新高考英语一轮复习教案：非谓语动词

这是一份新高考英语一轮复习教案：非谓语动词，共44页。
动词不定式
基本形式：t d (有时t可以省略，称为不带t的不定式)
特点：没有人称和数的变化，也不受谓语动词时态变化的干扰 eg: I(Yu/He/She/We/Yu/They) want(wants/wanted) fdfddd dddd t buy a car.
动词不定式可充当的句子成分
作主语
eg: T study hard is ur duty.
常使用it作为形式主语，不定式作真正主语放后面
It is nt easy t master a freign language.
亦可在不定式前面加上fr sb.指出不定式的逻辑主语
It is nt easy fr us t master a freign language.
但某些表示人的品行的形容词，如：kind/gd/nice/right/wrng/wise/unwise/plite/implite/rude/silly/stupid/flish /careless/clever/thughtful等作表语时改用f sb.
It is kind f yu t help me with my study.
作宾语
eg: I want t brrw yur dictinary.
能直接跟不定式作宾语的动词有want/like/hpe/wish/prefer/hate/decide/expect/desire/try/manage/start/begin/remember/frget/ask/ffer/cntinue/agree/chse/pr-mise/mean/pretend等
常使用it作为形式宾语，不定式作真正主语放后面
I find it interesting t study English.
作表语
也就是放在连系动词（主要有be动词am/ is/ are、感官动词lk/ hear/ smell/ taste/ feel、表示保持和变化的动词stay/ keep/ remain/ becme/ turn/ grw/ get以及seem等）的后面。
eg: Her wish is t becme a dctr.
She desn’t seem t like the idea.
作定语 动宾关系
eg: Here are sme bks (fr yu t read).
She has a sick baby (t take care f).
Have yu gt anything t say? Vt.或短语动词（Vi.+介词）
The nurse has five children t lk after.
She was the first persn t think f the idea.
作状语
作目的状语
eg: T catch the first bus, I have t get up early.
He went hme t see his parents.
She uses a cmputer t write an article.
另外不定式作目的状语常用s as t(只能放句中) / in rder t
She checked the names carefully s as t / in rder t avid mistakes.
In rder t(不能用s as t ) arrive befre dark, we started early.
作结果状语
eg: What have I said t make yu unhappy?
另外不定式作结果状语常用以下结构：
s + adj. + as t / such ( + n. ) + as t
He is s angry as t be unable t speak.
We are nt such fls as t believe him.
Her illness is nt such as t cause anxiety.
她的病还没有严重到令人担忧的地步。
… enugh (fr sb.) t …
The ice is thick enugh t walk n.
t …t …表示否定的结果
He is t yung t jin the army.
nly t …表示出乎意料的结果
I went t see him nly t find him ut.
作原因状语
eg: I am glad t hear the news.
作插入语
不定式有时可看作插入语，用来说明说话人的态度，对整个句子进行说明。
eg: T tell yu the truth(说实话), I frgt all abut it.
T be frank(坦率地说), I didn’t agree with yu.
作宾语补足语
不定式作宾语补足语与前面的名词或代词构成不定式的复合结构。
eg: Mther tld me t cme back befre 10 ’clck.
We adviced him t have a gd rest.
动词不定式的否定式：在不定式符号t前加 nt
eg: He decided nt t g hme.
“疑问词+不定式” 结构
疑问词wh/which/what/when/where/hw/whether等后接不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。
eg: I dn’t knw what t d.
动词不定式省略t的几种情况
在使役动词make/ let/ have及感官动词see/ watch/ lk at/ hear/ listen t/ feel/ ntice等后面，但在被动语态中 t 要恢复。
eg: The teacher make the students listen attentively.
The students are made t listen attentively.
but/ except/ besides/ than/ abut等前面有d的某种形式存在时，t省略，否则不省略。
eg: She culd d nthing but cry.
I have n chice but t g.
两个或多个不定式并列在一起时，第一个不定式带t，后面的不定式往往省略t，但如果表示对比关系时则每个不定式前都要带t
eg: She tld me t stay there and wait till she came back.
It’s better t laught than t cry.
He hasn’t decded whether t g hme r t stay at schl.
不定式的时态
不定式的一般式t d所表示的动作，通常与谓语动词的动作或状态同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。
eg: I want t buy a car.
不定式的进行式t be ding所表示的动作正在进行
eg: I am very glad t be wrking with yu.
He pretended t be listening attentively.
不定式的完成式t have dne所表示的动作，通常发生在谓语动词的动作之前。
eg: He is said t have written the bk.
不定式的完成进行式t have been ding表示在谓语动词动作之前已经开始，并一直进行着，到说话时，这个动作可能已经停止，也可能还在继续。
eg: I am srry t have been interrupting yu.对不起，打扰你了。
He was said t have been living in NewYrk fr twenty years.
不定式的语态
当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动语态
eg: He asked t be sent t wrk in the cuntryside.
不定式在以下情况中使用主动语态表达被动含义
不定式所修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式
eg: Have yu gt a key t unlck the dr. (A key unlck the dr.)
不定式和它前面所修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，
又和该句的主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式
eg: I have gt a letter t write. (I write a letter.)
He needs a rm t live in. (He lives in a rm.)
分词
分 过去分词V-ed 但也有不规则形式 兼有动词、形容词、
词 现在分词V-ing即动词原形加-ing 以及副词的特征。
每本英语课本后面都附有不规则动词表Irregular Verbs其基本形如下： 动词原形V-原 动词过去式V-ed 动词过去分词V-p.p.
AAA型 cut cut cut
AAB型 beat beat beaten
ABB型 make made made
ABA型 cme came cme
ABC型 take tk taken
关键记住：
过去 被动：ppressed peple被压迫的人民 biled water
分词 完成：retired wrkers、fallen leaves 开水
现在 主动：wrking peple 劳动人民 develping cuntry
分词 进行：biling water正在沸腾的水 发展中国家
I fund them painting the windws.
我发现他们正在给窗户上油漆。(They were painting the windws.)
I fund the windws painted.
我发现窗户已经被上了油漆。 (The windws have been painted.)
分词可充当的句子成分
分词在句子中可作定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语
作定语：单个前置，短语后置
eg: spken English running water
a bk writen by a peasant the by standing under the tree
作表语:放在连系动词后面
过去分词作表语,多表示主语所处的状态
eg: I was pleased at the news.
The dr remained lcked.
He lked very excited.
过去分词作表语用，相当于形容词，最常见的有：delighted/disappinted/discuraged/drunk/amused/astnished/tired/interested/satisfied/pleased/surprised/wrried/excited/puzzled等。
现在分词作表语, 多表示主语所具有的特征
eg: The stry sunds interesting. The news was disappinting.
现在分词作表语用，常见的有：exciting/ interesting/ disappinting/ discuraging/ encuraging/ puzzl-ing/ surprising/ cnfusing/ amusing/ charming/ annying/ astnishing/ shcking/ inviting等。
作宾语补足语
分词可以放在see/watch/hear/feel/get/keep/find/ntice/have等动词后与名词或代词构成复合宾语
eg: I fund the dr clsed.我发现门是关着的。
I must get my bike repaired.我必须请人修理自行车。
He was trying t make himself understd.他努力想让人听懂他的话。
He saw peple cming and ging .他看见人们来来往往。
We heard him singing in his rm.我们听见他在房间里唱歌。
作状语
分词单个或短语可作原因、时间、方式/伴随、结果、条件或让步状语，其位置可前、可中、可后，其逻辑主语一般即为主句的主语，形式由分词与其逻辑主语之间的关系来确定。
状态：原因状语
eg: Being ill(As she was ill), she didn’t g t schl tday.
被动：时间状语
Heated(When it is heated), water changes int steam.水加热时，变成水蒸气。
状态：方式/伴随状语
She turned away, disappinted(She was disappinted.).她走了，心里很失望。
主动：方式/伴随状语
Talking and laughing, they went int the rm.
被动：方式/伴随状语
The wmen scientist entered the lab, fllwed by her assistants.
主动：结果状语
Her mther died, leaving her with fur yunger brthers and sisters ( Her mther leaved her with fur yunger brthers and sisters) .
被动：条件状语
Given mre time(If we are given mre time), we culd d it betrter.
主动：条件状语
Wrking hard(If yu wrk hard), yu will succeed.
被动：让步状语
Beaten by the ppsite team(=Thugh they were beaten by the ppsite team), the players were nt disappinted and practised even harder.
虽然被对方打败，但队员们没有泄气，反而更加刻苦训练。
如果分词表示的动作与谓语表示的动作同时发生，常在分词前面加上when或while
When ging t schl, I met Mary.
Be careful when crssing the rad.
如果分词表示的动作完成后，谓语表示的动作才发生，即有明显的先后顺序，则分词用完成式having dne.
Having finished the wrk(After he finished his wrk), Henry went hme.
独立主格结构：有时分词也可以有自己独立的逻辑主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。
eg: He cried, tears rlling dwn his cheeks.
Weather permitting, we will g there n ft.
悬垂分词：有时可以用一个分词或分词短语来修饰整个句子册，这个分词或分词称为悬垂分词。
eg: Generally speaking, the bk is nt very interesting.
Judging frm appearance, she seems t be a teacher.
Having suffered such heavy pllutin already, it may nw be t late t clear up the river.
Walking r sleeping, the subject was always in my mind.
现在分词的被动式（被动+进行）
eg: The building being built is ur drmitry.
现在分词的完成式（主动+完成）
eg: Having finished his wrk, Henry went hme.
Have + 宾语 + V-p.p. 中，have 有三种不同的含义：
表示“使”、“让”（事情由别人来完成）
eg: We had the machine repaired.
表示“遭受”、“经历”
eg: He had his left leg brken the day befre yesterday.
表示“有” eg: I have n mney left.
动名词V-ing：具有动词和名词的特征。
动名词可充当的句子成分
作主语
eg: Playing with fire is dangerus.
It’s n use arguing with him.(it 作形式主语)
作表语
eg: My jb is teaching English.
作宾语
动宾
eg: I enjy listening t music.
I cnsider it useless arguing with him.( it作形式宾语)
此类动词如：admire/ appreciate/ avid/ like/ dislike/ finish/ mind/ cnsider/ pstpne/ deny/ advise/ practise/ escape/ miss/
imagine/delay等。
介宾
eg: He insisted n watching the ftball game.
此类短语动词如：think f/ dream f/ hear f/ give up/ prevent…frm…/ stp…frm…/ keep…frm…/ lk frward t/ set abut/ feel like/ depend n/ be engaged in/ be used t/ be
tired f/ succeed in/ be prud f/ be interested in/ be gd at/ be
afraid f/ prefer…t…/ spend…(in)…/devte…t…/ insist n/
persist in(坚持)/ stick t等。
作定语
eg: His father wrks in a painting factry.
There is a swimming pl in ur schl.
动名词的复合结构：由形容词性物主代词或人称代词宾格、名 词所有格或普通格加 词所有格或普通格加动名词构成。
（说明：动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语通常是一致的，但也有不一致的情况。如果动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，则要在动名词的前加一个物主代词或名词所有格，构成动名词的复合结构。在句子开关必须使用形容词性物主代词或名词所有格）
eg: His cming made me very happy.
Mary’s crying annyed him.
She didn’t mind Tm’s/his/him/Tm smking.
动名词的否定式：由“nt + V-ing” 构成
动名词常用于简短的禁令中
eg: N smking. N parking. N spitting.
不定式、分词、动名词之间的比较
不定式与动名词之间的比较
有些动词只能接不定式作宾语
eg: decide agree manage prmise
有些动词只能接动名词作宾语
eg: enjy suggest practise mind imagine
有些动词既可接不定式作宾语也可接动名词作宾语
意义相差不大
eg: begin start cntinue
含义不同
eg: like/lve/prefer/hate + t d表示某一次具体的或将来的行为
like/lve/prefer/hate + ding表示习惯性的或一般性的行为
I like playing chess, but I dn’t like t play it nw.
意义有所区别
eg: remember/ frget/ regret/ try/ mean/ stp/ g n等
用法上有差别
eg: allw/ advise/ permit/ frbid + sb. t d / V-ing
We dn’t allw peple t smke here.
We dn’t allw smking here.
固定句型
eg: It takes sb. sme time t d sth.
It csts sb. sme mney t d sth.
sb. spend sme time/mney (in) ding sth.
There is n + ding = It’s impssible t d sth.
There is n hlding back the wheel f histry.
It’s impssible t hld back the wheel f histry.
现在分词与动名词之间的比较
分 词：具有动词、形容词、副词的特征，可作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语
动名词：具有动词、名词的特征，可作表语、定语、主语、宾语
作表语时的比较
I am a student(名词)/ clever(形容词)/ at schl(介词短语). Her wish is t be a dctr(不定式短语)…….
分词作表语 表示主语的性质、特征，连系动词可以换成其它词
The stry is(sunds) interesting.
进行时态：be+V-ing 表示主语的正在进行的动作
H e is swimming.
动名词作表语 表示主语本身，主语和宾语可以互换位置
My favurite sprt is swimming. =Swimming is my favurite sprt.
作定语时的比较
We study English. I g t schl by bike.
主 谓动(Vt.) 宾 主 谓 宾 方式状语
主谓关系 动宾关系 短语动词：Vi. + 介词
Yesterday afternn, they played ftball n the playgrund.
时间状语 主 谓动 宾语 地点状语
现在分词作定语时，与被修饰语之间存在主谓关系，相当于定语从句，表示被修饰名词（人或事物）的动作或特征。
动名词作定语时，与被修饰语之间没有存在主谓关系，相当于一个fr phrase, 表示被修饰名词（人或事物）的作用、用途、目的等，作“供……用的”解释。
flying fish：fish can fly. 飞鱼
flying suit：suit fr flying飞行衣
a sleeping child：a child is sleeping酣睡的孩子
a sleeping car：a car fr sleeping 一辆卧车
分词作定语、宾语补足语与作状语的区分及其形式的选定
① 分词作状语时，常与主句用逗号隔开，如果没有逗号且放在某一名词或代词的前后，则为定语或宾语补足语。
定 biled water a bk written by a peasant
语 develping cuntry the by standing under the tree
宾 I fund them painting the windws.
补 I fund the windws painted.
状 Wrking hard, yu will succeed.
语 Given mre time, we culd d it better.
②其形式的选定,就由分词与被修饰名词或逻辑主语即主句主语之间的关系来确定。
被动关系
Heated, the water changes int steam.
主动关系
Hearing the gd news, he jumped with jy.
主动表被动的几种情况
want/need/deserve/require表示“需要”时
be wrth ding=be wrthy f being dne/ t be dne
不定式所修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式表达被动含义。
eg: Have yu gt a key t unlck the dr. (A key unlck the dr.)
不定式和它前面所修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句的主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式表达被动含义。
eg: I have gt a letter t write. (I write a letter.)
He needs a rm t live in. (He lives in a rm.)
不定式作状语时，与句中的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系。(可简单记为形容词后面的不定式一般使用主动形式表达被动含义be+adj.+t d = t be dne)。
eg: He is hard t talk t.
The bk is difficult t understand.
t let(出租)、t blame(责备)、t seek(寻找)、t pay(支付)等往往用主动形式表达被动含义。
eg: The huse is t let.（t be let）
She is t blame fr this. （t be blamed）
The reasn is nt difficult t seek.
What’s t pay? 要付多少钱？
t…t…或…enugh(fr sb.) t…
eg: The bx is t heavy (fr him) t carry.
The chair is light enugh (fr him) t lift.
非 谓 语 动 词
非谓语动词就是不能充当句子谓语成分的动词形式，包括动词不定式（t d）、分词（过去分词V-p.p.、现在分词V-ing）、动名词V-ing三种形式。
动词不定式
基本形式：t d (有时t可以省略，称为不带t的不定式)
特点：没有人称和数的变化，也不受谓语动词时态变化的干扰 eg: I(Yu/He/She/We/Yu/They) want(wants/wanted) fdfddd dddd t buy a car.
动词不定式可充当的句子成分
作主语
eg: T study hard is ur duty.
常使用it作为形式主语，不定式作真正主语放后面
It is nt easy t master a freign language.
亦可在不定式前面加上fr sb.指出不定式的逻辑主语
It is nt easy fr us t master a freign language.
但某些表示人的品行的形容词，如：kind/gd/nice/right/wrng/wise/unwise/plite/implite/rude/silly/stupid/flish /careless/clever/thughtful等作表语时改用f sb.
It is kind f yu t help me with my study.
作宾语
eg: I want t brrw yur dictinary.
能直接跟不定式作宾语的动词有want/like/hpe/wish/prefer/hate/decide/expect/desire/try/manage/start/begin/remember/frget/ask/ffer/cntinue/agree/chse/pr-mise/mean/pretend等
常使用it作为形式宾语，不定式作真正主语放后面
I find it interesting t study English.
作表语
也就是放在连系动词（主要有be动词am/ is/ are、感官动词lk/ hear/ smell/ taste/ feel、表示保持和变化的动词stay/ keep/ remain/ becme/ turn/ grw/ get以及seem等）的后面。
eg: Her wish is t becme a dctr.
She desn’t seem t like the idea.
作定语 动宾关系
eg: Here are sme bks (fr yu t read).
She has a sick baby (t take care f).
Have yu gt anything t say? Vt.或短语动词（Vi.+介词）
The nurse has five children t lk after.
She was the first persn t think f the idea.
作状语
作目的状语
eg: T catch the first bus, I have t get up early.
He went hme t see his parents.
She uses a cmputer t write an article.
另外不定式作目的状语常用s as t(只能放句中) / in rder t
She checked the names carefully s as t / in rder t avid mistakes.
In rder t(不能用s as t ) arrive befre dark, we started early.
作结果状语
eg: What have I said t make yu unhappy?
另外不定式作结果状语常用以下结构：
s + adj. + as t / such ( + n. ) + as t
He is s angry as t be unable t speak.
We are nt such fls as t believe him.
Her illness is nt such as t cause anxiety.
她的病还没有严重到令人担忧的地步。
… enugh (fr sb.) t …
The ice is thick enugh t walk n.
t …t …表示否定的结果
He is t yung t jin the army.
nly t …表示出乎意料的结果
I went t see him nly t find him ut.
作原因状语
eg: I am glad t hear the news.
作插入语
不定式有时可看作插入语，用来说明说话人的态度，对整个句子进行说明。
eg: T tell yu the truth(说实话), I frgt all abut it.
T be frank(坦率地说), I didn’t agree with yu.
作宾语补足语
不定式作宾语补足语与前面的名词或代词构成不定式的复合结构。
eg: Mther tld me t cme back befre 10 ’clck.
We adviced him t have a gd rest.
动词不定式的否定式：在不定式符号t前加 nt
eg: He decided nt t g hme.
“疑问词+不定式” 结构
疑问词wh/which/what/when/where/hw/whether等后接不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。
eg: I dn’t knw what t d.
动词不定式省略t的几种情况
在使役动词make/ let/ have及感官动词see/ watch/ lk at/ hear/ listen t/ feel/ ntice等后面，但在被动语态中 t 要恢复。
eg: The teacher make the students listen attentively.
The students are made t listen attentively.
but/ except/ besides/ than/ abut等前面有d的某种形式存在时，t省略，否则不省略。
eg: She culd d nthing but cry.
I have n chice but t g.
两个或多个不定式并列在一起时，第一个不定式带t，后面的不定式往往省略t，但如果表示对比关系时则每个不定式前都要带t
eg: She tld me t stay there and wait till she came back.
It’s better t laught than t cry.
He hasn’t decded whether t g hme r t stay at schl.
不定式的时态
不定式的一般式t d所表示的动作，通常与谓语动词的动作或状态同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。
eg: I want t buy a car.
不定式的进行式t be ding所表示的动作正在进行
eg: I am very glad t be wrking with yu.
He pretended t be listening attentively.
不定式的完成式t have dne所表示的动作，通常发生在谓语动词的动作之前。
eg: He is said t have written the bk.
不定式的完成进行式t have been ding表示在谓语动词动作之前已经开始，并一直进行着，到说话时，这个动作可能已经停止，也可能还在继续。
eg: I am srry t have been interrupting yu.对不起，打扰你了。
He was said t have been living in NewYrk fr twenty years.
不定式的语态
当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动语态
eg: He asked t be sent t wrk in the cuntryside.
不定式在以下情况中使用主动语态表达被动含义
不定式所修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式
eg: Have yu gt a key t unlck the dr. (A key unlck the dr.)
不定式和它前面所修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，
又和该句的主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式
eg: I have gt a letter t write. (I write a letter.)
He needs a rm t live in. (He lives in a rm.)
分词
分 过去分词V-ed 但也有不规则形式 兼有动词、形容词、
词 现在分词V-ing即动词原形加-ing 以及副词的特征。
每本英语课本后面都附有不规则动词表Irregular Verbs其基本形如下： 动词原形V-原 动词过去式V-ed 动词过去分词V-p.p.
AAA型 cut cut cut
AAB型 beat beat beaten
ABB型 make made made
ABA型 cme came cme
ABC型 take tk taken
关键记住：
过去 被动：ppressed peple被压迫的人民 biled water
分词 完成：retired wrkers、fallen leaves 开水
现在 主动：wrking peple 劳动人民 develping cuntry
分词 进行：biling water正在沸腾的水 发展中国家
I fund them painting the windws.
我发现他们正在给窗户上油漆。(They were painting the windws.)
I fund the windws painted.
我发现窗户已经被上了油漆。 (The windws have been painted.)
分词可充当的句子成分
分词在句子中可作定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语
作定语：单个前置，短语后置
eg: spken English running water
a bk writen by a peasant the by standing under the tree
作表语:放在连系动词后面
过去分词作表语,多表示主语所处的状态
eg: I was pleased at the news.
The dr remained lcked.
He lked very excited.
过去分词作表语用，相当于形容词，最常见的有：delighted/disappinted/discuraged/drunk/amused/astnished/tired/interested/satisfied/pleased/surprised/wrried/excited/puzzled等。
现在分词作表语, 多表示主语所具有的特征
eg: The stry sunds interesting. The news was disappinting.
现在分词作表语用，常见的有：exciting/ interesting/ disappinting/ discuraging/ encuraging/ puzzl-ing/ surprising/ cnfusing/ amusing/ charming/ annying/ astnishing/ shcking/ inviting等。
作宾语补足语
分词可以放在see/watch/hear/feel/get/keep/find/ntice/have等动词后与名词或代词构成复合宾语
eg: I fund the dr clsed.我发现门是关着的。
I must get my bike repaired.我必须请人修理自行车。
He was trying t make himself understd.他努力想让人听懂他的话。
He saw peple cming and ging .他看见人们来来往往。
We heard him singing in his rm.我们听见他在房间里唱歌。
作状语
分词单个或短语可作原因、时间、方式/伴随、结果、条件或让步状语，其位置可前、可中、可后，其逻辑主语一般即为主句的主语，形式由分词与其逻辑主语之间的关系来确定。
状态：原因状语
eg: Being ill(As she was ill), she didn’t g t schl tday.
被动：时间状语
Heated(When it is heated), water changes int steam.水加热时，变成水蒸气。
状态：方式/伴随状语
She turned away, disappinted(She was disappinted.).她走了，心里很失望。
主动：方式/伴随状语
Talking and laughing, they went int the rm.
被动：方式/伴随状语
The wmen scientist entered the lab, fllwed by her assistants.
主动：结果状语
Her mther died, leaving her with fur yunger brthers and sisters ( Her mther leaved her with fur yunger brthers and sisters) .
被动：条件状语
Given mre time(If we are given mre time), we culd d it betrter.
主动：条件状语
Wrking hard(If yu wrk hard), yu will succeed.
被动：让步状语
Beaten by the ppsite team(=Thugh they were beaten by the ppsite team), the players were nt disappinted and practised even harder.
虽然被对方打败，但队员们没有泄气，反而更加刻苦训练。
如果分词表示的动作与谓语表示的动作同时发生，常在分词前面加上when或while
When ging t schl, I met Mary.
Be careful when crssing the rad.
如果分词表示的动作完成后，谓语表示的动作才发生，即有明显的先后顺序，则分词用完成式having dne.
Having finished the wrk(After he finished his wrk), Henry went hme.
独立主格结构：有时分词也可以有自己独立的逻辑主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。
eg: He cried, tears rlling dwn his cheeks.
Weather permitting, we will g there n ft.
悬垂分词：有时可以用一个分词或分词短语来修饰整个句子册，这个分词或分词称为悬垂分词。
eg: Generally speaking, the bk is nt very interesting.
Judging frm appearance, she seems t be a teacher.
Having suffered such heavy pllutin already, it may nw be t late t clear up the river.
Walking r sleeping, the subject was always in my mind.
现在分词的被动式（被动+进行）
eg: The building being built is ur drmitry.
现在分词的完成式（主动+完成）
eg: Having finished his wrk, Henry went hme.
Have + 宾语 + V-p.p. 中，have 有三种不同的含义：
表示“使”、“让”（事情由别人来完成）
eg: We had the machine repaired.
表示“遭受”、“经历”
eg: He had his left leg brken the day befre yesterday.
表示“有” eg: I have n mney left.
动名词V-ing：具有动词和名词的特征。
动名词可充当的句子成分
作主语
eg: Playing with fire is dangerus.
It’s n use arguing with him.(it 作形式主语)
作表语
eg: My jb is teaching English.
作宾语
动宾
eg: I enjy listening t music.
I cnsider it useless arguing with him.( it作形式宾语)
此类动词如：admire/ appreciate/ avid/ like/ dislike/ finish/ mind/ cnsider/ pstpne/ deny/ advise/ practise/ escape/ miss/
imagine/delay等。
介宾
eg: He insisted n watching the ftball game.
此类短语动词如：think f/ dream f/ hear f/ give up/ prevent…frm…/ stp…frm…/ keep…frm…/ lk frward t/ set abut/ feel like/ depend n/ be engaged in/ be used t/ be
tired f/ succeed in/ be prud f/ be interested in/ be gd at/ be
afraid f/ prefer…t…/ spend…(in)…/devte…t…/ insist n/
persist in(坚持)/ stick t等。
作定语
eg: His father wrks in a painting factry.
There is a swimming pl in ur schl.
动名词的复合结构：由形容词性物主代词或人称代词宾格、名 词所有格或普通格加 词所有格或普通格加动名词构成。
（说明：动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语通常是一致的，但也有不一致的情况。如果动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，则要在动名词的前加一个物主代词或名词所有格，构成动名词的复合结构。在句子开关必须使用形容词性物主代词或名词所有格）
eg: His cming made me very happy.
Mary’s crying annyed him.
She didn’t mind Tm’s/his/him/Tm smking.
动名词的否定式：由“nt + V-ing” 构成
动名词常用于简短的禁令中
eg: N smking. N parking. N spitting.
不定式、分词、动名词之间的比较
不定式与动名词之间的比较
有些动词只能接不定式作宾语
eg: decide agree manage prmise
有些动词只能接动名词作宾语
eg: enjy suggest practise mind imagine
有些动词既可接不定式作宾语也可接动名词作宾语
意义相差不大
eg: begin start cntinue
含义不同
eg: like/lve/prefer/hate + t d表示某一次具体的或将来的行为
like/lve/prefer/hate + ding表示习惯性的或一般性的行为
I like playing chess, but I dn’t like t play it nw.
意义有所区别
eg: remember/ frget/ regret/ try/ mean/ stp/ g n等
用法上有差别
eg: allw/ advise/ permit/ frbid + sb. t d / V-ing
We dn’t allw peple t smke here.
We dn’t allw smking here.
固定句型
eg: It takes sb. sme time t d sth.
It csts sb. sme mney t d sth.
sb. spend sme time/mney (in) ding sth.
There is n + ding = It’s impssible t d sth.
There is n hlding back the wheel f histry.
It’s impssible t hld back the wheel f histry.
现在分词与动名词之间的比较
分 词：具有动词、形容词、副词的特征，可作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语
动名词：具有动词、名词的特征，可作表语、定语、主语、宾语
作表语时的比较
I am a student(名词)/ clever(形容词)/ at schl(介词短语). Her wish is t be a dctr(不定式短语)…….
分词作表语 表示主语的性质、特征，连系动词可以换成其它词
The stry is(sunds) interesting.
进行时态：be+V-ing 表示主语的正在进行的动作
H e is swimming.
动名词作表语 表示主语本身，主语和宾语可以互换位置
My favurite sprt is swimming. =Swimming is my favurite sprt.
作定语时的比较
We study English. I g t schl by bike.
主 谓动(Vt.) 宾 主 谓 宾 方式状语
主谓关系 动宾关系 短语动词：Vi. + 介词
Yesterday afternn, they played ftball n the playgrund.
时间状语 主 谓动 宾语 地点状语
现在分词作定语时，与被修饰语之间存在主谓关系，相当于定语从句，表示被修饰名词（人或事物）的动作或特征。
动名词作定语时，与被修饰语之间没有存在主谓关系，相当于一个fr phrase, 表示被修饰名词（人或事物）的作用、用途、目的等，作“供……用的”解释。
flying fish：fish can fly. 飞鱼
flying suit：suit fr flying飞行衣
a sleeping child：a child is sleeping酣睡的孩子
a sleeping car：a car fr sleeping 一辆卧车
分词作定语、宾语补足语与作状语的区分及其形式的选定
① 分词作状语时，常与主句用逗号隔开，如果没有逗号且放在某一名词或代词的前后，则为定语或宾语补足语。
定 biled water a bk written by a peasant
语 develping cuntry the by standing under the tree
宾 I fund them painting the windws.
补 I fund the windws painted.
状 Wrking hard, yu will succeed.
语 Given mre time, we culd d it better.
②其形式的选定,就由分词与被修饰名词或逻辑主语即主句主语之间的关系来确定。
被动关系
Heated, the water changes int steam.
主动关系
Hearing the gd news, he jumped with jy.
主动表被动的几种情况
want/need/deserve/require表示“需要”时
be wrth ding=be wrthy f being dne/ t be dne
不定式所修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式表达被动含义。
eg: Have yu gt a key t unlck the dr. (A key unlck the dr.)
不定式和它前面所修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句的主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式表达被动含义。
eg: I have gt a letter t write. (I write a letter.)
He needs a rm t live in. (He lives in a rm.)
不定式作状语时，与句中的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系。(可简单记为形容词后面的不定式一般使用主动形式表达被动含义be+adj.+t d = t be dne)。
eg: He is hard t talk t.
The bk is difficult t understand.
t let(出租)、t blame(责备)、t seek(寻找)、t pay(支付)等往往用主动形式表达被动含义。
eg: The huse is t let.（t be let）
She is t blame fr this. （t be blamed）
The reasn is nt difficult t seek.
What’s t pay? 要付多少钱？
t…t…或…enugh(fr sb.) t…
eg: The bx is t heavy (fr him) t carry.
The chair is light enugh (fr him) t lift.
非 谓 语 动 词
非谓语动词就是不能充当句子谓语成分的动词形式，包括动词不定式（t d）、分词（过去分词V-p.p.、现在分词V-ing）、动名词V-ing三种形式。
动词不定式
基本形式：t d (有时t可以省略，称为不带t的不定式)
特点：没有人称和数的变化，也不受谓语动词时态变化的干扰 eg: I(Yu/He/She/We/Yu/They) want(wants/wanted) fdfddd dddd t buy a car.
动词不定式可充当的句子成分
作主语
eg: T study hard is ur duty.
常使用it作为形式主语，不定式作真正主语放后面
It is nt easy t master a freign language.
亦可在不定式前面加上fr sb.指出不定式的逻辑主语
It is nt easy fr us t master a freign language.
但某些表示人的品行的形容词，如：kind/gd/nice/right/wrng/wise/unwise/plite/implite/rude/silly/stupid/flish /careless/clever/thughtful等作表语时改用f sb.
It is kind f yu t help me with my study.
作宾语
eg: I want t brrw yur dictinary.
能直接跟不定式作宾语的动词有want/like/hpe/wish/prefer/hate/decide/expect/desire/try/manage/start/begin/remember/frget/ask/ffer/cntinue/agree/chse/pr-mise/mean/pretend等
常使用it作为形式宾语，不定式作真正主语放后面
I find it interesting t study English.
作表语
也就是放在连系动词（主要有be动词am/ is/ are、感官动词lk/ hear/ smell/ taste/ feel、表示保持和变化的动词stay/ keep/ remain/ becme/ turn/ grw/ get以及seem等）的后面。
eg: Her wish is t becme a dctr.
She desn’t seem t like the idea.
作定语 动宾关系
eg: Here are sme bks (fr yu t read).
She has a sick baby (t take care f).
Have yu gt anything t say? Vt.或短语动词（Vi.+介词）
The nurse has five children t lk after.
She was the first persn t think f the idea.
作状语
作目的状语
eg: T catch the first bus, I have t get up early.
He went hme t see his parents.
She uses a cmputer t write an article.
另外不定式作目的状语常用s as t(只能放句中) / in rder t
She checked the names carefully s as t / in rder t avid mistakes.
In rder t(不能用s as t ) arrive befre dark, we started early.
作结果状语
eg: What have I said t make yu unhappy?
另外不定式作结果状语常用以下结构：
s + adj. + as t / such ( + n. ) + as t
He is s angry as t be unable t speak.
We are nt such fls as t believe him.
Her illness is nt such as t cause anxiety.
她的病还没有严重到令人担忧的地步。
… enugh (fr sb.) t …
The ice is thick enugh t walk n.
t …t …表示否定的结果
He is t yung t jin the army.
nly t …表示出乎意料的结果
I went t see him nly t find him ut.
作原因状语
eg: I am glad t hear the news.
作插入语
不定式有时可看作插入语，用来说明说话人的态度，对整个句子进行说明。
eg: T tell yu the truth(说实话), I frgt all abut it.
T be frank(坦率地说), I didn’t agree with yu.
作宾语补足语
不定式作宾语补足语与前面的名词或代词构成不定式的复合结构。
eg: Mther tld me t cme back befre 10 ’clck.
We adviced him t have a gd rest.
动词不定式的否定式：在不定式符号t前加 nt
eg: He decided nt t g hme.
“疑问词+不定式” 结构
疑问词wh/which/what/when/where/hw/whether等后接不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。
eg: I dn’t knw what t d.
动词不定式省略t的几种情况
在使役动词make/ let/ have及感官动词see/ watch/ lk at/ hear/ listen t/ feel/ ntice等后面，但在被动语态中 t 要恢复。
eg: The teacher make the students listen attentively.
The students are made t listen attentively.
but/ except/ besides/ than/ abut等前面有d的某种形式存在时，t省略，否则不省略。
eg: She culd d nthing but cry.
I have n chice but t g.
两个或多个不定式并列在一起时，第一个不定式带t，后面的不定式往往省略t，但如果表示对比关系时则每个不定式前都要带t
eg: She tld me t stay there and wait till she came back.
It’s better t laught than t cry.
He hasn’t decded whether t g hme r t stay at schl.
不定式的时态
不定式的一般式t d所表示的动作，通常与谓语动词的动作或状态同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。
eg: I want t buy a car.
不定式的进行式t be ding所表示的动作正在进行
eg: I am very glad t be wrking with yu.
He pretended t be listening attentively.
不定式的完成式t have dne所表示的动作，通常发生在谓语动词的动作之前。
eg: He is said t have written the bk.
不定式的完成进行式t have been ding表示在谓语动词动作之前已经开始，并一直进行着，到说话时，这个动作可能已经停止，也可能还在继续。
eg: I am srry t have been interrupting yu.对不起，打扰你了。
He was said t have been living in NewYrk fr twenty years.
不定式的语态
当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动语态
eg: He asked t be sent t wrk in the cuntryside.
不定式在以下情况中使用主动语态表达被动含义
不定式所修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式
eg: Have yu gt a key t unlck the dr. (A key unlck the dr.)
不定式和它前面所修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，
又和该句的主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式
eg: I have gt a letter t write. (I write a letter.)
He needs a rm t live in. (He lives in a rm.)
分词
分 过去分词V-ed 但也有不规则形式 兼有动词、形容词、
词 现在分词V-ing即动词原形加-ing 以及副词的特征。
每本英语课本后面都附有不规则动词表Irregular Verbs其基本形如下： 动词原形V-原 动词过去式V-ed 动词过去分词V-p.p.
AAA型 cut cut cut
AAB型 beat beat beaten
ABB型 make made made
ABA型 cme came cme
ABC型 take tk taken
关键记住：
过去 被动：ppressed peple被压迫的人民 biled water
分词 完成：retired wrkers、fallen leaves 开水
现在 主动：wrking peple 劳动人民 develping cuntry
分词 进行：biling water正在沸腾的水 发展中国家
I fund them painting the windws.
我发现他们正在给窗户上油漆。(They were painting the windws.)
I fund the windws painted.
我发现窗户已经被上了油漆。 (The windws have been painted.)
分词可充当的句子成分
分词在句子中可作定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语
作定语：单个前置，短语后置
eg: spken English running water
a bk writen by a peasant the by standing under the tree
作表语:放在连系动词后面
过去分词作表语,多表示主语所处的状态
eg: I was pleased at the news.
The dr remained lcked.
He lked very excited.
过去分词作表语用，相当于形容词，最常见的有：delighted/disappinted/discuraged/drunk/amused/astnished/tired/interested/satisfied/pleased/surprised/wrried/excited/puzzled等。
现在分词作表语, 多表示主语所具有的特征
eg: The stry sunds interesting. The news was disappinting.
现在分词作表语用，常见的有：exciting/ interesting/ disappinting/ discuraging/ encuraging/ puzzl-ing/ surprising/ cnfusing/ amusing/ charming/ annying/ astnishing/ shcking/ inviting等。
作宾语补足语
分词可以放在see/watch/hear/feel/get/keep/find/ntice/have等动词后与名词或代词构成复合宾语
eg: I fund the dr clsed.我发现门是关着的。
I must get my bike repaired.我必须请人修理自行车。
He was trying t make himself understd.他努力想让人听懂他的话。
He saw peple cming and ging .他看见人们来来往往。
We heard him singing in his rm.我们听见他在房间里唱歌。
作状语
分词单个或短语可作原因、时间、方式/伴随、结果、条件或让步状语，其位置可前、可中、可后，其逻辑主语一般即为主句的主语，形式由分词与其逻辑主语之间的关系来确定。
状态：原因状语
eg: Being ill(As she was ill), she didn’t g t schl tday.
被动：时间状语
Heated(When it is heated), water changes int steam.水加热时，变成水蒸气。
状态：方式/伴随状语
She turned away, disappinted(She was disappinted.).她走了，心里很失望。
主动：方式/伴随状语
Talking and laughing, they went int the rm.
被动：方式/伴随状语
The wmen scientist entered the lab, fllwed by her assistants.
主动：结果状语
Her mther died, leaving her with fur yunger brthers and sisters ( Her mther leaved her with fur yunger brthers and sisters) .
被动：条件状语
Given mre time(If we are given mre time), we culd d it betrter.
主动：条件状语
Wrking hard(If yu wrk hard), yu will succeed.
被动：让步状语
Beaten by the ppsite team(=Thugh they were beaten by the ppsite team), the players were nt disappinted and practised even harder.
虽然被对方打败，但队员们没有泄气，反而更加刻苦训练。
如果分词表示的动作与谓语表示的动作同时发生，常在分词前面加上when或while
When ging t schl, I met Mary.
Be careful when crssing the rad.
如果分词表示的动作完成后，谓语表示的动作才发生，即有明显的先后顺序，则分词用完成式having dne.
Having finished the wrk(After he finished his wrk), Henry went hme.
独立主格结构：有时分词也可以有自己独立的逻辑主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。
eg: He cried, tears rlling dwn his cheeks.
Weather permitting, we will g there n ft.
悬垂分词：有时可以用一个分词或分词短语来修饰整个句子册，这个分词或分词称为悬垂分词。
eg: Generally speaking, the bk is nt very interesting.
Judging frm appearance, she seems t be a teacher.
Having suffered such heavy pllutin already, it may nw be t late t clear up the river.
Walking r sleeping, the subject was always in my mind.
现在分词的被动式（被动+进行）
eg: The building being built is ur drmitry.
现在分词的完成式（主动+完成）
eg: Having finished his wrk, Henry went hme.
Have + 宾语 + V-p.p. 中，have 有三种不同的含义：
表示“使”、“让”（事情由别人来完成）
eg: We had the machine repaired.
表示“遭受”、“经历”
eg: He had his left leg brken the day befre yesterday.
表示“有” eg: I have n mney left.
动名词V-ing：具有动词和名词的特征。
动名词可充当的句子成分
作主语
eg: Playing with fire is dangerus.
It’s n use arguing with him.(it 作形式主语)
作表语
eg: My jb is teaching English.
作宾语
动宾
eg: I enjy listening t music.
I cnsider it useless arguing with him.( it作形式宾语)
此类动词如：admire/ appreciate/ avid/ like/ dislike/ finish/ mind/ cnsider/ pstpne/ deny/ advise/ practise/ escape/ miss/
imagine/delay等。
介宾
eg: He insisted n watching the ftball game.
此类短语动词如：think f/ dream f/ hear f/ give up/ prevent…frm…/ stp…frm…/ keep…frm…/ lk frward t/ set abut/ feel like/ depend n/ be engaged in/ be used t/ be
tired f/ succeed in/ be prud f/ be interested in/ be gd at/ be
afraid f/ prefer…t…/ spend…(in)…/devte…t…/ insist n/
persist in(坚持)/ stick t等。
作定语
eg: His father wrks in a painting factry.
There is a swimming pl in ur schl.
动名词的复合结构：由形容词性物主代词或人称代词宾格、名 词所有格或普通格加 词所有格或普通格加动名词构成。
（说明：动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语通常是一致的，但也有不一致的情况。如果动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，则要在动名词的前加一个物主代词或名词所有格，构成动名词的复合结构。在句子开关必须使用形容词性物主代词或名词所有格）
eg: His cming made me very happy.
Mary’s crying annyed him.
She didn’t mind Tm’s/his/him/Tm smking.
动名词的否定式：由“nt + V-ing” 构成
动名词常用于简短的禁令中
eg: N smking. N parking. N spitting.
不定式、分词、动名词之间的比较
不定式与动名词之间的比较
有些动词只能接不定式作宾语
eg: decide agree manage prmise
有些动词只能接动名词作宾语
eg: enjy suggest practise mind imagine
有些动词既可接不定式作宾语也可接动名词作宾语
意义相差不大
eg: begin start cntinue
含义不同
eg: like/lve/prefer/hate + t d表示某一次具体的或将来的行为
like/lve/prefer/hate + ding表示习惯性的或一般性的行为
I like playing chess, but I dn’t like t play it nw.
意义有所区别
eg: remember/ frget/ regret/ try/ mean/ stp/ g n等
用法上有差别
eg: allw/ advise/ permit/ frbid + sb. t d / V-ing
We dn’t allw peple t smke here.
We dn’t allw smking here.
固定句型
eg: It takes sb. sme time t d sth.
It csts sb. sme mney t d sth.
sb. spend sme time/mney (in) ding sth.
There is n + ding = It’s impssible t d sth.
There is n hlding back the wheel f histry.
It’s impssible t hld back the wheel f histry.
现在分词与动名词之间的比较
分 词：具有动词、形容词、副词的特征，可作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语
动名词：具有动词、名词的特征，可作表语、定语、主语、宾语
作表语时的比较
I am a student(名词)/ clever(形容词)/ at schl(介词短语). Her wish is t be a dctr(不定式短语)…….
分词作表语 表示主语的性质、特征，连系动词可以换成其它词
The stry is(sunds) interesting.
进行时态：be+V-ing 表示主语的正在进行的动作
H e is swimming.
动名词作表语 表示主语本身，主语和宾语可以互换位置
My favurite sprt is swimming. =Swimming is my favurite sprt.
作定语时的比较
We study English. I g t schl by bike.
主 谓动(Vt.) 宾 主 谓 宾 方式状语
主谓关系 动宾关系 短语动词：Vi. + 介词
Yesterday afternn, they played ftball n the playgrund.
时间状语 主 谓动 宾语 地点状语
现在分词作定语时，与被修饰语之间存在主谓关系，相当于定语从句，表示被修饰名词（人或事物）的动作或特征。
动名词作定语时，与被修饰语之间没有存在主谓关系，相当于一个fr phrase, 表示被修饰名词（人或事物）的作用、用途、目的等，作“供……用的”解释。
flying fish：fish can fly. 飞鱼
flying suit：suit fr flying飞行衣
a sleeping child：a child is sleeping酣睡的孩子
a sleeping car：a car fr sleeping 一辆卧车
分词作定语、宾语补足语与作状语的区分及其形式的选定
① 分词作状语时，常与主句用逗号隔开，如果没有逗号且放在某一名词或代词的前后，则为定语或宾语补足语。
定 biled water a bk written by a peasant
语 develping cuntry the by standing under the tree
宾 I fund them painting the windws.
补 I fund the windws painted.
状 Wrking hard, yu will succeed.
语 Given mre time, we culd d it better.
②其形式的选定,就由分词与被修饰名词或逻辑主语即主句主语之间的关系来确定。
被动关系
Heated, the water changes int steam.
主动关系
Hearing the gd news, he jumped with jy.
主动表被动的几种情况
want/need/deserve/require表示“需要”时
be wrth ding=be wrthy f being dne/ t be dne
不定式所修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式表达被动含义。
eg: Have yu gt a key t unlck the dr. (A key unlck the dr.)
不定式和它前面所修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句的主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式表达被动含义。
eg: I have gt a letter t write. (I write a letter.)
He needs a rm t live in. (He lives in a rm.)
不定式作状语时，与句中的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系。(可简单记为形容词后面的不定式一般使用主动形式表达被动含义be+adj.+t d = t be dne)。
eg: He is hard t talk t.
The bk is difficult t understand.
t let(出租)、t blame(责备)、t seek(寻找)、t pay(支付)等往往用主动形式表达被动含义。
eg: The huse is t let.（t be let）
She is t blame fr this. （t be blamed）
The reasn is nt difficult t seek.
What’s t pay? 要付多少钱？
t…t…或…enugh(fr sb.) t…
eg: The bx is t heavy (fr him) t carry.
The chair is light enugh (fr him) t lift.