专题03 2024年高考英语阅读理解解题技巧

这是一份专题03 2024年高考英语阅读理解解题技巧，共31页。试卷主要包含了6 阅读理解B）等内容，欢迎下载使用。

\l "_Tc27825" Part 1 考试说明与命题趋势 PAGEREF _Tc27825 \h 2
\l "_Tc26253" Part2 设问方式和考题类型 PAGEREF _Tc26253 \h 2
\l "_Tc15830" Part 3 细节题选项特征 PAGEREF _Tc15830 \h 3
\l "_Tc12883" Part 4 细节题解题秘籍 PAGEREF _Tc12883 \h 3
\l "_Tc19204" Part 5 定位词的寻找技巧 PAGEREF _Tc19204 \h 9
\l "_Tc12004" 第二部分 主旨大意题 PAGEREF _Tc12004 \h 11
\l "_Tc2072" Part1：主旨大意题分类和选项特点 PAGEREF _Tc2072 \h 11
\l "_Tc497" Part2：三大类分项突破 PAGEREF _Tc497 \h 13
\l "_Tc2107" 类型一 标题归纳题 PAGEREF _Tc2107 \h 13
\l "_Tc19787" 类型二 文章大意题 PAGEREF _Tc19787 \h 15
\l "_Tc7170" 类型三 段落大意题 PAGEREF _Tc7170 \h 17
\l "_Tc9496" 第三部分 推理判断题 PAGEREF _Tc9496 \h 19
\l "_Tc32086" Part1：推理判断题命题方向 PAGEREF _Tc32086 \h 19
\l "_Tc24720" Part2：推断题题型特点 PAGEREF _Tc24720 \h 20
\l "_Tc24502" Part4：推断题解题技巧（思维导图+真题演练） PAGEREF _Tc24502 \h 22
\l "_Tc25010" 第四部分 词义猜测题 PAGEREF _Tc25010 \h 26
\l "_Tc12196" Part1：词义猜测题特点 PAGEREF _Tc12196 \h 26
\l "_Tc5010" Part2：词义猜测题七大猜词技巧 PAGEREF _Tc5010 \h 27
\l "_Tc25129" 1.根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测 PAGEREF _Tc25129 \h 27
\l "_Tc7218" 2.根据同位关系进行猜测 PAGEREF _Tc7218 \h 28
\l "_Tc32219" 3.根据构词法(前缀、后缀、派生等)进行猜测 PAGEREF _Tc32219 \h 29
\l "_Tc26114" 4.根据因果关系进行猜测 PAGEREF _Tc26114 \h 29
\l "_Tc4308" 5.根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测 PAGEREF _Tc4308 \h 30
\l "_Tc1658" 6.根据同义或近义关系进行猜测 PAGEREF _Tc1658 \h 30
\l "_Tc9064" 7.根据转折或对比关系进行猜测 PAGEREF _Tc9064 \h 31
第一部分 细节理解题
Part 1 考试说明与命题趋势
文章主题和中心思想的阐述往往需要大量细节信息的支持，这些细节对于理解全文内容至关重要，同时也是归纳和概括文章中心思想的基础。命题人员往往会要求考生根据不同的要求，阅读文章以获得某些特定的信息或准确地寻求所需的细节。这类试题有时比较直接，理解字面意思即可；有时则较为间接，需要归纳、概括和推理才能答题。
Part2 设问方式和考题类型
设问方式
常针对文中细节提问，可直接或间接在文章中找到答案。
1. 是非题形式：true/ false或except?
All f the fllwing are true EXCEPT _____.
2.特殊疑问句形式：
Accrding t the passage, wh/ what/ when/ where / why / hw…
3.填空题形式，如：
T avid attracting muntain lins, peple are advised_____
题目类型
1.Wh-细节型
2.是非型
3.计算型
4.排序型
5.图标型
Part 3 细节题选项特征
(一)细节理解题正确选项特征
(二)细节理解题干扰选项特征
Part 4 细节题解题秘籍
细节理解题有时比较直接，理解字面意思即可答题；有时则较为间接，需要归纳、概括和推理才能答题。细节理解题占阅读理解总题量的60%左右，是最重要的得分点。
细节理解题无论以怎样的方式提问，考生都要记住一个解题原则——“本本主义”，一切从原文出发，无须读很多段落甚至全文后去归纳总结、分析推理，正确答案就对应原文的某一处具体信息。可以用两步法解题。
一．直接信息题
考生可以采取“关键词定位法”，即“带着问题找答案”的方法，通过定位找题眼。先从题干中提取关键性词语(题眼)，然后以此为线索，运用略读及寻读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此关键词相关的段落、语句，快速定位该题与哪一段哪一句有关，然后仔细推敲，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定答案。简言之，可采用“一找二定三比对”的方法。解题流程如下：
做题小技巧：
1.若针对特殊标点符号,举例子,名人名言出题,只需要阅读符号，例子,名言前后的内容，然后与选项核对。
2.在出现一些关键词，如hwever、but、mrever、therefre、 thus时，要特别注意句子前后意义的转折，递进，因果等关系。
3.细节题的答案一般是同义替换项或者同义转换项
4.选项中有绝对语气词的一般不是答案。如：must, never, the mst, all, merely, nly, have t, any, n, cmpletely, nne,等。但不是绝对，也有例外。
5.注意选项中的副词，形容词和介词短语等与原文是否一致。如： must, may, ften, shuld, usually, might, mst, mre r less, likely, all, never，few 等存在程度不同，经常被偷换，往往被忽视。
6.细节题干扰项特点：与原文内容相反；与原文内容一半相符，一半不同；叙述过于绝对化；原文没有提及.
例子1
…
I fund the pre­hlidays a gd time t encurage yung children t dnate less­used things, and it wrked. Because f ur effrts, ur daughter Gergia did decide t dnate a large bag f tys t a little girl whse mther was unable t pay fr her hliday due t illness. She chse t sell a few larger bjects that were less ften used when we prmised t put the mney int her schl fund (基金) (ur kindergarten daughter is serius abut becming a dctr)．
…
33．What made Gergia agree t sell sme f her bjects?
A．Saving up fr her hliday.
B．Raising mney fr a pr girl.
C．Adding the mney t her fund.
D．Giving the mney t a sick mther.
[解题示范]
第一步：定信息区间
第二步：比对定答案
二．间接信息题
相比直接信息题，命题的隐蔽性更强，正确选项一般都会在原文基础上进行改造。此类题目需要考生将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，有时还需要进一步的加工或整理。
例子2…
Of the cmmn berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, althugh, because f their seeds, raspberries cntain a little mre prtein (蛋白质), irn and zinc (nt that fruits have much prtein). Blueberries are particularly high in antixidants (抗氧化物质). The yellw and range stne fruits such as peaches are high in the cartenids we turn int vitamin A and which are antixidants. As fr cherries (樱桃), they are s delicius wh cares? Hwever, they are rich in vitamin C.
…
24．What des the authr seem t like abut cherries?
A．They cntain prtein.
B．They are high in vitamin A.
C．They have a pleasant taste.
D．They are rich in antixidants.
[解题示范]
第一步：定信息区间
第二步：比对定答案
三．概括、归纳信息题
是指命题人用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，这是命题人设计细节理解题的正确选项时经常使用的手段之一。考生首先应依据题干指向，找到文中相应的信息区间，然后尝试用自己的语言去归纳总结文中的信息或事实，然后再看选项，挑选出和自己所归纳总结的信息最接近的选项作为正确答案。
例子3…
At present, the wrld has abut 6,800 languages. The distributin f these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild znes have relatively few languages, ften spken by many peple, while ht, wet znes have lts, ften spken by small numbers. Eurpe has nly arund 200 languages; the Americas abut 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, f which Papua New Guinea alne accunts fr well ver 800. The median number (中位数) f speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the wrld's languages are spken by fewer peple than that.
…
30．Hw many languages are spken by less than 6,000 peple at present?
A．Abut 6,800. B．Abut 3,400.
C．Abut 2,400. D．Abut 1,200.
[解题示范]
第一步：定信息区间
第二步：比对定答案
四．正误判断题
是细节理解题中解题比较繁琐的题目，说其繁琐，因为其信息不像其他类题目那样集中在文章的某一句或某一段，而是分散在文章的各个角落。对于这类题目，考生要静下心来，看清范围，确定方向，找到每一个选项的对应信息后，谨慎排除，综合选优。
例子4
Fd festivals arund the wrld
Stiltn Cheese Rlling
May Day is a traditinal day fr celebratins, but the 2,000 English villagers f Stiltn must be the nly peple in the wrld wh include cheese rlling in their annual plans. Teams f fur, dressed in a variety f strange and funny clthes, rll a cmplete cheese alng a 50­metre curse. On the way, they must nt kick r thrw their cheese, r g int their cmpetitrs' lane (赛道)．Cmpetitin is fierce and the chief prize is a cmplete Stiltn cheese weighing abut fur kils (disappintingly, but understandably the cheeses used in the race are wden nes). All the cmpetitrs are served with beer r prt wine, the traditinal accmpaniment fr Stiltn cheese.
Fiery Fds Festival — The Httest Festival n Earth
Every year mre than 10,000 peple head fr the city f Albuquerque, New Mexic. They cme frm as far away as Australia, the Caribbean and China, but they all share a cmmn addictin — fd that is nt just spicy (辛辣), but ht enugh t make yur muth burn, yur head spin and yur eyes water. Their destinatin is the Fiery Fd and BBQ Festival which is held ver a perid f three days every March. Yu might like t try a chclate­cvered habaner pepper — fficially the httest pepper in the wrld — r any ne f the thusands f prducts that are n shw. But ne thing's fr sure — if yu dn't like the feeling f a burning tngue, this festival isn't fr yu!
La Tmatina — The Wrld's Biggest Fd Fight
On the last Wednesday f every August, the Spanish twn f Buñl hsts La Tmatina — the wrld's largest fd fight. A week­lng celebratin leads up t an exciting tmat battle as the highlight f the week's events. The early mrning sees the arrival f large trucks with tmates — fficial fight­starters get things ging by casting tmates at the crwd.
…
59．Which f the fllwing is TRUE accrding t the passage?
A．The chief prize fr the Stiltn cheese rlling cmpetitin is beer r prt wine.
B．Mre than 10,000 Chinese take part in the Fiery Fd and BBQ Festival.
C．Thusands f spicy fds are n shw in the Fiery Fd and BBQ Festival.
D．An exciting tmat battle takes place at the beginning f La Tmatina.
[解题示范]
第一步：定信息区间
第二步：逐一比对定答案
[答案] C
Part 5 定位词的寻找技巧
1.定位词的选用
(1)特殊定位词
在很多题目当中会出现人名、地名、数字、年份和大写字母缩写这五类特殊词。因为它们的特点是在一篇多数是英文小写字母的文章里非常的醒目，所以很快就能够做到精确定位。
[示例1]
HUNCH is designed t cnnect high schl classrms with NASA engineers.Fr the past tw years，Grdn’s students have been studying ways t kill bacteria in zer gravity，and they think they’re clse t a slutin(解决方案).“We dn’t give the students any breaks.They have t d it just like NASA engineers，” says Flrence Gld，a prject manager.
33.What is the purpse f the HUNCH prgram?
A.T strengthen teacher-student relatinships.
B.T sharpen students’ cmmunicatin skills.
C.T allw students t experience zer gravity.
D.T link space technlgy with schl educatin.
分析：选D。本题可以根据特殊定位词HUNCH可以定位到本段的第一句“HUNCH is designed t cnnect high schl classrms with NASA engineers.”可知，HUNCH项目的目的是把学校教育与航天技术联系在一起，故答案为D。
(2)普通定位词
普通定位词与特殊定位词相比，出现的几率更高。当我们看到题中没有特殊定位词的情况下，要思考的就是在这道似乎没有啥重点的词语中挑选出最能帮助我们快速找到定位的词语。可以当做定位词的首选是名词，其次是动词。
[示例2]
In Save Mney：Gd Fd，she visits a different hme each week and with the help f chef Matt Tebbutt ffers tp tips n hw t reduce fd waste，while preparing recipes fr under ￡5 per family a day.And the Gd Mrning Britain presenter says she’s been able t put a lt f what she’s learnt int practice in her wn hme，preparing meals fr sns，Sam，14，Finn，13，and Jack，11.
25.Hw des Matt Tebbutt help Susanna?
A.He buys cking materials fr her.
B.He prepares fd fr her kids.
C.He assists her in cking matters.
D.He invites guest families fr her.
分析：选C。 由于比较醒目人名Matt Tebbutt和 Susanna在文中出现多次，所以不能作为定位词。本题可以利用题干中的动词help来定位，从而找到原文信息“with the help f chef Matt Tebbutt ffers tp tips n hw t reduce fd waste”。
2.挑选定位词的注意点
(1)文章中的高频词不能作为定位词
定位词的最大优势就是可以缩小阅读范围，如果我们定位了一个在文章中处处可能出现的词语，那就失去了定位的意义。
(2)定位词和文中词有可能是词义转换
在实际做题过程中还要注意，不是所有的题目都可以用定位词来定位的。而且如果是遇到细节信息定位题，很多时候定位词的作用被削弱了，因为题目中的词和文中的词会以同义词替换的形式出现。所以建议考生一方面要掌握如何去找定位词，另外一方面要提高自己的阅读词汇量，尤其是同义词转换，这样才能一击必中，快速找到答案出现的地方解决问题。
[示例1]
Cherry Blssm Bike Tur in Washingtn，D.C.
Duratin：3 hurs
This small grup bike tur is a fantastic way t see the wrld-famus cherry trees with beautiful flwers f Washingtn， guide will prvide a histry lessn abut the trees and the famus mnuments where they blssm.Reserve yur spt befre availability—and the cherry blssms—disappear!
21.Which tur d yu need t bk in advance?
A.Cherry Blssm Bike Tur in Washingtn，D.C.
B.Washingtn Capital Mnuments Bicycle Tur.
C.Capital City Bike Tur in Washingtn，D.C.
D.Washingtn Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tur.
分析：选A。本题可以用同义词定位：bk in advance ＝reserve“预约”。根据第一条自行车旅行路线中的“Reserve yur spt befre availability—and the cherry blssms—disappear！”可知，选择这条自行车旅行路线需要提前预订。
主旨大意题
Part1：主旨大意题分类和选项特点
主旨大意题考查的是考生对文章内容的深层次理解，它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下，对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象。主旨大意题分为标题类和主题类。
主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的题目，因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。此类题目可分为三大类，即标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。要做好主旨大意题，我们首先必须了解其正确选项和干扰选项的特征。
Part2：三大类分项突破
类型一 标题归纳题
一、常见设问方式
·The best title f the passage is ________.
·Which f the fllwing is the best title f the passage?
·What wuld be the best title fr the passage?
·The mst apprpriate title f the passage is ______.
二、解题必备知能
(一)理解标题的3大特点
一个好的标题应具备三大特点：
1．概括性——准确而又简短；
2．针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符；
3．醒目性——能引发读者的阅读欲望。
(二)巧用3大方法确定文章标题
1．正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；
2．反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文章对照，一一排除不符选项；
3．研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等。
例子1
Gd Mrning Britain's Susanna Reid is used t grilling guests n the sfa every mrning, but she is cking up a strm in her latest rle — shwing families hw t prepare delicius and nutritius meals n a tight budget.
In Save Mney: Gd Fd, she visits a different hme each week and with the help f chef Matt Tebbutt ffers tp tips n hw t reduce fd waste, while preparing recipes fr under ￡5 per family a day. And the Gd Mrning Britain presenter says she's been able t put a lt f what she's learnt int practice in her wn hme, preparing meals fr sns, Sam, 14, Finn, 13, and Jack, 11.
“We lve Mexican churrs, s I buy them n my phne frm my lcal Mexican takeaway restaurant，” she explains. “I pay ￡5 fr a prtin (一份), but Matt makes them fr 26p a prtin, because they are flur, water, sugar and il. Everybdy can buy takeaway fd, but smetimes we're nt aware hw cheaply we can make this fd urselves.”
The eight­part series (系列节目), Save Mney: Gd Fd, fllws in the ftsteps f ITV's Save Mney: Gd Health, which gave viewers advice n hw t get value frm the vast range f health prducts n the market.
With fd ur biggest weekly husehld expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tnight's Easter special they cme t the aid f a family in need f sme delicius inspiratin n a budget. The team transfrms the family's lng weekend f celebratin with less expensive but still tasty recipes.
27．What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A．Keeping Fit by Eating Smart
B．Balancing Our Daily Diet
C．Making Yurself a Perfect Chef
D．Cking Well fr Less
[解题示范]
第一步：读文章，概括文意
本文是一篇新闻报道。《早安英国》的节目主持人苏珊娜·瑞德新推出了一档节目——Save Mney: Gd Fd，向观众展示如何用较少的预算做出美味营养的饭菜。
第二步：析选项，斟酌判断
[答案] D
类型二 文章大意题
一、常见设问方式
·What's the main idea/pint f the passage?
·The passage is mainly abut ________.
·The passage is mainly cncerned abut ________.
·Which f the fllwing best states the main idea f the passage?
·Which f the fllwing statements best expresses the main idea/theme f the passage?
·In this passage the authr discusses primarily ________.
·The subject discussed in this text is ________.
·The general/main idea f the passage is abut ________.
二、解题必备知能
掌握寻找主题句的4个小窍门，快速确定文章大意
文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思想服务的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心的基础上的。找出每小段的主题句，各段的主题句常在该段的首句或尾句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要进一步加工概括。观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的“重心”和支撑性细节。
用浏览法(skimming)，即快速阅读文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主题线索和主题信息的方法可以快速找到主题句。以下是找主题句的四个小窍门：
1．段落中出现表示转折的词语(如hwever, but, in fact, actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。
2．首段出现疑问句时，对该问句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。
3．作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。
4．表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefre, thus, in shrt, cnclude, cnclusin等词，通常是主旨。
例子2
Languages have been cming and ging fr thusands f years, but in recent times there has been less cming and a lt mre ging. When the wrld was still ppulated by hunter­gatherers, small, tightly knit (联系) grups develped their wn patterns f speech independent f each ther. Sme language experts believe that 10,000 years ag, when the wrld had just five t ten millin peple, they spke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.
Sn afterwards, many f thse peple started settling dwn t becme farmers, and their languages t became mre settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisatin, the develpment f the natin­state and the spread f universal cmpulsry educatin, especially glbalisatin and better cmmunicatins in the past few decades, all have caused many languages t disappear, and dminant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking ver.
At present, the wrld has abut 6,800 languages. The distributin f these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild znes have relatively few languages, ften spken by many peple, while ht, wet znes have lts, ften spken by small numbers. Eurpe has nly arund 200 languages; the Americas abut 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, f which Papua New Guinea alne accunts fr well ver 800. The median number (中位数) f speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the wrld's languages are spken by fewer peple than that.
Already well ver 400 f the ttal f 6,800 languages are clse t extinctin (消亡), with nly a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at randm, Busuu in Camern (eight remaining speakers), Chiapanec in Mexic (150), Lipan Apache in the United States (tw r three) r Wadjigu in Australia (ne, with a questin­mark): nne f these seems t have much chance f survival.
31．What is the main idea f the text?
A．New languages will be created.
B．Peple's lifestyles are reflected in languages.
C．Human develpment results in fewer languages.
D．Gegraphy determines language evlutin.
[解题示范]
第一步：读文章，概括文意
文章介绍了世界上语言的种类随着人类社会的发展而逐渐减少这一现象。
第二步：析选项，斟酌判断
[答案] C
类型三 段落大意题
一、常见设问方式
·What des the authr tell us in Paragraph
·The main idea f the secnd paragraph prbably is ________.
·The first paragraph is mainly abut ________.
·Which f the fllwing can best summarize Para.1?
·What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
二、解题必备知能
归纳段落大意的2种方法
方法1：概括段落大意
要准确概括某段的大意，务必要知道该段的逻辑结构。
(1)如果该段是按总分顺序组织，首句做总的说明，其他句子对其进行具体论述，这种结构的主题句就在段首；
(2)如果按分总顺序组织，主题句就在段尾；
(3)如果按分总分的顺序组织，则主题句就在这段话的中间；
(4)如果按总分总的顺序，段落结构相对难度较低，我们可以很明显的看到一段的首句和末句的内容几乎完全一致，正确答案就呼之欲出了；
(5)如果按并列式行文，这种结构的段落一般会在一段中讨论两个平行的内容，整个段落可以从中间处分开，前后是平行关系，这样的段落结构对应的答案通常也会是很明显的并列关系；
(6)如果对比各事物，那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意。
方法2：揣摩段落大意
有时，作者可能不直接写出主题句，而是通过各种方法暗示给读者，这就需要充分发挥读者的想象力与判断力，揣摩段落大意。
例子3
Terrafugia Inc. said Mnday that its new flying car has cmpleted its first flight, bringing the cmpany clser t its gal f selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle — named the Transitin — has tw seats, fur wheels and wings that fld up s it can be driven like a car. The Transitin, which flew at 1,400 feet fr eight minutes last mnth, can reach arund 70 miles per hur n the rad and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23­galln tank f gas and burns 5 gallns per hur in the air. On the grund, it gets 35 miles per galln.
…
28．What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A．The basic data f the Transitin.
B．The advantages f flying cars.
C．The ptential market fr flying cars.
D．The designers f the Transitin.
[解题示范]
第一步：读文章，概括段意
该段没有主题句，但是从以下几个方面说明了飞车the Transitin的相关情况：
①制造商：Terrafugia Inc.
②首飞成功：cmpleted its first flight
③上市时间：within the next year
④飞车名字：the Transitin
⑤飞车构成：tw seats, fur wheels and wings
⑥飞行时速：arund 70 miles per hur n the rad and 115 in the air
⑦耗油：5 gallns per hur in the air; On the grund, 35 miles per galln
由以上信息可以看出该段主要描述了飞车the Transitin的一些基本数据。
第二步：析选项，斟酌判断
[答案] A
第三部分 推理判断题
Part1：推理判断题命题方向
推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题。解答该类型题目时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息之间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”。在进行推断时，要据文推理、合情推理，不可脱离原文主观臆断。
推理判断题要求考生根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理，推测作者未明确提到的事实或某事件发展的趋势。推理判断能力是阅读理解能力的重要组成部分，因而也是阅读理解部分重点考查的能力之一。每年每套题通常会有 4～6 题。
推断隐含意义思维导图
Part2：推断题题型特点
(一)推理判断题题干常用词
一般来说，推理判断题题干中主要包括下面的词语：knw abut, learn frm, infer, imply, suggest, cnclude, purpse, attitude, prbably, mst likely等。
(二)推理判断题正确选项特征
推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或证据推断出的符合逻辑的结论或观点，正确选项一般具有以下特征：
1．“立足原文，只推一步”，即根据原文内容，一步即可推得。
2．选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念。如nly, never, all, abslutely等，正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊，会用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇，如ften, usually, smetimes, sme, may, might, can, culd, pssibly, prbably等。
(三)推理判断题干扰选项特征
1．曲解文意：即推测意义与文章表层意义有区别。推理判断题中有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句话，命题者可能会利用里面的词设计出干扰项，看似表达文章的意思，其实是借题发挥，是对原文意思的曲解。
2．张冠李戴：即把文章中作者的观点与其他人的观点混淆在一起。题干问的是作者的观点，选项中出现的却是其他人的观点；题干问的是其他人的观点，选项中却出现了作者的观点。
3．偷梁换柱：干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词，却在考生易忽视的地方换了几个单词，造成句意的改变。
4．无中生有：这种类型的干扰项往往是基本的生活常识或普遍认可的观点，但在文章中并无相关的信息支撑点。其次，这种干扰项也有可能与设置的问题毫不相干。
5．鱼目混珠：鱼目混珠类型的干扰项常出现在词句理解类试题的选项中，即利用某个词或句子的字面含义代替其在文章特定语境中的具体含义。
6．扩缩范围：为了准确、严密地表达文章内容，命题者特别注意对文意范围的限定，有时通过加上almst, all, nearly, mre than, nrmally, usually等词语对文意加以限制。“扩缩范围”干扰法就是在选项中通过改变或去掉限制性词语，将信息的范围、程度、感情色彩等改变，从而给考生解题造成干扰的命题方法。
Part4：推断题解题技巧（思维导图+真题演练）
例子1
We may think we're a culture that gets rid f ur wrn technlgy at the first sight f smething shiny and new, but a new study shws that we keep using ur ld devices (装置) well after they g ut f style. That's bad news fr the envirnment — and ur wallets — as these utdated devices cnsume much mre energy than the newer nes that d the same things.
…
32．What des the authr think f new devices?
A．They are envirnment­friendly.
B．They are n better than the ld.
C．They cst mre t use at hme.
D．They g ut f style quickly.
[解题示范]
例子2
We've all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank r n an airplane, surrunded by peple wh are, like us, deeply fcused n their smartphnes r, wrse, struggling with the uncmfrtable silence.
…
32．What phenmenn is described in the first paragraph?
A．Addictin t smartphnes.
B．Inapprpriate behaviurs in public places.
C．Absence f cmmunicatin between strangers.
D．Impatience with slw service.
[解题示范]
例子3
[1]Many f us lve July because it's the mnth when nature's berries and stne fruits are in abundance. These clurful and sweet jewels frm British Clumbia's fields are little pwerhuses f nutritinal prtectin.
[2]Of the cmmn berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, althugh, because f their seeds, raspberries cntain a little mre prtein (蛋白质), irn and zinc (nt that fruits have much prtein). Blueberries are particularly high in antixidants (抗氧化物质). The yellw and range stne fruits such as peaches are high in the cartenids we turn int vitamin A and which are antixidants. As fr cherries (樱桃), they are s delicius wh cares? Hwever, they are rich in vitamin C.
[3]When cmbined with berries r slices f ther fruits, frzen bananas make an excellent base fr thick, cling fruit shakes and lw fat “ice cream”. Fr this purpse, select ripe bananas fr freezing as they are much sweeter. Remve the skin and place them in plastic bags r cntainers and freeze. If yu like, a squeeze f fresh lemn juice n the bananas will prevent them turning brwn. Frzen bananas will last several weeks, depending n their ripeness and the temperature f the freezer.
[4]If yu have a_juicer,_yu can simply feed in frzen bananas and sme berries r sliced fruit. Out cmes a “sft­serve” creamy dessert, t be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity fr a children's party; they lve feeding the fruit and frzen bananas int the tp f the machine and watching the ice cream cme ut belw.
27．Frm which is the text prbably taken?
A．A bilgy textbk. B．A health magazine.
C．A research paper. D．A travel brchure.
[解题示范]
第四部分 词义猜测题
Part1：词义猜测题特点
猜词悟义是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考阅读理解中必考的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。同时，考生应掌握一些猜词技巧，通过定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、同义、反义、构词、常识及上下文线索等确定词义。
词义猜测题思维导图
【设问形式】
The underlined wrd “ … ” refers t/ (prbably) means .
“…” as used in the passage can best be defined as…
What d yu think the expressin “…” stands fr?
What des the underlined wrd “…” refer t in the last paragraph?
Which f the fllwing wrds can take the place f the wrd “ … ”?
The underlined wrd “…” culd best be replaced by…
Which f the fllwing has the clsest meaning t the wrd “ … ”?
What des the authr mean by “…” in paragraph 2?
Part2：词义猜测题七大猜词技巧
1.根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测
有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释。标点符号，如逗号后的解释(名词同位语)、破折号后的解释、括号内的解释等。这都是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。例如：
例子1
Sn afterwards, many f thse peple started settling dwn t becme farmers, and their languages t became mre settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisatin, the develpment f the natin­state and the spread f universal cmpulsry educatin, especially glbalisatin and better cmmunicatins in the past few decades, all have caused many languages t disappear, and dminant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking ver.
29．Which f the fllwing best explains “dminant” underlined in paragraph 2?
A．Cmplex. B．Advanced.
C．Pwerful. D．Mdern.
[分析] 根据画线词所在句子可知，人类社会发展的很多因素导致许多语言消失，而逐渐被英语、西班牙语、汉语等语言取代，画线词前后的解释暗示了这些语言逐渐占主导地位，故选C项pwerful (强大的，有影响力的)。
【真题小练 】 (浙江2019.6 阅读理解B）
Mney with n strings attached. It’s nt smething yu see every day. But at Unin
Statin in Ls Angeles last mnth, a bard went up with dllar bills attached t it with
pins and a sign that read, "Give What Yu Can, Take What Yu Need."
( )What des the expressin "mney with n strings attached" in paragraph 1 mean?
A.Mney spent withut hesitatin. B.Mney nt legally made.
C.Mney ffered withut cnditins. D.Mney nt tied tgether.
2.根据同位关系进行猜测
阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，因此可利用同位关系对前面的词义或句意进行猜测。例如：
例子2
I am Peter Hdes, a vlunteer stem cell curier. Since March 2012, I've dne 89 trips — f thse, 51 have been abrad. I have 42 hurs t carry stem cells (干细胞) in my little bx because I've gt tw ice packs and that's hw lng they last. In all, frm the time the stem cells are harvested frm a dnr (捐献者) t the time they can be implanted in the patient, we've gt 72 hurs at mst. S I am always cnscius f time.
29．Which f the fllwing can replace the underlined wrd “curier” in Paragraph 1?
A．prvider B．delivery man
C．cllectr D．medical dctr
[分析] “a vlunteer stem cell curier”是“Peter Hdes”的同位语；根据文中“I have 42 hurs t carry stem cells (干细胞) in my little bx”可知，Peter Hdes的任务就是将捐献者捐献的干细胞运送给需要的病人，即作者是干细胞递送员。故选择B项。
3.根据构词法(前缀、后缀、派生等)进行猜测
在英语中，有很多词可以通过增加前缀和后缀的方式，构成新词。乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但在掌握了一定的构词知识之后，就不难猜出它的词义。例如：
①“Our parties are aimed fr children 2 t 10，” Anacleri said, “and they're very interactive and creative in that they built a sense f drama based n a subject.”
文中interactive是由前缀inter­(相互的)和active(活动的，活跃的)构成的，同时根据上下文的意思可以判断，该词的含义应是“互动的”。
②Perhaps, we can see sme pssibilities fr next fifty years. But the next hundred?
pssibility是pssible的同根名词，据此可以判断pssibility的意思是“可能性”。
例子3
A silence in a cnversatin may als shw stubbrnness, uneasiness,_r wrry.
[分析] 根据构词法知识我们可知，un­为否定前缀，­ness为名词后缀，easy(舒适)为词根。因此，我们可猜测uneasiness为“不安；担忧”之意。
(全国II 2014 阅读理解A）
My husband rushed t their hme t find a kind family hlding all papers and dcuments. Their yung daughter had gne t the trash can and fund a pile f unfamiliar last they had seen a half-written letter in the pile in which my husband had given his new telephne number t a friend. That family nt nly returned the imprtant dcuments t us that day, but als restred ur faith and trust in peple. We still remember their kindness and ften send a warm wish their way.
( )What des the underlined wrd “restred” in the last paragraph mean?
shwed. B. sent ut. C. delivered. D. gave back
4.根据因果关系进行猜测
在一篇阅读文章中，根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。例如：
例子4
If yu have a_juicer,_yu can simply feed in frzen bananas and sme berries r sliced fruit. Out cmes a “sftserve” creamy dessert, t be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity fr a children's party; they lve feeding the fruit and frzen bananas int the tp f the machine and watching the ice cream cme ut belw.
26．What is “a juicer” in the last paragraph?
A．A dessert. B．A drink.
C．A cntainer. D．A machine.
[分析] 该段第一句含有一个if引导的条件状语从句，若满足该条件，则产生的结果是第一句的后半句和第二句， “yu can simply feed in frzen bananas and sme berries r sliced fruit. Out cmes a ‘sft­serve’ creamy dessert, t be eaten right away.” 即“将冰冻香蕉和其他莓类、水果片放进去，出来的是奶油状甜品”。由此因果关系可推知juicer指的是榨汁机。故选择D项。
5.根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测
文章中的代词it, that, he, him或them可以指代上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指代一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时也需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事物。例如：
例子5
[2]Despite the celebratins, thugh, in the U．S.the jazz audience cntinues t shrink and grw lder, and the music has failed t cnnect with yunger generatins.
[3]It's Jasn Mran's jb t help change that.As the Kennedy Center's artistic adviser fr jazz, Mran hpes t widen the audience fr jazz, make the music mre accessible, and preserve its histry and culture.
…
29．What des the underlined wrd “that” in paragraph 3 refer t?
A．Jazz becming mre accessible.
B．The prductin f jazz grwing faster.
C．Jazz being less ppular with the yung.
D．The jazz audience becming larger.
[分析] 根据语境可知，画线词that指代第二段“Despite the celebratins, thugh, in the U．S. the jazz audience cntinues t shrink and grw lder, and the music has failed t cnnect with yunger generatins.”的内容，即爵士乐听众的数量减少并且趋于老龄化，不受年轻人喜欢的现状。故选C。
6.根据同义或近义关系进行猜测
在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调、重复，有时会使用意思相同或相近的词。因此，考生只要读懂上下文，知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另外一个词的意思。
[例] (2018·全国卷Ⅲ阅读D节选)
Adults understand what it feels like t be flded with bjects. Why d we ften assume that mre_is_mre when it cmes t kids and their belngings? The gd news is that I can help my wn kids learn earlier than I did hw t live mre with less.
例子6…
32．What d the wrds “mre is mre” in paragraph 1 prbably mean?
A．The mre, the better.
B．Enugh is enugh.
C．Mre mney, mre wrries.
D．Earn mre and spend mre.
[分析] 根据该段第一句“Adults understand what it feels like t be flded with bjects.”可知，作者认为成年人都理解物质过剩的那种感觉，后面又用反问句提出了问题：但是，说到孩子们和他们的物品，我们为什么通常又认定mre is mre呢？由此推知，这里的 mre is mre与前面的 flded with为近义呼应，指“越多越好”。故选A。
7.根据转折或对比关系进行猜测
根据上下句的连接词，如but, hwever, therwise等可以推断上下文之间的逻辑关系，从而可以依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。例如：
①A child's birthday party desn't have t be a hassle;_it can be a basket f fun.
从分号前后两句的意思可以看出，hassle和a basket f fun是相反的意义，所以不难判断hassle的意思是“困难，麻烦”。
②She is usually prmpt fr all her class, but tday she arrived in the middle f her first class.
but一词表示转折，因此but前后的意思正好相反。根据后半句的意思“她今天第一节课上了一半才来”，可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。
③The players in the Wrld Cup are prfessinals, while thse wh play in the Olympics must be amateurs.
由于转折词“while”引导的两个分句前后意义相反，我们可推测出amateurs是prfessinals(专业人士)的反义词，意思为“业余人士，业余选手”。
例子7…
Gray wlves nce were seen here and there in the Yellwstne area and much f the cntinental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human develpment. By the 1920s, wlves had practically disappeared frm the Yellwstne area. They went farther nrth int the deep frests f Canada, where there were fewer humans arund.
…
29．What des the underlined wrd “displaced” in paragraph 2 mean?
A．Tested. B．Separated.
C．Frced ut. D．Tracked dwn.
[分析] 画线词的前句说明在黄石公园和美洲大部分地区曾有许多的灰狼，连词but转折了句子意义，后来由于人类的发展，灰狼数量逐渐减少，几乎消失，由此可推断出画线词的意思为“被迫离开”，故选择C项。
同义替换
指对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换。如把lse ne's jb换成了be ut f wrk。有些细节理解题把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，如把imprtant变换成f imprtance；改变原文中句子的语态，如主动语态与被动语态的转换。
信息归纳
用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，设置为正确答案。
正话反说
把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。
原文原词
利用原文原词作为正确选项。
张冠李戴
是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容。
无中生有
符合常识，但不是文章的内容。
曲解文意
与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动。
颠倒是非
在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反。
正误参半
部分正确，部分错误。
抓关键
题干中的关键词：Gergia, sell, bjects
锁信息
定位：用Gergia，sell，bjects寻读，在文中找到信息源——She chse t sell a few larger bjects that were less ften used when we prmised t put the mney int her schl fund (基金) (ur kindergarten daughter is serius abut becming a dctr).
选项
选项意思
定位
A
为她的假期储蓄。
曲解文意
B
为一个贫困女孩募捐。
曲解文意
C
把钱放入她的基金。
同义替换
D
把钱送给一个生病的妈妈。
无中生有
[分析] 选C 比对选项和信息句可知，女儿愿意卖几件玩具，是因为我们承诺把钱放入她的求学基金；选项和原文中均出现fund一词，故为直接细节理解题。故选C。
抓关键
题干中的关键词：cherries
锁信息
定位：用cherries寻读，在文中找到信息源——As fr cherries (樱桃), they are s delicius wh cares? Hwever, they are rich in vitamin C.
选项
选项意思
定位
A
它们含有蛋白质。
张冠李戴
B
它们富含维生素A。
张冠李戴
C
它们口感好。
同义替换
D
它们含有丰富的抗氧化物质。
张冠李戴
[分析] 选C 根据该段最后一句“As fr cherries (樱桃), they are s delicius wh cares? Hwever, they are rich in vitamin C．”可知，原文中的they are s delicius被替换成选项中的They have a pleasant taste，为间接细节理解题。故选C。
抓关键
题干中的关键词：6,000
锁信息
定位：用6,000寻读，在文中找到信息源——The median number (中位数) f speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the wrld's languages are spken by fewer peple than that.
选项
选项意思
原文意思
定位
A
大约6 800种。
6 800为现在世界现存语言数量。
张冠李戴
B
大约3 400种。
世界语言总量的一半即为3 400。
信息归纳
C
大约2 400种。
2 400为非洲语言数量。
张冠李戴
D
大约1 200种。
数字1 200在原文中没有出现，也无法做出有效归纳。
无中生有
[分析] 选B 根据本段第一句“At present, the wrld has abut 6,800 languages.”可知，目前世界上有大约6 800种语言；再根据最后一句“The median number (中位数) f speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the wrld's languages are spken by fewer peple than that.”可知，目前世界上一半的语言的使用人数少于6 000，也就是说有大约3 400种语言的使用人数少于6 000。根据以上数据的归纳概括可知B项为正确选项。
选项
选项关键词
信息区间
A
The chief prize fr the Stiltn cheese rlling cmpetitin
第一段第四句
B
Mre than 10,000 Chinese
第二段第一、二句
C
Thusands f spicy fds are n shw
第二段倒数第二句
D
An exciting tmat battle takes place at the beginning
第三段第二句
选项
选项意思
原文意思
定位
A
Stiltn滚动奶酪比赛的主要奖品是啤酒或波尔图葡萄酒。
奖品是a cmplete Stiltn cheese。
张冠李戴
B
一万多名中国人参加Fiery Fd and BBQ Festival。
参加者来自世界各地。
曲解文意
C
在Fiery Fd and BBQ Festival上，成千上万种辛辣食物被展出。
展出了成千上万种食物。
同义替换
D
在La Tmatina节日的开始，会举行一场激动人心的“西红柿大战”。
“西红柿大战”发生在节日结尾，而不是节日的开始。
曲解文意
正确选项特征
干扰选项特征
1.涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。
2.确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。
3.精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。
1.过于笼统，不知所云
所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容。
2.以偏概全，主次不分
所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。
3.移花接木，偷换概念
所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上，若不留神，极易选错答案。
4.无中生有，生搬硬套
所给选项的关键词语虽然在文章中谈到了，但经过仔细阅读分析之后，发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。
A
通过明智的吃来保持健康
文中虽提到有关饮食和健康方面的内容，但这不是文章主要内容。
以偏概全，主次不分
B
平衡我们的日常饮食
文中没有提到平衡日常饮食。
无中生有，生搬硬套
C
让你自己成为一个完美的厨师
文中只是提到用较少的预算做出美味的饭菜，没有说做一个完美的厨师。
以偏概全，主次不分
D
用的少，烹饪好
文章围绕用较少的预算做出美味的饭菜展开的。
涵盖性强，覆盖全文
A
新语言将会被创造。
文章介绍的是语言的减少而不是新语言的创造。
移花接木，偷换概念
B
人们的生活方式会反映到语言上。
文中没有这种说法。
无中生有，生搬硬套
C
人类的发展导致语言越来越少。
文章介绍了世界上语言多样性的发展变化以及现在很多语言面临消亡的威胁这一现象。
涵盖性强，覆盖全文
D
地理决定语言的发展。
文中没有这种说法。
无中生有，生搬硬套
A
飞车the Transitin的基本数据。
A项是对本段内容的精炼概括和总结。
涵盖性强，覆盖全段
B
飞车的一些优点。
该选项错误在于以下两点：
①该段介绍了名字为the Transitin的飞车；而不是全部飞车(flying cars)。
②该段列举的是基本数据而不是优点。
无中生有，生搬硬套
C
飞车的潜在市场。
原文没有提及。
无中生有，生搬硬套
D
飞车the Transitin的设计商。
该选项仅仅是文章中的一个方面。
以偏概全，主次不分
题干信息
What des the authr think f：作者态度
new devices：新设备
文体特点
科技说明文：一项研究新旧设备耗能的报告。
原文查找
That's bad news fr the envirnment — and ur wallets — as these utdated devices cnsume much mre energy than the newer nes that d the same things.
信息整合
①做同样的事情旧设备耗能高(cnsume much mre energy)
②旧设备不利于环境保护(bad news fr the envirnment)
③旧设备更浪费钱财(ur wallets)
信息推断
上面旧设备的缺点是在和新设备相比较(than the newer nes)得出的结论，故新设备可以克服以上缺点。
选项分析
A．新设备是环保的(They are envirnment­friendly)；属于正确信息推断。
B．新设备并不比旧设备好(They are n better than the ld)；属于“无中生有”型错误。
C．新设备在家中使用的费用更高(They cst mre t use at hme)；属于“无中生有”型错误。
D．新设备很快就过时了(They g ut f style quickly)；属于“曲解文意”型错误。
得出结论
由以上信息分析可知，A项正确。
细研题干定题型
由题干可知本题是对文章局部(第一段)进行深层理解的考查。
细读语段明大意
地点
公共场合：①电梯中；②在银行排队中；③飞机上
人物
①专注地盯着自己的手机；②苦苦挣扎于令人不自在的沉默中
甄别选项定答案
细研干扰项
A项为原文中的事实，不是推断出的内容。
B项，文中提及的这些行为是否“合适”原文中没有提及，属于“无中生有”型错误。
D项在原文中没有提及，属于“无中生有”型错误。
断定
答案
该段提到在公共场合中，周围都是人的情况下，人们只是专注地盯着自己的手机，或者苦苦挣扎于令人不自在的沉默中，从中可以推断出文章首段描述了陌生人之间缺少交流的现象。故选择C项。
细研题干定题型
文章出处题。
文章内容
本文介绍了丰收的七月给我们带来的多种浆果和核果，并告诉我们这些果实富含的营养成分和可以制作成各种美食。
文章语气
第一段介绍了七月是水果丰富的季节；第二段介绍了各种莓类所含的营养成分；第三、四段介绍各种水果搭配的食用方法。在这一过程中作者使用了客观的语气，通俗易懂的方法，形象地说明了水果搭配的技巧。
确定答案
本文是向大众介绍饮食方法，跟健康有关，应该出自健康杂志。所以B项正确。