高三高考英语阅读理解《观点态度及篇章结构》导学案

这是一份高三高考英语阅读理解《观点态度及篇章结构》导学案，共8页。学案主要包含了　篇章结构题等内容，欢迎下载使用。
阅读是读者跟作者交流的过程，把握作者的写作意图需要读者有较高层次的阅读和理解能力。在高考题型中主要考察读者对作者态度观点的理解以及作者对某些细节描述的意图。
1.题干形式：
1) What’s the writer’s/authr’s attitude twards… ?
2) The writer/ authr seems t agree that… ?
3) The writer/authr believe/ implies/suggests that… ?
4) Which f the fllwing is true abut the writer?
5) Hw des the authr feel abut…?
6) The writer’s attitude tward…is ________.
2.解题策略：
切忌用自己的观点代替作者的观点
利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断,找出褒贬性的标志性词汇或句子。
分清选项中的表示支持或肯定、中立、反对或否定的词语
3. 常见的有关作者情感态度的词语：
表示贬义 negative dubtful disgust critical disappinted
disapprval pessimistic subjective sarcastic hstile
表示褒义 psitive enthusiastic supprtive apprval ptimistic
bjective satisfied friendly
表示中立 neutral indifferent impassive uninterested matter-f-fact
二、 篇章结构题
1、设问方式
(1)Which f the fllwing shws the structure f the passage?
(2)In the next part，the authr wuld mst prbably discuss with yu...
(3)The secnd paragraph is develped by...
(4)Hw des the passage develp?
(5)The authr answers the questin raised in the first paragraph with...
2、 题型攻略
题型可分为两种：考查对文章整体结构的把握；
考查根据现有文章预测后文的能力。
（1）对于文章整体结构——考生要弄清段落意义和段落之间的关系，就很容易理解其结构解决此类题关键在于找出篇章或段落中表示层次发展的关键词，如表示时间、方位、因果关系或对比的关联词等。
一是按段落的组织方法理解文章的结构
一是按写作方法（论证方法）理解文章的结构
A. 考查从段落层次理解文章的结构。这类题经常用到的提问方式是：
which f the fllwing best shws the structure f the passage? 常见的段落结构有如下几种情况：
① ① ① ①
② ③ ② ② ③ ④
④ ③ ④
⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ②③④⑤

图1 图2 图3 图4
图1表明：①（paragraph 1）是主题段（提出论题或论点），②、③段是就同一论据或者问题的同一方面作论述，④用另一论据材料或者从问题的另一方面论述，⑤段是结论段或者是用来重述论题、强调论点的段落。同样我们很容易理解图2、3、4所示的段落结构的意义。
B. 从写作方法，常见的议论文结构有以下两类：
a. put frward a questin →analyze the questin → slve the questin 这就是“提出问题、分析问题、解决问题”的过程；
b. argument/idea → evidence → cnclusin/ restating the idea
这就是“由论点到论据到结论或者强调论点”的过程。
对说明文、夹叙夹议类文章结构的理解，只要我们弄清段落意义和段落之间的关系，很容易理解其结构。
(2) 根据现有文章预测后文的能力——同学们要在正确理解篇章内容的基础上对文章的发展作出合理的推断。同学们需要重点依据篇章最后一段(特别是最后一句话)作出判断.作者总会给读者充分的证据对文章的发展进行推测:或是说明了两个对象中的一个;或是只讲了区别,没讲联系；或是只给出了理论解释，而缺少事例的证明.
（1）
S advertising agencies hire yung actrs t "perfrm" in bars an d ther places where yung adults g．Sme peple might call this practice deceptive, but marketing executive Jnathan Ressler calls it creative．"Lk at traditinal advertising．Its effectiveness is decreasing."Hwever, ne might ask what exactly is "real" abut f yung wmen pretending t be enthusiastic abut a sweater? Adverting executives wuld say it's n less real than an ad．The difference is that yu knw an ad is trying t persuade yu t buy smething．Yu dn' t knw when a cnversatin yu verhear is just a perfrmance. Be careful nt t be cheated deliberately.
54. The attitude f the writer tward “Undercver Marketing” is ________.
A. negative B. psitive C. supprtive D. casual
(2)
The law f verlearning explains why cramming （突击学习）fr an examinatin, thugh it may result in a passing grade, is nt a satisfactry way t learn a cllege curse. By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enugh t get by n the examinatin, but he is likely sn t frget almst everything he learned. A little verlearning, n the ther hand, is really necessary fr ne’s future develpment.
70. What is the authr’s pinin n cramming?
A. It leads t failure in cllege exams.
B. It’s helpful nly in a limited way.
C. It’s pssible t result in pr memry.
D. It increases students’ learning interest.
(3)
Fx Van Allen is a technlgy expert. He agrees the Surface seems t have mre t ffer than the iPad. "It's a very interesting new device. I think the key pint here is that it's nt just anther iPad. It's a device that almst serves as a replacement fr a PC." The Surface is meant t cmpete with the iPad. But nt everyne is sure it is a better prduct. Sme thrw dubts n it as Micrsft is gd at sftware, but nt at hard prducts.
53. Which f the fllwing might the text cntinue t deal with?
A. The prbable result f the cmpetitin.
B. The cnclusin drawn by the writer.
C. The reactin frm Micrsft.
D. Negative pinins abut the Surface.
(4)
The twentieth century saw greater changes than any century befre changes fr the better, changes fr the wrse, changes that brught a lt f benefits t human beings, changes that put man in danger .Many things caused the changes, but, in my pinin, the mst imprtant was the prgress in science.
Scientific research in physics and bilgy has vastly bradened ur views. It has given us a deeper knwledge f the structure f matter and f the universe, it has brught us a better understanding f the nature f life and f its cntinuus develpment. Technlgy in the applicatin f science has made big advances that have benefited us in nearly every part f life.
The cntinuatin f such activities in the twenty-first century will result in even greater advantages t human beings: in pure science—a wider and deeper knwledge in all fields f learning; in applied science—a mre reasnable sharing f material benefits, and better prtectin f the envirnment.
Sadly, hwever, there is anther side t the picture. The creativity f science has been emplyed in ding damage t mankind. The applicatin f science and technlgy t the develpment and prductin f weapns f mass destructin has created a real danger t the cntinued existence f the human race n this planet. We have seen this happen in the case f nuclear weapns, Althugh their actual use has s far ccurred nly in the Secnd Wrld War, the number f nuclear weapns that were prduced and made ready fr use was s large that if the weapns had actually been used, the result culd have been the ruin f the human race, as well as f many kinds f animals.
William Shakespeare said. “The web f ur life is f a mingled yarn（纱线）, gd and ill tgether. “The abve brief review f the applicatin f nly ne part f human activities—science seems t prve what Shakespeare said. But des it have t be s? Must the ill always g tgether with the gd? Are we bilgically prgrammed fr war?
72．Which f the fllwing best shws the structure f the passage?
A． B． C． D．
① ① ① ①
② ② ③ ② ③ ④
④
③ ④
⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ②③④⑤
考题印证
关于观点态度
（2012辽宁卷）
Inside the pleasingly fragrant cafe, S All May Eat(SAME) in dwntwn Denver ,the spirit f genersity(慷慨)is instantly nticeable :A dnatin bx stands in place f a cash register. Custmers here pay nly what they can affrd, n questins asked.
A risky business plan, perhaps, but SAME Café has dne ne unchangeable thing in the Mile High City fr six years: Open nly at midday, the restaurant prvides pr lcal can instead vlunteer as waiters and waitresses, and dishwashers, r tk after the buildings and equipment fr the cafe.
“It’s based n trust, and it’s wrking all right” , says c-wner Brad Birky , wh started the café in 2006. With his wife Libby. Previusly vlunteering at sup kitchens, the Birkys were dissatisfied with the ften unhealthy meals they served there. “ We wanted t ffer quality fd in a restaurant where everyne felt cmfrtable ,regardless f their circumstances,” Birky says. SAME’s special lunch menu changes daily and mst fd materials are natural and grwn by lcal farmers. The café nw averages 65 t 70 custmers (and eight vlunteers) a day. And the spirit f genersity behind the prject appears t be spreading. In early 2007,ne vlunteer wh had cleared snw fr his meals during the lng winter said gdbye t the Birkys,” He said he was ging t New Orleans t help with the hurricane clear up,” says Birky.
70. The authr’s attitude twards running such a café is ______.
A. unfavrable B. apprving C. dubtful D. cautius
Wilderness（2012 北京）
“In wilderness(荒野) is the preservatin f the wrld.” This is a famus saying frm a writer regarded as ne f the fathers f envirnmentalism. The frequency with which it is brrwed mirrrs a heated debate n envirnmental prtectin: whether t place wilderness at the heart f what is t be preserved.
As Jhn Sauven f Greenpeace UK pints ut, there is a strng appeal in images f the wild, the untuched; mre than anything else, they speak f the nature that many peple value mst dearly. The urge t leave the subject f such images untuched is strng, and the danger explitatin(开发) brings t such landscapes(景观) is real. Sme f these wildernesses als perfrm functins that humans need—the rainfrests, fr example, stre carbn in vast quantities. T Mr.Sauven, these ”ecsystem services” far utweigh the gains frm explitatin.
Lee Lane, a visiting fellw at the Hudsn Institute, takes the ppsing view. He acknwledges that wildernesses d prvide useful services, such as water cnservatin. But that is nt, he argues, a reasn t avid all human presence, r indeed cmmercial and industrial explitatin. There are ever mre peple n the Earth, and they reasnably and rightfully want t have better lives, rather than merely struggle fr survival. While the ways f using resurces have imprved, there is still a grwing need fr raw materials, and sme wildernesses cntain them in abundance. If they can be tapped withut reducing the services thse wildernesses prvide, the argument ges, there is n further reasn nt t d s. Being untuched is nt, in itself, a characteristic wrth valuing abve all thers.
I lk frwards t seeing these views taken further, and t their being challenged by the ther participants. One challenge that suggests itself t me is that bth cases need t take n the questin f spiritual value a little mre directly. And there is a practical questin as t whether wildernesses can be explited withut harm.
This is a tpic that calls fr nt nly free expressin f feelings, but als the guidance f reasn. What psitin wilderness shuld enjy in the preservatin f the wrld bviusly deserves much mre serius thinking.
69. What is the authr’s attitude twards this debate?
A. Objective. B. Disapprving. C. Sceptical. D. Optimistic.
70. Which f the fllwing shws the structure f the passage?
A. B. C. D.
CP: Central Pint P: Pint Sp: Sub-pint(次要点) C: Cnclusin
关于篇章结构
In the curse f wrking my way thrugh schl, I tk many jbs I wuld rather frget. But nne f these jbs was as dreadful as my jb in an apple plant. The wrk was hard; the pay was pr; and, mst f all, the wrking cnditins were terrible.
First f all, the jb made huge demands n my strength. Fr ten hurs a night, I tk bxes that rlled dwn a metal track and piled them nt a truck. Each bx cntained twelve heavy bttles f apple juice. I nce figured ut that I was lifting an average f twelve tns f apple juice every night.
I wuld nt have minded the difficulty f the wrk s much if the pay had nt been s pr. I was paid the lwest wage f that time—tw dllars an hur. Because f the lw pay, I felt eager t get as much as pssible. I usually wrked twelve hurs a night but did nt take hme much mre than $ 100 a week.
But even mre than the lw pay, what made me unhappy was the wrking cnditins. During wrk I was limited t tw ten-minute breaks and an unpaid half hur fr lunch. Mst f my time was spent utside lading trucks with thse heavy bxes in near-zer-degree temperatures. The steel flrs f the trucks were like ice, which made my feet feel like stne. And after the prductin line shut dwn at night and mst peple left, I had t spend tw hurs alne cleaning the flr.
I stayed n the jb fr five mnths, all the while hating the difficulty f the wrk, the pr mney, and the cnditins under which I wrked. By the time I left, I was determined never t g back there again.
52．Hw is the text rganized?
A．Tpic—Argument—Explanatin
B．Opinin—Discussin—Descriptin
C．Main idea—Cmparisn—Supprting examples
D．Intrductin—Supprting examples—Cnclusin

Three Bys and a Dad(2012陕西)
Brad clsed the dr slwly as Sue left hme t visit her mther. Expecting a whle day t relax, he was thinking whether t read the newspaper r watch his favurite TV talk shw n his first day ff in mnths. “This will be like a walk in the park,” he’d tld his wife. “I’ll lk after the kids, and yu can g visit yur mm.”
Things started well, but just after eight ’clck, his three little “gd kids”—Mike, Randy, and Alex—came dwn the stairs in their night clthes and shuted “breakfast, daddy.” When fd had nt appeared within thirty secnds, Randy began using his spn n Alex’s head as if it were a drum. Alex started t shut ludly in time t the beat（节拍）. Mike chanted “Where’s my tast, where’s my tast” in the backgrund. Brad realized his newspaper wuld have t wait fr a few secnds.
Life became wrse after breakfast. Mike wre Randy’s underwear n his head. Randy lcked himself in the bathrm, while Alex shuted again because he was ging t wet his pants. Nbdy culd find clean scks, althugh they were befre their very eyes. Smene named “Nt Me” had spilled a whle glass f range juice int the basket f clean clthes. Brad knew the talk shw had already started.
By ten ’clck, things were ut f cntrl. Alex was wndering why the fish in the jar refused his bread and butter. Mike was trying t shw ff his talent by decrating the kitchen wall with his clur pencils. Randy, thankfully, appeared t be reading quietly in the family rm，but clser examinatin shwed that he was eating apple jam straight frm the bttle with his hands. Brad realised that the talk shw was ver and reading wuld be impssible.
At exactly 11:17, Brad called the daycare centre (日托所）.“I suddenly have t g int wrk and my wife’s away. Can I bring the bys ver in a few minutes?” The answer was bviusly “yes” because Brad was smiling.
52. This text is develped ______________. .
A. by space B. by cmparisn C. by prcess D. by time
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