高三英语高考阅读理解词义猜测题解题技巧1

这是一份高三英语高考阅读理解词义猜测题解题技巧1，共9页。试卷主要包含了题型特点与命题方式，解题思路与应试技巧等内容，欢迎下载使用。
一、题型特点与命题方式
此类题型有逐渐增加的趋势，尤其是猜测词组、句义题。因为猜测词组、句义题涉及题材背景、句子结够、文章主旨、作者的观点态度等。联系主旨、整合上下文信息是解答这类题的关键。近几年阅读理解的生词率略有上升，加大了猜测力度。命题者着重考查考生利用同义或反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇文脉等理解生词的能力。
【命题趋势】
1、要求根据阅读材料所提供的信息，结合中学生应有的常识和经验，正确判断生词词组的含义或成熟词在特定语境中表达的具体含义以及一些句子的意思。
2、要求猜测词义的词一般为实词及其词组，通过构词、定义、对比、因果、联想、上下文等线索确定词义的具体内容。
3、代词复指理解题也是猜测词义的常考类型。用“逻辑关系梳理法”、“递向寻踪法”理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。
【设问形式】
The underlined wrd “…” in the secnd(third…) paragraph refers t(means) ______.
By saying “…” in the first(secnd…) paragraph, the authr means that ______.
In paragraph …, “…” can be replaced by “______”.
The meaning f “…” in paragraph… is related t ______.
Which f the fllwing has the clsest meaning t…(paragraph…)?
The underlined sentence in the … paragraph prbably means that _____.
二、解题思路与应试技巧
做这种类型的题，要根据词、词组、句子所在的语境上下文来判断其意义。因此熟练掌握一些猜词技巧是做好这类题的关键。命题者在出这类题时惯用常规词义来麻痹考生，我们要特别注意熟词生义，切不可脱离语境主观臆断。
下面结合近几年高考试题，对猜词悟义的技巧加以解读。
1、根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测
有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。例如：
Annealing is a way f making metal sfter by heating it and then letting it cl very slwly.
句子给予annealing 以明确的定义，即“退火”。
It will be very hard but als very brittle — that is, it will break easily.
从后面that is(也就是说)的解释中我们可以了解到brittle是“脆”的意思。
The herdsman, wh lks after sheep, earns abut 650 yuan a year.
定语从句中 lks after sheep 就表明了herdsman的词义为“牧羊人”。
【考例】
（2009福建卷，E篇）73. The underlined wrds “tipping pints” mst prbably refer t “_______”.
A. freezing pints B. burning pints C. melting pints D. biling pints
【解析】C。请看原文：In his bk, he had challenged readers t make deep cuts in persnal emissins t keep the wrld frm reaching extremely imprtant tipping pints, such as the melting（融化）f the ice sheets in Greenland r West Antarctica. 根据后一句的such as the melting（融化）f the ice sheets in Greenland r West Antarctica.可知tipping pints的意思是“融点”。
（2007山东卷，C篇）65.The underlined wrd “daunting” in Paragraph 1 mst prbably means __________.
A. discuraging B. interesting C. creative D. unbearable
【解析】A。请看文章第一段：When Andrea Petersn landed her first teaching jb, she faced the daunting task f creating a music prgram with almst n mney fr equipment r supplies in a climate where standards-based learning was the fcus and music just prvided a break fr students and teachers.
由后半句的解释“…with almst n mney fr equipment r supplies…”可知此项任务不可能是“interesting”或“creative”，而她的教学工作也与“unbearable”无关，故A项正确。
2、根据同位关系进行猜测
阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，这时可利用同位关系对前面或后面的词义或句意进行猜测。例如：
They traveled a lng way, at last gt t a castle, a large building in ld times.
同位语部分a large building in ld times 给出了castle 的确切词义，即古时候的“城堡”。
We are n the night shift—frm midnight t 8 a.m.— this week.
两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明night shift 是“夜班”的意思。
The “Chunnel”, a tunnel(隧道) cnnecting England and France, is nw cmplete.
此句中a tunnel cnnecting England and France是Chunnel的同位语。因此，The “Chunnel”就是英法之间的海底隧道。
【考例】
（2004上海卷，C篇）82. The wrd “favuritism” in paragraph 3 is used t describe the phenmenn that________.
A. bright children als need certificates g get satisfying jbs.
B. children frm well-respected schls tend t have gd jbs
C. pr children with certificates are favured in jb markets
D. children attending rdinary schls achieve great success
【解析】B。请看原文：Withut examinatins, emplyers will lk fr emplyees frm the highly respected schls and frm families knwn t them—a frm f favurtism will replace equality.
破折号后的句子是对前面进行解释说明的，二者是同位关系，因此要猜测favurtism的意思可从前面句子的意思入手。答案为B。
3、根据构词法（合成、派生、转化等）进行猜测
在英语中，有很多词可以在前面加前缀，在后面加后缀，从而构成一个词，乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但掌握了一定的构词知识，就不难猜出它的词义。例如：
“Our parties are aimed fr children 2 t 10,” Anacleri said, “and they’re very interactive and creative in that they built a sense f drama based n a subject.”
文中interactive是由前缀inter-(相互的)和active（活动的，活跃的）而构成的，同时根据上下文的意思可以判断，该词的含义应是“互动的”。
Perhaps, we can see sme pssibilities fr next fifty years. But the next hundred?
pssibility 是 pssible 的同根名词， 据此可以判断定 pssibility 意思是“可能性”。
【考例】
（2008全国卷I，B篇）62. The underlined wrd “fixture” in Paragraph 3 prbably refers t smething ______.
A. that peple enjy eating B. that is always present
C. that is difficult t get D. that peple use as a gift
【解析】B。请看文章原句：The new type f pineapple was selling fast, and the Del Mnte Gld pineapple rapidly became a fixture in the shpping basket f the healthy eater.从文章意思可知，这种新型菠萝很畅销，当然成为了健康饮食人士购物筐中的常客。另外根据构词知识可知，该词的词根是fix，含有“固定”之意。
4、根据因果关系进行猜测
在一篇阅读文章中，根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。例如：
The lack f mvement caused the muscles t weaken. Smetimes the weakness was permanent. S the player culd never play the sprt again.
从后面的结果“永远不能再运动”中，可以推测 permanent 的意思为“永远的，永久的”。
The lw test scre, they think, will make it impssible fr them t get int a gd cllege. And withut a degree frm a prestigius university, they fear that many f life’s drs will remain frever clsed.”
学生认为考试分数低就不可能进入一所好大学，而没有“名校”的毕业文凭，将来生活中的很多大门可能就会对他们永远关闭。由此推知A prestigius university应是a famus university（名校）。
【考例】
(2009北京卷，C篇) 66. The underlined sentence in the last paragraph prbably means that ______.
A. the prblem is nt apprached step by step
B. the researchers s far have faults in themselves
C. the prblem is t difficult fr researchers t detect
D. research in this area is nt enugh t make generalized patterns
【解析】D。句意猜测题。由前面一句“We have a very limited number f studies”可知，由于研究的对象非常有限，所以对于房间设计影响人们的工作和情绪这一现象只是“管中窥豹”，局限性太强。紧跟后面一句“Hw d yu take answers t very specific questins and make brad, generalized use f them?”做了进一步说明，房间设计影响居住者工作和情绪这一理论正确与否还有待进一步验证。
(2009安徽卷，B篇) 60. The wrds “bats n land” underlined in Paragraph 2 refer t __
A. animals fr taking gds B. creatures fr pulling plws
C. treasures f the flk culture D. tls in the farming ecnmy
【解析】A。请看原文：Of curse, the gd f xen is nt limited t plwing. In fact, they are seen as “bats n land” fr their ability t carry lads.由划线词后原因的解释fr their ability t carry lads可以很轻松的得到结果：牛被看做“陆地之舟”，是一种运输货物的动物。
5、根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测
文章中的代词it, that, this, he, him 或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；也有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事。例如：
Like Schmid, the editrs f several self-published art magazines als champin (捍卫) fund phtgraphs. One f them, called simply Fund, was brn ne snwy night in Chicag, when Davy Rthbard returned t his car t find under his wiper(雨刷) an angry nte intended fr smene else: “Why’s yur car HERE at HER place?”
them指的是前面出现的self-published art magazines。
Hwever, the questin that “mn peple” asked is still an interesting ne. A grwing number f scientists are seriusly thinking abut it.
it指的是月球人(mn peple)所问的问题（the questin）。
【考例】
(2009四川卷，E篇) 58. The underlined wrd “it” in the secnd paragraph refers t “______”.
A. the energy benefit B. the frest lss
C. climate change D. burning ethanl
【解析】A。请看原文：Finally, ver many years, the energy benefit frm burning ethanl wuld make up fr the frest lss. But by then, climate change wuld have prgressed s far that it might nt help. 燃烧乙醇带来的能源方面的好处可能会弥补失去森林的损失，但是到那时，气候的变化已经太大，“这”也于事无补了。由此判断，it指前面提到的the energy benefit。
(2009安徽卷，E篇) 73. What des the wrd “this” underlined in the third paragraph refer t?
A. We will lse much mre than we can gain.
B. Humans have begun destrying rainfrests.
C. Peple have a strng desire fr resurces.
D. Much carbn dixide cmes frm burning rainfrests.
【解析】A。this指代前文提到的“but we will suffer much mre than we will benefit”，意思是“砍伐森林带来短期利益，但是从长远来看，我们遭受的损失远大于获得的利益”。因此选择A项。
(2009 浙江卷，A篇) 42. What des the underlined phrase “her gift” (Paragraph 2) refer t?
A. Her wrds. B. Her smile. C. Her flwers. D. Her pliteness.
【解析】B。请看原文：She smiled. It was a nice smile — warm and reassuring—and I retuned her gift by smiling back. 从前句话中可以知道her gift 指的是“smile”。
6、根据同义关系进行猜测
当词或短语之间有并列连词and 或r时，其连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，由此可推知其大致意思。
Althugh he ften had the pprtunity, Mr. Tritt was never able t steal mney frm a custmer. This wuld have endangered his psitin at the bank, and he did nt want t jepardize his future.
作者为避免重复使用endanger一词，用其同义词jepardize来替代它，由此推知其词义为“使……陷入危险，危及、危害”。
Dctrs believe that smking cigarettes is detrimental t yur health. They als regard drinking as harmful.
句中detrimental是个生词，但判断出harmful替代detrimental后，不难推断出其词义为“不利的，有害的”。
【考例】
（2009重庆卷，B篇）62. What des the underlined wrd “distractins” prbably refer t?
A. Ways that help ne t fcus.
B. Wrds that help ne t feel less tense.
C. Activities that turn ne’s attentin away.
D. Habits that make it hard fr ne t relax.
【解析】C。请看原文：When things are getting hard, a vice inside my head tells me that I can’t achieve smething. Then, there are ther distractins, such as family r hbbies.由前面的ther可知distractins是与第一句意思基本相同，第一句话表达的是让人注意力分散的事情，结合上下文可知 答案为C。
（2009天津卷，A篇）37. What des the underlined phrase “die hard” in Paragraph 1 prbably mean?
A. Change suddenly.B. Change significantly.
C. Disappear mysteriusly.D. Disappear very slwly.
【解析】D。请看原文：Frequently it happens that a place has tw names: One is named by the peple and the ther by the gvernment. As in many areas, ld habits died hard, and the place cntinues t be called by its unfficial name lng after the meaning is lst. 根据下文“the place cntinues t be called by its unfficial name lng after the meaning is lst”可知前后是同义关系，die hard意思是“顽固”，同D项意义接近。
7、根据转折或对比关系进行猜测
根据上下句的连接词，如but, hwever, therwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。例如：
She is usually prmpt fr all her class, but tday she arrived in the middle f her first class.
but一词表转折，因此but 前后的意思正好相反。后半句的意思是她今天“第一节上了一半才来”，因此反向推理，可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。
【考例】
（2009陕西卷，C篇）50. The phrase “hld water” in the last paragraph mst prbably means“_______”.
A. t be believable B. t be valuable C. t be admirable D. t be suitable
【解析】A。请看文章原句：Even thugh science can tell us that sme f ur traditinal beliefs dn’t hld water, there is still a lt f truth in the ld wives’ tales文章中本句意思是：即使科学能告诉我们一些传统的想法是经不起检验的，但“老人言”中还有很多正确的东西。根据前后转折的意思可知，hld water在此处意思是：经得起检验的，值得相信的。
(2008江苏卷，A篇) 56. The underlined wrd “ally” in Para. 3 mst likely means smebdy r smething that is ______.
A. yur slave and serves yuB. yur supprter and helps yu
C. under yur cntrl and beys yuD. under yur influence and fllws yu
【解析】B。请看原文：We can allw time t slip by and let it be ur enemy. Or we can take cntrl f it and make it ur ally. 前一句说“我们可以让时间流逝或让它成为我们的敌人”，下面一句由r引出，表示相反的意思，即：我们可以控制时间，让时间成为我们的朋友来支持我们。
8、通过上下文理解猜测词义
通过上下文的具体信息猜测词义是目前高考阅读理解题中最常见的一种命题形式。
【考例】
（2009重庆卷，A篇）59. What des the underlined wrd “antics” refer t?
A. Smart wrds. B. Unusual actins.
C. Surprising Lks.D. Anxius feelings.
【解析】B。由上文she rushed in, seized the phne, tre ff the wires, and shuted at the phne…And she swept it int the wastebasket.以及She stepped t the drway and shuted at the rest f the huse, “Nw hear this! All bjects in this rm — if yu d anything t upset my husband, ut yu g!” 可知，作者的妻子听到作者的吼叫声后，做了一些古怪的事情，如将电话机扔进垃圾箱、对着屋子里的东西喊话等。而正是她的这些古怪的行为让作者突然意识到了自己的失控。由上文这些信息可推知“antics”指的是Unusual actins。
巩固练习：
（1）
An advertisement is just like a Smebdy Else says qutatin(引语) in a news stry. The newspaper des nt say that what the advertiser says is true. All the newspaper says is, “This is what the advertiser says.” T find ut whether it is true r nt will be left t the reader. All the statements in the ads are the advertiser’s statements, nt the paper’s.
Q: What des “Smebdy Else” in the paragraph refer t?
A. The editr f the paper. B. The reader f the paper.
C. The authr f the passage. D. The advertiser f the ads.
（2）
Emma had never read it, nr had she ever purchased a cpy. But, when she pened it up, she was flred t see her wn name and address inside the cver, in her wn handwriting. It turned ut that the summer befre, at a cncert back in Mntreal, Emma had met a Califrnian wh was in twn visiting friends. They decided t exchange addresses, but neither f them had any paper. The man had pened up a bk he was carrying in his backpack and asked Emma t write her name and address inside. When he returned t Califrnia, he left the bk behind in Mntreal, and his friend Alex kept it. When Alex later relcated t Jerusalem, he tk the nw-treasured bk alng.
Q: What des the underlined wrd “flred” in the paragraph mean?
A. interested B. shcked C. frightened D. excited
（3）
Oxygen is vital t life; it is needed by the bdy cells f all animals. It is als very useful in industry. The methd Priestley used prduces nly small quantities. The large amunts needed fr industry are prduced in a different way. Air is put int cntainers under great pressure. This turns it int liquid and makes it very cld. It is then gradually warmed up and each substance evaprates at a different temperature. The biling pint f xygen is -183°C. It is caught and stred in strng steel cylinders at a pressure f 136 atmspheres. The prcess is knwn as fractinal distillatin.
Q: Which wrd has the rugh meaning f “vital”?
A. imprtant B. useful C. helpful D. interesting
（4）
These different kinds f learning disabilities are knwn by different names. Fr example, a persn wh has difficulty reading may have dyslexia. Smene wh cannt d mathematics may have a disrder called dyscalculia(计算困难).
Q: The underlined wrd “dyslexia” in the paragraph prbably means _______.
A. difficulty in seeing B. prblem in reading
C. truble in listening D. brain disrder
（5）
A child’s birthday party desn’t have t be a hassle; it can be a basket f fun, accrding t Beth Anacleri, an Evastn mther f tw, ages 4 and 18 mnths.
Q: What des the underlined wrd “hassle” prbably mean in the paragraph?
A. a party designed by specialists
B. a plan requiring careful thught
C. a situatin causing difficulty r truble
D. a demand made by guests
（6）
And if yu’ve gathered yur friends arund yu t rebuild a happy family atmsphere(气氛), yu may fear that saying n will bring back the kind f cnflict yu grew up with— r destry the nice atmsphere yu nw enjy.
Q: The underlined wrd “cnflict” in the paragraph means .
A. dependent lifeB. fierce fightC. bad mannersD. painful feeling
（7）
“She is ashamed and embarrassed but desn’t really have any explanatin why she did this,” Miss Duff said. “She didn’t intend t steal when she went int the stre. She is at a lss t explain it. She is therwise a very respectable and intelligent yung lady .She went t her dctr and asked fr advice because she wants t knw if there is anything in particular that caused her t d this.”
Q: What des the underlined sentence “She is at a lss t explain it” mean?
A. In her pinin it was a lss t the clthes shps where she stle things.
B. She desn’t have any idea why she has the desire t steal frm shps.
C. She thinks it is a lss fr her t explain why she stle things frm shps.
D. Persnally she feels ashamed and embarrassed fr her shplifting actins.
（8）
One f the best-knwn sayings must be “Early t bed and early t rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wisdm”. The prmises f health, wealth, and wisdm t thse wh jin the teams f early retirees and rises must be particularly pleasing t many peple in ur mdern sciety.
Q: The underlined wrd “ retiree” here refers t_________.
A. peple wh give up their wrk B. peple wh have a lt f free time
C. peple wh g t bed D. peple wh live in a quiet place
（9）
The reasns fr a visit t lighthuse are nt all s backward-lking(思想过时的) in time. It is true that lighthuses were built in ut-f-the-way places. But n a pleasant sunny summer day, this very islatin has a natural beauty that many peple will lve t experience.
Q: The underlined phrase “ut-f-the-way” prbably means __________.
A. far-away B. dangerus C. ancient D. secret
（10）
Our wn native language and culture are s much a part f us that we take them fr granted. When we travel t anther cuntry, it’s as if we carry alng with ur passprts. We view the new envirnment using ur wn culture as the standard, and althugh nt purpsely, ur ways f thinking and acting ften get in the way f ur understanding ther languages and cultures. The ability and willingness t change lenses(视角) when we lk at a different culture is bth the cure and preventin fr such cultural blindness. Studying a new language prvides us the pprtunities t practise changing lenses when we als learn the cntext r the culture t which it belngs.
Q: The underlined wrd “it” in the last sentence refers t __________.
A. the cntext B. the culture C. the language D. the pprtunity
答案与解析：
（1）D。根据下文中All the newspaper says is, “This is what the advertiser says.”可推知，文章中的Smebdy Else指的是做广告的人。
（2）B。从上文可知，在一个从未到过的地方，在一本从未读过的书的封面，看到自己亲笔写的姓名和地址，当然感到“震惊”。此处“But”是关键提示。
（3）A。根据下句“氧是所有动物细胞所必不可少的元素”的内容，判断出氧非常“重要”。
（4）B。由下句“Smene wh cannt d mathematics may have a disrder called dyscalculia(计算困难).”不能做数学题的人可能患有一种被称为计算困难的疾病可以推断dyslexia的意思为“阅读困难”。
（5）C。通过上下句A child’s birthday party desn’t have t be a hassle; it can be a basket f fun.可以看出，hassle和a basket f fun肯定是近乎相反的意义。所以不难判断，答案为C。
（6）B。由破折号后的r可知，前后两句的意思相近，她不想失去或破坏这个友好氛围，否则就又让她回到以前的“冲突”中。答案为B。
（7）B。从上文中她进入商店时并没打算偷窃，以及下文谈到她去看医生可以推知她不知道自己为什么会有偷窃的欲望可知答案为B。
（8）C。根据谚语“Early t bed and early t rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wisdm”以及retirees和risers的对比关系不难猜出retiree是“睡觉的人”。
（9）A。由合成词ut-f-the-way的字面意思和下句中的islatin一词可知，灯塔通常“孤零零”地呆在一个地方，因此答案为A。
（10）C。本段主要讲述语言和文化的关系。结合最后一句话可知，学习一门新的语言给我们提供一个崭新的视觉，从而使得我们更好地把握语言依附的文化环境。由此知道这里的it指代语言。