第06讲 非谓语动词之动词不定式(课件)-2024年备战2024中考英语一轮复习精品课件+讲义+练习(全国通用)
展开1.掌握动词不定式的结构和句法功能,重点复习不定式作状语、宾语和补语2.动词不定式的时态和语态3. 不定式的特殊用法4.不定式符号t的省略5.跟动词不定式的情况总结归纳6.练透近年中考真题中关于非谓语动词的题目,感悟高考命题规律和特点,实现高效备考。
近年中考真题对时态考查情况
从近三年中考卷可以看出,对非谓语动词中不定式的考查是必考点,主要是考查非谓语动词作补语、定语和目的状语以及不定式作形式主语。考查的都是不定式的基本用法,但是题目的设置更加注重语境以及情景化和结构复杂化,加大了考生对题干的理解难度。因此,2024年中考备考要掌握不定式相关用法,熟悉动词不定式常用搭配。
N. 1 动词不定式的结构
动词不定时的构成:不定式的基本形式为:t+动词原形,有时可以不用t,这里的t 是不定式符号,本身无词义,动词不定式的否定形式是nt+(t+)动词原形。
(1)肯定式:t + 动词原形 It’s nice t meet yu. (2)否定式:nt t + 动词原形 He tld me nt t leave this rm(t是不定式符号,无意义,有时可以不带)
N. 2 不定式的句法功能
动词不定式作主语时,常用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语放在句末其结构为:①It is +adj.+fr/f sb.+(nt)t d sth.意为"做某事对某人来说是……"。②It takes sb.+sme time+t d sth.意为"做某事花费某人多长时间"如:T learn English well is useful.→ It is useful t learn English well.It’s imprtant fr us t prtect the envirnment.
注意:在kind,gd,nice,clever等表示人的品质的形容词后,不用fr而用f。
(1)动词+ t d sth.
常用动词有:want / wish / like / wuld like / hpe / plan / try / decide / learn / need / agree / begin / start / frget / remember / manage / seem / fail/ manage/ prmise/ affrd /aim/ appear/ ask/ care/ chse/ claim/ demand/ determine/ prepare/ manage/ refuse/ prve/ tend/ ffer/ expect等
① Althugh he pretended t surrender t the enemy , he failed t win their trust.② I hpe t finish it tmrrw . ③ I wuld like t have a cup f tea.④Dn’t fget t buy me tw tickets t the z.*如果 and连接两个动词不定式,第二个动词不定式一般省 “t ”例: He wants t g and (t) have a swim with us. Wuld yu like t g camping and (t) have a barbecue with us?
常用动词:decide, knw, cnsider, frget, learn, remember, shw, understand, see, wnder, hear, find ut, explain, tell等
2.动词+疑问词+不定式
① I dn't knw whether t answer his letter.② He frgets what t d next. ③ Please shw hw t d that.④ He can’t decide which t buy.
在“谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语”这样的结构中,如果宾语由一个不定式充当,先用形式宾语it代替不定式,把不定式置于补语之后,即:“主语+动词+it+补语+t d句式”。常用动词:think/ find/ feel/ cnsider/ make/ regard等
We think it quite imprtant fr us t learn a freign language well.He feels it his duty t help the pr.I find it difficult t learn English well.
3. 动词+it+宾语补足语+t d
动词need, want, require 作“需要”之意时,其后跟动词作它的宾语时,必须用动名词的主动形式,或不定式的被动式。这时,动名词的主动式表示被动意义。(主语不能做后面所说之事) This methd requires t be imprved. = This methd requires imprving.This shirt needs t be washed. =This shirt needs washing.The law needs t be refrmed. = The law needs refrming.
表示一般的概念时,不定式、动词ing形式可以互换,而表示具体的、个 别的动作或有将来含义时,一般用不定式。
What she likes is watching/t watch children play.她喜欢的事情就是看孩子们玩耍。④My wish is t becme a gd teacher.我的愿望就是要当个好老师。
注意:下列情况下不定式作表语通常省略t:
(1)主语是all其后有that引导的定语从句或what引导的从句,且从句中含有d的某种形式时。(2)主语是the nly,the first,the last,形容词最高级或被这些词修饰,主语后有定语从句,且定语从句中含有d的某种形式时。
All yu need t d nw is cmplete the frm.你现在要做的是把这张表填好。What I want t d mst in senir high schl is imprve my English.我在高中最想做的事就是提高我的英语水平。The nly thing t d nw is g n.前进是现在唯一的出路。
1. 动词不定式作定语常用来修饰名词或不定代词,放于所修饰的词后,为后置定语。Wh was the first ne t arrive? She has n paper t write n? I have a meeting t attend. I have a lt f wrk t d.
1. 动词不定式作定语常用来修饰名词或不定代词,放于所修饰的词后,为后置定语。Wh was the first ne t arrive? She has n paper t write n? I have a meeting t attend.I have a lt f wrk t d.
下列动词(短语)后跟带t的不定式作宾补:advise, allw, ask, beg, cause, encurage, expect, frbid, frce, get, intend, invite, rder, persuade, prefer, require, teach, tell, want, wish, warn, remind, wait fr, call n, depend n等。
Our teacher encurages us t face difficulty bravely.我们老师鼓励我们勇敢地面对困难。 She asked me t answer the phne in her absence.她要我在她不在的时候接电话。
易错点 :1. 感官动词(短语)see, watch, bserve, lk at, ntice, hear, listen t, feel的宾语补足语主要有三种形式,试比较(以see为例):
1.see sb ding 看见某人正在做某事2.see sb d 看见某人做某事的全过程3.see sth dne 看见某事被做重点看宾语和补语之间的逻辑关系
① I heard her sing an English sng just nw.(主动,完成)刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。② I heard her singing an English sng when I passed by her rm yesterday.(主动,正在进行) 昨天经过她房间时,我听见她正在唱一首英文歌。③ T learn English well, we shuld find pprtunities t hear English spken as much as pssible.(被动,无时间性)为了学好英语,我们应该找机会尽可能多地听英语。
易错点:2 使役动词+宾语+宾补
1. make +宾语+d sth让做某事(宾语与补语之间为主动关系) make +宾语+dne让被做(宾语与补语之间为被动关系)2. have+宾语+d sth(宾语与补语之间为主动关系) have+宾语+ding sth(宾语与补语之间为主动关系) have+宾语+dne(宾语与补语之间为被动关系)
(1)不定式作状语表目的表目的时,不定式可放在句子的前面也可放在句子的末尾。但在句子前面时,不定式常与句子用逗号隔开; 而在句子末尾时一般不用逗号隔开。 T get there n time, we set ut at five in the mrning. He ges there t enjy the fresh air. He wrked day and night t get the mney.
t d, in rder t d, s as t d都可表示目的。 t d, in rder t d 的位置既可在句首,又可在句末;而 s as t d只能在句末。In rder t (T d) build a huse, he bught sme wd and steel yesterday. He bught sme wd and steel yesterday in rder t build a huse. He bught sme wd and steel yesterday s as t build a huse.
(2)不定式作状语表结果
①表示终结性的动词 find, see, hear, learn, discver的不定式,常表示出乎意料的结果,并且,不定式前常有 never, nly等副词修饰。He arrived late, nly t find the train had gne.I went t the classrm, (nly) t discver it empty. I visited him, nly t find him ut.
不定式在下列结构中表示谓语动作的结果, 不定式的位置一般在句子末尾
② 在 “s + adj. / adv. + as + t d中。The scenery is s beautiful as t attract many peple here every year. He was s flish as t believe it. ③在 “adj. / adv. + enugh + t d”中。He ran fast enugh t catch up with Li Lei. He wrked hard enugh t get gd grades.
⑥在 “t + adj. / adv. + t d中。t ... t 太以至于不能They went t slwly t catch the early bus
⑤在 “such +a/an+ adj. / adv. + n. + as + t d中。 She is such a gd girl as t help yu make great prgress.
④在 “s + adj. / adv. +a(n) + n. + as + t d ” 中。This is s interesting a stry as t interest children.
3. 表原因不定式表示原因时, 一般放在句子的末尾, 说明主语某种心情、情感 (glad, pleased, sad, wrried, srrw, excited等) 所产生的原因。I’m very glad t have the pprtunity t wrk in yur cmpany.I'm srry t hear that yur friend is seriusly ill.I am excited t see what happens tday! I am pleased t annunce that they will get married next week.
不定式表示原因时, 一般放在句子的末尾, 说明主语某种心情、情感 (glad, pleased, sad, wrried, srrw, excited等) 所产生的原因。I’m very glad t have the pprtunity t wrk in yur cmpany.I'm srry t hear that yur friend is seriusly ill.I am excited t see what happens tday! I am pleased t annunce that they will get married next week.
①使役动词和感官动词后跟动词不定式作宾语补足语,须省略t。此类动词有:一感(feel)、二听(hear, listen t)、三让(let, make, have)、四看(lk at, see, watch, ntice)、五帮(help)。变为被动语态时,省略的t则要加上。
②动词不定式的否定形式是nt t d,其被动形式为t be dne。►Our teacher asked us nt t swim in the river alne. 我们老师要求我们不要独自一人在河里游泳。
③常接"疑问词+带t的不定式"的动词有teach, shw, tell, learn, find ut, decide, knw, frget等。►My mther taught me hw t ck yesterday. 昨天我妈妈教我如何做饭。
跟动词不定式的情况总结归纳
跟动词不定式的情况总结归纳:(加强记忆)①动词:agree t d同意去做;affrd t d买得起;decide t d决定去做某事;hpe t d希望去做;wish t d希望去做;fail t d做某事失败去;plan t d打算去做;pretend t d假装去做; refuse t d拒绝去做;wuld like t d=want t d想要去做某事;learn t d 学做;prefer t d sth. 喜欢(爱)做某事;sb. seem t d sth好像做某事;used t d sth. 过去常做某事
be/get ready t d sth.准备做某事 can’t wait t d sth. 迫不急待地去做某事get/have a chance t d sth. 得到一个做某事的机会It’s + adj.+(fr sb.) t d sth. / It’s +adj. +(f sb.) t d sth.It takes sb. sme time t d sth. 花费某人多长时间做某事(常考)It’s time fr sb. t d sth. 是某人做某事的时候了t…(fr sb.) t …太……以致不能…… ==nt… enugh t d (常考)prefer t d sth. rather than d sth. 宁愿……而不愿……(常考)smething t eat/drink 一些吃/喝的东西 Sth. is hard/difficult/easy t d 做好某事很难/容易
take turns t d sth. 轮流做……There is n time (fr sb. ) t d sth. 对(某人来说)没时间做某事了There is n need (fr sb.) t d sth. 对某人来说没必要做某事try/d ne’s best t d sth. 尽力去做某事 have n chice but t d sth 别无选择只能做某事have smething/nthing t d with sb 与有关/无关
②句型. allw sb. t d sth. 允许某人去做某事ask/tell sb. (nt) t d sth. 叫某人做事某事(叫某人不要去做某事)fllw sb. t d sth. 跟随某人去做某事 get sb. t d sth. 让某人做某事warn sb. (nt) t d sth. 警告某人做某事(或不要做某事)encurage sb. t d sth. 鼓励某人做某事 be afraid t d sth. 害怕做某事be excited/glad/happy/srry/ frightened/amazed/surprised t d sth.
1.(2023·浙江·模拟预测)—Can I help yu, sir?—I’d like t have smene ________ this letter.A.e-mailedB.t e-mailC.e-mailingD.e-mail【答案】D【详解】句意:——我能帮您吗,先生?——我想让人用电子邮件发送这封信。考查动词非谓语形式。e-mailed过去式或过去分词;t e-mail不定式;e-mailing动名词;e-mail动词原形。根据“I’d like t have smene ... this letter”可知,我想让人用电子邮件发送这封信。have sb d sth“让某人做某事(强调结果)”,使役动词(make, let, have等)后接不带t的不定式作宾语,故此处用动词原形。故选D。
2.(2023·浙江·模拟预测)The naughty bys were made ________ their maths hmewrk the next day.A.handing upB.hand utC.t hand inD.t handing ff【答案】C【详解】句意:顽皮的男孩们被要求第二天上交数学作业。考查动词短语和动词不定式作主语补足语。handing up举手,动名词或现在分词;hand ut分发,动词原形;t hand in上交,动词不定式;t handing ff移交,介词t+动名词。根据“were made”可知,使役动词make用于被动语态,要还原动词不定式的t,即用be made t d sth来表示,在句中作主语补足语。故选C。
3.(2023·吉林长春·模拟预测)________ a bright future, we teenagers shuld study hard and keep in gd health.A.GetB.T getC.GettingD.Gt【答案】B【详解】句意:为了有一个光明的未来,我们青少年应该努力学习,保持身体健康。考查非谓语动词。根据“ bright future, we teenagers shuld study hard and keep in gd health.”可知,此处在句中表示目的,用动词不定式作目的状语。故选B。
4.(2023·四川自贡·一模)Mr. Wang is such a great teacher that he always des what he can ________ us.A.helpB.t helpC.helping【答案】B【详解】句意:王老师是一位如此好的老师以至于他总是尽他所能帮助我们。考查非谓语。help帮助,动词原形;t help动词不定式;helping现在分词或动名词。根据“des what he can”和“us”可知,尽他所能做事是为了帮助我们,用动词不定式作目的状语。故选B。
5.(2023·四川凉山·模拟预测)When the mther heard her baby daughter say her first wrd, she felt s excited that she made a shrt vide n Tik Tk (抖音) ________ her jy.A.sharedB.shareC.t shareD.sharing【答案】C【详解】句意:当这位母亲听到她的小女儿说出她的第一个词时,她感到如此兴奋以至于她在抖音上做了一个简短的视频,来分享她的喜悦。考查非谓语动词。shared分享,过去式;share动词原形;t share动词不定式;sharing现在分词或动名词。根据“made a shrt vide n Tik Tk (抖音) jy”可知,制作抖音短视频的目的是分享喜悦。故选C。
6.(2023·湖北武汉·统考模拟预测)—We wn’t allw ________ in the supermarket. —But we are allwed ________ in the restrm.A.smking; smkingB.t smke; smkingC.t smke; t smkeD.smking; t smke【答案】D【详解】句意:——我们不允许在超市抽烟。——但是我们可以在洗手间抽烟。考查非谓语动词。allw ding sth“允许做某事”;be allwed t d sth“被允许做某事”,都是固定短语,所以第一空用动名词作宾语,第二空用不定式作主语补足语,故选D。
7.(2023·江苏镇江·统考一模)I’m happy that Judy has becme the first ne ________ five bks during the Reading Week.A.finishedB.t finishC.finishingD.finishes【答案】B【详解】句意:我很高兴朱迪成为第一个在读书周读完五本书的人。考查动词不定式。finished过去式;t finish动词不定式;finishing动名词;finishes第三人称单数形式。根据观察和分析可知,题干使用了动词不定式作后置定语,修饰the first ne。故选B。
1.(2023·内蒙古·统考中考真题)—D yu always get up s early? —Yes. ________ the first bus. My hme is far away frm schl.A.T catchB.CatchingC.CaughtD.Catches【答案】A【详解】句意:——你总是起得这么早吗?——是的。为了赶第一班公共汽车。我家离学校很远。考查非谓语动词。“get up s early”的目的是“catch the first bus”,作目的状语用动词不定式。故选A。
2.(2023·西藏·统考中考真题)Our art teacher encurages us ________ clrful things in life.A.lk frB.lks frC.lking frD.t lk fr【答案】D【详解】句意:我们的美术老师鼓励我们去寻找生活中丰富多彩的事情。考查不定式作补语。encurage sb. t d sth.表示“鼓励某人做某事”。空处是不定式作宾语补足语。故选D。
3.(2023·内蒙古呼和浩特·统考中考真题)________the quality f PE classes, sme schls put smart technlgy int use.A.ImprvingB.T imprveC.ImprveD.Imprved【答案】B【详解】句意:为了提高体育课的质量,一些学校使用了智能技术。考查非谓语。根据“the quality f PE classe”可知,为了提高体育课的质量,学校使用了智能技术,动词不定式作目的状语,故选B。
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