiencies glbally.
Mrs Chizba Bassey led the team cnducting the systematic review. She said, “Well-evidenced interventins such as vitamin A supplementatin prgrams shuld be adpted and expanded t children at greatest risk t prevent nutritinal blindness.”
Currently there is nt enugh evidence f the effects f hme gardening n xerphthalmia, night blindness r the death rate in children, but the evidence frm the research shws that if wmen take up hme gardening, the risk f being stunted, wasting away and underweight in their children will be reduced. Hme farming may help t achieve sustainability in cntrlling vitamin A deficiency and can assist vitamin A supplementatin prgrams where they are available.
12．What des the new study fcus n?
A．Fruit and vegetables suitable fr family gardening.
B．The develpment f farming in Africa and Asia.
C．Rural children’s health prblems.
D．Benefits f hme farming.
13．What is mainly talked abut in Paragraph 3?
A．The imprtance f nutrients.B．Causes f childhd blindness.
C．Health risks f lack f vitamin A．D．Ways t imprve kids’ immune functin.
14．Which f the fllwing may Mrs Bassey agree with?
A．Nutritinal blindness is preventable.
B．Mst f pre-schl kids suffer frm a nutrient deficiency.
C．Hme fd prductin has prved gd fr children’s eyes.
D．Vegetables grwn by husewives have higher nutritinal value.
15．What des the authr want t express in the last paragraph?
A．The urgency f ding further research.
B．The necessity f encuraging hme farming.
C．The difficulty in cntrlling vitamin A deficiency.
D．The relatinship between hme gardening and xerphthalmia.

【答案】
12．D
13．C
14．A
15．B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。研究表明，吃自家种植的食物的孩子成长得更好。文章介绍了这一研究开展的过程以及缺乏维生素A会带来的健康风险。
12．推理判断题。根据第二段中“The team frm UEA analyzed studies that intrduced wmen t hme farming in sme African and Asian cuntries. The hme farming included grwing brightly clred vitamin A-rich fruit and vegetables, and smetimes als included chicken farming. The health f these wmen’s children was assessed ver the next year r mre, and they did better than children f ther wmen.(东安格利亚大学的研究小组分析了一些非洲和亚洲国家将妇女引入家庭农业的研究。家庭农场包括种植颜色鲜艳的富含维生素A的水果和蔬菜，有时也包括养鸡。在接下来的一年或更长的时间里，这些妇女的孩子的健康状况得到了评估，他们比其他妇女的孩子做得更好)”可推断，该研究关注的是家庭农业的益处。故选D。
13．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Arund 250 millin pre-schl children are deficient in vitamin A, accrding t the Wrld Health Organizatin. Vitamin A deficiency is the main glbal cause f childhd blindness, which als increases the risk f dying frm ther childhd diseases and vitamin A plays a significant rle in nrmal immune functin. It remains ne f the mst widespread micrnutrient deficiencies glbally. (根据世界卫生组织的数据，约有2.5亿学龄前儿童缺乏维生素A。维生素A缺乏是全球儿童失明的主要原因，这也增加了儿童死于其他疾病的风险，维生素A在正常免疫功能中发挥着重要作用。它仍然是全球范围内最普遍的微量营养素缺乏之一)”可知，本段主要讲了缺乏维生素A会带来的健康风险。故选C。
14．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Well-evidenced interventins such as vitamin A supplementatin prgrams shuld be adpted and expanded t children at greatest risk t prevent nutritinal blindness.(应采取证据充分的干预措施，如维生素A补充方案，并将其扩大到风险最大的儿童，以防止营养性失明)”可知，Bassey认为营养性失明是可以预防的。故选A。
15．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Currently there is nt enugh evidence f the effects f hme gardening n xerphthalmia, night blindness r the death rate in children, but the evidence frm the research shws that if wmen take up hme gardening, the risk f being stunted, wasting away and underweight in their children will be reduced. Hme farming may help t achieve sustainability in cntrlling vitamin A deficiency and can assist vitamin A supplementatin prgrams where they are available.(目前，还没有足够的证据表明家庭种植对红眼病、夜盲症或儿童死亡率的影响，但研究证据表明，如果妇女从事家庭种植，其子女发育不良、消瘦和体重不足的风险将减少。家庭耕作可能有助于实现控制维生素A缺乏症的可持续性，并能在有条件的地方协助维生素A补充方案)”可推断，作者在最后一段想表达的是鼓励家庭农业的必要性。故选B。
8、
We’ve knwn fr years that plants can see, hear, smell and cmmunicate with chemicals. Nw, reprted New Scientist, they have been recrded making sunds when stressed.
In a yet-t-be-published study, Itzhak Khait and his team at Tel Aviv University, in Israel, fund that tmat and tbacc (烟草) plants can make ultrasnic (超声的) nises. The plants “cry ut” due t lack f water, r when their stems (茎) are cut. It’s just t high-pitched (音调高的) fr humans t hear.
Micrphnes placed 10 centimeters away frm the plants picked up sunds in the ultrasnic range f 20 t 100 kilhertz (千赫兹). Human hearing usually ranges frm 20 hertz t 20 kilhertz. “These findings can change the way we think abut the plant kingdm,” they wrte.
On average, “thirsty” tmat plants made 35 sunds an hur, while tbacc plants made 11. When plant stems were cut, tmat plants made an average f 25 sunds in the fllwing hur, and tbacc plants 15. Unstressed plants prduced fewer than ne sund per hur, n average.
Perhaps mst interestingly, different types f stress led t different sunds. The researchers trained a machine-learning mdel t separate the plants’ sunds frm thse f the wind, rain and ther nises f the greenhuse. In mst cases, it crrectly identified (辨识) whether the stress was caused by dryness r a cut, based n a sund’s intensity(强度) and frequency. Water-hungry tbacc appears t make luder sunds than cut tbacc, fr example. Althugh Khait and his clleagues nly lked at tmat and tbacc plants, they think ther plants als make sunds when stressed.
If farmers culd hear these sunds, said the team, they culd give water t the plants that need it mst. As climate change causes mre drughts (旱灾), they said this wuld be imprtant infrmatin fr farmers. “The sunds that drught-stressed plants make culd be used in precisin agriculture (精准农业),” said Anne Visscher at the Ryal Btanic Gardens, Kew, in the UK.
Khait’s reprt als suggests that insects and mammals (哺乳动物) can hear the sunds up t 5 meters away and respnd. Fr example, a mth (蛾子) may decide nt t lay eggs n a water-stressed plant. Edward Farmer, at the University f Lausanne, Switzerland, is dubtful. He said that the idea f mths listening t plants is “a little t speculative”.
If plants are screaming fr fear f their survival, maybe we shuld be glad we can’t hear them.
4．What did Khait and his team find frm their research?
A．Plants made lw-pitched sunds when in danger.
B．Plants made ultrasnic nises t cmmunicate with each ther.
C．Plants picked up a wider range f sunds when stressed.
D．Plants were able t prduce sunds in respnse t stresses.
5．Hw did tmat and tbacc plants react t different stresses accrding t the text?
A．A plant reacted t different stresses with the same sund.
B．Cut tmat plants prduced mre sunds per hur than water-hungry nes.
C．Cut tbacc plants seemed t make weaker sunds than drught-stressed nes.
D．Tbacc plants might make luder sunds than tmat plants when shrt f water.
6．What’s the main idea f Paragraph 6?
A．Challenges faced by farmers in the future.
B．The ptential applicatins f the research.
C．Farmers’ cntributins t the research.
D．What the future agriculture will be like.
7．The underlined wrd “speculative” in the secnd-t-last paragraph has the clsest meaning t “______”.
A．practicalB．unsupprted
C．surprisingD．cmplicated

【答案】
4．D
5．C
6．B
7．B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。一项尚未发表的研究发现，植物在受到压力时会发出声音，不同类型的压力导致了不同的声音。
4．细节理解题。根据第一段中Nw, reprted New Scientist, they have been recrded making sunds when stressed. 现在，据《新科学家》报道，他们已经被录下了在压力下发声的声音。以及第二段中In a yet-t-be-published study, Itzhak Khait and his team at Tel Aviv University, in Israel, fund that tmat and tbacc plants can make ultrasnic(超声的)nises. The plants “cry ut” due t lack f water, r when their stems(茎)are cut. 在一项尚未发表的研究中，以色列特拉维夫大学的伊扎克·凯特(Itzhak Khait)和他的团队发现，番茄和烟草植物可以发出超声噪音。由于缺水或茎被剪断时，植物会“哭泣”。可知，Khait和他的团队发现植物能够发出声音来应对压力。故选D项。
5．细节理解题。根据第五段中In mst cases, it crrectly identified whether the stress was caused by dryness r a cut, based n a sund’s intensity and frequency. Water-hungry tbacc appears t make luder sunds than cut tbacc, fr example. 在大多数情况下，它能根据声音的强度和频率，正确地识别出压力是由干燥引起的还是由切割引起的。例如，缺水的烟草似乎比切下来的烟草发出的声音更大。可知，切下来的烟草发出的声音似乎比干旱胁迫下的烟草发出的声音要弱。故选C项。
6．主旨大意题。根据第六段中As climate change causes mre drughts, they said this wuld be imprtant infrmatin fr farmers. “The sunds that drught-stressed plants make culd be used in precisin agriculture(精准农业),” said Anne Visscher at the Ryal Btanic Gardens, Kew, in the UK. 他们说，随着气候变化导致更多的干旱，这对农民来说将是重要的信息。“受干旱胁迫的植物发出的声音可以用于精准农业，”英国皇家植物园的Anne Visscher说。可知，本段主要是讲述了研究发现植物能发出声音对农业的影响，也就是研究在农业的潜在应用价值。故选B项。
7．词义猜测题。根据倒数第二段中Edward Farmer, at the University f Lausanne, Switzerland, is dubtful. He said that the idea f mths listening t plants is “a little t speculative”. 瑞士洛桑大学的Edward Farmer对此表示怀疑。他说，让飞蛾听植物的声音这种想法“有点太___________了”。由dubtful可知Edward Farmer不确定这种说法是否正确，因此猜测划线词speculative意为“未经证实的，推测性的”。故选B项。
9、
As we clse ut the final days f this year, treat yurself t a deliciusly distracting new bk — a bk that yu can dip int and ut f thrughut the hlidays. Read up, rest up, and enjy yurself.
Yga fr Pregnancy, Birth and beynd
A must-have guide fr yga-lving mamas, Yga fr Pregnancy, Birth and Beynd ffers helpful relaxatin techniques and breathing exercises that are tailred t each pregnant (怀孕的) wman. The bk als lays ut valuable techniques fr labr and staying in tuch with yur bdy as it cntinuusly changes.
Mindfulness Activities fr Kids
We culd all use a little mre peace in ur lives. Uniquely suited fr children and parents t d tgether, the 40 mindfulness exercises recmmended here — frm pausing t fully enjy a tasty sandwich t taking chalk walk tgether — will nt nly teach children calm and gratitude, but als bring grwn-ups and their littles clser tgether.
Befre She Disappeared
Frankie Elkin is a recvering alchlic wh devtes her time t slving cld cases, especially thse invlving peple f clr. A new investigatin brings her t Bstn, searching fr a Haitian teenager wh disappeared mnths ag. But as Frankie starts asking questins, smene else will stp at nthing t keep the answers hidden.
Oak Flat
Lauren Redniss' Oak Flat tells the stry f the land near the San Carls Apache Reservatin thrugh an Apache family fighting t prtect the land, which the U. S. gvernment and tw wrld-pwer mining enterprises are attempting t seize and destry fr its cpper resurces. Visually striking and deeply reprted, Oak Flat tells a larger stry f endless westward expansin and native resistance.
1．Which bk can help t imprve family relatins?
A．Yga fr Pregnancy, Birth and Beynd.B．Mindfulness Activities fr Kids.
C．Befre She Disappeared.D．Oak Flat.
2．What d we knw abut the bk Oak Flat?
A．It centers n an Apache family's struggle.
B．It's a brief accunt f mining enterprises.
C．It sings high praise f the US gvernment.
D．It supprts westward expansin and native resistance.
3．Wh are the target readers f the fur bks?
A．Wmen.B．Teenagers.C．Grwn-ups.D．Pupils.
【答案】
1．B
2．A
3．C
【解析】本文是说明文。文章介绍了四本假期阅读的新书。
1．推理判断题。根据Mindfulness Activities fr Kids部分的“We culd all use a little mre peace in ur lives. Uniquely suited fr children and parents t d tgether, the 40 mindfulness exercises recmmended here — frm pausing t fully enjy a tasty sandwich t taking chalk walk tgether — will nt nly teach children calm and gratitude, but als bring grwn-ups and their littles clser tgether.(我们都可以在生活中多一点和平。这里推荐的40个正念练习特别适合孩子和父母一起做——从暂停到充分享受美味的三明治到一起散步——不仅会让孩子们冷静和感激，而且能让成年人和他们的小孩子更亲密地在一起)”可知，这本书可以有助于改善家庭关系，故选B项。
2．细节理解题。根据最后一段的“Lauren Redniss' Oak Flat tells the stry f the land near the San Carls Apache Reservatin thrugh an Apache family fighting t prtect the land, which the U. S. gvernment and tw wrld-pwer mining enterprises are attempting t seize and destry fr its cpper resurces.(劳伦·雷德尼斯的橡树公寓讲述了圣卡洛斯阿帕奇保留地附近的土地的故事，一个阿帕奇家族为保护这片土地而斗争，美国政府和两家世界电力矿业企业正试图夺取和摧毁这块土地，以获取其铜资源)”可知，Oak Flat这部书的故事集中在一个阿帕奇家族的斗争上。故选A项。
3．推理判断题。根据第一段内容“As we clse ut the final days f this year, treat yurself t a deliciusly distracting new bk — a bk that yu can dip int and ut f thrughut the hlidays. Read up, rest up, and enjy yurself.(当我们结束今年最后几天的时候，犒劳自己一本令人愉快地的消遣新书——一本你可以在整个假期深入浏览和翻阅的书。阅读，休息，好好玩玩)”并对比选项可推断，文章是写给成年人的。故选C。