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专题九 阅读理解 体裁04 议论文（教师版+学生版）---高考英语精选考点专项突破
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议论文体阅读理解题的应对策略
解答议论类阅读理解试题，可以从以下几个方面着手考虑：
作者在开始叙述一个现象，然后对现象进行解释。这类文章的主题是文中最重要的解释或作者所强调的解释，阅读时要注意作者给出的原因，所以又被称为原因—结果(Cause & Effect)型。还有一种比较常见的是问题—答案型，作者在一开始或一段末以问句提出一个问题(相当于一个现象)，然后给出该问题的答案(相当于解释)。针对文中问题给出的主要答案就是这种文章的中心。
这里强调一点，答题时优先考虑正面答题(直接从文章内容得出答案)，然后从中心、态度或利用解答特征等其他角度对选项进行检验；如果从文章内容中直接无法解决，则从中心和态度方面考虑；次之，从解答特征方面考虑。
考生往往最怕此类体裁。山穷水尽时，记住：首先从整体上把握文章中心和作者所持的态度，靠近中心的就是答案。
解题方法：
1. 把握文章的论点、论据和论证。此外，还要把握文章的结构和语言。
2. 互推法：在议论之后，总会再列举一些具体的例子来支持观点或在一些例子之后，总要抒发一些议论。考生在理解议论时，可以借助文中所给的实例，从而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的议论；或从议论中推理理解具体例子的深刻含义，相互推断。
3. 推理法：推理的结论一定是原文有这层意思，但没有明确表达的。推理要根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇、段落和句子之间的逻辑关系，各个信息所暗示和隐含的意义，作者的隐含意等对文章进行推理判断。考生要由文字的表层信息挖掘出文章的深层含义，要能透过现象看本质。
解题技巧
历年全国高考英语阅读理解的题型无非基本都是考查主旨大意、词义猜测、推理判断和细节理解四大题型。其中，命题以细节理解题为主，推理判断题为辅，又兼顾词义猜测题和主旨大意题。细节理解题和推理判断题主要考查的是对原文具体细节的理解和把控能力，难度相对较小，广大考生除了平时必要的阅读量和词汇量的积累以外，掌握一定的解题技巧对解答阅读理解题来说也是至关重要的。具体说来：
1. 主旨大意型
干扰项 可能是文中某个具体事实或细节。
干扰项 可能是从文中某些(不完全的)事实或细节片面推出的错误结论。
干扰项 可能是非文章事实的主观臆断。
正确答案 根据文章全面理解而归纳概括出来；不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。
主旨大意题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。根据多年的备考及高考实践，这类题目考查的范围是：基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。
选择＂主题＂旨在考查考生是否掌握了所读文章的主要内容或主旨，通常用词、短语或句子来概括。常见的提问方式有：
1. What is the main / general idea f this text?
2. What is mainly discussed in this passage?
3. What is the text mainly abut?
4. This text mainly tells us _________.
5. This passage mainly deals with _________.
6. The main idea f this passage may be best expressed as_________.
7. The tpic f this passage is _________.
标题选择题则是让考生给所读的文章选择一个合适的标题。通常标题由一个名词或名词短语充当，用词简短、精练。常见的提问方式有：
1. What wuld be the best title fr the text?
2. Which f the fllwing is the best / mst suitable title fr this text?
3. The best / mst suitable title fr this text wuld be __________.
不管是选择＂主题＂还是选择＂标题＂，实质上都是要求考生从整体上理解语篇内容，找出贯穿语篇的主线；不管是何种体裁的文章，都是围绕一个主题来展开的。在试题设计上，3个干扰项的内容一般在文章里或多或少都有涉及，但并非主要内容，需要注意甄别。
2. 事实细节型
细节理解题主要考查考生对文章中某些细节或重要事实的理解能力。它一般包括直接理解题和语意理解题两种。直接理解题的答案与原文直接挂钩，从阅读材料中可以找到。这种题难度低，只要考生读懂文章，就能得分，属于低层次题。
做此类题时可以使用定位法与跳读法。定位法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息直接从原文中找到相应的句子(即定位)，然后进行比较和分析(尤其要注意一些同义转换)，从而选出正确答案。跳读法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息跳读原文，并找到相关的句子(有时可能是几个句子)或段落，然后进行简单分析、推理等，从而找出正确答案。
(1)解题原则：忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。
文章中心是论点，事实细节是论据或主要理由；有关细节问题常对文中某个词语、某句子、某段落等细节及事实进行提问，所提问题一般可直接或间接在文章中找到答案。
提问的特殊疑问词常有：what, wh, which, where, hw, why 等。
在阅读理解中，要求查找主要事实和特定细节的问题常有以下几种命题方式：
①Which f the fllwing statements is true?
②Which f the fllwing is nt mentined in the text?
③The authr (r the passage) states that __________.
④Accrding t the passage, when (where, why, hw, wh, what, which, etc.) __________?
(2)干扰项：范围过大、过小；偷换概念；正误并存，某个分句是正确的。
阅读理解中细节理解题的干扰项的设置有以下几个原则：
①包含项原则
在答案选项分析中，假如对A选项的理解概括了对其他三项 (或其中某一项)的理解，那么我们就说选项A与其他三项是包含或概括关系，包含项A往往就是正确答案。如在＂花＂与＂玫瑰＂两选项中，正确答案肯定是＂花＂，花包含了玫瑰。
②正反项原则
所谓正反项，是指两选项陈述的命题完全相矛盾。两个相互矛盾的陈述不能都是假的，其中必有一真。所以，假如四选项中A、B互为正反项，那我们通常先排除C、D项，正确答案一般在A、B项当中。
③委婉项原则
所谓委婉，这里是指说话不能说死，要留有余地。阅读理解选项中语气平和、委婉的往往是正确答案。这些选项一般含有不十分肯定或试探性语气的表达，如：prbably, pssibly, may, usually, might, mst f, mre r less, relatively, be likely t, nt necessary, althugh, yet, in additin, tend t等等，而含有绝对语气的表达往往不是正确答案，如：must, always, never, all, every, any, merely, nly, cmpletely, nne, hardly, already等等。
④同形项原则
命题者往往先将正确答案设置在一个大命题范围，然后通过语言形式的细微变化来考查考生的理解能力与分析能力。同形项原则告诉我们：词汇与句法结构相似的选项中有正确答案的存在。
⑤常识项原则
议论文中，那些符合一般常识、意义深刻富有哲理、符合一般规律、属于普遍现象的往往是正确答案。
⑥因果项原则
阅读理解的逻辑推理基本都是通过因果链进行的，前因后果，一步步循序渐进。然而，在推理题的选项中，有的选项会推理不到位(止于前因)，或者推理过头(止于后果)，这就是所谓的干扰项。因果项原则启示我们：假如四个选项中有两项互为同一事物推理过程中的因果关系，那么正确答案就是两个因果项中的其中之一。如果因项可产生几个结果，那么答案就是因；如果果项可以对应几个原因，那么答案就是果。
解题方法：原文定位法。
查读法：(1)带着问题找答案，把注意力集中在与wh, what, when, where问题有关的细节上。
(2)细心!
3. 词义猜测型
阅读理解的测试中经常有猜测词、短语、习语、句子意义的题目，近几年高考阅读中词义猜测题的考查方法呈多样化，其中根据上下文语境推测词义将会越来越多。有时短文中出现一个需猜测其意义的词或短语，后文接着会出现其定义、解释或例子，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。
除此之外，我们还可以根据转折或对比关系进行判断：根据上下句的连接词，如but，hwever，therwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号(；)也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。还可以根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。当然了，这些词、短语、习语要么是生词，要么是熟词新义，单靠平时积累是不够的，还要掌握以下做题技巧。
(1)根据构词法(转化、合成、派生)进行判断。
(2)根据文中的定义、事例、解释猜生词。用事例或解释猜生词；用重复解释的信息猜生词。
(3)根据上下文的指代关系进行选择。文章中的代词it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指一件事。
(4)根据转折或对比关系进行判断。根据上下句的连接词如but，hwever，therwise等可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。
(5)根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。
(6)根据同位关系进行判断。阅读中有时出现新词、难词，后面跟着一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释。
(7)利用标点符号和提示词猜测词义。分号还可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义；破折号表示解释说明。
常见的问题形式有：
(1)The wrd ＂…＂ in Line … means/can be best replaced by …
(2)As used in the passage, the phrase ＂…＂ suggests…
(3)Frm the passage, we can infer that the wrd/phrase /the sentence ＂…＂ is/refers t /means…
(4)The wrd ＂…＂ is clsest in meaning t …
常用应对方法：
同义法：常在词或短语之间有并列连词and或r，它们连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此可以推测词义。
反义法：如ht and cld, give and receive等，或前句为肯定，后句为否定。总之，互为反义的词与词间都起着互为线索的作用。
释义法：对文章中的生词用定语(从句)、表语，甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明。
此外，还有情景推断法、代词替代法等。
做题要领
(1)从文中找线索或信息词；
(2)根据熟悉的词及词义判断新词的意思；
(3)根据上下文判断新词在特定句中的确切意思。
(4)要特别注意熟词新意！
4. 推理判断型
做题要领：既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章的隐含意思，又要求学生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作出正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度考虑而不是固守自己的看法。常见的命题方式有：
(1)The passage implies (暗示) that _________.
(2)We can cnclude (得出结论) frm the passage that _________.
(3)Which f the fllwing can be inferred (推论)?
(4)What is the tne (语气) f the authr?
(5)What is the purpse (目的) f this passage?
(6)The passage is intended t _________.
(7)Where wuld this passage mst prbably appear?
Passage 1
（2022·全国高考甲卷真题）Smetime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discvered its harbr. Then, ne after anther, Sydney discvered lts f things that were just srt f there — brad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse ppulatin. But it is the harbr that makes the city.
Andrew Reynlds, a cheerful fellw in his early 30s, pilts Sydney ferrybats fr a living. I spent the whle mrning shuttling back and frth acrss the harbr. After ur third run Andrew shut dwn the engine, and we went ur separate ways — he fr a lunch break, I t explre the city.
“I’ll miss these ld bats,” he said as we parted.
“Hw d yu mean?” I asked.
“Oh, they’re replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but they’re nt s elegant, and they’re nt fun t pilt. But that’s prgress, I guess.”
Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and prgress are the watchwrds (口号), and traditins are increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s fficial histrian, tld me that in its rush t mdernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much f its past, including many f its finest buildings. “Sydney is cnfused abut itself,” she said. “We can’t seem t make up ur minds whether we want a mdern city r a traditinal ne. It’s a cnflict that we aren’t getting any better at reslving (解决).”
On the ther hand, being yung and ld at the same time has its attractins. I cnsidered this when I met a thughtful yung businessman named Anthny. “Many peple say that we lack culture in this cuntry,” he tld me. “What peple frget is that the Italians, when they came t Australia, brught 2000 years f their culture, the Greeks sme 3000 years, and the Chinese mre still. We’ve gt a fundatin built n ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism f a yung cuntry. It’s a pretty hard cmbinatin t beat.”
He is right, but I can’t help wishing they wuld keep thse ld ferries.
1．What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A．Sydney’s striking architecture.B．The cultural diversity f Sydney.
C．The key t Sydney’s develpment.D．Sydney’s turist attractins in the 1960s.
2．What can we learn abut Andrew Reynlds?
A．He ges t wrk by bat.B．He lks frward t a new life.
C．He pilts catamarans well.D．He is attached t the ld ferries.
3．What des Shirley Fitzgerald think f Sydney?
A．It is lsing its traditins.B．It shuld speed up its prgress.
C．It shuld expand its ppulatin.D．It is becming mre internatinal.
4．Which statement will the authr prbably agree with?
A．A city can be yung and ld at the same time.
B．A city built n ancient cultures is mre dynamic.
C．Mdernity is usually achieved at the cst f elegance.
D．Cmprmise shuld be made between the lcal and the freign.
Passage 2
（2021·北京·高考真题）Early fifth-century philspher St．Augustine famusly wrte that he knew what time was unless smene asked him．Albert Einstein added anther wrinkle when he therized that time varies depending n where yu measure it．Tday's state-f-the-art atmic（原子的） clcks have prven Einstein right．Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends n the questin yu're asking．
Frget abut time as an abslute．What if，instead f cnsidering time in terms f astrnmy,we related time t eclgy？What if we allwed envirnmental cnditins t set the temp（节奏） f human life？We're increasingly aware f the fact that we can't cntrl Earth systems with engineering alne，and realizing that we need t mderate（调节）ur actins if we hpe t live in balance．What if ur definitin f time reflected that？
Recently，I cnceptualized a new apprach t timekeeping that's cnnected t circumstances n ur planet，cnditins that might change as a result f glbal warming．We're nw building a clck at the Anchrage Museum that reflects the ttal flw f several majr Alaskan rivers，which are sensitive t lcal and glbal envirnmental changes．We've prgrammed it t match an atmic clck if the waterways cntinue t flw at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future n average，the clck will get ahead f standard time．If they run slwer，yu'll see the ppsite effect．
The clck registers bth shrt-term irregularities and lng-term trends in river dynamics．It's a srt f bservatry that reveals hw the rivers are behaving frm their wn tempral frame（时间框架），and allws us t witness thse changes n ur smartwatches r phnes．Anyne wh pts t g n Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmny with the planet．Anyne wh cnsiders river time in relatin t atmic time will encunter a majr imbalance and may be mtivated t cunteract it by cnsuming less fuel r supprting greener plicies．
Even if this methd f timekeeping is nvel in its particulars，early agricultural scieties als cnnected time t natural phenmena．In pre-Classical Greece，fr instance，peple“crrected”fficial calendars by shifting dates frward r backward t reflect the change f seasn．Tempral cnnectin t the envirnment was vital t their survival．Likewise，river time and ther timekeeping systems we're develping may encurage envirnmental awareness．
When St．Augustine admitted his inability t define time， he highlighted ne f time 's mst nticeable qualities：Time becmes meaningful nly in a defined cntext．Any timekeeping system is valid，and each is as praisewrthy as its purpse．
5．What is the main idea f Paragraph 1？
A．Timekeeping is increasingly related t nature．
B．Everyne can define time n their wn terms．
C．The qualities f time vary with hw yu measure it．
D．Time is a majr cncern f philsphers and scientists．
6．The authr raises three questins in Paragraph 2 mainly t________．
A．present an assumptinB．evaluate an argument
C．highlight an experimentD．intrduce an apprach
7．What can we learn frm this passage？
A．Thse wh d nt g n river time will live an imbalanced life．
B．New ways f measuring time can help t cntrl Earth systems．
C．Atmic time will get ahead f river time if the rivers run slwer．
D．Mdern technlgy may help t shape the rivers’ tempral frame．
8．What can we infer frm this passage？
A．It is crucial t imprve the definitin f time． B．A fixed frame will make time meaningless．
C．We shuld live in harmny with nature． D．Histry is a mirrr reflecting reality．
Passage 3
（2021·全国·高考甲卷真题）Wh is a genius? This questin has greatly interested humankind fr centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almst the internatinal symbl fr genius. But we want t g beynd ne man and explre the nature f genius itself. Why is it that sme peple are s much mre intelligent r creative than the rest f us? And wh are they?
In the sciences and arts, thse praised as geniuses were mst ften white men, f Eurpean rigin. Perhaps this is nt a surprise. It's said that histry is written by the victrs, and thse victrs set the standards fr admissin t the genius club. When cntributins were made by geniuses utside the club—wmen, r peple f a different clr r belief—they were unacknwledged and rejected by thers.
A study recently published by Science fund that as yung as age six, girls are less likely than bys t say that members f their gender(性别)are “really, really smart.” Even wrse, the study fund that girls act n that belief: Arund age six they start t avid activities said t be fr children wh are “really, really smart.” Can ur planet affrd t have any great thinkers becme discuraged and give up? It desn't take a genius t knw the answer: abslutely nt.
Here's the gd news. In a wired wrld with cnstant glbal cmmunicatin, we're all psitined t see flashes f genius wherever they appear. And the mre we lk, the mre we will see that scial factrs(因素)like gender, race, and class d nt determine the appearance f genius. As a writer says, future geniuses cme frm thse with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance(毅力), and simple gd frtune, wh are able t change the wrld.”
9．What des the authr think f victrs' standards fr jining the genius club?
A．They're unfair.B．They're cnservative.
C．They're bjective.D．They're strict.
10．What can we infer abut girls frm the study in Science?
A．They think themselves smart. B．They lk up t great thinkers.
C．They see gender differences earlier than bys. D．They are likely t be influenced by scial beliefs
11．Why are mre geniuses knwn t the public?
A．Imprved glbal cmmunicatin. B．Less discriminatin against wmen.
C．Acceptance f victrs' cncepts. D．Changes in peple's scial psitins.
12．What is the best title fr the text?
A．Geniuses Think AlikeB．Genius Takes Many Frms
C．Genius and IntelligenceD．Genius and Luck
Passage 4
（2020·海南·高考真题）In May 1987 the Glden Gate Bridge had a 50th birthday party. The bridge was clsed t mtr traffic s peple culd enjy a walk acrss it. Organizers expected perhaps 50,000 peple t shw up. Instead, as many as 800, 000 crwded the rads t the bridge. By the time 250,000 were n the bridge, engineers nticed smething terrible：the radway was flattening under what turned ut t be the heaviest lad it had ever been asked t carry. Wrse, it was beginning t sway（晃动）. The authrities clsed access t the bridge and tens f thusands f peple made their way back t land. A disaster was avided.
The stry is ne f scres in T Frgive Design：Understanding Failure, a bk that is at nce a lve letter t engineering and a paean（赞歌）t its breakdwns. Its authr, Dr. Henry Petrski, has lng been writing abut disasters. In this bk, he includes the lss f the space shuttles（航天飞机）Challenger and Clumbia, and the sinking f the Titanic.
Thugh he acknwledges that engineering wrks can fail because the persn wh thught them up r engineered them simply gt things wrng, in this bk Dr. Petrski widens his view t cnsider the larger cntext in which such failures ccur. Smetimes devices fail because a gd design is cnstructed with lw quality materials incmpetently applied. Or perhaps a design wrks s well it is adpted elsewhere again and again, with seemingly harmless imprvements, until, suddenly, it des nt wrk at all anymre.
Readers will encunter nt nly stries they have heard befre, but sme new stries and a mving discussin f the respnsibility f the engineer t the public and the ways yung engineers can be helped t grasp them.
"Success is success but that is all that it is," Dr. Petrski writes. It is failure that brings imprvement.
13．What happened t the Glden Gate Bridge n its 50th birthday?
A．It carried mre weight than it culd. B．It swayed vilently in a strng wind
C．Its radway was damaged by vehicles D．Its access was blcked by many peple.
14．Which f the fllwing is Dr. Petrski's idea accrding t paragraph 3?
A．N design is well received everywhere B．Cnstructin is mre imprtant than design.
C．Nt all disasters are caused by engineering design D．Imprvements n engineering wrks are necessary.
15．What des the last paragraph suggest?
A．Failure can lead t prgress.B．Success results in vercnfidence
C．Failure shuld be avided.D．Success cmes frm jint effrts.
16．What is the text?
A．A news reprtB．A shrt stry.
C．A bk reviewD．A research article.
Passage 1 （2022·湖南·周南中学模拟预测）
It used t be a matter f fact when Peter Pan — a character frm James Matthew Barrie’s 1911 bk — said, “All children, except ne, grw up.”
But this “fact” desn’t seem t apply t tday’s wrld any mre.
Accrding t the NPD Grup, a US market research cmpany, sales f tys t adults in the UK increased by mre than 20 percent in 2016, three times the pace f the children’s ty market itself. These tys ranged frm puzzles and Leg building sets t vehicle mdels and actin figures. And mre than half f the sales came frm millennials — peple brn between the 1980s and 2000s.
“Adults f the 21st century are channeling their inner child, ne ty at a time,” cmmented website Kreab. This is als why these adults are smetimes referred t as “kidults”.
Accrding t Frederique Tutt, an analyst at NPD, the mtivatin f these grwnups is t escape the stress f tday’s fastpaced wrld. They are driven tward the mre immediate pleasures brught by tys than thse brught by, say, getting a prmtin, which is far less easy t achieve.
“It reminds me f the playful side f life,” Rb Willner, a 25yearld PhD student in the UK, tld The Telegraph when talking abut his lve fr Leg, which he said brings him bth cmfrt and entertainment. Despite this, sme scial scientists see the trend as disturbing. T Frank Furendi, a prfessr at the University f Kent in the UK, the fact that s many adults are pursuing “the thrills f yuth” is the evidence that “adulthd has gt nthing attractive abut it anymre”, he tld The New Yrk Times. “That’s actually quite sad. ”
But scientists are prbably just wrried t much. Accrding t Canadian cmic bk artist Tdd McFarlane, cllecting tys culd simply be a way fr peple t express their individuality. “It’s just pp culture stuff. It’s stuff that says, ‘I like a little f this and I like a little f that, ’” he tld ABC News. “It’s n big deal.”
S nw that ver 100 years have passed since Peter Pan, perhaps it’s time t intrduce a new “fact”, as stated in the tagline (标语) f the UK fashin brand KIDULT: “Grwing ld is mandatry (被迫的), but grwing up is ptinal.”
1．What des the underlined sentence in Paragraph 2 imply?
A．Smething ld is nt suitable fr a new wrld. B．Many adults still have sme childlike features.
C．All children grw up as they becme adults. D．It’s difficult fr sme children t grw up in tday’s wrld.
2．Which f the fllwing statements is TRUE?
A．Frederique Tutt believes that sme adults enjy playing with children’s tys t escape the stress.
B．Rb Willner believes that the pleasure brught by tys is easier t achieve.
C．Frank Furendi believes that the thrill f yuth des nt attract adults.
D．Tdd McFarlane is wrried t much abut cllecting tys.
3．What is the writer’s attitude twards the trend f grwing kidults?
A．Supprtive.B．Dubtful.C．Critical.D．Indifferent.
4．What can be the best title fr the passage?
A．Grwing up with Peter PanB．Tys Sales n the Rise
C．The Rise f a Trend: KidultsD．Kidults in Fashin Again
Passage 2 （2022·安徽·合肥市第八中学模拟预测）
We are a culture drwning in ur pssessins. We take in mre and mre ( hliday, birthdays, sales, needs ),but rarely find an pprtunity t get rid f it. As a result, ur hmes fill up with s much stuff. And because we believe the best slutin is t find rganizatinal tls t manage all f it, we seek ut bigger cntainers r mre efficient rganizatinal tips and tricks. But simply rganizing ur stuff must be repeated ver and ver.
At its heart, rganizing is simply rearranging. And thugh we may find strage slutins tday, we are quickly frced t find new nes as early as tmrrw. Additinally, rganizing has sme ther majr shrtcmings that are rarely cnsidered. Fr example, it desn’t benefit anyne else. The pssessins we rarely use sit n shelves in ur basements r garages, even while sme f ur clsest friends desperately need them.
On the ther hand, the act f getting rid f stuff frm ur hme accmplishes many purpses. It is nt a temprary slutin. It is an actin f permanence — nce an item has been remved, it is remved cmpletely. Whether we re-sell ur pssessins, dnate them t charity, r give them t a friend, they are immediately put t use by thse wh need them.
Remving pssessins begins t turn back ur desire fr mre as we find freedm and happiness in wning less. And remving urselves frm the all-cnsuming desire t wn mre creates pprtunities fr significant life changes t take place.
If yu’re struggling with hw t get rid f stuff, yu can first challenge yurself t remve the unneeded things in yur hme, carry a trash bag frm rm-t-rm, see hw big f a dnatin pile yu can make, and even eliminate debt by selling what yu n lnger need.
It desn’t matter hw yu remve them, fr it is far better t remve than t always rganize.
5．What is the prblem with simply rganizing stuff?
A．Few tls and tricks are available.B．It needs t be repeated very ften.
C．Peple cannt save mney by rganizing.D．Desire t buy mre disappears by rganizing.
6．Hw can we remve unnecessary pssessins?
A．By reselling them t thers.B．By keeping them in trash bags.
C．By string them in the garage.D．By piling them n the shelves.
7．What des the underlined wrd “eliminate” mean in Paragraph 5?
A．get rid fB．get verC．add tD．take charge f
8．What is the purpse f the passage?
A．T explain the advantages and disadvantages f rganizing things.
B．T infrm readers f the ways t get rid f unnecessary pssessins.
C．T call fr peple t remve stuff instead f just rganizing.
D．T appeal t peple t make dnatins t peple in need.
Passage 3（2022·广西·南宁三中二模）
A recent stry in the Wall Street Jurnal newspaper lked at students wh went t celebrated universities such as Clumbia and New Yrk University, fr advanced degrees in subjects like art, film and even scial wrk. Many f the students said they learned a lt. Hwever, when they graduated, they were deep in debt and did nt think they wuld find wrk that wuld let them pay back their lans.
Students said they spke with Clumbia abut the high cst f advanced arts degrees but never received a reasnable answer. Educatin experts say the schl is very wealthy, with large funds. The University, hwever, prefers t ask the students t pay the full cst.
Kevin Carey is a higher educatin expert fr New America, a public plicy research center. He called master’s degrees “a scam” in a cnversatin. “Charging peple a tn f mney t g int any artistic career is ften super prblematic,” he said.
Castill is an actr in New Yrk City. He earned an MFA frm The Actrs Studi in New Yrk City. Was his MFA wrth the cst? “I d think it was wrth it. I dn’t put a price tag n my educatin r my experience. I think it’s srt f unfrtunate that s many peple take educatin fr granted.” Castill said students wh are thinking abut an advanced degree in art shuld be sure they are ding it because they value the educatin, nt because they want mney r t be famus.
Plazinska is a filmmaker in New Yrk City. She attended graduate schl bth at Baylr University in Texas and at the University f Lwa. Arts graduate prgrams can help students meet and make friends with fellw artists with whm they can wrk thrughut their careers. Fr schl t be f value, students need t remember why they started making art in the beginning. “It’s just fr the pure pleasure f creating and fulfilling myself this way.”
9．What’s the prblem fr students in famus universities fr art advanced degrees?
A．They can’t take lans.B．They can’t find any wrk.
C．They may be heavily in debt.D．They may drp ut f university.
10．What des the underlined wrd “scam” in paragraph 3 mean?
A．Way.B．Trick.C．Skill.D．Game.
11．What des Castill think f his MFA?
A．He thinks highly f it. B．It’s a waste f mney.
C．He takes it fr granted. D．It brings him fame and mney.
12．What can we infer frm the last tw paragraphs?
A．Arts graduate prgrams ensure a prmising future.
B．Students had better cnsider whether they can affrd the fee.
C．Arts graduate prgrams intrduce celebrity artists t their students.
D．Students shuld stick t their riginal purpses while learning.
Passage 4 （2022·山西·太原十二中模拟预测）
A situatin in which the student is trubled by his parents pressuring him t g int a jb area that makes gd mney but he desn’t want t g int that career area, is bad. The questin is whether he shuld g int this jb r nt.
T start ut, yu need t g fr what is best fr YOU even if there wuld be sme negative cnsequences. Yu can't be happy unless yu make decisins that are right fr yu. If yu d nt make yur wn decisins and make decisins that will benefit yu, yur life wuld be a big lie t yurself.
Living a lie wuld nt be a very gd life. The truth is much better than living a lie r sme fantasy wrld. If yur whle life is a lie, then it is nt a very beautiful life at all. In the sng Lyin’Eyes, the wman is living a lie by pretending she lves this ld man, when in reality" she is just in it fr the mney. As a result, her life is miserable and a big lie.
And finally, mney can nt buy happiness. A gd example f this is frm the sng Lyin’ Eyes. The nly reasn the wman married the ld man is fr the mney and gifts she wuld receive. This results in her life being nt at all happy. This just ges t shw that n matter hw much mney yu have yur life still might nt be happy. It takes a lt mre than a bunch f green paper t make yur life a gd ne
In cnclusin, ding what yu want is best. If yu dn’t d what yu want t, yu wn’t be happy with yur life and yur career.
13．What is the passage mainly abut?
A．There is smething mre imprtant than mney in life
B．Yung peple shuld make their wn career decisins
C．Parents shuld nt pressure their children t live a lie
D．Yung peple are happy t make their wn decisins
14．What des The sng Lyin’ Eyes tell peple t d?
A．t d what they are interested inB．t be a respnsible citizen
C．t live a simple lifeD．t face negative cnsequences
15．What can we infer abut the wman in the sng?
A．She lived a happy lifeB．She had a happy marriage
C．She married a rich manD．She ften lied t thers
16．Which f the fllwing is NOT used t supprt the writer’s cnclusin?
A．Yu shuld make yur wn decisins.B．Living a lie wuld nt be gd.
C．Wealth desn’t mean happiness.D．It’s wise t d what yu want.
Passage 5 （2022·北京师大附中三模）
Humans are fascinated by the surce f their failings and virtues. This preccupatin inevitably leads t an ld debate: whether nature r nurture (养育) shapes us mre. A revlutin in genetics has pised this as a mdern plitical questin abut the character f ur sciety: if persnalities are hard-wired int ur genes, what can gvernments d t help us? It feels mrally questinable, yet claims f genetic selectin by intelligence are making headlines.
This is dwn t “hereditarian” (遗传论的) science and a recent paper claimed “differences in exam perfrmance between pupils attending extrardinary and rdinary schls mirrr the genetic differences between them”. With such an assertin, the wrk was predictably greeted by a lt f absurd claims abut “genetics determining academic success”. What the research revealed was the rather less surprising result: the educatinal benefits f extrardinary schls largely disappear nce pupils’ inbrn ability and sci-ecnmic backgrund were taken int accunt. That is t say, there’s nthing t supprt strngly either a hereditary r envirnmental argument.
Yet the paper des say children are “unintentinally genetically selected” by the schl system. Central t hereditarian science is a tall claim: that identifiable variatins in genetic sequences can predict an individual’s ability t learn, reasn and slve prblems. This is prblematic n many levels. A teacher culd nt seriusly tell a parent their child has a lw genetic tendency t study when external factrs clearly exist. Unlike-minded academics say the inheritability f human traits is scientifically unsund. At best there is a weak statistical assciatin and nt a causal link between DNA and intelligence. Yet sphisticated statistics are used t create a frightening atmsphere f scientific certainty.
While there’s an undubted genetic basis t individual difference, it is wrng t think that scially defined grups can be genetically accunted fr. The fixatin n genes as destiny is surely false t. Medical predictability can rarely be based n DNA alne; the envirnment matters t. Smething as cmplex as intellect is likely t be affected by many factrs beynd genes. If hereditarians want t advance their cause it will require mre balanced interpretatin and nt just acts f advcacy. Genetic selectin is a way f exerting influence ver thers, “the ultimate cllective cntrl f human destinies,” as writer H. G. Wells put it. Knwledge becmes pwer and pwer requires a sense f respnsibility. In understanding cgnitive (认知的) ability, we must nt elevate discriminatin t a science: allwing peple t climb the ladder f life nly as far as their cells might suggest. This will need a mre skeptical eye n the science. As technlgy prgresses, we all have a duty t make sure that we shape a future that we wuld want t find urselves in.
17．What did a recent research paper claim?
A．The type f schl students attend makes a difference t their future.
B．Genetic differences between students are far greater than suppsed.
C．Students’ academic perfrmance is smewhat determined by their genes.
D．The advantages f extrardinary schls are t bvius t ignre.
18．What des the authr say abut the relatinship between DNA and intelligence?
A．It is ne f scientific certainty.B．It is nt ne f cause and effect.
C．It is subject t interpretatin f statistics.D．It is nt fully examined by gene scientists.
19．What d hereditarians need t d t make their claims cnvincing?
A．Take all relevant factrs int accunt in interpreting their data.
B．Cnduct their research using mre sphisticated technlgy.
C．Gather gene data frm peple f all scial classes.
D．Cperate with scial scientists in their research.
20．What des the authr warn against in the passage?
A．Lsing sight f prfessinal ethics in cnducting research.
B．Misunderstanding the findings f human cgnitin research.
C．Prmting discriminatin in the name f science.
D．Exaggerating the pwer f technlgy in shaping the wrld.
Passage 6（2022·湖北·华中师大一附中模拟预测）
The stry f The emperr’s new clthes is ne f Andersen’s best-knwn wrks. Cheaters fl the emperr int believing they have made him a fantastic suit. Curtiers (侍臣) dare nt say that the emperr is naked; it takes a child t pint ut the bvius. Hw many cmpanies have plughed ahead with expensive prjects that were favured by the CEO, even when ther managers have had dubts? The mral is that peple are ften t restricted by scial practice t state their views.
In his new bk Rebel Ideas: The Pwer f Diverse Thinking, Matthew Syed argues that the key t dealing with this prblem is “cgnitive (认知) diversity”, in ther wrds, assembling a team f peple with different perspectives and intellectual backgrunds. It is nt just abut selecting peple fr teams frm bth sexes and varius races. Hire nly Cambridge plitics graduates r Stanfrd sftware engineers and they will have studied under the same prfessrs and absrbed similar wrld views regardless f their gender r skin clur.
There is anther element t selecting a gd team: ensuring that thse viewpints are heard and respected. A study f ver 300 prjects by the Rtterdam Schl f Management fund that thse led by junir managers were mre likely t succeed than thse led by senir managers—maybe because ther team members were less scared abut pinting ut ptential dangers t smene f lwer rank.
The ability t speak up within an rganizatin, withut fear f punishment, is knwn as “psychlgical safety”. Mr. Syed cites a study f teams at Ggle, which fund that self-reprted psychlgical safety was by far the mst imprtant factr behind successful teamwrk at the technlgy giant.
One way t vercme shyness while brainstrming, fr instance, is fr everyne t write dwn their ideas but ensure their names are never knwn. That way, pinins abut thughts are less clsely tied t the status f the thinker and can be tested against each ther with less fear r favur.
21．Why is The stry f the emperr’s new clthes mentined?
A．T cnfirm its ppularity.B．T argue fr children’s wisdm.
C．T make fun f the adults.D．T indicate the imprtance f speaking up.
22．Which f the fllwing makes an effective team?
A．Peple with the same cgnitive rigin. B．Peple with mre races and gender.
C．Peple with varius academic backgrunds. D．Peple fllwing their leaders uncnditinally.
23．Why des a team with a junir manager tend t succeed?
A．It encurages members t cmpete.B．It creates a relaxing atmsphere.
C．It allws members t vice pinins.D．It thinks little f scial ranks.
24．What d we knw abut “psychlgical safety”?
A．It is a term invented by Mr. Syed.B．It cntributes t diversity thinking.
C．It is a secret weapn f the Ggle.D．It is a prject dne at the Rtterdam.
Passage 7 （2022·上海·复旦附中模拟预测）
Last week came slid evidence that living in txic Britain can seriusly harm yur health. Cardilgists at Queen Mary University f Lndn fund that even "safe" levels f air pllutin are linked t heart abnrmalities similar t thse seen during the early stages f heart failure. Their study f almst 4,000 peple was backed up by a majr US study which shwed that higher expsure t fine particles and nitrgen xides is linked t an acceleratin in the hardening f the arteries (动脉).
We have lng knwn that air pllutin leads t cughing, shrtness f breath and irritatin in the eyes, nse and thrat. It is als clearly linked t respiratry diseases such as asthma and brnchitis, as well as diabetes and sme cancers. It is nw beynd dubt that children's health is greatly affected, and links have been made between it and Parkinsn's, Alzheimer's, dementia and cngenital birth defects.
The statistics are alarming. In the UK, mre than 2 millin peple suffer frm cardivascular (心血管的) diseases, and nearly ne in seven men and ne in 12 wmen will g n t die frm them. Heart disease csts the UK ecnmy nearly £30 bn a year t treat, as much as the state spends n secndary educatin. It is ne f the greatest single drains n the public purse. Britain, hwever, rejects cmmn sense, and shws little sign that it wants t seriusly address pllutin any time sn.
Despite the munting evidence f air pllutin's csts and health impact, Britain has had t be dragged screaming thrugh the curts t make it cmply with minimal clean air guidelines and laws. Successive gvernments have cntinually tried t evade their legal respnsibilities, spending millins f punds fighting in the curts and lbbying the EU t be allwed t cntinue t pllute.
The gvernment nw has a new draft clean air strategy ur fr cnsultatin until 14 August and claims t be acting faster t tackle air pllutin than almst every ther majr develped ecnmy. It pledges t halve the number f peple living in places that d nt meet Wrld Health Organizatin pllutin guidelines, and it prpse t end the sale f new diesel and petrl cars and vans by 2040.
But intending t cut the air pllutin bill by arund 12.5% in 12 years and waiting 20 years t be rid f the wrst vehicles seems criminally weak. Meanwhile, gvernment is knwingly frging ahead with infrastructure plans that will inevitably increase air pllutin. The effect will inevitably be t massively increase air pllutin and health csts fr millins f Britns.
S culd the car-clgged streets f Sunder-land, Birmingham and Lndn, where I lived fr many years, have cntributed t my disease and thse f millins f thers? Prbably. Culd the il cmpanies be respnsible fr far mre than climate change? Certainly. Culd Britain's mnstrus and munting bill fr heart disease be partly due t the highly plluting diesel cars that gvernments s scandalusly encuraged us t drive? Quite pssibly.
What is certain is that air pllutin is nw an internatinal scandal, and the cause f a health emergency that gvernments and industry have failed t address. It undubtedly threatens life mre than any war r disaster. When there are clear alternatives t burning fssil fuels then pliticians wh d nt act t prevent it must stand accused nt just f failing t act, but f cndning the mass pisning f their peple.
25．Accrding t the study, ________ is prbably unrelated t air pllutin.
A．diabetesB．stmachachesC．AlzheimerD．artery hardening
26．The writer thinks Britain shws little sign t tackle air pllutin because ________.
A．British gvernment has been screaming fr help in curt
B．EU has dissuaded British gvernment fr help in curt
C．British gvernment has tried t have EU's permissin fr mre pllutin
D．The gvernment firmly refused t act in accrdance with the clean air guideline.
27．What is the writer's attitude tward the new draft?
A．Britain will implement it faster than ther majr develped ecnmies.
B．It presents a practical way t end pllutin frm vehicles.
C．Its gal will be achieved at the price f massive health cst.
D．It's aiming t lw when mre pllutin is expected.
28．What can be inferred frm the article?
A．Gvernment fficials shuld feel disgraced fr nn-actin as leaders.
B．The gvernment shuld cver the bills fr air pllutin and related diseases.
C．Oil cmpanies shuld nt be held accuntable fr the internatinal scandal.
D．British gvernment is an irrespnsible ne fr encuraging peple t use vehicles.
Passage 8 （2022·重庆南开中学模拟预测）
In his 1939 essay Selfishness and Self-Lne, Erich Frmm, a wrld-famus psychlgist declared that “mdern culture teaches that t be selfish is evil and that t lve thers is virtuus.” In his essay, Frmm argues that such a teaching culd make peple feel guilty t shw themselves healthy self-lve, which he defines as the respect fr ne’s wn happiness, grwth, and freedm.
Frmm argues that selfishness, an interest nly in neself, is actually the ppsite f self-lve, which means the ability t give with pleasure and als t respect the needs f thers. T Frmm, lve is an attitude whether it is directed utward r inward. In cntrast, Frmm argued that selfishness is a kind f greediness “which exhausts the persn in an endless effrt t satisfy his wn needs withut ever reaching satisfactin”.
Inspired by Frmm’s essay, Abraham Maslw wrte an essay in which he distinguished “healthy selfishness” frm unhealthy selfishness. Maslw argued that “we must nt assume that selfish r unselfish behavir is either gd r bad. It may be true that at certain times, selfish behavir is gd, but at ther times, it is bad. It is als the case cncerning unselfish behavir.” Maslw ges n t state that what appears t be unselfish behavir may cme ut f selfish mtivatins. Maslw stressed that it is smetimes necessary t teach peple at certain times t engage in a “healthfully selfish manner”—t have a healthy respect fr ne’s self cming ut f inner riches.
A recent analysis f literature fund that peple wh care abut the welfare f thers experience greater relatinship well-being. Hwever, such relatinship well-being is maximized when peple are nt neglecting themselves in their care fr thers. Therefre, althugh the benefits f caring abut thers’ welfare have been well-dcumented, the rle f healthy selfishness in cntributing t relatinship well-being may have been ignred.
29．T Frmm, mdern culture teaches that peple shuld .
A．feel ashamed t be selfish B．be punished if they’re selfish
C．be frbidden t talk abut selfishness D．feel guilty if they dn’t lve themselves
30．Hw is Paragraph 2 mainly develped?
A．By listing figures.B．By analyzing causes.
C．By prviding examples.D．By cmparing definitins.
31．Which f the fllwing statements may Maslw agree with?
A．Selfish behavir is bad all the time. B．Unselfish behavir shuld be valued mre.
C．Rich peple have a healthy respect fr ne’s self. D．Selfish mtivatins may lead t unselfish behavir.
32．What can we cnclude frm the last paragraph?
A．Our welfare is nly based n ur care fr thers.
B．Peple shuld care abut themselves mre than thers.
C．Peple wh care abut thers dn’t care abut themselves.
D．Healthy selfishness can cntribute t ur relatinship well-being.
Passage 9 （2022·北京·人大附中三模）
Blind imitatin is self-destructin. T thse wh d nt recgnize their unique wrth, imitatin appears attractive; t thse wh knw their strength, imitatin is unacceptable.
In the early stages f skill r character develpment, imitatin is helpful. When I first learned t ck, I used recipes and turned ut sme tasty dishes. But sn I grew bred. Why fllw smene else’s way f cking when I culd create my wn? Imitating rle mdelsis like using training wheels n a child’s bicycle; they help yu get ging, but nce yu find yur wn balance, yu fly faster and farther withut relying n them.
In daily life, imitatin can hurt us if we subcnsciusly (下意识地) hld pr rle mdels. If, as a child, yu bserved peple whse lives were bad, yu may have accepted their fear and pain as nrmal and gne n t fllw what they did. If yu d nt make strng chices fr yurself, yu will get the results f the weak chices f thers.
In the field f entertainment, ur culture glrifies celebrities. Thse stars lk great n screen. But when they step ff screen, their persnal lives may be disastrus. If yu are ging t fllw smene, fcus n their talent, nt their bad character r unacceptable behavirs.
Blessed is the persn willing t act n their sudden desire t create smething unique. Think f the mvies, bks, teachers, and friends that have affected yu mst deeply. They tuched yu because their creatins were mtivated by inspiratin, nt desperatin. The wrld is changed nt by thse wh d what has been dne befre them, but by thse wh d what has been dne inside them. Creative peple have an endless resurce f ideas. The prblem a creatr faces is nt running ut f material; it is what t d with the material kncking at the dr f imaginatin.
Study yur rle mdels, accept the gifts they have given, and leave behind what des nt serve. Then yu can say, “I stand n the shulders f my ancestrs’ tragedies and declare victry, and knw that they are cheering n.”
33．Imitatin prves useful when yu________.
A．knw yu are unique B．lse the balance f life
C．begin t learn smething new D．get tired f rutine practice
34．Accrding t the authr, the wrld mves n because f thse wh are________.
A．desperate t influence thers with their knwledge B．ready t turn their riginal ideas int reality
C．eager t discver what their ancestrs did D．willing t accept thers’ ideas
35．The truble a creatr faces is________.
A．the lack f strng mtivatin B．the absence f practical ideas
C．hw t search fr mre materials D．hw t use imaginatin creatively
36．What is the authr’s purpse in writing this passage?
A．T highlight the imprtance f creativity. B．T criticize the characters f rle mdels.
C．T cmpare imitatin with creatin. D．T explain the meaning f success.
Passage 10 （2022·广东广州·三模）
Yu lk up at the sky n a clear and dark night, yu’ll see mre stars than yur eyes can cunt. Mst f these stars have planets, similar t ur wn, rbiting them. With s many celestial bdies flating ut in space, yu can’t help but questin whether ther frms f life exist in the universe. And if that’s the case, is it pssible t cntact them?
Science is still smewhat divided n this issue. Currently, n evidence exists t suggest that intelligent life exists elsewhere in the universe. Yet with an estimated ne trillin planets in ur galaxy alne, it seems highly likely that Earthlings aren’t the nly intelligent creatures ut there. Sme claim that life can nly develp under perfect circumstances, and Earth is perhaps the nly example f this. Other scientists bject t this claim, and pint ut that even n Earth, life can find a way under the mst extreme circumstances.
Sme peple believe that aliens have already visited ur planet, but this infrmatin is being kept secret by gvernments. The mst famus incident f this kind ccurred in Rswell, New Mexic in 1947. On that date, many residents reprted seeing an unusual flying disc streak thrugh the sky, befre it crashed in a field. When the military heard abut the crash, they quickly sealed ff the area. A few hurs later, the army base annunced that it had recvered a flying disk. Shrtly after, this statement was retracted and it was said that it was a weather balln that crashed. Hwever, years later ne lcal mrtician even claimed that the military had him secretly perfrm an autpsy n a dead alien bdy.
Others believe that there certainly are ther life frms ut there, but the distance between us is t great. Even if we culd smehw create a spaceship that travels at the speed f light, it wuld still prbably take several lifetimes t reach them. Then again, we might never have t d this if aliens reach us first.
37．Why d sme scientists think there is life n ther planets?
A．Because an unusual flying disc was ever witnessed.
B．Because life exists despite extreme cnditins as thse n the Earth d.
C．Because the gvernment’s statement seemed suspicius.
D．Because there are a great number f planets in the universe.
38．What des the underlined wrd “retracted” in paragraph 3 mean?
A．Examined again t guarantee the crrectness.B．Emphasized again t persuade peple.
C．Frmally taken back what has been said.D．Seriusly criticized due t pr evidence
39．Which f the fllwing might be the best title fr the text?
A．Are we alne in the universe?B．Is it pssible t cntact aliens?
C．Intelligent life in the universe.D．Planets flating ut in space.
40．Hw des the authr sund in the passage?
A．Objective.B．Humrus.C．Cautius.D．Anxius.
语篇
体裁
主题内容
2022年新高考卷
A篇
I卷
应用文
文学引用课的评分制度
II卷
应用文
儿童博物馆团体游
B篇
I卷
说明文
实际行动减少食物浪费
II卷
记叙文
新型阅读体验
C篇
I卷
新闻报道
养鸡提升老年人幸福感
II卷
说明文
使用Textalyzer（短信监控器）的技术来监控司机在开车
D篇
I卷
说明文
饮食变化带来发音变化
II卷
说明文
锻炼对于心脏的好处
2022年全国卷
A篇
乙卷
应用文
亨利 .雷伯恩博士的画展
甲卷
应用文
介绍Cardiff当地的一些剧院和娱乐场所
B篇
乙卷
议论文
书评
甲卷
说明文
介绍一种会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉
C篇
乙卷
说明文
无人机技术
甲卷
记叙文
讲述Ginni Balindn周游世界的经历
D篇
乙卷
说明文
软饮料征税来解决儿童青少年健康问题
甲卷
夹叙夹议
讲述悉尼在发展中面临的问题
2021年新高考卷
A篇
I卷
应用文
人与社会：罗马的四个旅馆
II卷
应用文
约克郡的四个活动
B篇
I卷
记叙文
人与社会：介绍钢琴翻页的职业
II卷
记叙文
作者照顾老虎
C篇
I卷
说明文
人与自然：湿地破坏，保护环境
II卷
记叙文
捐资助学
D篇
I卷
说明文
人与自我：情商是品质还是技能
II卷
说明文
机器人监测牧牛的健康状况
2021全国卷
A篇
乙卷
说明文
介绍世界上著名的大型竞技场
甲卷
应用文
讲述摄影比赛的相关情况
B篇
乙卷
说明文
介绍澳大利亚的固定电话的使用情况
甲卷
说明文
讲述保护区的黑犀牛的情况
C篇
乙卷
说明文
利用塑料垃圾制作大型雕塑作品，变费为宝
甲卷
记叙文
讲述作者搬到伦敦的经历
D篇
乙卷
说明文
讲述分贝对人影响
甲卷
议论文
论述“谁是天才”
议论文体阅读理解题的应对策略
解答议论类阅读理解试题，可以从以下几个方面着手考虑：
作者在开始叙述一个现象，然后对现象进行解释。这类文章的主题是文中最重要的解释或作者所强调的解释，阅读时要注意作者给出的原因，所以又被称为原因—结果(Cause & Effect)型。还有一种比较常见的是问题—答案型，作者在一开始或一段末以问句提出一个问题(相当于一个现象)，然后给出该问题的答案(相当于解释)。针对文中问题给出的主要答案就是这种文章的中心。
这里强调一点，答题时优先考虑正面答题(直接从文章内容得出答案)，然后从中心、态度或利用解答特征等其他角度对选项进行检验；如果从文章内容中直接无法解决，则从中心和态度方面考虑；次之，从解答特征方面考虑。
考生往往最怕此类体裁。山穷水尽时，记住：首先从整体上把握文章中心和作者所持的态度，靠近中心的就是答案。
解题方法：
1. 把握文章的论点、论据和论证。此外，还要把握文章的结构和语言。
2. 互推法：在议论之后，总会再列举一些具体的例子来支持观点或在一些例子之后，总要抒发一些议论。考生在理解议论时，可以借助文中所给的实例，从而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的议论；或从议论中推理理解具体例子的深刻含义，相互推断。
3. 推理法：推理的结论一定是原文有这层意思，但没有明确表达的。推理要根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇、段落和句子之间的逻辑关系，各个信息所暗示和隐含的意义，作者的隐含意等对文章进行推理判断。考生要由文字的表层信息挖掘出文章的深层含义，要能透过现象看本质。
解题技巧
历年全国高考英语阅读理解的题型无非基本都是考查主旨大意、词义猜测、推理判断和细节理解四大题型。其中，命题以细节理解题为主，推理判断题为辅，又兼顾词义猜测题和主旨大意题。细节理解题和推理判断题主要考查的是对原文具体细节的理解和把控能力，难度相对较小，广大考生除了平时必要的阅读量和词汇量的积累以外，掌握一定的解题技巧对解答阅读理解题来说也是至关重要的。具体说来：
1. 主旨大意型
干扰项 可能是文中某个具体事实或细节。
干扰项 可能是从文中某些(不完全的)事实或细节片面推出的错误结论。
干扰项 可能是非文章事实的主观臆断。
正确答案 根据文章全面理解而归纳概括出来；不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。
主旨大意题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。根据多年的备考及高考实践，这类题目考查的范围是：基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。
选择＂主题＂旨在考查考生是否掌握了所读文章的主要内容或主旨，通常用词、短语或句子来概括。常见的提问方式有：
1. What is the main / general idea f this text?
2. What is mainly discussed in this passage?
3. What is the text mainly abut?
4. This text mainly tells us _________.
5. This passage mainly deals with _________.
6. The main idea f this passage may be best expressed as_________.
7. The tpic f this passage is _________.
标题选择题则是让考生给所读的文章选择一个合适的标题。通常标题由一个名词或名词短语充当，用词简短、精练。常见的提问方式有：
1. What wuld be the best title fr the text?
2. Which f the fllwing is the best / mst suitable title fr this text?
3. The best / mst suitable title fr this text wuld be __________.
不管是选择＂主题＂还是选择＂标题＂，实质上都是要求考生从整体上理解语篇内容，找出贯穿语篇的主线；不管是何种体裁的文章，都是围绕一个主题来展开的。在试题设计上，3个干扰项的内容一般在文章里或多或少都有涉及，但并非主要内容，需要注意甄别。
2. 事实细节型
细节理解题主要考查考生对文章中某些细节或重要事实的理解能力。它一般包括直接理解题和语意理解题两种。直接理解题的答案与原文直接挂钩，从阅读材料中可以找到。这种题难度低，只要考生读懂文章，就能得分，属于低层次题。
做此类题时可以使用定位法与跳读法。定位法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息直接从原文中找到相应的句子(即定位)，然后进行比较和分析(尤其要注意一些同义转换)，从而选出正确答案。跳读法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息跳读原文，并找到相关的句子(有时可能是几个句子)或段落，然后进行简单分析、推理等，从而找出正确答案。
(1)解题原则：忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。
文章中心是论点，事实细节是论据或主要理由；有关细节问题常对文中某个词语、某句子、某段落等细节及事实进行提问，所提问题一般可直接或间接在文章中找到答案。
提问的特殊疑问词常有：what, wh, which, where, hw, why 等。
在阅读理解中，要求查找主要事实和特定细节的问题常有以下几种命题方式：
①Which f the fllwing statements is true?
②Which f the fllwing is nt mentined in the text?
③The authr (r the passage) states that __________.
④Accrding t the passage, when (where, why, hw, wh, what, which, etc.) __________?
(2)干扰项：范围过大、过小；偷换概念；正误并存，某个分句是正确的。
阅读理解中细节理解题的干扰项的设置有以下几个原则：
①包含项原则
在答案选项分析中，假如对A选项的理解概括了对其他三项 (或其中某一项)的理解，那么我们就说选项A与其他三项是包含或概括关系，包含项A往往就是正确答案。如在＂花＂与＂玫瑰＂两选项中，正确答案肯定是＂花＂，花包含了玫瑰。
②正反项原则
所谓正反项，是指两选项陈述的命题完全相矛盾。两个相互矛盾的陈述不能都是假的，其中必有一真。所以，假如四选项中A、B互为正反项，那我们通常先排除C、D项，正确答案一般在A、B项当中。
③委婉项原则
所谓委婉，这里是指说话不能说死，要留有余地。阅读理解选项中语气平和、委婉的往往是正确答案。这些选项一般含有不十分肯定或试探性语气的表达，如：prbably, pssibly, may, usually, might, mst f, mre r less, relatively, be likely t, nt necessary, althugh, yet, in additin, tend t等等，而含有绝对语气的表达往往不是正确答案，如：must, always, never, all, every, any, merely, nly, cmpletely, nne, hardly, already等等。
④同形项原则
命题者往往先将正确答案设置在一个大命题范围，然后通过语言形式的细微变化来考查考生的理解能力与分析能力。同形项原则告诉我们：词汇与句法结构相似的选项中有正确答案的存在。
⑤常识项原则
议论文中，那些符合一般常识、意义深刻富有哲理、符合一般规律、属于普遍现象的往往是正确答案。
⑥因果项原则
阅读理解的逻辑推理基本都是通过因果链进行的，前因后果，一步步循序渐进。然而，在推理题的选项中，有的选项会推理不到位(止于前因)，或者推理过头(止于后果)，这就是所谓的干扰项。因果项原则启示我们：假如四个选项中有两项互为同一事物推理过程中的因果关系，那么正确答案就是两个因果项中的其中之一。如果因项可产生几个结果，那么答案就是因；如果果项可以对应几个原因，那么答案就是果。
解题方法：原文定位法。
查读法：(1)带着问题找答案，把注意力集中在与wh, what, when, where问题有关的细节上。
(2)细心!
3. 词义猜测型
阅读理解的测试中经常有猜测词、短语、习语、句子意义的题目，近几年高考阅读中词义猜测题的考查方法呈多样化，其中根据上下文语境推测词义将会越来越多。有时短文中出现一个需猜测其意义的词或短语，后文接着会出现其定义、解释或例子，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。
除此之外，我们还可以根据转折或对比关系进行判断：根据上下句的连接词，如but，hwever，therwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号(；)也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。还可以根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。当然了，这些词、短语、习语要么是生词，要么是熟词新义，单靠平时积累是不够的，还要掌握以下做题技巧。
(1)根据构词法(转化、合成、派生)进行判断。
(2)根据文中的定义、事例、解释猜生词。用事例或解释猜生词；用重复解释的信息猜生词。
(3)根据上下文的指代关系进行选择。文章中的代词it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指一件事。
(4)根据转折或对比关系进行判断。根据上下句的连接词如but，hwever，therwise等可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。
(5)根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。
(6)根据同位关系进行判断。阅读中有时出现新词、难词，后面跟着一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释。
(7)利用标点符号和提示词猜测词义。分号还可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义；破折号表示解释说明。
常见的问题形式有：
(1)The wrd ＂…＂ in Line … means/can be best replaced by …
(2)As used in the passage, the phrase ＂…＂ suggests…
(3)Frm the passage, we can infer that the wrd/phrase /the sentence ＂…＂ is/refers t /means…
(4)The wrd ＂…＂ is clsest in meaning t …
常用应对方法：
同义法：常在词或短语之间有并列连词and或r，它们连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此可以推测词义。
反义法：如ht and cld, give and receive等，或前句为肯定，后句为否定。总之，互为反义的词与词间都起着互为线索的作用。
释义法：对文章中的生词用定语(从句)、表语，甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明。
此外，还有情景推断法、代词替代法等。
做题要领
(1)从文中找线索或信息词；
(2)根据熟悉的词及词义判断新词的意思；
(3)根据上下文判断新词在特定句中的确切意思。
(4)要特别注意熟词新意！
4. 推理判断型
做题要领：既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章的隐含意思，又要求学生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作出正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度考虑而不是固守自己的看法。常见的命题方式有：
(1)The passage implies (暗示) that _________.
(2)We can cnclude (得出结论) frm the passage that _________.
(3)Which f the fllwing can be inferred (推论)?
(4)What is the tne (语气) f the authr?
(5)What is the purpse (目的) f this passage?
(6)The passage is intended t _________.
(7)Where wuld this passage mst prbably appear?
Passage 1
（2022·全国高考甲卷真题）Smetime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discvered its harbr. Then, ne after anther, Sydney discvered lts f things that were just srt f there — brad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse ppulatin. But it is the harbr that makes the city.
Andrew Reynlds, a cheerful fellw in his early 30s, pilts Sydney ferrybats fr a living. I spent the whle mrning shuttling back and frth acrss the harbr. After ur third run Andrew shut dwn the engine, and we went ur separate ways — he fr a lunch break, I t explre the city.
“I’ll miss these ld bats,” he said as we parted.
“Hw d yu mean?” I asked.
“Oh, they’re replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but they’re nt s elegant, and they’re nt fun t pilt. But that’s prgress, I guess.”
Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and prgress are the watchwrds (口号), and traditins are increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s fficial histrian, tld me that in its rush t mdernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much f its past, including many f its finest buildings. “Sydney is cnfused abut itself,” she said. “We can’t seem t make up ur minds whether we want a mdern city r a traditinal ne. It’s a cnflict that we aren’t getting any better at reslving (解决).”
On the ther hand, being yung and ld at the same time has its attractins. I cnsidered this when I met a thughtful yung businessman named Anthny. “Many peple say that we lack culture in this cuntry,” he tld me. “What peple frget is that the Italians, when they came t Australia, brught 2000 years f their culture, the Greeks sme 3000 years, and the Chinese mre still. We’ve gt a fundatin built n ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism f a yung cuntry. It’s a pretty hard cmbinatin t beat.”
He is right, but I can’t help wishing they wuld keep thse ld ferries.
1．What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A．Sydney’s striking architecture.B．The cultural diversity f Sydney.
C．The key t Sydney’s develpment.D．Sydney’s turist attractins in the 1960s.
2．What can we learn abut Andrew Reynlds?
A．He ges t wrk by bat.B．He lks frward t a new life.
C．He pilts catamarans well.D．He is attached t the ld ferries.
3．What des Shirley Fitzgerald think f Sydney?
A．It is lsing its traditins.B．It shuld speed up its prgress.
C．It shuld expand its ppulatin.D．It is becming mre internatinal.
4．Which statement will the authr prbably agree with?
A．A city can be yung and ld at the same time.
B．A city built n ancient cultures is mre dynamic.
C．Mdernity is usually achieved at the cst f elegance.
D．Cmprmise shuld be made between the lcal and the freign.
Passage 2
（2021·北京·高考真题）Early fifth-century philspher St．Augustine famusly wrte that he knew what time was unless smene asked him．Albert Einstein added anther wrinkle when he therized that time varies depending n where yu measure it．Tday's state-f-the-art atmic（原子的） clcks have prven Einstein right．Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends n the questin yu're asking．
Frget abut time as an abslute．What if，instead f cnsidering time in terms f astrnmy,we related time t eclgy？What if we allwed envirnmental cnditins t set the temp（节奏） f human life？We're increasingly aware f the fact that we can't cntrl Earth systems with engineering alne，and realizing that we need t mderate（调节）ur actins if we hpe t live in balance．What if ur definitin f time reflected that？
Recently，I cnceptualized a new apprach t timekeeping that's cnnected t circumstances n ur planet，cnditins that might change as a result f glbal warming．We're nw building a clck at the Anchrage Museum that reflects the ttal flw f several majr Alaskan rivers，which are sensitive t lcal and glbal envirnmental changes．We've prgrammed it t match an atmic clck if the waterways cntinue t flw at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future n average，the clck will get ahead f standard time．If they run slwer，yu'll see the ppsite effect．
The clck registers bth shrt-term irregularities and lng-term trends in river dynamics．It's a srt f bservatry that reveals hw the rivers are behaving frm their wn tempral frame（时间框架），and allws us t witness thse changes n ur smartwatches r phnes．Anyne wh pts t g n Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmny with the planet．Anyne wh cnsiders river time in relatin t atmic time will encunter a majr imbalance and may be mtivated t cunteract it by cnsuming less fuel r supprting greener plicies．
Even if this methd f timekeeping is nvel in its particulars，early agricultural scieties als cnnected time t natural phenmena．In pre-Classical Greece，fr instance，peple“crrected”fficial calendars by shifting dates frward r backward t reflect the change f seasn．Tempral cnnectin t the envirnment was vital t their survival．Likewise，river time and ther timekeeping systems we're develping may encurage envirnmental awareness．
When St．Augustine admitted his inability t define time， he highlighted ne f time 's mst nticeable qualities：Time becmes meaningful nly in a defined cntext．Any timekeeping system is valid，and each is as praisewrthy as its purpse．
5．What is the main idea f Paragraph 1？
A．Timekeeping is increasingly related t nature．
B．Everyne can define time n their wn terms．
C．The qualities f time vary with hw yu measure it．
D．Time is a majr cncern f philsphers and scientists．
6．The authr raises three questins in Paragraph 2 mainly t________．
A．present an assumptinB．evaluate an argument
C．highlight an experimentD．intrduce an apprach
7．What can we learn frm this passage？
A．Thse wh d nt g n river time will live an imbalanced life．
B．New ways f measuring time can help t cntrl Earth systems．
C．Atmic time will get ahead f river time if the rivers run slwer．
D．Mdern technlgy may help t shape the rivers’ tempral frame．
8．What can we infer frm this passage？
A．It is crucial t imprve the definitin f time． B．A fixed frame will make time meaningless．
C．We shuld live in harmny with nature． D．Histry is a mirrr reflecting reality．
Passage 3
（2021·全国·高考甲卷真题）Wh is a genius? This questin has greatly interested humankind fr centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almst the internatinal symbl fr genius. But we want t g beynd ne man and explre the nature f genius itself. Why is it that sme peple are s much mre intelligent r creative than the rest f us? And wh are they?
In the sciences and arts, thse praised as geniuses were mst ften white men, f Eurpean rigin. Perhaps this is nt a surprise. It's said that histry is written by the victrs, and thse victrs set the standards fr admissin t the genius club. When cntributins were made by geniuses utside the club—wmen, r peple f a different clr r belief—they were unacknwledged and rejected by thers.
A study recently published by Science fund that as yung as age six, girls are less likely than bys t say that members f their gender(性别)are “really, really smart.” Even wrse, the study fund that girls act n that belief: Arund age six they start t avid activities said t be fr children wh are “really, really smart.” Can ur planet affrd t have any great thinkers becme discuraged and give up? It desn't take a genius t knw the answer: abslutely nt.
Here's the gd news. In a wired wrld with cnstant glbal cmmunicatin, we're all psitined t see flashes f genius wherever they appear. And the mre we lk, the mre we will see that scial factrs(因素)like gender, race, and class d nt determine the appearance f genius. As a writer says, future geniuses cme frm thse with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance(毅力), and simple gd frtune, wh are able t change the wrld.”
9．What des the authr think f victrs' standards fr jining the genius club?
A．They're unfair.B．They're cnservative.
C．They're bjective.D．They're strict.
10．What can we infer abut girls frm the study in Science?
A．They think themselves smart. B．They lk up t great thinkers.
C．They see gender differences earlier than bys. D．They are likely t be influenced by scial beliefs
11．Why are mre geniuses knwn t the public?
A．Imprved glbal cmmunicatin. B．Less discriminatin against wmen.
C．Acceptance f victrs' cncepts. D．Changes in peple's scial psitins.
12．What is the best title fr the text?
A．Geniuses Think AlikeB．Genius Takes Many Frms
C．Genius and IntelligenceD．Genius and Luck
Passage 4
（2020·海南·高考真题）In May 1987 the Glden Gate Bridge had a 50th birthday party. The bridge was clsed t mtr traffic s peple culd enjy a walk acrss it. Organizers expected perhaps 50,000 peple t shw up. Instead, as many as 800, 000 crwded the rads t the bridge. By the time 250,000 were n the bridge, engineers nticed smething terrible：the radway was flattening under what turned ut t be the heaviest lad it had ever been asked t carry. Wrse, it was beginning t sway（晃动）. The authrities clsed access t the bridge and tens f thusands f peple made their way back t land. A disaster was avided.
The stry is ne f scres in T Frgive Design：Understanding Failure, a bk that is at nce a lve letter t engineering and a paean（赞歌）t its breakdwns. Its authr, Dr. Henry Petrski, has lng been writing abut disasters. In this bk, he includes the lss f the space shuttles（航天飞机）Challenger and Clumbia, and the sinking f the Titanic.
Thugh he acknwledges that engineering wrks can fail because the persn wh thught them up r engineered them simply gt things wrng, in this bk Dr. Petrski widens his view t cnsider the larger cntext in which such failures ccur. Smetimes devices fail because a gd design is cnstructed with lw quality materials incmpetently applied. Or perhaps a design wrks s well it is adpted elsewhere again and again, with seemingly harmless imprvements, until, suddenly, it des nt wrk at all anymre.
Readers will encunter nt nly stries they have heard befre, but sme new stries and a mving discussin f the respnsibility f the engineer t the public and the ways yung engineers can be helped t grasp them.
"Success is success but that is all that it is," Dr. Petrski writes. It is failure that brings imprvement.
13．What happened t the Glden Gate Bridge n its 50th birthday?
A．It carried mre weight than it culd. B．It swayed vilently in a strng wind
C．Its radway was damaged by vehicles D．Its access was blcked by many peple.
14．Which f the fllwing is Dr. Petrski's idea accrding t paragraph 3?
A．N design is well received everywhere B．Cnstructin is mre imprtant than design.
C．Nt all disasters are caused by engineering design D．Imprvements n engineering wrks are necessary.
15．What des the last paragraph suggest?
A．Failure can lead t prgress.B．Success results in vercnfidence
C．Failure shuld be avided.D．Success cmes frm jint effrts.
16．What is the text?
A．A news reprtB．A shrt stry.
C．A bk reviewD．A research article.
Passage 1 （2022·湖南·周南中学模拟预测）
It used t be a matter f fact when Peter Pan — a character frm James Matthew Barrie’s 1911 bk — said, “All children, except ne, grw up.”
But this “fact” desn’t seem t apply t tday’s wrld any mre.
Accrding t the NPD Grup, a US market research cmpany, sales f tys t adults in the UK increased by mre than 20 percent in 2016, three times the pace f the children’s ty market itself. These tys ranged frm puzzles and Leg building sets t vehicle mdels and actin figures. And mre than half f the sales came frm millennials — peple brn between the 1980s and 2000s.
“Adults f the 21st century are channeling their inner child, ne ty at a time,” cmmented website Kreab. This is als why these adults are smetimes referred t as “kidults”.
Accrding t Frederique Tutt, an analyst at NPD, the mtivatin f these grwnups is t escape the stress f tday’s fastpaced wrld. They are driven tward the mre immediate pleasures brught by tys than thse brught by, say, getting a prmtin, which is far less easy t achieve.
“It reminds me f the playful side f life,” Rb Willner, a 25yearld PhD student in the UK, tld The Telegraph when talking abut his lve fr Leg, which he said brings him bth cmfrt and entertainment. Despite this, sme scial scientists see the trend as disturbing. T Frank Furendi, a prfessr at the University f Kent in the UK, the fact that s many adults are pursuing “the thrills f yuth” is the evidence that “adulthd has gt nthing attractive abut it anymre”, he tld The New Yrk Times. “That’s actually quite sad. ”
But scientists are prbably just wrried t much. Accrding t Canadian cmic bk artist Tdd McFarlane, cllecting tys culd simply be a way fr peple t express their individuality. “It’s just pp culture stuff. It’s stuff that says, ‘I like a little f this and I like a little f that, ’” he tld ABC News. “It’s n big deal.”
S nw that ver 100 years have passed since Peter Pan, perhaps it’s time t intrduce a new “fact”, as stated in the tagline (标语) f the UK fashin brand KIDULT: “Grwing ld is mandatry (被迫的), but grwing up is ptinal.”
1．What des the underlined sentence in Paragraph 2 imply?
A．Smething ld is nt suitable fr a new wrld. B．Many adults still have sme childlike features.
C．All children grw up as they becme adults. D．It’s difficult fr sme children t grw up in tday’s wrld.
2．Which f the fllwing statements is TRUE?
A．Frederique Tutt believes that sme adults enjy playing with children’s tys t escape the stress.
B．Rb Willner believes that the pleasure brught by tys is easier t achieve.
C．Frank Furendi believes that the thrill f yuth des nt attract adults.
D．Tdd McFarlane is wrried t much abut cllecting tys.
3．What is the writer’s attitude twards the trend f grwing kidults?
A．Supprtive.B．Dubtful.C．Critical.D．Indifferent.
4．What can be the best title fr the passage?
A．Grwing up with Peter PanB．Tys Sales n the Rise
C．The Rise f a Trend: KidultsD．Kidults in Fashin Again
Passage 2 （2022·安徽·合肥市第八中学模拟预测）
We are a culture drwning in ur pssessins. We take in mre and mre ( hliday, birthdays, sales, needs ),but rarely find an pprtunity t get rid f it. As a result, ur hmes fill up with s much stuff. And because we believe the best slutin is t find rganizatinal tls t manage all f it, we seek ut bigger cntainers r mre efficient rganizatinal tips and tricks. But simply rganizing ur stuff must be repeated ver and ver.
At its heart, rganizing is simply rearranging. And thugh we may find strage slutins tday, we are quickly frced t find new nes as early as tmrrw. Additinally, rganizing has sme ther majr shrtcmings that are rarely cnsidered. Fr example, it desn’t benefit anyne else. The pssessins we rarely use sit n shelves in ur basements r garages, even while sme f ur clsest friends desperately need them.
On the ther hand, the act f getting rid f stuff frm ur hme accmplishes many purpses. It is nt a temprary slutin. It is an actin f permanence — nce an item has been remved, it is remved cmpletely. Whether we re-sell ur pssessins, dnate them t charity, r give them t a friend, they are immediately put t use by thse wh need them.
Remving pssessins begins t turn back ur desire fr mre as we find freedm and happiness in wning less. And remving urselves frm the all-cnsuming desire t wn mre creates pprtunities fr significant life changes t take place.
If yu’re struggling with hw t get rid f stuff, yu can first challenge yurself t remve the unneeded things in yur hme, carry a trash bag frm rm-t-rm, see hw big f a dnatin pile yu can make, and even eliminate debt by selling what yu n lnger need.
It desn’t matter hw yu remve them, fr it is far better t remve than t always rganize.
5．What is the prblem with simply rganizing stuff?
A．Few tls and tricks are available.B．It needs t be repeated very ften.
C．Peple cannt save mney by rganizing.D．Desire t buy mre disappears by rganizing.
6．Hw can we remve unnecessary pssessins?
A．By reselling them t thers.B．By keeping them in trash bags.
C．By string them in the garage.D．By piling them n the shelves.
7．What des the underlined wrd “eliminate” mean in Paragraph 5?
A．get rid fB．get verC．add tD．take charge f
8．What is the purpse f the passage?
A．T explain the advantages and disadvantages f rganizing things.
B．T infrm readers f the ways t get rid f unnecessary pssessins.
C．T call fr peple t remve stuff instead f just rganizing.
D．T appeal t peple t make dnatins t peple in need.
Passage 3（2022·广西·南宁三中二模）
A recent stry in the Wall Street Jurnal newspaper lked at students wh went t celebrated universities such as Clumbia and New Yrk University, fr advanced degrees in subjects like art, film and even scial wrk. Many f the students said they learned a lt. Hwever, when they graduated, they were deep in debt and did nt think they wuld find wrk that wuld let them pay back their lans.
Students said they spke with Clumbia abut the high cst f advanced arts degrees but never received a reasnable answer. Educatin experts say the schl is very wealthy, with large funds. The University, hwever, prefers t ask the students t pay the full cst.
Kevin Carey is a higher educatin expert fr New America, a public plicy research center. He called master’s degrees “a scam” in a cnversatin. “Charging peple a tn f mney t g int any artistic career is ften super prblematic,” he said.
Castill is an actr in New Yrk City. He earned an MFA frm The Actrs Studi in New Yrk City. Was his MFA wrth the cst? “I d think it was wrth it. I dn’t put a price tag n my educatin r my experience. I think it’s srt f unfrtunate that s many peple take educatin fr granted.” Castill said students wh are thinking abut an advanced degree in art shuld be sure they are ding it because they value the educatin, nt because they want mney r t be famus.
Plazinska is a filmmaker in New Yrk City. She attended graduate schl bth at Baylr University in Texas and at the University f Lwa. Arts graduate prgrams can help students meet and make friends with fellw artists with whm they can wrk thrughut their careers. Fr schl t be f value, students need t remember why they started making art in the beginning. “It’s just fr the pure pleasure f creating and fulfilling myself this way.”
9．What’s the prblem fr students in famus universities fr art advanced degrees?
A．They can’t take lans.B．They can’t find any wrk.
C．They may be heavily in debt.D．They may drp ut f university.
10．What des the underlined wrd “scam” in paragraph 3 mean?
A．Way.B．Trick.C．Skill.D．Game.
11．What des Castill think f his MFA?
A．He thinks highly f it. B．It’s a waste f mney.
C．He takes it fr granted. D．It brings him fame and mney.
12．What can we infer frm the last tw paragraphs?
A．Arts graduate prgrams ensure a prmising future.
B．Students had better cnsider whether they can affrd the fee.
C．Arts graduate prgrams intrduce celebrity artists t their students.
D．Students shuld stick t their riginal purpses while learning.
Passage 4 （2022·山西·太原十二中模拟预测）
A situatin in which the student is trubled by his parents pressuring him t g int a jb area that makes gd mney but he desn’t want t g int that career area, is bad. The questin is whether he shuld g int this jb r nt.
T start ut, yu need t g fr what is best fr YOU even if there wuld be sme negative cnsequences. Yu can't be happy unless yu make decisins that are right fr yu. If yu d nt make yur wn decisins and make decisins that will benefit yu, yur life wuld be a big lie t yurself.
Living a lie wuld nt be a very gd life. The truth is much better than living a lie r sme fantasy wrld. If yur whle life is a lie, then it is nt a very beautiful life at all. In the sng Lyin’Eyes, the wman is living a lie by pretending she lves this ld man, when in reality" she is just in it fr the mney. As a result, her life is miserable and a big lie.
And finally, mney can nt buy happiness. A gd example f this is frm the sng Lyin’ Eyes. The nly reasn the wman married the ld man is fr the mney and gifts she wuld receive. This results in her life being nt at all happy. This just ges t shw that n matter hw much mney yu have yur life still might nt be happy. It takes a lt mre than a bunch f green paper t make yur life a gd ne
In cnclusin, ding what yu want is best. If yu dn’t d what yu want t, yu wn’t be happy with yur life and yur career.
13．What is the passage mainly abut?
A．There is smething mre imprtant than mney in life
B．Yung peple shuld make their wn career decisins
C．Parents shuld nt pressure their children t live a lie
D．Yung peple are happy t make their wn decisins
14．What des The sng Lyin’ Eyes tell peple t d?
A．t d what they are interested inB．t be a respnsible citizen
C．t live a simple lifeD．t face negative cnsequences
15．What can we infer abut the wman in the sng?
A．She lived a happy lifeB．She had a happy marriage
C．She married a rich manD．She ften lied t thers
16．Which f the fllwing is NOT used t supprt the writer’s cnclusin?
A．Yu shuld make yur wn decisins.B．Living a lie wuld nt be gd.
C．Wealth desn’t mean happiness.D．It’s wise t d what yu want.
Passage 5 （2022·北京师大附中三模）
Humans are fascinated by the surce f their failings and virtues. This preccupatin inevitably leads t an ld debate: whether nature r nurture (养育) shapes us mre. A revlutin in genetics has pised this as a mdern plitical questin abut the character f ur sciety: if persnalities are hard-wired int ur genes, what can gvernments d t help us? It feels mrally questinable, yet claims f genetic selectin by intelligence are making headlines.
This is dwn t “hereditarian” (遗传论的) science and a recent paper claimed “differences in exam perfrmance between pupils attending extrardinary and rdinary schls mirrr the genetic differences between them”. With such an assertin, the wrk was predictably greeted by a lt f absurd claims abut “genetics determining academic success”. What the research revealed was the rather less surprising result: the educatinal benefits f extrardinary schls largely disappear nce pupils’ inbrn ability and sci-ecnmic backgrund were taken int accunt. That is t say, there’s nthing t supprt strngly either a hereditary r envirnmental argument.
Yet the paper des say children are “unintentinally genetically selected” by the schl system. Central t hereditarian science is a tall claim: that identifiable variatins in genetic sequences can predict an individual’s ability t learn, reasn and slve prblems. This is prblematic n many levels. A teacher culd nt seriusly tell a parent their child has a lw genetic tendency t study when external factrs clearly exist. Unlike-minded academics say the inheritability f human traits is scientifically unsund. At best there is a weak statistical assciatin and nt a causal link between DNA and intelligence. Yet sphisticated statistics are used t create a frightening atmsphere f scientific certainty.
While there’s an undubted genetic basis t individual difference, it is wrng t think that scially defined grups can be genetically accunted fr. The fixatin n genes as destiny is surely false t. Medical predictability can rarely be based n DNA alne; the envirnment matters t. Smething as cmplex as intellect is likely t be affected by many factrs beynd genes. If hereditarians want t advance their cause it will require mre balanced interpretatin and nt just acts f advcacy. Genetic selectin is a way f exerting influence ver thers, “the ultimate cllective cntrl f human destinies,” as writer H. G. Wells put it. Knwledge becmes pwer and pwer requires a sense f respnsibility. In understanding cgnitive (认知的) ability, we must nt elevate discriminatin t a science: allwing peple t climb the ladder f life nly as far as their cells might suggest. This will need a mre skeptical eye n the science. As technlgy prgresses, we all have a duty t make sure that we shape a future that we wuld want t find urselves in.
17．What did a recent research paper claim?
A．The type f schl students attend makes a difference t their future.
B．Genetic differences between students are far greater than suppsed.
C．Students’ academic perfrmance is smewhat determined by their genes.
D．The advantages f extrardinary schls are t bvius t ignre.
18．What des the authr say abut the relatinship between DNA and intelligence?
A．It is ne f scientific certainty.B．It is nt ne f cause and effect.
C．It is subject t interpretatin f statistics.D．It is nt fully examined by gene scientists.
19．What d hereditarians need t d t make their claims cnvincing?
A．Take all relevant factrs int accunt in interpreting their data.
B．Cnduct their research using mre sphisticated technlgy.
C．Gather gene data frm peple f all scial classes.
D．Cperate with scial scientists in their research.
20．What des the authr warn against in the passage?
A．Lsing sight f prfessinal ethics in cnducting research.
B．Misunderstanding the findings f human cgnitin research.
C．Prmting discriminatin in the name f science.
D．Exaggerating the pwer f technlgy in shaping the wrld.
Passage 6（2022·湖北·华中师大一附中模拟预测）
The stry f The emperr’s new clthes is ne f Andersen’s best-knwn wrks. Cheaters fl the emperr int believing they have made him a fantastic suit. Curtiers (侍臣) dare nt say that the emperr is naked; it takes a child t pint ut the bvius. Hw many cmpanies have plughed ahead with expensive prjects that were favured by the CEO, even when ther managers have had dubts? The mral is that peple are ften t restricted by scial practice t state their views.
In his new bk Rebel Ideas: The Pwer f Diverse Thinking, Matthew Syed argues that the key t dealing with this prblem is “cgnitive (认知) diversity”, in ther wrds, assembling a team f peple with different perspectives and intellectual backgrunds. It is nt just abut selecting peple fr teams frm bth sexes and varius races. Hire nly Cambridge plitics graduates r Stanfrd sftware engineers and they will have studied under the same prfessrs and absrbed similar wrld views regardless f their gender r skin clur.
There is anther element t selecting a gd team: ensuring that thse viewpints are heard and respected. A study f ver 300 prjects by the Rtterdam Schl f Management fund that thse led by junir managers were mre likely t succeed than thse led by senir managers—maybe because ther team members were less scared abut pinting ut ptential dangers t smene f lwer rank.
The ability t speak up within an rganizatin, withut fear f punishment, is knwn as “psychlgical safety”. Mr. Syed cites a study f teams at Ggle, which fund that self-reprted psychlgical safety was by far the mst imprtant factr behind successful teamwrk at the technlgy giant.
One way t vercme shyness while brainstrming, fr instance, is fr everyne t write dwn their ideas but ensure their names are never knwn. That way, pinins abut thughts are less clsely tied t the status f the thinker and can be tested against each ther with less fear r favur.
21．Why is The stry f the emperr’s new clthes mentined?
A．T cnfirm its ppularity.B．T argue fr children’s wisdm.
C．T make fun f the adults.D．T indicate the imprtance f speaking up.
22．Which f the fllwing makes an effective team?
A．Peple with the same cgnitive rigin. B．Peple with mre races and gender.
C．Peple with varius academic backgrunds. D．Peple fllwing their leaders uncnditinally.
23．Why des a team with a junir manager tend t succeed?
A．It encurages members t cmpete.B．It creates a relaxing atmsphere.
C．It allws members t vice pinins.D．It thinks little f scial ranks.
24．What d we knw abut “psychlgical safety”?
A．It is a term invented by Mr. Syed.B．It cntributes t diversity thinking.
C．It is a secret weapn f the Ggle.D．It is a prject dne at the Rtterdam.
Passage 7 （2022·上海·复旦附中模拟预测）
Last week came slid evidence that living in txic Britain can seriusly harm yur health. Cardilgists at Queen Mary University f Lndn fund that even "safe" levels f air pllutin are linked t heart abnrmalities similar t thse seen during the early stages f heart failure. Their study f almst 4,000 peple was backed up by a majr US study which shwed that higher expsure t fine particles and nitrgen xides is linked t an acceleratin in the hardening f the arteries (动脉).
We have lng knwn that air pllutin leads t cughing, shrtness f breath and irritatin in the eyes, nse and thrat. It is als clearly linked t respiratry diseases such as asthma and brnchitis, as well as diabetes and sme cancers. It is nw beynd dubt that children's health is greatly affected, and links have been made between it and Parkinsn's, Alzheimer's, dementia and cngenital birth defects.
The statistics are alarming. In the UK, mre than 2 millin peple suffer frm cardivascular (心血管的) diseases, and nearly ne in seven men and ne in 12 wmen will g n t die frm them. Heart disease csts the UK ecnmy nearly £30 bn a year t treat, as much as the state spends n secndary educatin. It is ne f the greatest single drains n the public purse. Britain, hwever, rejects cmmn sense, and shws little sign that it wants t seriusly address pllutin any time sn.
Despite the munting evidence f air pllutin's csts and health impact, Britain has had t be dragged screaming thrugh the curts t make it cmply with minimal clean air guidelines and laws. Successive gvernments have cntinually tried t evade their legal respnsibilities, spending millins f punds fighting in the curts and lbbying the EU t be allwed t cntinue t pllute.
The gvernment nw has a new draft clean air strategy ur fr cnsultatin until 14 August and claims t be acting faster t tackle air pllutin than almst every ther majr develped ecnmy. It pledges t halve the number f peple living in places that d nt meet Wrld Health Organizatin pllutin guidelines, and it prpse t end the sale f new diesel and petrl cars and vans by 2040.
But intending t cut the air pllutin bill by arund 12.5% in 12 years and waiting 20 years t be rid f the wrst vehicles seems criminally weak. Meanwhile, gvernment is knwingly frging ahead with infrastructure plans that will inevitably increase air pllutin. The effect will inevitably be t massively increase air pllutin and health csts fr millins f Britns.
S culd the car-clgged streets f Sunder-land, Birmingham and Lndn, where I lived fr many years, have cntributed t my disease and thse f millins f thers? Prbably. Culd the il cmpanies be respnsible fr far mre than climate change? Certainly. Culd Britain's mnstrus and munting bill fr heart disease be partly due t the highly plluting diesel cars that gvernments s scandalusly encuraged us t drive? Quite pssibly.
What is certain is that air pllutin is nw an internatinal scandal, and the cause f a health emergency that gvernments and industry have failed t address. It undubtedly threatens life mre than any war r disaster. When there are clear alternatives t burning fssil fuels then pliticians wh d nt act t prevent it must stand accused nt just f failing t act, but f cndning the mass pisning f their peple.
25．Accrding t the study, ________ is prbably unrelated t air pllutin.
A．diabetesB．stmachachesC．AlzheimerD．artery hardening
26．The writer thinks Britain shws little sign t tackle air pllutin because ________.
A．British gvernment has been screaming fr help in curt
B．EU has dissuaded British gvernment fr help in curt
C．British gvernment has tried t have EU's permissin fr mre pllutin
D．The gvernment firmly refused t act in accrdance with the clean air guideline.
27．What is the writer's attitude tward the new draft?
A．Britain will implement it faster than ther majr develped ecnmies.
B．It presents a practical way t end pllutin frm vehicles.
C．Its gal will be achieved at the price f massive health cst.
D．It's aiming t lw when mre pllutin is expected.
28．What can be inferred frm the article?
A．Gvernment fficials shuld feel disgraced fr nn-actin as leaders.
B．The gvernment shuld cver the bills fr air pllutin and related diseases.
C．Oil cmpanies shuld nt be held accuntable fr the internatinal scandal.
D．British gvernment is an irrespnsible ne fr encuraging peple t use vehicles.
Passage 8 （2022·重庆南开中学模拟预测）
In his 1939 essay Selfishness and Self-Lne, Erich Frmm, a wrld-famus psychlgist declared that “mdern culture teaches that t be selfish is evil and that t lve thers is virtuus.” In his essay, Frmm argues that such a teaching culd make peple feel guilty t shw themselves healthy self-lve, which he defines as the respect fr ne’s wn happiness, grwth, and freedm.
Frmm argues that selfishness, an interest nly in neself, is actually the ppsite f self-lve, which means the ability t give with pleasure and als t respect the needs f thers. T Frmm, lve is an attitude whether it is directed utward r inward. In cntrast, Frmm argued that selfishness is a kind f greediness “which exhausts the persn in an endless effrt t satisfy his wn needs withut ever reaching satisfactin”.
Inspired by Frmm’s essay, Abraham Maslw wrte an essay in which he distinguished “healthy selfishness” frm unhealthy selfishness. Maslw argued that “we must nt assume that selfish r unselfish behavir is either gd r bad. It may be true that at certain times, selfish behavir is gd, but at ther times, it is bad. It is als the case cncerning unselfish behavir.” Maslw ges n t state that what appears t be unselfish behavir may cme ut f selfish mtivatins. Maslw stressed that it is smetimes necessary t teach peple at certain times t engage in a “healthfully selfish manner”—t have a healthy respect fr ne’s self cming ut f inner riches.
A recent analysis f literature fund that peple wh care abut the welfare f thers experience greater relatinship well-being. Hwever, such relatinship well-being is maximized when peple are nt neglecting themselves in their care fr thers. Therefre, althugh the benefits f caring abut thers’ welfare have been well-dcumented, the rle f healthy selfishness in cntributing t relatinship well-being may have been ignred.
29．T Frmm, mdern culture teaches that peple shuld .
A．feel ashamed t be selfish B．be punished if they’re selfish
C．be frbidden t talk abut selfishness D．feel guilty if they dn’t lve themselves
30．Hw is Paragraph 2 mainly develped?
A．By listing figures.B．By analyzing causes.
C．By prviding examples.D．By cmparing definitins.
31．Which f the fllwing statements may Maslw agree with?
A．Selfish behavir is bad all the time. B．Unselfish behavir shuld be valued mre.
C．Rich peple have a healthy respect fr ne’s self. D．Selfish mtivatins may lead t unselfish behavir.
32．What can we cnclude frm the last paragraph?
A．Our welfare is nly based n ur care fr thers.
B．Peple shuld care abut themselves mre than thers.
C．Peple wh care abut thers dn’t care abut themselves.
D．Healthy selfishness can cntribute t ur relatinship well-being.
Passage 9 （2022·北京·人大附中三模）
Blind imitatin is self-destructin. T thse wh d nt recgnize their unique wrth, imitatin appears attractive; t thse wh knw their strength, imitatin is unacceptable.
In the early stages f skill r character develpment, imitatin is helpful. When I first learned t ck, I used recipes and turned ut sme tasty dishes. But sn I grew bred. Why fllw smene else’s way f cking when I culd create my wn? Imitating rle mdelsis like using training wheels n a child’s bicycle; they help yu get ging, but nce yu find yur wn balance, yu fly faster and farther withut relying n them.
In daily life, imitatin can hurt us if we subcnsciusly (下意识地) hld pr rle mdels. If, as a child, yu bserved peple whse lives were bad, yu may have accepted their fear and pain as nrmal and gne n t fllw what they did. If yu d nt make strng chices fr yurself, yu will get the results f the weak chices f thers.
In the field f entertainment, ur culture glrifies celebrities. Thse stars lk great n screen. But when they step ff screen, their persnal lives may be disastrus. If yu are ging t fllw smene, fcus n their talent, nt their bad character r unacceptable behavirs.
Blessed is the persn willing t act n their sudden desire t create smething unique. Think f the mvies, bks, teachers, and friends that have affected yu mst deeply. They tuched yu because their creatins were mtivated by inspiratin, nt desperatin. The wrld is changed nt by thse wh d what has been dne befre them, but by thse wh d what has been dne inside them. Creative peple have an endless resurce f ideas. The prblem a creatr faces is nt running ut f material; it is what t d with the material kncking at the dr f imaginatin.
Study yur rle mdels, accept the gifts they have given, and leave behind what des nt serve. Then yu can say, “I stand n the shulders f my ancestrs’ tragedies and declare victry, and knw that they are cheering n.”
33．Imitatin prves useful when yu________.
A．knw yu are unique B．lse the balance f life
C．begin t learn smething new D．get tired f rutine practice
34．Accrding t the authr, the wrld mves n because f thse wh are________.
A．desperate t influence thers with their knwledge B．ready t turn their riginal ideas int reality
C．eager t discver what their ancestrs did D．willing t accept thers’ ideas
35．The truble a creatr faces is________.
A．the lack f strng mtivatin B．the absence f practical ideas
C．hw t search fr mre materials D．hw t use imaginatin creatively
36．What is the authr’s purpse in writing this passage?
A．T highlight the imprtance f creativity. B．T criticize the characters f rle mdels.
C．T cmpare imitatin with creatin. D．T explain the meaning f success.
Passage 10 （2022·广东广州·三模）
Yu lk up at the sky n a clear and dark night, yu’ll see mre stars than yur eyes can cunt. Mst f these stars have planets, similar t ur wn, rbiting them. With s many celestial bdies flating ut in space, yu can’t help but questin whether ther frms f life exist in the universe. And if that’s the case, is it pssible t cntact them?
Science is still smewhat divided n this issue. Currently, n evidence exists t suggest that intelligent life exists elsewhere in the universe. Yet with an estimated ne trillin planets in ur galaxy alne, it seems highly likely that Earthlings aren’t the nly intelligent creatures ut there. Sme claim that life can nly develp under perfect circumstances, and Earth is perhaps the nly example f this. Other scientists bject t this claim, and pint ut that even n Earth, life can find a way under the mst extreme circumstances.
Sme peple believe that aliens have already visited ur planet, but this infrmatin is being kept secret by gvernments. The mst famus incident f this kind ccurred in Rswell, New Mexic in 1947. On that date, many residents reprted seeing an unusual flying disc streak thrugh the sky, befre it crashed in a field. When the military heard abut the crash, they quickly sealed ff the area. A few hurs later, the army base annunced that it had recvered a flying disk. Shrtly after, this statement was retracted and it was said that it was a weather balln that crashed. Hwever, years later ne lcal mrtician even claimed that the military had him secretly perfrm an autpsy n a dead alien bdy.
Others believe that there certainly are ther life frms ut there, but the distance between us is t great. Even if we culd smehw create a spaceship that travels at the speed f light, it wuld still prbably take several lifetimes t reach them. Then again, we might never have t d this if aliens reach us first.
37．Why d sme scientists think there is life n ther planets?
A．Because an unusual flying disc was ever witnessed.
B．Because life exists despite extreme cnditins as thse n the Earth d.
C．Because the gvernment’s statement seemed suspicius.
D．Because there are a great number f planets in the universe.
38．What des the underlined wrd “retracted” in paragraph 3 mean?
A．Examined again t guarantee the crrectness.B．Emphasized again t persuade peple.
C．Frmally taken back what has been said.D．Seriusly criticized due t pr evidence
39．Which f the fllwing might be the best title fr the text?
A．Are we alne in the universe?B．Is it pssible t cntact aliens?
C．Intelligent life in the universe.D．Planets flating ut in space.
40．Hw des the authr sund in the passage?
A．Objective.B．Humrus.C．Cautius.D．Anxius.
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