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【热点题型归纳+演变】2024年高考英语专题训练 专题15 阅读六选四（上海专用）-试卷
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这是一份【热点题型归纳+演变】2024年高考英语专题训练 专题15 阅读六选四（上海专用）-试卷，文件包含专题15阅读六选四-2024年高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练新高考通用原卷版docx、专题15阅读六选四-2024年高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练新高考通用解析版docx等2份试卷配套教学资源，其中试卷共50页， 欢迎下载使用。
短文长度一般为300词左右，题材为记叙文、说明文和议论文为主。设空类型：1.主旨句：标题类、主题句类；2.过渡性句子:文章结构；3.细节注释性句子：上下文逻辑意义。值得注意的是文中不同的地方挖空，考査的能力要求也会有所不同。
题型归纳
题型01 主旨句题
【题型诠释】
在某段第一句设空的内容通常是该段落主旨句，学生需要通过认真研读该段的内容，然后从选项中查找下文的同义词或其他相关词或句的方法，从而确定答案；有时则需反复读设空处后面一两句或更多内容，确定关键信息词，然后在各个选项中查找关联词和信息句。
学生做这类题时，注意一般正确答案选项与所设空后的第一句在意义上是紧密衔接的，因此正确选项和原文的内容是连贯且符合逻辑的。
【典例1】(2023·上海·上海中学校考模拟预测)
Changing Smene’s Mind at the Dinner Table
Family gatherings can bring up tpics we prefer t avid. With the festive seasn in full swing, it might be hard t stay away frm sme annying relatives. At sme pint, yu knw they will say smething like: “Genetically mdified fds are nt safe t eat” r “Climate change is a cnspiracy”. (Surely, all these statements are untrue.)
67 “Is it wrth making an effrt t crrect peple?” says Jasn Reifler at the University f Exeter, UK, wh studies ways f challenging misperceptins. I think s. 68
Obviusly, it is far mre difficult t prve false beliefs wrng than t spread them.
Take a classic: “The climate has always changed, it’s nthing t d with humans.” T fight this, yu need t explain hw the wrld is nw warming at an alarming rate, when therwise it wuld be cling slightly were it nt fr ur carbn dixide emissins.
69 “Parallel” arguments can ften highlight lgical errrs very effectively, says Jhn Ck f Gerge Masn University, Virginia. Fr instance, the “climate is always changing” myth is like claiming that because peple have always stlen frm each ther, leaving yur huse unlcked wn’t increase the risk f burglary (入室抢劫).
But yu need t be aware f the backfire (适得其反的) effect. 70 This was discuraging news fr the fight against false beliefs. “The last thing yu want t d when debunking (驳斥) misinfrmatin is make matters wrse,” wrte Ck and Stephan Lewandwsky at the University f Bristl, UK, in The Debunking Handbk, a shrt guide published in2011. Hwever, mre recent studies are far mre encuraging. It’s nt as cmmn as we initially thught,“ says Lewandwsky.
A. This is the idea that trying t change smene’s false belief can make them believe it mre strngly.
B. Hwever, mre recent studies are far mre encuraging.
C. Anyne can spread a lie, but it usually takes a bit f time and knwledge t explain why a statement is wrng.
D. But smetimes there are shrtcuts t make yur pint cnvincing.
E. If yu are nt sure f the facts, d sme web brwsing n yur phne rather than trying t wing it.
F. If this happens, yu dn’t have t just sit there quiet.
【答案】67. F 68. C 69. D 70. A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了如何在餐桌上改变某人的想法。
67. 根据后文““Is it wrth making an effrt t crrect peple?” says Jasn Reifler at the University f Exeter, UK, wh studies ways f challenging misperceptins. I think s.(“值得努力去纠正别人吗？”英国埃克塞特大学的Jasn Reifler说，他研究的是如何挑战误解。我想是的。)”可知，后文提到Jasn Reifler纠正别人是值得的，所以针对第一段发生的情况，不必只是坐在那里。故F选项“如果发生这种情况，你不必只是安静地坐在那里”符合语境，故选F。
68. 根据上文““Is it wrth making an effrt t crrect peple?” says Jasn Reifler at the University f Exeter, UK, wh studies ways f challenging misperceptins. I think s.(“值得努力去纠正别人吗？”英国埃克塞特大学的Jasn Reifler说，他研究的是如何挑战误解。我想是的。)”可知，上文提到Jasn Reifler研究的是如何挑战误解，且鼓励人们去澄清误解，本句为本段最后一句，应承接上文继续说明如何来解释一个陈述是错误的情况。故C选项“任何人都可以散布谎言，但通常需要一些时间和知识来解释为什么一个陈述是错误的”符合语境，故选C。
69. 根据后文““Parallel” arguments can ften highlight lgical errrs very effectively, says Jhn Ck f Gerge Masn University, Virginia. Fr instance, the “climate is always changing” myth is like claiming that because peple have always stlen frm each ther, leaving yur huse unlcked wn’t increase the risk f burglary (入室抢劫).(弗吉尼亚州乔治梅森大学的约翰·库克说，“平行”论证常常能非常有效地突出逻辑错误。例如，“气候总是在变化”的神话就像是声称因为人们总是互相偷东西，所以不锁房子不会增加入室盗窃的风险)”可知，后文提到“平行”论证常常能非常有效地突出逻辑错误，即有其它方法可以让自己的观点更令人信服。故D选项“但是有时候有捷径可以让你的观点令人信服”符合语境，故选D。
70. 根据上文“But yu need t be aware f the backfire (适得其反的) effect.(但你需要注意适得其反的效果)”以及后文“This was discuraging news fr the fight against false beliefs.(对于打击错误信念的斗争来说，这是一个令人沮丧的消息)”可知，本句进一步论述会产生何种适得其反的效果：试图改变一个人的错误信念可以让他们更坚定地相信它。故A选项“这个观点认为，试图改变一个人的错误信念可以让他们更坚定地相信它”符合语境，故选A。
题型02 承上启下句题
【题型诠释】
在某段第一句设空的内容也有可能为承上启下的句子，这就需要学生做到瞻前顾后，既熟悉上一段结尾的内容，又结合下一段的内容，分析所选的答案是否能够将两段内容连贯起来。还有可能这一空是引出下一段的内容。如果在选项中找不出与前文之间的关联，此时可考虑与下一段开头是否有一定的衔接。认真阅读下一段开头几句，看是否能与选项的最后一句紧密连接起来。
解决此类题型，可以根据逻辑关系来判断。它包括：因果关系、转折关系、并列关系、递进关系、例证关系。
【典例2】(2023上·上海·高三格致中学校考阶段练习)
The Bitter Truth Behind Vanilla
Vanilla is ne f the wrld’s mst ppular spices and an imprtant ingredient in prducts ranging frm chclate t perfume. Hwever, the whlesale price f vanilla has reached up t $600 per kilgram, when just a few years ag it fetched a tenth f that. What is happening?
Madagascar supplies mre than 80 percent f the wrld’s natural vanilla. In the 19th century, the French intrduced Burbn vanilla t their African island clny. Tday, vanilla represents 20 percent f Madagascan exprts, wrth arund $600 millin at current prices. Hwever, it is a difficult crp t grw. A vine takes three t fur years t mature. 67 Nine mnths later, the green beans must be hand-picked when perfectly ripe t ptimize their vanillin cntent (the cmpund that gives vanilla its flavr). Mnths f blanching (焯水), sweathing (焖煮) and gradual drying in the sun are then necessary t prduce the armatic (芳香的) spice. Six hundred hand-pllinated blssms yield abut six kils f green beans, which cnvert t ne kil f dried beans.
The price f Madagascan vanilla was nce set by the gvernment. 68 Madagascar’s gvernment was eventually frced t end its price-fixing regime (体制). Fd giants such as Unilever and Nestlé als increased their use f synthetic vanillin, which can be prduced frm reliable surces, adding t the pressure. Fr 30 years, Madagascar’s vanilla farmers earned just a pittance, and many ended up leaving the business. But even with fewer prducers, the price f natural vanilla stayed lw.
It was nt until public tastes started shifting twards all things natural that farmers’ frtunes revived. Frm arund 2011, sme manufacturers began fcusing nce mre n natural vanilla. In 2015, Nestlé annunced plans t use nly natural ingredients in five years, and Hershey’s fllwed suit. 69 Extreme weather, weak crp-security, and exprters wh hard inventry (囤货) and speculate (做投机买卖) n further rises have als kept prices high.
70 T prevent theft f their nw rather valuable crps, farmers have taken t harvesting the beans early, thereby reducing the verall quality f the crp. That frces the gvernment t make greater effrts t enfrce penalties (处罚). If it manages this, Madagascar culd yet savr the benefits f its near mnply (垄断).
A. It’s expensive because it’s bth labr-intensive and time-cnsuming t grw.
B. Demand has therefre surged, and with it prices - in part because natural supplies are insufficient.
C. If pllinatin (授粉) is successful, it will take anther eight t nine mnths until the plant matures.
D. This rise has nt been withut its challenges.
E. The flwers pen fr just ne day a year, s pllinatin is dne cmpletely by hand.
F. But such were the prices it demanded fr vanilla that in the 1980s buyers turned their attentin t the cheaper, pr-quality versin available elsewhere, in particular Indnesia.
【答案】67. E 68. F 69. B 70. D
【解析】这是一篇说明文，香草是世界上最受欢迎的香料之一，其批发价格高达每公斤600美元，然而就在几年前，它的价格只有这个价格的十分之一，文章讲述了其中的原因。
67. 根据上文“A vine takes three t fur years t mature.(藤蔓需要三到四年才能成熟)”及下文“Nine mnths later, the green beans must be hand-picked when perfectly ripe t ptimize their vanillin cntent (the cmpund that gives vanilla its flavr).(9个月后，青豆必须在完全成熟时手工采摘，以优化它们的香草素含量（香草的味道来自于这种化合物）”可知，此处是描述香草种植的艰难之处，E项“这种花一年只开放一天，所以授粉完全靠手工完成”符合语境。故选E。
68. 根据上文“The price f Madagascan vanilla was nce set by the gvernment.(马达加斯加香草的价格曾经由政府确定)”可知，马达加斯加的香草的价格曾经由政府确定，下文“Madagascar’s gvernment was eventually frced t end its price-fixing regime (体制).(马达加斯加政府最终被迫结束了价格操纵制度)”提到马达加斯加政府最终被迫结束了价格操纵制度，所以空处应是提及其他可以购买香草的地方，F项“但由于对香草的价格要求太高，20世纪80年代，买家将注意力转向了其他可以买到更便宜、质量较差的香草的地方，尤其是印度尼西亚”符合语境。故选F。
69. 根据上文“In 2015, Nestlé annunced plans t use nly natural ingredients in five years, and Hershey’s fllwed suit.(2015年，Nestlé宣布计划在五年内只使用天然原料，Hershey’s也紧随其后)”可知，制造商再次关注香草，因此空处应是提及香草的需求量增大，B项“因此，需求激增，价格也随之飙升——部分原因是自然供应不足”符合语境，故选B。
70. 上文“Extreme weather, weak crp-security, and exprters wh hard inventry(囤货) and speculate(做投机买卖) n further rises have als kept prices high.(极端的天气，脆弱的农作物安全，以及囤积库存并投机价格进一步上涨的出口商也使得价格居高不下)”提到一系列原因使得香草价格居高不下，下文“T prevent theft f their nw rather valuable crps, farmers have taken t harvesting the beans early, thereby reducing the verall quality f the crp. That frces the gvernment t make greater effrts t enfrce penalties (处罚).(为了防止现在价值颇高的作物被盗，农民们开始提前收割咖啡豆，从而降低了作物的整体质量。这迫使政府在执行处罚方面付出更大努力)”描述了价格上涨导致的问题，D项“这种上涨并非没有挑战”承上启下，符合语境，故选D。
题型03 总结、概括句题
【题型诠释】
如果第一段的段尾是空格，要认真阅读，看此处是细节还是主题。通常文章第一段要提出文章的主题，如果在段尾提出主题，会用一些信号词如转折词引出来，正确答案中应有这样的特征词。
做题时一要注意空格前的一句或两句；二是注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总结的信号词，如t cnclude, in a wrd, thus, hence, in shrt, t sum up, therefre, as a result等词语；三是要注意与前文的逻辑关系，找到关键的线索词句，如表示转折、对比、并列或排比的关系。
【典例3】(2023下·上海·高三上海市建平中学校考开学考试)
Within the last decade, music festivals have grwn int a majr mneymaker in a cmpetitive industry that sees hundreds f such events each year in the U. S. There are the big nes with big ticket prices, multiple stages, camping ptins and nearly endless lists f perfrmers. 67
The rigins f music festivals date back t ancient Greece, where such events ften invlved cmpetitins in music, arts and sprts. Mdern music festival in the U. S. grew ut f the establishment f Wdstck. Thugh it was nt the first event f its kind, the 1969 event hlds a mythical place within American pp-cultural histry. 68 Cachella, ne f the mst ppular festivals in the cuntry, grssed $ 114. 6 millin in 2017, setting a majr recrd by earning mre than $ 100 millin.
The mechanics that drve music festivals t becming tp earners have a lt t d with the effects f mdern life, says Chirins, a prfessr f clinical music and glbal health at New Yrk University. 69 He says, arguing that sharing a clip frm a Billie Eilish r Cardi B perfrmance with ne’s Instagram fllwers is mre satisfying than buying smething expensive. A 2019 Delitte survey f millennials — a grup that makes up at 45% f the 32 millin peple wh attend music festivals — finds that mst value experiences: 57% f them said they prefer travel and seeing the wrld ver wning a hme.
70 As streaming becmes ne f the mst ppular ways t listen t music, sales f tickets and prducts make up a large part f fans’ expenditures n music. Because listening t music has becme practically free, the access is unprecedented and makes live music much mre special, accrding t Chirins. “Audiences are keen t cnnect t the artist and,” he says.
On the ther hand, fr artists, appearing at music festivals is an easier way t make mney than depending n recrd sales r lng turs. As recrd sales saw a sharp decline in the early-t-mid-2000s thanks t the grwth f digital music, artists began depending n turing t earn mney.
A. Music itself has changed as well, making festivals a bigger attractin fr listeners.
B. Streaming pp stars’ perfrmance makes music even mre ppular.
C. And alngside their rise in ppularity, hundreds f smaller festivals have flurished.
D. Peple are mre likely nw t spend mney n experiences ver material gds.
E. Festivals have since grwn int mainstream businesses that reap prfits and embrace crprate spnsrships.
F. The first musical festival was said t be held in Cachella.
【答案】67. C 68. E 69. D 70. A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了音乐会的起源、发展历史以及变化。
67. 根据上文“Within the last decade, music festivals have grwn int a majr mneymaker in a cmpetitive industry that sees hundreds f such events each year in the U. S. There are the big nes with big ticket prices, multiple stages, camping ptins and nearly endless lists f perfrmers.(在过去的十年里，音乐节在竞争激烈的行业中已经成长为一个主要的赚钱渠道，美国每年都有数百个这样的活动，其中有大型音乐节，票价很高，有多个舞台，有露营的选择，表演者的名单几乎无穷无尽)”可知，上文提到了音乐节有很多，说明越来越受欢迎，在蓬勃发展。故C选项“随着它们越来越受欢迎，数百个较小的节日也蓬勃发展”符合语境，故选C。
68. 根据上文“The rigins f music festivals date back t ancient Greece, where such events ften invlved cmpetitins in music, arts and sprts. Mdern music festival in the U. S. grew ut f the establishment f Wdstck. Thugh it was nt the first event f its kind, the 1969 event hlds a mythical place within American pp-cultural histry.(音乐节的起源可以追溯到古希腊，这些活动通常包括音乐、艺术和体育比赛。现代音乐节在美国是随着伍德斯托克音乐节的建立而发展起来的。虽然这不是第一次这样的活动，1969年的活动在美国流行文化史上有着神秘的地位)”以及后文“Cachella, ne f the mst ppular festivals in the cuntry, grssed $ 114. 6 millin in 2017, setting a majr recrd by earning mre than $ 100 millin.(科切拉音乐节是该国最受欢迎的节日之一，总票房为114美元。2017年为600万美元，收入超过1亿美元，创下了一项重大记录)”可知，本段主要讲述了音乐节的起源和发展，后文提到了科切拉音乐节是该国最受欢迎的节日之一并创下收益记录，由此推知，说明本句是在说明这些音乐节发展以及获得大量收益的原因。故E选项“节日后来发展成为主流业务，获得利润并接受企业赞助”符合语境，故选E。
69. 根据上文“The mechanics that drve music festivals t becming tp earners have a lt t d with the effects f mdern life, says Chirins, a prfessr f clinical music and glbal health at New Yrk University.(奇里诺斯是纽约大学临床音乐和全球健康教授，他说，推动音乐节成为高收入人群的机制与现代生活的影响有很大关系)”以及后文“he says, arguing that sharing a clip frm a Billie Eilish r Cardi B perfrmance with ne’s Instagram fllwers is mre satisfying than buying smething expensive. A 2019 Delitte survey f millennials — a grup that makes up at 45% f the 32 millin peple wh attend music festivals — finds that mst value experiences: 57% f them said they prefer travel and seeing the wrld ver wning a hme.(他认为，与Instagram上的粉丝分享Billie Eilish或Cardi B的表演片段比买昂贵的东西更令人满意。Delitte在2019年对千禧一代的一项调查发现，大多数有价值的体验：57%的千禧一代表示，他们更喜欢旅行和看世界，而不是拥有房子。千禧一代在参加音乐节的3200万人中占45%)”可知，本句承接上文说明音乐节成为高收入人群的机制与现代生活的影响之间的关系。故D选项“人们现在更有可能把钱花在体验上，而不是物质产品上”符合语境，故选D。
70. 根据后文“As streaming becmes ne f the mst ppular ways t listen t music, sales f tickets and prducts make up a large part f fans’ expenditures n music. Because listening t music has becme practically free, the access is unprecedented and makes live music much mre special, accrding t Chirins. “Audiences are keen t cnnect t the artist and,” he says.(随着流媒体成为最受欢迎的听音乐方式之一，门票和产品的销售在粉丝的音乐支出中占据了很大一部分。奇里诺斯说，因为听音乐几乎是免费的，这种访问是前所未有的，使现场音乐变得更加特别。他说:“观众渴望与艺术家建立联系。”)”可知，上文提到“听音乐几乎是免费的，这种访问是前所未有的”，即产生了变化，也提到了“观众渴望与艺术家建立联系”，说明音乐对听众具有吸引力。故A选项“音乐本身也发生了变化，音乐节对听众的吸引力更大了”符合语境，故选A。
题型04 归纳推理题
【题型诠释】
段中设空即主题句或展开句。尤其注意分析空前后的逻辑关系和行文逻辑及内容的连贯性，注意句间的衔接手段。其特点主要以转折手法引出主题句，或者是用来承上启下的过渡句，也可能是补充前文具体的事实、事例和说明。从行文逻辑上判断有：1.例证关系：前后句的某句是为了证明另一句而举的例子。例证的形式具有多样性，思维过程基本是归纳(从例子到观点)和推理(从观点到例子)。2.转折关系：主要指英语行文中后句对前句构成逆转逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间有hwever (然而)，nevertheless (然而，不过)，still (还，仍然)，thugh (可是，不过，然而)，yet (然而)，n the cntrary (正相反)，in cntrast (与此相反，相比之下)，in cmparisn (比较起来，与……比较)，by cmparisn (相比之下)等连接词，则表明前后两句话是逻辑上的逆转，空格处很有可能表示转折。3.因果关系：做题时最重要的是要在读懂空格前后的句子的基础上，依据彼此的关系来确认答案。有时，前后的句子之间出现as a result (结果)，thus/therefre (因此)，s (such) (如此……以至于)等标志性词语，表明前后句有着原因和结果之间的关系，说明前因后果或者前果后因等情况。4.递进关系：主要指英语行文中后句对前句是一种顺承逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间有als (也，而且)，further (进一步地，而且)，furthermre (而且，此外)，likewise (同样地，也)，similarly (相同地，类似地)，mrever (而且，此外)，in additin (另外，加之)，what’s mre (更重要的是)，nt als (不但……而且)等连接词或词组，则表明前后两句是逻辑上的递进关系，空格处很有可能是个递进的句子。5.并列关系：如果空格前后两句话之间有first (ly) (首先，第一)，secnd (ly) (第二)，third (ly) (第三)；first (第一)，next (其次)，then (那么，然后)；in the first place (第一，首先)，in the secnd place (第二，其次)；fr ne thing (首先，一则)，fr anther (其次)；t begin with (首先，第一)，t cnclude (最后)等连接词或词组，则表明前后两句是逻辑上的并列关系，空格处很有可能是个并列的句子。
学生做这类题时，第一步需要依据信息词将选项进行排除之后，把剩下的几个可能正确的选项依次代入设空处，最终判断和确定一个选项和空白处前后内容能达到语意连贯，逻辑关系清晰，于是得出了正确答案。
【典例4】(2023上·上海·高三上海市育才中学校考阶段练习)
A San Francisc Museum Tackles Art’s Instagram Dilemma
A wman held tightly her phne t her heart, the way a missinary might hld a Bible. She was anxius t take a picture f a stunning buquet f flwers that sat nt 10 ft away, but first she had t get thrugh a crwd f thers wh were ding the same.
67 Fr the 34th year, flrists were asked t create buquets that respnd t pieces f art n display, frm ancient carvings t cntemprary sculptures. A twer f baby’s breath imitates a waterfall in a nearby painting by Gustav Grunewald. Red flaming flwers and nen blue sticks ech a surreal prtrait f a wman by Salvadr Dali.
It’s amazing and als extremely Instagrammable, t the pint that it has becme a prblem. 68 Institutins f fine art arund the wrld face similar prblems as the desire t take phtgraphs becmes a huge draw fr museums as well as smething that upsets sme f their spnsrs.
S the de Yung respnded with a kind f agreement: carving ut “pht free” hurs during the exhibitin’s six-day run.
One cmmn cmplaint in the nging debates ver the effect f scial media n museum culture is that peple seem t be missing ut n experiences because they are s busy cllecting evidence f them. A study published in the jurnal Psychlgical Science suggests there is truth t this. It fund that peple wh tk phts f an exhibit rather than simply bserving it had a harder time remembering what they saw.
69 Linda Butler, the de Yung’s head f marketing, cmmunicatins and visitr experience, acknwledges that nt everyne wants a museum t be “a selfie playland”. Yet a lt f ther peple d, and her take is that the de Yung is in n psitin t claim that ne mtivatin fr buying a $28 ticket is mre valid than anther.
If we remved scial media and phtgraphy, she says, “we shuld risk becming irrelevant”. 70 On this visit t the museum, mst peple seemed t treat the pht craze as the new nrmal. Many plitely waited their turn and gt ut f ther peple’s shts,even as visitrs bumped int each ther in crwded galleries.
A. If this is a battle, signs indicate that the pr-phne crwd has already wn.
B. But rather than expressing frustratin abut this awkwardness, she said she felt guilty, as if she were the ne challenging cnventin.
C. In recent years, the de Yung received mre than a thusand cmplaints frm peple wh felt that cell phnes had spiled their experience f the exhibit.
D. The cause f this recent craze was Buquets t Art, ne f the mst ppular annual events at the de Yung Museum in San Francisc.
E. The truth is peple like selfies mre than the exhibits way beynd researchers' imaginatin.
F. But the issue is cmplicated fr the prfessinals running museums.
【答案】67. D 68. C 69. F 70. A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了由于一项名为“花束与艺术”的活动，旧金山的德扬博物馆里拿着手机拍照的人络绎不绝，这造成了一些问题。文章从不同人的角度说明了他们对此的看法。
67. 根据上一段中“She was anxius t take a picture f a stunning buquet f flwers that sat nt 10 ft away, but first she had t get thrugh a crwd f thers wh were ding the same. (她迫不及待地想要在不到10英尺远的地方拍下一束漂亮的鲜花，但首先她得穿过一群同样做着同样事情的人)”以及后文“Fr the 34th year, flrists were asked t create buquets that respnd t pieces f art n display, frm ancient carvings t cntemprary sculptures. (这是第34年，花商被要求根据展出的艺术品创作花束，从古代雕刻到当代雕塑)”可知，本句承接上文解释了女子想要拍摄花束这一行为的原因，根据后文内容可知起因是一项与花有关的活动，故D选项“最近这股热潮的起因是‘从花束到艺术’，这是旧金山德杨博物馆最受欢迎的年度活动之一。”符合语境，故选D。
68. 根据上文“It’s amazing and als extremely Instagrammable, t the pint that it has becme a prblem.( 这很神奇，也非常适合在instagram上分享，以至于这已经成为了一个问题)”以及后文“Institutins f fine art arund the wrld face similar prblems as the desire t take phtgraphs becmes a huge draw fr museums as well as smething that upsets sme f their spnsrs.(世界各地的艺术机构都面临着类似的问题，渴望去博物馆拍照成为了博物馆的巨大吸引力，同时也让一些赞助商感到不安)”可知，本段主要是在说明这一活动给博物馆或是艺术机构带来的问题，故C选项“近年来，德扬博物馆收到了上千条投诉，人们认为手机破坏了他们的展览体验”符合语境，故选C。
69. 根据后文“Linda Butler, the de Yung’s head f marketing, cmmunicatins and visitr experience, acknwledges that nt everyne wants a museum t be ‘a selfie playland’. (德扬博物馆的市场营销、沟通和游客体验主管琳达•巴特勒承认，并非所有人都希望博物馆成为‘自拍乐园’)”可知，后文提到了德扬博物馆的主管对此的看法，说明本段主要是从博物馆经营者的角度来说明对这一问题的看法。F选项中the prfessinals running museums对应后文中Linda Butler, the de Yung’s head f marketing。故F选项“但对于经营博物馆的专业人士来说，这个问题很复杂”符合语境，故选F。
70. 根据后文“On this visit t the museum, mst peple seemed t treat the pht craze as the new nrmal. Many plitely waited their turn and gt ut f ther peple’s shts,even as visitrs bumped int each ther in crwded galleries.(在这次参观博物馆的过程中，大多数人似乎都将拍照热视为新常态。尽管游客们在拥挤的画廊里互相撞来撞去，但许多人还是礼貌地排队等候，避开了其他人的镜头)”可知，后文中提到的大多数人将拍照热视为新常态，且许多人还是能礼貌排队等候，说明人们还是支持手机拍照的。故A选项“如果这是一场战斗，有迹象表明，支持手机的那群人已经赢了”符合语境，故选A。
高考练场
题型01 主旨句题
(2021年6月高考真题)
Directins: Cmplete the fllwing passage by using the sentences in the bx Each sentence can nly be used nce. Nte that there are tw sentences mre than yu need.
Fd & Health Myths
Every day there is new infrmatin abut fd and health prducts. Newspapers regularly have articles that discuss hw certain fds r drinks are gd r bad fr yu, Sme televisin shws ften deal with new stries abut hw cnsuming certain substances can affect yur bdy 67
One myth abut fd and health is that eggs are bad fr yur heart. Althugh they are indeed high in chlesterl (胆固醇) and fat, it’s nt true that eating eggs every day will damage yur heart. 68 As far as fat ges, it’s the yellw part f the egg that cntains all the fat. S if yu’re wrried abut the fat cntent f eggs, g ahead and just eat the whites. Yu might als chse t buy certain kinds f eggs that have less fat cntent depending n the diet f the animal. Check yur lcal supermarket fr mre infrmatin.
69 Althugh it was nce thught t have unique prperties, ther types f alchl can have the same effects. A study cnducted recently revealed that peple wh drank red wine did nt live any lnger than thse wh drank ther kinds f spirits, such as beer r white wine. it seems that the alchl itself imprves an individual's health by raising the levels f gd chlesterl and decreasing bad chlesterl. The alchl als serves t increase bld flw and assist in bld cltting (凝结).
70 Cnsumers wh are especially cncerned abut their health shuld think carefully abut new infrmatin they read abut r see n televisin.
题型02 承上启下句题
(2022年1月高考真题)
Directins: Cmplete the fllwing passage by using the sentences in the bx Each sentence can nly be used nce. Nte that there are tw sentences mre than yu need.
Shuld Writers Be Paid fr Their E-bks Lent by Libraries?
When libraries lend bks t the public, authrs and publishers receive remuneratin frm the Gvernment under the Lending Rights schemes. 67 Is this fair?
This year, the gvernment has distributed almst a $ 22 millin under these Public Lending Rights and Educatinal Lending Rights Schemes. Fr each bk in public library cllectins creatrs receive $ 2.1l and publishers receive $ 0.52.
The amunt that each claimant receives is ften nt very significant, with the majrity f authrs receiving between S 100-500 annually, Still, a previus study has revealed that this remuneratin cnstitutes the secnd mst imprtant surce f incme fr creatrs frm their creative wrk..
E-bks, hwever, are nt cvered by these Lending Rights schemes. 68 But e-bk lending is increasing and, accrding t the Australian Library and Infrmatin Assciatin, e-bks are likely t reach 20% f library hldings by 2020. Als, mst, if nt all, self-published titles are dne s in digital frmat nly. Such self-published titles, if lent by libraries, wuld nt qualify fr any remuneratin.
69 Althugh the Bk Industry Cllabrative Cuncil made such prpsal already in a reprt f 2013, nthing has happened f yet.
One f the main reasns why e-bks are nt cvered is that e-bk lending is quite different frm print bk lending. In case f print bks, authrs and publishers are arguably lsing n custmers and revenues when libraries lan their bks fr free. Creatrs nly receive $ 2.11 and publishers receive $ 0.52 fr each bk in public library cllectins.
At present, in the case f e-bks, many publishers chse nt t sell these bks t libraries. 70
While publishers charge libraries high prices fr e-bks, writers cmplain that these amunts d nt reach them. Publishing cntracts ften dn’t specify whether and hw much authrs receive fr e-bks sales r fr e-lending.
题型03 总结、概括句题
(2020年6月高考真题)
Directins: Cmplete the fllwing passage by using the sentences in the bx Each sentence can nly be used nce. Nte that there are tw sentences mre than yu need.
Cming sn t a cinema near yu? Ticket prices shaped by demand
Chances are that if yu see just ne film this year, yu prbably saw it already. The perid between Christmas and Australia Day is typically the busiest and mst cmpetitive in ur film calendar. But even when yu arrive at a ticket cunter at a quieter time f year yu will usually pay the same price t see a film irrespective f its ppularity, quality r budget size. 67
A new smart applicatin means this will sn be a reality fr sme Australian cnsumers. Melburne-based start up Chvie will launch a service ffering demand-based ticket pricing t filmgers at the end f March, with ver 100 screens acrss metrplitan and reginal venues in Victria, NSW and ACT. 68
Chvie’s app will allw cnsumers t decide, within parameters set by the cinemas, what price they pay t see a film. Fr example, if yu dn’t want t pay mre than $10 t see a particular title and are prepared t cmprmise n where and when yu see it, the app will lcate a suitable sessin fr yu.
The emergence f apps such as Chvie is likely t shake up the film industry by fundamentally changing ur experience f ging t the mvies.
Dynamic (r demand) ticket pricing aims t change this.
S hw des dynamic pricing wrk?
69 This depends n a number f demand variables, such as mvie life cycle, time f day, day f the week, film title, venue, size f screen, actual bkings and s n. The number f seats in each price categry fr every film is based n demand cnditins at the time f purchase.
It wrks by using “pricing bts”, which adjust prices in real time accrding t rules set by the exhibitr and n the basis f infrmatin gathered abut cnsumer preferences. Uber’s “surge pricing” is ne example f dynamic pricing. Airline tickets are anther.
The idea is that instead f ffering custmers a limited number f ticket categries, the cinema sells each seat based n the individual custmer’s willingness t pay. Patrns can chse screenings by specifying things such as the amunt they are prepared t spend (say, under $10), the lcatin f the cinema (n mre than 10 km frm hme), the time f day (any time after 2pm) and s n. Cnversely, cinemagers shuld als be prepared t pay higher prices fr films that are clse t selling ut in ppular sessins.
70 It gives them the flexibility t respnd t unexpected fluctuatins in demand and encuraging their patrns t pre-purchase seats. And it benefits custmers by simplifying the prcess f finding cheaper cinema tickets and guaranteeing them a reserved seat.
题型04 归纳推理题
(2021年1月高考真题)
Directins: Cmplete the fllwing passage by using the sentences in the bx Each sentence can nly be used nce. Nte that there are tw sentences mre than yu need.
T Big, T Expensive and T Silly - Why Vide Game Mvies Fail
Film adaptatins f vide games have fallen n the unsuspecting viewing public like a Drp Bear. At first they lk harmless enugh, but they ften leave viewers bruised and regretful.
These mvies are plentiful. 67 Yet despite big budgets and quality talent bth in frnt f and behind the camera, mst vide game mvies are cmmercial and critical failures.
68 The answer cmes dwn t a cmplex mix f cnflicting audience demands and cmmercial realities. Vide game mvies ften assume that the audience wants, r is interested in, the game’s legend and backgrund. In fairness, this is ut f fear that fans will criticise legend changes, alienating a key demgraphic. But games reveal legend prgressively ver tens f hurs f gameplay, whereas mvies have a small prtin f that time. This tensin risks creating bring expsitin and cmplex stry lines. Fr example, Warcraft details the rigins f cnflict between humans and res (兽), the central cnflict in the game’s wrld. 69
Additinally, excessive adherence t the surce material extends t using silly plt device: withut spending enugh time establishing prper reasns fr their existence. In games, the these can wrk due t the “unspken but cmmnly understd lgic f ‘this is a vide game’”. In a game, peple accept incnsistent narrative devices because they facilitate interesting interactin and are the quickest rute twards allwing gamers t, say, sht hell-mnsters n Mars.
The game series became increasingly cmplex, as the player-cntrlled prtagnist (主角) parkured his way thrugh time perids like Renaissance Italy and Revlutinary America. The incredibility f the narrative wrld paled beside the fun f vaulting frm rftp t rftp in15th-century Flrence.
70 The plt--an riginal stry which retains the key elements f the games---was criticized as “scattered and fractured”, “hastily explained” and “disrienting”. Vanity Fair pinted ut that “it’s nt clear why any f this is happening” and Rger Ebert. cm summed it up as: Characters talking in quiet whispers abut the cmplex methds they use t realize their prly-hidden agendas.
名校模拟
(1)
(2023上·上海·高三复旦附中校考期中)
Culd a New Battery Slve Our Energy Prblem?
Researchers in the US have made headlines wrldwide by develping a new type f battery that charges far faster and hlds way mre charge than tday’s lithium cells (锂电池). It’s nt just a terrific technlgy stry, either. The team behind it is led by tech legend Prf Jhn Gdenugh f the University f Texas, Austin—the c-inventr f the riginal lithium-in battery, and still ding brilliant wrk at the age f 94.
1 That’s why we’re still using 21st-Century gadgetry with ne eye n battery, wndering if we can get t a charger befre ur device ges cmpletely dead.
This depressing state f affairs is mre than simply incnvenient. If we’re t make the mst f renewable energy, we need ways f cping with thse times when the wind drps r there’s n sunshine. 2
Eln Musk, the billinaire bss f electric car cmpany Tesla, certainly thinks s. He’s already created a 20 megawatt battery ‘farm’ in Califrnia, and is willing t put his mney where his batteries are. 3 Fr example, ne wind farm in Hawaii had three fires in its battery ‘farm’ within a year f pening.
But nw Gdenugh and his team may have fund the answer, by switching frm lithium t sdium (钠).
The lithium batteries that made Gdenugh’s reputatin cntain a liquid electrlyte (电解质) which desn’t respnd well t rapid charging. One f Gdenugh’s clleagues, Maria Braga, decided that the answer lay in switching t slid electrlytes. The team has nw managed t get a slid glass electrlyte t wrk with sdium, which is similar t lithium but far mre cmmn. 4 The battery has triple the charge f its lithium equivalent, it charges in minutes rather than hurs, and it has a lnger lifespan.
Advances in energy strage are vital if renewable are ging t reach their ptential. The bundless energy f Gdenugh—the Li-in King himself—may just have fund the slutin just in time.
A. Batteries that stre energy fr thse times is ne pretty bvius slutin.
B. N ne seriusly questins the need fr wind and slar pwer t be part f glbal energy strategy.
C. The result is transfrmatinal.
D. Yet nt everyne is cnvinced current battery technlgy is up t the jb.
E. While cmputing pwer famusly dubles every tw years, battery perfrmance has barely dubled in 20.
F. Cmmercialisatin may take a decade, thugh it culd happen faster.
(2)
(2023上·上海·高三上海交大附中校考期中)
Nbel ecnmics prize ges t prfessr fr research n the wrkplace gender gap
The Nbel ecnmics prize was awarded Mnday t Harvard University prfessr Claudia Gldin fr research that has advanced the understanding f the gender gap in the labr market. 1 Gldin is just the third wman t win the prize ut f 93 ecnmics laureates.
Claudia Gldin has studied 200 years f wmen’s participatin in the wrkplace, shwing that despite cntinued ecnmic grwth, wmen’s pay did nt cntinuusly catch up t men’s and a divide still exists despite wmen gaining higher levels f educatin than men.
“ 2 But when I lk at the numbers, I think smething has happened in America, that we, in the 1990s, ur labr frce participatin rate fr wmen was the highest in the wrld, and nw it isn’t the highest in the wrld,” Gldin tld The Assciated Press. “We have t step back and ask questins abut piecing tgether the family, the hme, tgether with the marketplace and emplyment,” she said.
Gldin’s research des nt ffer slutins, but it allws plicymakers t tackle the entrenched prblem, said ecnmist Randi Hjalmarssn, a member f the Nbel cmmittee. “ 3 And therefre, there is n single plicy,” Hjalmarssn said. “It’s a cmplicated plicy questin because if yu dn’t knw the underlying reasn, a certain plicy wn’t wrk.” Hwever, “by finally understanding the prblem and calling it by the right name, we will be able t pave a better rute frward,” Hjalmarssn said.
Gldin said that what happens in peple’s hmes reflects what happens in the wrkplace, with wmen ften taking jbs that allw them t be n call at hme wrk that ften pays less. “Ways in which we can even things ut r t create mre cuple equity als leads t mre gender equality,” she said.
Gldin had t becme a data “detective” as she sught t fill in missing data fr her research. 4 “S hw did Claudia Gldin vercme this missing data challenge? She had t be a detective t dig thrugh the archives t find nvel data surces and creative ways t use them t measure these unknwns,” Hjalmarssn added.
A. She explains the surce f the gap, and hw it’s changed ver time and hw it varies with the stage f develpment.
B. The Nbel cmmittee credits Gldin with finding missing data t better explain cntinuing differences between bth the pay and wrk invlvement, r participatin, f men and wmen.
C. I’ve always been an ptimist.
D. I lked at wmen whse jbs went uncunted, such as thse wh wrked n farms alngside their husbands r made clthing at hme.
E. The annuncement went a tiny step t clsing the Nbel cmmittee’s wn gender gap.
F. Fr parts f histry, systematic labr market recrds did nt exist, and, if they did, infrmatin abut wmen was missing.
(3)
(2023上·上海·高三上海中学校考期中)
E-sprts: the wrld’s biggest perfrmance yu’ve never heard f
Whever said yu’re wasting yur life away playing vide games bviusly had n idea hw big e-sprts were ging t get.
E-sprts has becme huge business ver the past five years, with prfessinal vide gaming turnaments ffering mre prize mney than sme f sprt’s biggest events. 1 The League f Legends champinship last year was watched by mre than 27 millin peple when bradcast n ESPN, eclipsing the audiences fr last year’s baseball Wrld Series (23.5 millin viewers) and NBA Finals (18 millin). With big ppularity and big mney invlved these days, mre and mre peple acrss the wrld are cnsidering prfessinal gaming as a genuine career.
While sme gamers have been making a living ff their skills since the late 1990s, it wasn’t until 2010’s Star-craft II that things really changed. One f the first games built with e-sprts squarely as its fcus, Star-craft Ii became a true spectatr sprt. 2 “We knew we were building an e-sprt and the cmpetitive nature cmbined with streaming cming int its wn really helped catch viewership in Eurpe and Nrth America.” the game’s executive prducer Chris Sigaty tld an Australian news agency.
3 In Australia, the biggest challenge is basic facilities. Cuntries like Suth Krea and the USA have high-speed bradband that allws cmpetitrs t play and practice withut the limitatins f Australia’s relatively slw cnnectin speeds. As mre mney is brught int the sprt, it’s hped traditinal media cmpanies and spnsrs will invest mney t help bring wrld class facilities t Australia’s shres.
But even if that des happen - will e-sprts be able t truly claim it is a “sprt”?
Fans argue that e-sprts have all the excitement, skill and cmpetitin f a basketball game. On tp f that, e-sprts have teams, star players, spnsrs and millins f dedicated fans acrss the wrld. 4 But e-sprts cannt escape the argument that it lacks the athletic aspects f ther prfessinal sprts.
A. Mr Sigaty was als the first t admit there was lts f wrk t be dne t ensure the sprt cntinued t grw.
B. The ppularity f e-sprts is surprising.
C. Organized cmpetitive gaming has becme a billin-dllar industry.
D. Even the US gvernment grants prfessinal athlete visas t tp e-sprts players.
E. E-sprts desn’t fit neatly int any f the existing definitins f a sprt.
F. With the launch f vide streaming services, e-sprts became the mainstream.
(4)
(2023上·上海·高三同济大学第一附属中学校考阶段练习)
Fear is gd; in emergencies, it enables us t fight r flee. But ften we get scared at the wrng time - when we step nt the field fr a big sccer game r up t the micrphne at a large twn meeting. Prfessinal athletes and actrs say sme nervusness help them cncentrate better. But, when perfrmance anxiety is t pwerful, it undermines ur effrts; a vilinist cannt find the crrect ntes, a manager in a meeting frgets all the talking pints. 1
The human anxiety reactin begins almst autmatically and includes clear physilgical symptms; a racing heart, sweating, stmach pains. Sme peple have truble breathing r feel faint. Thus alarmed, victims may withdraw int themselves r shck thers arund them with aggressive utbursts. If the need t perfrm is a regular requirement, they may suffer frm nightmares r fall int depressin. 2 Studies reveal that anxiety-plagued executives are less able t apply lgical intelligence n standard tests than calmer clleagues
3 Yet psychlgist Duglas H. Pwell f Harvard Medical Schl is cnvinced that severe stage fright is a phenmenn unt itself, given that it appears in nly certain well-defined situatins. Sciphbes (社恐的人) , in cntrast, suffer merely when thers are present. Whereas peple with scial phbias fear the negative feelings f thers, thse with perfrmance anxiety are their wn harshest critics. They are perfectinists and wuld rather cancel an appearance — r avid it —than nt meet their wn standards and, by extensin, nt be able t demnstrate hw gd they are.
This destructive style f thinking ften arises frm a lack f self-esteem. 4 Previus bad experiences can be a trigger —an embarrassing experience in a schl play r a single failed test can smetimes aruse such strng feelings f shame in yungsters that as adults they will avid any remtely similar undertaking.
A. Sme therapists utilize techniques that act against the physical symptms f fear.
B. Survival may nt hang in the balance, but scial, prfessinal r financial success can seem t be in grave danger.
C. All these symptms eat away at the very resurces needed t rise t the ccasin: steady hands, clear memry and a cl head.
D. The individual begins by imagining failure, wrks himself r herself int a state and then criticizes his r her wn abilities.
E. At Harvard, Pwell fund that facing anxiety can be a hard task, but many times the fear arises frm cmpletely cntrllable precnditins.
F. Because perfrmance anxiety arises when ther peple are present, many psychlgists believe that the cnditin is a sub-categry f scial anxiety.
(5)
(2023上·上海·高三上海市行知中学校考期中)
T Big, T Expensive and T Silly — Why Vide Game Mvies Fail
Film adaptatins f vide games have fallen n the unsuspecting viewing public like a Drp Bear. At first they lk harmless enugh, but they ften leave viewers bruised and regretful.
These mvies are plentiful. 1 Yet despite big budgets and quality talent bth in frnt f and behind the camera, mst vide game mvies are cmmercial and critical failures.
2 The answer cmes dwn t a cmplex mix f cnflicting audience demands and cmmercial realities. Vide game mvies ften assume that the audience wants, r is interested in, the game’s legend and backgrund. In fairness, this is ut f fear that fans will? Criticise legend changes, alienating a key demgraphic. But games reveal legend prgressively ver tens f hurs f gameplay, whereas mvies have a small prtin f that time. This tensin risks creating bring expsitin and cmplex stry lines. Fr example, Warcraft details the rigins f cnflict between humans and rcs (兽), the central cnflict in the game’s wrld. 3
Additinally, excessive adherence t the surce material extends t using silly plt devices withut spending enugh time establishing prper reasns fr their existence. In games, these can wrk due t the “unspken but cmmnly understd lgic f ‘this is a vide game’”. In a game, peple accept incnsistent narrative devices because they facilitate interesting interactin and are the quickest rute twards allwing gamers t, say, sht hell-mnsters n Mars.
The game series became increasingly cmplex , as the player-cntrlled prtagnist (主角) parkured his way thrugh time perids like Renaissance Italy and Revlutinary America. The incredibility f the narrative wrld paled beside the fun f vaulting frm rftp t rftp in15th-century Flrence.
4 The plt — an riginal stry which retains the key elements f the games —was criticized as “scattered and fractured”, “hastily explained” and “disrienting”. Vanity Fair pinted ut that. It’s nt clear why any f this is happening and RgerEbert.cm summed it up as: Characters [talking] in quiet whispers abut the cmplex methds they use t realize their prly-hidden agendas.
A. S why d these mvies fail?
B. The film, in cntrast, failed t bring its audience alng fr the ride.
C. Game adaptatins issues seem nt t be due t a lack f resurces.
D. But the return n investment is nt encuraging, with a number failing t recup csts.
E. The ptential t appeal t a devted fan base makes these mvies an attractive prspect.
F. Hwever, a cmmn criticism was that it was full f bring expsitin and mstly uninteresting characters.A. Anther ppular belief is that red wine, like ther drinks, may be harmful t yu if cnsumed t much.
B. Apart frm that, many peple believe drinking red wine is especially gd fr yur heart
C. Eggs are high in chlesterl and fat despite the fact that they are a nutritius surce f energy
D. There are many ther myths cmmn is ur sciety abut fd and health.
E. This is because the bdy can deal with the extra chlesterl by reducing the amunt it prduces
F. With such a steady stream f infrmatin, it’s understandable that a few ppular myths abut fd and health are flating arund.
A. Hwever, this is nt the case when libraries lend e-bks.
B. This may nt be a big issue nw, fr e-bks are minr in publishing.
C. Als, publishers assume get mre prfits frm libraries where readers pay them mre.
D. Publishing cntracts ften dn’t specify whether and hw much authrs receive fr e-bks sales r fr e-lending.
E. Extensin alne wuld d little if the current funds under the schemes were merely re-distributed frm bks t e-bks.
F. Fr this reasn, authrs and publishers have been talking the Gvernment int extending the Lending Rights Schemes t e-bks.
A. The higher the price f film ticket is, the mre ppular it is amng yungsters.
B. Imagine if yu culd instead pay less t see films that are nt in high demand?
C. One f the first cinema chains t take up this initiative is Dendy. Mre will fllw.
D. Dynamic ticket pricing relies n the quality and trend f the film, varying frm ne t anther.
E. Dynamic ticket pricing gives the cnsumer the ability t purchase film tickets at a wider range f prices.
F. Dynamic pricing benefits cinemas by ptimizing the price mix fr every screening f every film.
A. S why d these mvies fail?
B. The film, in cntrast, failed t bring its audience alng fr the ride.
C. Game adaptatins’ issues seem nt t be due t a lack f resurces.
D. But the return n investment is nt encuraging, with a number failing t recup csts.
E. The ptential t appeal t a devted fan base makes these mvies an attractive prspect.
F. Hwever, a cmmn criticism was that it was “full f bring expsitin and mstly uninteresting characters”.
短文长度一般为300词左右，题材为记叙文、说明文和议论文为主。设空类型：1.主旨句：标题类、主题句类；2.过渡性句子:文章结构；3.细节注释性句子：上下文逻辑意义。值得注意的是文中不同的地方挖空，考査的能力要求也会有所不同。
题型归纳
题型01 主旨句题
【题型诠释】
在某段第一句设空的内容通常是该段落主旨句，学生需要通过认真研读该段的内容，然后从选项中查找下文的同义词或其他相关词或句的方法，从而确定答案；有时则需反复读设空处后面一两句或更多内容，确定关键信息词，然后在各个选项中查找关联词和信息句。
学生做这类题时，注意一般正确答案选项与所设空后的第一句在意义上是紧密衔接的，因此正确选项和原文的内容是连贯且符合逻辑的。
【典例1】(2023·上海·上海中学校考模拟预测)
Changing Smene’s Mind at the Dinner Table
Family gatherings can bring up tpics we prefer t avid. With the festive seasn in full swing, it might be hard t stay away frm sme annying relatives. At sme pint, yu knw they will say smething like: “Genetically mdified fds are nt safe t eat” r “Climate change is a cnspiracy”. (Surely, all these statements are untrue.)
67 “Is it wrth making an effrt t crrect peple?” says Jasn Reifler at the University f Exeter, UK, wh studies ways f challenging misperceptins. I think s. 68
Obviusly, it is far mre difficult t prve false beliefs wrng than t spread them.
Take a classic: “The climate has always changed, it’s nthing t d with humans.” T fight this, yu need t explain hw the wrld is nw warming at an alarming rate, when therwise it wuld be cling slightly were it nt fr ur carbn dixide emissins.
69 “Parallel” arguments can ften highlight lgical errrs very effectively, says Jhn Ck f Gerge Masn University, Virginia. Fr instance, the “climate is always changing” myth is like claiming that because peple have always stlen frm each ther, leaving yur huse unlcked wn’t increase the risk f burglary (入室抢劫).
But yu need t be aware f the backfire (适得其反的) effect. 70 This was discuraging news fr the fight against false beliefs. “The last thing yu want t d when debunking (驳斥) misinfrmatin is make matters wrse,” wrte Ck and Stephan Lewandwsky at the University f Bristl, UK, in The Debunking Handbk, a shrt guide published in2011. Hwever, mre recent studies are far mre encuraging. It’s nt as cmmn as we initially thught,“ says Lewandwsky.
A. This is the idea that trying t change smene’s false belief can make them believe it mre strngly.
B. Hwever, mre recent studies are far mre encuraging.
C. Anyne can spread a lie, but it usually takes a bit f time and knwledge t explain why a statement is wrng.
D. But smetimes there are shrtcuts t make yur pint cnvincing.
E. If yu are nt sure f the facts, d sme web brwsing n yur phne rather than trying t wing it.
F. If this happens, yu dn’t have t just sit there quiet.
【答案】67. F 68. C 69. D 70. A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了如何在餐桌上改变某人的想法。
67. 根据后文““Is it wrth making an effrt t crrect peple?” says Jasn Reifler at the University f Exeter, UK, wh studies ways f challenging misperceptins. I think s.(“值得努力去纠正别人吗？”英国埃克塞特大学的Jasn Reifler说，他研究的是如何挑战误解。我想是的。)”可知，后文提到Jasn Reifler纠正别人是值得的，所以针对第一段发生的情况，不必只是坐在那里。故F选项“如果发生这种情况，你不必只是安静地坐在那里”符合语境，故选F。
68. 根据上文““Is it wrth making an effrt t crrect peple?” says Jasn Reifler at the University f Exeter, UK, wh studies ways f challenging misperceptins. I think s.(“值得努力去纠正别人吗？”英国埃克塞特大学的Jasn Reifler说，他研究的是如何挑战误解。我想是的。)”可知，上文提到Jasn Reifler研究的是如何挑战误解，且鼓励人们去澄清误解，本句为本段最后一句，应承接上文继续说明如何来解释一个陈述是错误的情况。故C选项“任何人都可以散布谎言，但通常需要一些时间和知识来解释为什么一个陈述是错误的”符合语境，故选C。
69. 根据后文““Parallel” arguments can ften highlight lgical errrs very effectively, says Jhn Ck f Gerge Masn University, Virginia. Fr instance, the “climate is always changing” myth is like claiming that because peple have always stlen frm each ther, leaving yur huse unlcked wn’t increase the risk f burglary (入室抢劫).(弗吉尼亚州乔治梅森大学的约翰·库克说，“平行”论证常常能非常有效地突出逻辑错误。例如，“气候总是在变化”的神话就像是声称因为人们总是互相偷东西，所以不锁房子不会增加入室盗窃的风险)”可知，后文提到“平行”论证常常能非常有效地突出逻辑错误，即有其它方法可以让自己的观点更令人信服。故D选项“但是有时候有捷径可以让你的观点令人信服”符合语境，故选D。
70. 根据上文“But yu need t be aware f the backfire (适得其反的) effect.(但你需要注意适得其反的效果)”以及后文“This was discuraging news fr the fight against false beliefs.(对于打击错误信念的斗争来说，这是一个令人沮丧的消息)”可知，本句进一步论述会产生何种适得其反的效果：试图改变一个人的错误信念可以让他们更坚定地相信它。故A选项“这个观点认为，试图改变一个人的错误信念可以让他们更坚定地相信它”符合语境，故选A。
题型02 承上启下句题
【题型诠释】
在某段第一句设空的内容也有可能为承上启下的句子，这就需要学生做到瞻前顾后，既熟悉上一段结尾的内容，又结合下一段的内容，分析所选的答案是否能够将两段内容连贯起来。还有可能这一空是引出下一段的内容。如果在选项中找不出与前文之间的关联，此时可考虑与下一段开头是否有一定的衔接。认真阅读下一段开头几句，看是否能与选项的最后一句紧密连接起来。
解决此类题型，可以根据逻辑关系来判断。它包括：因果关系、转折关系、并列关系、递进关系、例证关系。
【典例2】(2023上·上海·高三格致中学校考阶段练习)
The Bitter Truth Behind Vanilla
Vanilla is ne f the wrld’s mst ppular spices and an imprtant ingredient in prducts ranging frm chclate t perfume. Hwever, the whlesale price f vanilla has reached up t $600 per kilgram, when just a few years ag it fetched a tenth f that. What is happening?
Madagascar supplies mre than 80 percent f the wrld’s natural vanilla. In the 19th century, the French intrduced Burbn vanilla t their African island clny. Tday, vanilla represents 20 percent f Madagascan exprts, wrth arund $600 millin at current prices. Hwever, it is a difficult crp t grw. A vine takes three t fur years t mature. 67 Nine mnths later, the green beans must be hand-picked when perfectly ripe t ptimize their vanillin cntent (the cmpund that gives vanilla its flavr). Mnths f blanching (焯水), sweathing (焖煮) and gradual drying in the sun are then necessary t prduce the armatic (芳香的) spice. Six hundred hand-pllinated blssms yield abut six kils f green beans, which cnvert t ne kil f dried beans.
The price f Madagascan vanilla was nce set by the gvernment. 68 Madagascar’s gvernment was eventually frced t end its price-fixing regime (体制). Fd giants such as Unilever and Nestlé als increased their use f synthetic vanillin, which can be prduced frm reliable surces, adding t the pressure. Fr 30 years, Madagascar’s vanilla farmers earned just a pittance, and many ended up leaving the business. But even with fewer prducers, the price f natural vanilla stayed lw.
It was nt until public tastes started shifting twards all things natural that farmers’ frtunes revived. Frm arund 2011, sme manufacturers began fcusing nce mre n natural vanilla. In 2015, Nestlé annunced plans t use nly natural ingredients in five years, and Hershey’s fllwed suit. 69 Extreme weather, weak crp-security, and exprters wh hard inventry (囤货) and speculate (做投机买卖) n further rises have als kept prices high.
70 T prevent theft f their nw rather valuable crps, farmers have taken t harvesting the beans early, thereby reducing the verall quality f the crp. That frces the gvernment t make greater effrts t enfrce penalties (处罚). If it manages this, Madagascar culd yet savr the benefits f its near mnply (垄断).
A. It’s expensive because it’s bth labr-intensive and time-cnsuming t grw.
B. Demand has therefre surged, and with it prices - in part because natural supplies are insufficient.
C. If pllinatin (授粉) is successful, it will take anther eight t nine mnths until the plant matures.
D. This rise has nt been withut its challenges.
E. The flwers pen fr just ne day a year, s pllinatin is dne cmpletely by hand.
F. But such were the prices it demanded fr vanilla that in the 1980s buyers turned their attentin t the cheaper, pr-quality versin available elsewhere, in particular Indnesia.
【答案】67. E 68. F 69. B 70. D
【解析】这是一篇说明文，香草是世界上最受欢迎的香料之一，其批发价格高达每公斤600美元，然而就在几年前，它的价格只有这个价格的十分之一，文章讲述了其中的原因。
67. 根据上文“A vine takes three t fur years t mature.(藤蔓需要三到四年才能成熟)”及下文“Nine mnths later, the green beans must be hand-picked when perfectly ripe t ptimize their vanillin cntent (the cmpund that gives vanilla its flavr).(9个月后，青豆必须在完全成熟时手工采摘，以优化它们的香草素含量（香草的味道来自于这种化合物）”可知，此处是描述香草种植的艰难之处，E项“这种花一年只开放一天，所以授粉完全靠手工完成”符合语境。故选E。
68. 根据上文“The price f Madagascan vanilla was nce set by the gvernment.(马达加斯加香草的价格曾经由政府确定)”可知，马达加斯加的香草的价格曾经由政府确定，下文“Madagascar’s gvernment was eventually frced t end its price-fixing regime (体制).(马达加斯加政府最终被迫结束了价格操纵制度)”提到马达加斯加政府最终被迫结束了价格操纵制度，所以空处应是提及其他可以购买香草的地方，F项“但由于对香草的价格要求太高，20世纪80年代，买家将注意力转向了其他可以买到更便宜、质量较差的香草的地方，尤其是印度尼西亚”符合语境。故选F。
69. 根据上文“In 2015, Nestlé annunced plans t use nly natural ingredients in five years, and Hershey’s fllwed suit.(2015年，Nestlé宣布计划在五年内只使用天然原料，Hershey’s也紧随其后)”可知，制造商再次关注香草，因此空处应是提及香草的需求量增大，B项“因此，需求激增，价格也随之飙升——部分原因是自然供应不足”符合语境，故选B。
70. 上文“Extreme weather, weak crp-security, and exprters wh hard inventry(囤货) and speculate(做投机买卖) n further rises have als kept prices high.(极端的天气，脆弱的农作物安全，以及囤积库存并投机价格进一步上涨的出口商也使得价格居高不下)”提到一系列原因使得香草价格居高不下，下文“T prevent theft f their nw rather valuable crps, farmers have taken t harvesting the beans early, thereby reducing the verall quality f the crp. That frces the gvernment t make greater effrts t enfrce penalties (处罚).(为了防止现在价值颇高的作物被盗，农民们开始提前收割咖啡豆，从而降低了作物的整体质量。这迫使政府在执行处罚方面付出更大努力)”描述了价格上涨导致的问题，D项“这种上涨并非没有挑战”承上启下，符合语境，故选D。
题型03 总结、概括句题
【题型诠释】
如果第一段的段尾是空格，要认真阅读，看此处是细节还是主题。通常文章第一段要提出文章的主题，如果在段尾提出主题，会用一些信号词如转折词引出来，正确答案中应有这样的特征词。
做题时一要注意空格前的一句或两句；二是注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总结的信号词，如t cnclude, in a wrd, thus, hence, in shrt, t sum up, therefre, as a result等词语；三是要注意与前文的逻辑关系，找到关键的线索词句，如表示转折、对比、并列或排比的关系。
【典例3】(2023下·上海·高三上海市建平中学校考开学考试)
Within the last decade, music festivals have grwn int a majr mneymaker in a cmpetitive industry that sees hundreds f such events each year in the U. S. There are the big nes with big ticket prices, multiple stages, camping ptins and nearly endless lists f perfrmers. 67
The rigins f music festivals date back t ancient Greece, where such events ften invlved cmpetitins in music, arts and sprts. Mdern music festival in the U. S. grew ut f the establishment f Wdstck. Thugh it was nt the first event f its kind, the 1969 event hlds a mythical place within American pp-cultural histry. 68 Cachella, ne f the mst ppular festivals in the cuntry, grssed $ 114. 6 millin in 2017, setting a majr recrd by earning mre than $ 100 millin.
The mechanics that drve music festivals t becming tp earners have a lt t d with the effects f mdern life, says Chirins, a prfessr f clinical music and glbal health at New Yrk University. 69 He says, arguing that sharing a clip frm a Billie Eilish r Cardi B perfrmance with ne’s Instagram fllwers is mre satisfying than buying smething expensive. A 2019 Delitte survey f millennials — a grup that makes up at 45% f the 32 millin peple wh attend music festivals — finds that mst value experiences: 57% f them said they prefer travel and seeing the wrld ver wning a hme.
70 As streaming becmes ne f the mst ppular ways t listen t music, sales f tickets and prducts make up a large part f fans’ expenditures n music. Because listening t music has becme practically free, the access is unprecedented and makes live music much mre special, accrding t Chirins. “Audiences are keen t cnnect t the artist and,” he says.
On the ther hand, fr artists, appearing at music festivals is an easier way t make mney than depending n recrd sales r lng turs. As recrd sales saw a sharp decline in the early-t-mid-2000s thanks t the grwth f digital music, artists began depending n turing t earn mney.
A. Music itself has changed as well, making festivals a bigger attractin fr listeners.
B. Streaming pp stars’ perfrmance makes music even mre ppular.
C. And alngside their rise in ppularity, hundreds f smaller festivals have flurished.
D. Peple are mre likely nw t spend mney n experiences ver material gds.
E. Festivals have since grwn int mainstream businesses that reap prfits and embrace crprate spnsrships.
F. The first musical festival was said t be held in Cachella.
【答案】67. C 68. E 69. D 70. A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了音乐会的起源、发展历史以及变化。
67. 根据上文“Within the last decade, music festivals have grwn int a majr mneymaker in a cmpetitive industry that sees hundreds f such events each year in the U. S. There are the big nes with big ticket prices, multiple stages, camping ptins and nearly endless lists f perfrmers.(在过去的十年里，音乐节在竞争激烈的行业中已经成长为一个主要的赚钱渠道，美国每年都有数百个这样的活动，其中有大型音乐节，票价很高，有多个舞台，有露营的选择，表演者的名单几乎无穷无尽)”可知，上文提到了音乐节有很多，说明越来越受欢迎，在蓬勃发展。故C选项“随着它们越来越受欢迎，数百个较小的节日也蓬勃发展”符合语境，故选C。
68. 根据上文“The rigins f music festivals date back t ancient Greece, where such events ften invlved cmpetitins in music, arts and sprts. Mdern music festival in the U. S. grew ut f the establishment f Wdstck. Thugh it was nt the first event f its kind, the 1969 event hlds a mythical place within American pp-cultural histry.(音乐节的起源可以追溯到古希腊，这些活动通常包括音乐、艺术和体育比赛。现代音乐节在美国是随着伍德斯托克音乐节的建立而发展起来的。虽然这不是第一次这样的活动，1969年的活动在美国流行文化史上有着神秘的地位)”以及后文“Cachella, ne f the mst ppular festivals in the cuntry, grssed $ 114. 6 millin in 2017, setting a majr recrd by earning mre than $ 100 millin.(科切拉音乐节是该国最受欢迎的节日之一，总票房为114美元。2017年为600万美元，收入超过1亿美元，创下了一项重大记录)”可知，本段主要讲述了音乐节的起源和发展，后文提到了科切拉音乐节是该国最受欢迎的节日之一并创下收益记录，由此推知，说明本句是在说明这些音乐节发展以及获得大量收益的原因。故E选项“节日后来发展成为主流业务，获得利润并接受企业赞助”符合语境，故选E。
69. 根据上文“The mechanics that drve music festivals t becming tp earners have a lt t d with the effects f mdern life, says Chirins, a prfessr f clinical music and glbal health at New Yrk University.(奇里诺斯是纽约大学临床音乐和全球健康教授，他说，推动音乐节成为高收入人群的机制与现代生活的影响有很大关系)”以及后文“he says, arguing that sharing a clip frm a Billie Eilish r Cardi B perfrmance with ne’s Instagram fllwers is mre satisfying than buying smething expensive. A 2019 Delitte survey f millennials — a grup that makes up at 45% f the 32 millin peple wh attend music festivals — finds that mst value experiences: 57% f them said they prefer travel and seeing the wrld ver wning a hme.(他认为，与Instagram上的粉丝分享Billie Eilish或Cardi B的表演片段比买昂贵的东西更令人满意。Delitte在2019年对千禧一代的一项调查发现，大多数有价值的体验：57%的千禧一代表示，他们更喜欢旅行和看世界，而不是拥有房子。千禧一代在参加音乐节的3200万人中占45%)”可知，本句承接上文说明音乐节成为高收入人群的机制与现代生活的影响之间的关系。故D选项“人们现在更有可能把钱花在体验上，而不是物质产品上”符合语境，故选D。
70. 根据后文“As streaming becmes ne f the mst ppular ways t listen t music, sales f tickets and prducts make up a large part f fans’ expenditures n music. Because listening t music has becme practically free, the access is unprecedented and makes live music much mre special, accrding t Chirins. “Audiences are keen t cnnect t the artist and,” he says.(随着流媒体成为最受欢迎的听音乐方式之一，门票和产品的销售在粉丝的音乐支出中占据了很大一部分。奇里诺斯说，因为听音乐几乎是免费的，这种访问是前所未有的，使现场音乐变得更加特别。他说:“观众渴望与艺术家建立联系。”)”可知，上文提到“听音乐几乎是免费的，这种访问是前所未有的”，即产生了变化，也提到了“观众渴望与艺术家建立联系”，说明音乐对听众具有吸引力。故A选项“音乐本身也发生了变化，音乐节对听众的吸引力更大了”符合语境，故选A。
题型04 归纳推理题
【题型诠释】
段中设空即主题句或展开句。尤其注意分析空前后的逻辑关系和行文逻辑及内容的连贯性，注意句间的衔接手段。其特点主要以转折手法引出主题句，或者是用来承上启下的过渡句，也可能是补充前文具体的事实、事例和说明。从行文逻辑上判断有：1.例证关系：前后句的某句是为了证明另一句而举的例子。例证的形式具有多样性，思维过程基本是归纳(从例子到观点)和推理(从观点到例子)。2.转折关系：主要指英语行文中后句对前句构成逆转逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间有hwever (然而)，nevertheless (然而，不过)，still (还，仍然)，thugh (可是，不过，然而)，yet (然而)，n the cntrary (正相反)，in cntrast (与此相反，相比之下)，in cmparisn (比较起来，与……比较)，by cmparisn (相比之下)等连接词，则表明前后两句话是逻辑上的逆转，空格处很有可能表示转折。3.因果关系：做题时最重要的是要在读懂空格前后的句子的基础上，依据彼此的关系来确认答案。有时，前后的句子之间出现as a result (结果)，thus/therefre (因此)，s (such) (如此……以至于)等标志性词语，表明前后句有着原因和结果之间的关系，说明前因后果或者前果后因等情况。4.递进关系：主要指英语行文中后句对前句是一种顺承逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间有als (也，而且)，further (进一步地，而且)，furthermre (而且，此外)，likewise (同样地，也)，similarly (相同地，类似地)，mrever (而且，此外)，in additin (另外，加之)，what’s mre (更重要的是)，nt als (不但……而且)等连接词或词组，则表明前后两句是逻辑上的递进关系，空格处很有可能是个递进的句子。5.并列关系：如果空格前后两句话之间有first (ly) (首先，第一)，secnd (ly) (第二)，third (ly) (第三)；first (第一)，next (其次)，then (那么，然后)；in the first place (第一，首先)，in the secnd place (第二，其次)；fr ne thing (首先，一则)，fr anther (其次)；t begin with (首先，第一)，t cnclude (最后)等连接词或词组，则表明前后两句是逻辑上的并列关系，空格处很有可能是个并列的句子。
学生做这类题时，第一步需要依据信息词将选项进行排除之后，把剩下的几个可能正确的选项依次代入设空处，最终判断和确定一个选项和空白处前后内容能达到语意连贯，逻辑关系清晰，于是得出了正确答案。
【典例4】(2023上·上海·高三上海市育才中学校考阶段练习)
A San Francisc Museum Tackles Art’s Instagram Dilemma
A wman held tightly her phne t her heart, the way a missinary might hld a Bible. She was anxius t take a picture f a stunning buquet f flwers that sat nt 10 ft away, but first she had t get thrugh a crwd f thers wh were ding the same.
67 Fr the 34th year, flrists were asked t create buquets that respnd t pieces f art n display, frm ancient carvings t cntemprary sculptures. A twer f baby’s breath imitates a waterfall in a nearby painting by Gustav Grunewald. Red flaming flwers and nen blue sticks ech a surreal prtrait f a wman by Salvadr Dali.
It’s amazing and als extremely Instagrammable, t the pint that it has becme a prblem. 68 Institutins f fine art arund the wrld face similar prblems as the desire t take phtgraphs becmes a huge draw fr museums as well as smething that upsets sme f their spnsrs.
S the de Yung respnded with a kind f agreement: carving ut “pht free” hurs during the exhibitin’s six-day run.
One cmmn cmplaint in the nging debates ver the effect f scial media n museum culture is that peple seem t be missing ut n experiences because they are s busy cllecting evidence f them. A study published in the jurnal Psychlgical Science suggests there is truth t this. It fund that peple wh tk phts f an exhibit rather than simply bserving it had a harder time remembering what they saw.
69 Linda Butler, the de Yung’s head f marketing, cmmunicatins and visitr experience, acknwledges that nt everyne wants a museum t be “a selfie playland”. Yet a lt f ther peple d, and her take is that the de Yung is in n psitin t claim that ne mtivatin fr buying a $28 ticket is mre valid than anther.
If we remved scial media and phtgraphy, she says, “we shuld risk becming irrelevant”. 70 On this visit t the museum, mst peple seemed t treat the pht craze as the new nrmal. Many plitely waited their turn and gt ut f ther peple’s shts,even as visitrs bumped int each ther in crwded galleries.
A. If this is a battle, signs indicate that the pr-phne crwd has already wn.
B. But rather than expressing frustratin abut this awkwardness, she said she felt guilty, as if she were the ne challenging cnventin.
C. In recent years, the de Yung received mre than a thusand cmplaints frm peple wh felt that cell phnes had spiled their experience f the exhibit.
D. The cause f this recent craze was Buquets t Art, ne f the mst ppular annual events at the de Yung Museum in San Francisc.
E. The truth is peple like selfies mre than the exhibits way beynd researchers' imaginatin.
F. But the issue is cmplicated fr the prfessinals running museums.
【答案】67. D 68. C 69. F 70. A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了由于一项名为“花束与艺术”的活动，旧金山的德扬博物馆里拿着手机拍照的人络绎不绝，这造成了一些问题。文章从不同人的角度说明了他们对此的看法。
67. 根据上一段中“She was anxius t take a picture f a stunning buquet f flwers that sat nt 10 ft away, but first she had t get thrugh a crwd f thers wh were ding the same. (她迫不及待地想要在不到10英尺远的地方拍下一束漂亮的鲜花，但首先她得穿过一群同样做着同样事情的人)”以及后文“Fr the 34th year, flrists were asked t create buquets that respnd t pieces f art n display, frm ancient carvings t cntemprary sculptures. (这是第34年，花商被要求根据展出的艺术品创作花束，从古代雕刻到当代雕塑)”可知，本句承接上文解释了女子想要拍摄花束这一行为的原因，根据后文内容可知起因是一项与花有关的活动，故D选项“最近这股热潮的起因是‘从花束到艺术’，这是旧金山德杨博物馆最受欢迎的年度活动之一。”符合语境，故选D。
68. 根据上文“It’s amazing and als extremely Instagrammable, t the pint that it has becme a prblem.( 这很神奇，也非常适合在instagram上分享，以至于这已经成为了一个问题)”以及后文“Institutins f fine art arund the wrld face similar prblems as the desire t take phtgraphs becmes a huge draw fr museums as well as smething that upsets sme f their spnsrs.(世界各地的艺术机构都面临着类似的问题，渴望去博物馆拍照成为了博物馆的巨大吸引力，同时也让一些赞助商感到不安)”可知，本段主要是在说明这一活动给博物馆或是艺术机构带来的问题，故C选项“近年来，德扬博物馆收到了上千条投诉，人们认为手机破坏了他们的展览体验”符合语境，故选C。
69. 根据后文“Linda Butler, the de Yung’s head f marketing, cmmunicatins and visitr experience, acknwledges that nt everyne wants a museum t be ‘a selfie playland’. (德扬博物馆的市场营销、沟通和游客体验主管琳达•巴特勒承认，并非所有人都希望博物馆成为‘自拍乐园’)”可知，后文提到了德扬博物馆的主管对此的看法，说明本段主要是从博物馆经营者的角度来说明对这一问题的看法。F选项中the prfessinals running museums对应后文中Linda Butler, the de Yung’s head f marketing。故F选项“但对于经营博物馆的专业人士来说，这个问题很复杂”符合语境，故选F。
70. 根据后文“On this visit t the museum, mst peple seemed t treat the pht craze as the new nrmal. Many plitely waited their turn and gt ut f ther peple’s shts,even as visitrs bumped int each ther in crwded galleries.(在这次参观博物馆的过程中，大多数人似乎都将拍照热视为新常态。尽管游客们在拥挤的画廊里互相撞来撞去，但许多人还是礼貌地排队等候，避开了其他人的镜头)”可知，后文中提到的大多数人将拍照热视为新常态，且许多人还是能礼貌排队等候，说明人们还是支持手机拍照的。故A选项“如果这是一场战斗，有迹象表明，支持手机的那群人已经赢了”符合语境，故选A。
高考练场
题型01 主旨句题
(2021年6月高考真题)
Directins: Cmplete the fllwing passage by using the sentences in the bx Each sentence can nly be used nce. Nte that there are tw sentences mre than yu need.
Fd & Health Myths
Every day there is new infrmatin abut fd and health prducts. Newspapers regularly have articles that discuss hw certain fds r drinks are gd r bad fr yu, Sme televisin shws ften deal with new stries abut hw cnsuming certain substances can affect yur bdy 67
One myth abut fd and health is that eggs are bad fr yur heart. Althugh they are indeed high in chlesterl (胆固醇) and fat, it’s nt true that eating eggs every day will damage yur heart. 68 As far as fat ges, it’s the yellw part f the egg that cntains all the fat. S if yu’re wrried abut the fat cntent f eggs, g ahead and just eat the whites. Yu might als chse t buy certain kinds f eggs that have less fat cntent depending n the diet f the animal. Check yur lcal supermarket fr mre infrmatin.
69 Althugh it was nce thught t have unique prperties, ther types f alchl can have the same effects. A study cnducted recently revealed that peple wh drank red wine did nt live any lnger than thse wh drank ther kinds f spirits, such as beer r white wine. it seems that the alchl itself imprves an individual's health by raising the levels f gd chlesterl and decreasing bad chlesterl. The alchl als serves t increase bld flw and assist in bld cltting (凝结).
70 Cnsumers wh are especially cncerned abut their health shuld think carefully abut new infrmatin they read abut r see n televisin.
题型02 承上启下句题
(2022年1月高考真题)
Directins: Cmplete the fllwing passage by using the sentences in the bx Each sentence can nly be used nce. Nte that there are tw sentences mre than yu need.
Shuld Writers Be Paid fr Their E-bks Lent by Libraries?
When libraries lend bks t the public, authrs and publishers receive remuneratin frm the Gvernment under the Lending Rights schemes. 67 Is this fair?
This year, the gvernment has distributed almst a $ 22 millin under these Public Lending Rights and Educatinal Lending Rights Schemes. Fr each bk in public library cllectins creatrs receive $ 2.1l and publishers receive $ 0.52.
The amunt that each claimant receives is ften nt very significant, with the majrity f authrs receiving between S 100-500 annually, Still, a previus study has revealed that this remuneratin cnstitutes the secnd mst imprtant surce f incme fr creatrs frm their creative wrk..
E-bks, hwever, are nt cvered by these Lending Rights schemes. 68 But e-bk lending is increasing and, accrding t the Australian Library and Infrmatin Assciatin, e-bks are likely t reach 20% f library hldings by 2020. Als, mst, if nt all, self-published titles are dne s in digital frmat nly. Such self-published titles, if lent by libraries, wuld nt qualify fr any remuneratin.
69 Althugh the Bk Industry Cllabrative Cuncil made such prpsal already in a reprt f 2013, nthing has happened f yet.
One f the main reasns why e-bks are nt cvered is that e-bk lending is quite different frm print bk lending. In case f print bks, authrs and publishers are arguably lsing n custmers and revenues when libraries lan their bks fr free. Creatrs nly receive $ 2.11 and publishers receive $ 0.52 fr each bk in public library cllectins.
At present, in the case f e-bks, many publishers chse nt t sell these bks t libraries. 70
While publishers charge libraries high prices fr e-bks, writers cmplain that these amunts d nt reach them. Publishing cntracts ften dn’t specify whether and hw much authrs receive fr e-bks sales r fr e-lending.
题型03 总结、概括句题
(2020年6月高考真题)
Directins: Cmplete the fllwing passage by using the sentences in the bx Each sentence can nly be used nce. Nte that there are tw sentences mre than yu need.
Cming sn t a cinema near yu? Ticket prices shaped by demand
Chances are that if yu see just ne film this year, yu prbably saw it already. The perid between Christmas and Australia Day is typically the busiest and mst cmpetitive in ur film calendar. But even when yu arrive at a ticket cunter at a quieter time f year yu will usually pay the same price t see a film irrespective f its ppularity, quality r budget size. 67
A new smart applicatin means this will sn be a reality fr sme Australian cnsumers. Melburne-based start up Chvie will launch a service ffering demand-based ticket pricing t filmgers at the end f March, with ver 100 screens acrss metrplitan and reginal venues in Victria, NSW and ACT. 68
Chvie’s app will allw cnsumers t decide, within parameters set by the cinemas, what price they pay t see a film. Fr example, if yu dn’t want t pay mre than $10 t see a particular title and are prepared t cmprmise n where and when yu see it, the app will lcate a suitable sessin fr yu.
The emergence f apps such as Chvie is likely t shake up the film industry by fundamentally changing ur experience f ging t the mvies.
Dynamic (r demand) ticket pricing aims t change this.
S hw des dynamic pricing wrk?
69 This depends n a number f demand variables, such as mvie life cycle, time f day, day f the week, film title, venue, size f screen, actual bkings and s n. The number f seats in each price categry fr every film is based n demand cnditins at the time f purchase.
It wrks by using “pricing bts”, which adjust prices in real time accrding t rules set by the exhibitr and n the basis f infrmatin gathered abut cnsumer preferences. Uber’s “surge pricing” is ne example f dynamic pricing. Airline tickets are anther.
The idea is that instead f ffering custmers a limited number f ticket categries, the cinema sells each seat based n the individual custmer’s willingness t pay. Patrns can chse screenings by specifying things such as the amunt they are prepared t spend (say, under $10), the lcatin f the cinema (n mre than 10 km frm hme), the time f day (any time after 2pm) and s n. Cnversely, cinemagers shuld als be prepared t pay higher prices fr films that are clse t selling ut in ppular sessins.
70 It gives them the flexibility t respnd t unexpected fluctuatins in demand and encuraging their patrns t pre-purchase seats. And it benefits custmers by simplifying the prcess f finding cheaper cinema tickets and guaranteeing them a reserved seat.
题型04 归纳推理题
(2021年1月高考真题)
Directins: Cmplete the fllwing passage by using the sentences in the bx Each sentence can nly be used nce. Nte that there are tw sentences mre than yu need.
T Big, T Expensive and T Silly - Why Vide Game Mvies Fail
Film adaptatins f vide games have fallen n the unsuspecting viewing public like a Drp Bear. At first they lk harmless enugh, but they ften leave viewers bruised and regretful.
These mvies are plentiful. 67 Yet despite big budgets and quality talent bth in frnt f and behind the camera, mst vide game mvies are cmmercial and critical failures.
68 The answer cmes dwn t a cmplex mix f cnflicting audience demands and cmmercial realities. Vide game mvies ften assume that the audience wants, r is interested in, the game’s legend and backgrund. In fairness, this is ut f fear that fans will criticise legend changes, alienating a key demgraphic. But games reveal legend prgressively ver tens f hurs f gameplay, whereas mvies have a small prtin f that time. This tensin risks creating bring expsitin and cmplex stry lines. Fr example, Warcraft details the rigins f cnflict between humans and res (兽), the central cnflict in the game’s wrld. 69
Additinally, excessive adherence t the surce material extends t using silly plt device: withut spending enugh time establishing prper reasns fr their existence. In games, the these can wrk due t the “unspken but cmmnly understd lgic f ‘this is a vide game’”. In a game, peple accept incnsistent narrative devices because they facilitate interesting interactin and are the quickest rute twards allwing gamers t, say, sht hell-mnsters n Mars.
The game series became increasingly cmplex, as the player-cntrlled prtagnist (主角) parkured his way thrugh time perids like Renaissance Italy and Revlutinary America. The incredibility f the narrative wrld paled beside the fun f vaulting frm rftp t rftp in15th-century Flrence.
70 The plt--an riginal stry which retains the key elements f the games---was criticized as “scattered and fractured”, “hastily explained” and “disrienting”. Vanity Fair pinted ut that “it’s nt clear why any f this is happening” and Rger Ebert. cm summed it up as: Characters talking in quiet whispers abut the cmplex methds they use t realize their prly-hidden agendas.
名校模拟
(1)
(2023上·上海·高三复旦附中校考期中)
Culd a New Battery Slve Our Energy Prblem?
Researchers in the US have made headlines wrldwide by develping a new type f battery that charges far faster and hlds way mre charge than tday’s lithium cells (锂电池). It’s nt just a terrific technlgy stry, either. The team behind it is led by tech legend Prf Jhn Gdenugh f the University f Texas, Austin—the c-inventr f the riginal lithium-in battery, and still ding brilliant wrk at the age f 94.
1 That’s why we’re still using 21st-Century gadgetry with ne eye n battery, wndering if we can get t a charger befre ur device ges cmpletely dead.
This depressing state f affairs is mre than simply incnvenient. If we’re t make the mst f renewable energy, we need ways f cping with thse times when the wind drps r there’s n sunshine. 2
Eln Musk, the billinaire bss f electric car cmpany Tesla, certainly thinks s. He’s already created a 20 megawatt battery ‘farm’ in Califrnia, and is willing t put his mney where his batteries are. 3 Fr example, ne wind farm in Hawaii had three fires in its battery ‘farm’ within a year f pening.
But nw Gdenugh and his team may have fund the answer, by switching frm lithium t sdium (钠).
The lithium batteries that made Gdenugh’s reputatin cntain a liquid electrlyte (电解质) which desn’t respnd well t rapid charging. One f Gdenugh’s clleagues, Maria Braga, decided that the answer lay in switching t slid electrlytes. The team has nw managed t get a slid glass electrlyte t wrk with sdium, which is similar t lithium but far mre cmmn. 4 The battery has triple the charge f its lithium equivalent, it charges in minutes rather than hurs, and it has a lnger lifespan.
Advances in energy strage are vital if renewable are ging t reach their ptential. The bundless energy f Gdenugh—the Li-in King himself—may just have fund the slutin just in time.
A. Batteries that stre energy fr thse times is ne pretty bvius slutin.
B. N ne seriusly questins the need fr wind and slar pwer t be part f glbal energy strategy.
C. The result is transfrmatinal.
D. Yet nt everyne is cnvinced current battery technlgy is up t the jb.
E. While cmputing pwer famusly dubles every tw years, battery perfrmance has barely dubled in 20.
F. Cmmercialisatin may take a decade, thugh it culd happen faster.
(2)
(2023上·上海·高三上海交大附中校考期中)
Nbel ecnmics prize ges t prfessr fr research n the wrkplace gender gap
The Nbel ecnmics prize was awarded Mnday t Harvard University prfessr Claudia Gldin fr research that has advanced the understanding f the gender gap in the labr market. 1 Gldin is just the third wman t win the prize ut f 93 ecnmics laureates.
Claudia Gldin has studied 200 years f wmen’s participatin in the wrkplace, shwing that despite cntinued ecnmic grwth, wmen’s pay did nt cntinuusly catch up t men’s and a divide still exists despite wmen gaining higher levels f educatin than men.
“ 2 But when I lk at the numbers, I think smething has happened in America, that we, in the 1990s, ur labr frce participatin rate fr wmen was the highest in the wrld, and nw it isn’t the highest in the wrld,” Gldin tld The Assciated Press. “We have t step back and ask questins abut piecing tgether the family, the hme, tgether with the marketplace and emplyment,” she said.
Gldin’s research des nt ffer slutins, but it allws plicymakers t tackle the entrenched prblem, said ecnmist Randi Hjalmarssn, a member f the Nbel cmmittee. “ 3 And therefre, there is n single plicy,” Hjalmarssn said. “It’s a cmplicated plicy questin because if yu dn’t knw the underlying reasn, a certain plicy wn’t wrk.” Hwever, “by finally understanding the prblem and calling it by the right name, we will be able t pave a better rute frward,” Hjalmarssn said.
Gldin said that what happens in peple’s hmes reflects what happens in the wrkplace, with wmen ften taking jbs that allw them t be n call at hme wrk that ften pays less. “Ways in which we can even things ut r t create mre cuple equity als leads t mre gender equality,” she said.
Gldin had t becme a data “detective” as she sught t fill in missing data fr her research. 4 “S hw did Claudia Gldin vercme this missing data challenge? She had t be a detective t dig thrugh the archives t find nvel data surces and creative ways t use them t measure these unknwns,” Hjalmarssn added.
A. She explains the surce f the gap, and hw it’s changed ver time and hw it varies with the stage f develpment.
B. The Nbel cmmittee credits Gldin with finding missing data t better explain cntinuing differences between bth the pay and wrk invlvement, r participatin, f men and wmen.
C. I’ve always been an ptimist.
D. I lked at wmen whse jbs went uncunted, such as thse wh wrked n farms alngside their husbands r made clthing at hme.
E. The annuncement went a tiny step t clsing the Nbel cmmittee’s wn gender gap.
F. Fr parts f histry, systematic labr market recrds did nt exist, and, if they did, infrmatin abut wmen was missing.
(3)
(2023上·上海·高三上海中学校考期中)
E-sprts: the wrld’s biggest perfrmance yu’ve never heard f
Whever said yu’re wasting yur life away playing vide games bviusly had n idea hw big e-sprts were ging t get.
E-sprts has becme huge business ver the past five years, with prfessinal vide gaming turnaments ffering mre prize mney than sme f sprt’s biggest events. 1 The League f Legends champinship last year was watched by mre than 27 millin peple when bradcast n ESPN, eclipsing the audiences fr last year’s baseball Wrld Series (23.5 millin viewers) and NBA Finals (18 millin). With big ppularity and big mney invlved these days, mre and mre peple acrss the wrld are cnsidering prfessinal gaming as a genuine career.
While sme gamers have been making a living ff their skills since the late 1990s, it wasn’t until 2010’s Star-craft II that things really changed. One f the first games built with e-sprts squarely as its fcus, Star-craft Ii became a true spectatr sprt. 2 “We knew we were building an e-sprt and the cmpetitive nature cmbined with streaming cming int its wn really helped catch viewership in Eurpe and Nrth America.” the game’s executive prducer Chris Sigaty tld an Australian news agency.
3 In Australia, the biggest challenge is basic facilities. Cuntries like Suth Krea and the USA have high-speed bradband that allws cmpetitrs t play and practice withut the limitatins f Australia’s relatively slw cnnectin speeds. As mre mney is brught int the sprt, it’s hped traditinal media cmpanies and spnsrs will invest mney t help bring wrld class facilities t Australia’s shres.
But even if that des happen - will e-sprts be able t truly claim it is a “sprt”?
Fans argue that e-sprts have all the excitement, skill and cmpetitin f a basketball game. On tp f that, e-sprts have teams, star players, spnsrs and millins f dedicated fans acrss the wrld. 4 But e-sprts cannt escape the argument that it lacks the athletic aspects f ther prfessinal sprts.
A. Mr Sigaty was als the first t admit there was lts f wrk t be dne t ensure the sprt cntinued t grw.
B. The ppularity f e-sprts is surprising.
C. Organized cmpetitive gaming has becme a billin-dllar industry.
D. Even the US gvernment grants prfessinal athlete visas t tp e-sprts players.
E. E-sprts desn’t fit neatly int any f the existing definitins f a sprt.
F. With the launch f vide streaming services, e-sprts became the mainstream.
(4)
(2023上·上海·高三同济大学第一附属中学校考阶段练习)
Fear is gd; in emergencies, it enables us t fight r flee. But ften we get scared at the wrng time - when we step nt the field fr a big sccer game r up t the micrphne at a large twn meeting. Prfessinal athletes and actrs say sme nervusness help them cncentrate better. But, when perfrmance anxiety is t pwerful, it undermines ur effrts; a vilinist cannt find the crrect ntes, a manager in a meeting frgets all the talking pints. 1
The human anxiety reactin begins almst autmatically and includes clear physilgical symptms; a racing heart, sweating, stmach pains. Sme peple have truble breathing r feel faint. Thus alarmed, victims may withdraw int themselves r shck thers arund them with aggressive utbursts. If the need t perfrm is a regular requirement, they may suffer frm nightmares r fall int depressin. 2 Studies reveal that anxiety-plagued executives are less able t apply lgical intelligence n standard tests than calmer clleagues
3 Yet psychlgist Duglas H. Pwell f Harvard Medical Schl is cnvinced that severe stage fright is a phenmenn unt itself, given that it appears in nly certain well-defined situatins. Sciphbes (社恐的人) , in cntrast, suffer merely when thers are present. Whereas peple with scial phbias fear the negative feelings f thers, thse with perfrmance anxiety are their wn harshest critics. They are perfectinists and wuld rather cancel an appearance — r avid it —than nt meet their wn standards and, by extensin, nt be able t demnstrate hw gd they are.
This destructive style f thinking ften arises frm a lack f self-esteem. 4 Previus bad experiences can be a trigger —an embarrassing experience in a schl play r a single failed test can smetimes aruse such strng feelings f shame in yungsters that as adults they will avid any remtely similar undertaking.
A. Sme therapists utilize techniques that act against the physical symptms f fear.
B. Survival may nt hang in the balance, but scial, prfessinal r financial success can seem t be in grave danger.
C. All these symptms eat away at the very resurces needed t rise t the ccasin: steady hands, clear memry and a cl head.
D. The individual begins by imagining failure, wrks himself r herself int a state and then criticizes his r her wn abilities.
E. At Harvard, Pwell fund that facing anxiety can be a hard task, but many times the fear arises frm cmpletely cntrllable precnditins.
F. Because perfrmance anxiety arises when ther peple are present, many psychlgists believe that the cnditin is a sub-categry f scial anxiety.
(5)
(2023上·上海·高三上海市行知中学校考期中)
T Big, T Expensive and T Silly — Why Vide Game Mvies Fail
Film adaptatins f vide games have fallen n the unsuspecting viewing public like a Drp Bear. At first they lk harmless enugh, but they ften leave viewers bruised and regretful.
These mvies are plentiful. 1 Yet despite big budgets and quality talent bth in frnt f and behind the camera, mst vide game mvies are cmmercial and critical failures.
2 The answer cmes dwn t a cmplex mix f cnflicting audience demands and cmmercial realities. Vide game mvies ften assume that the audience wants, r is interested in, the game’s legend and backgrund. In fairness, this is ut f fear that fans will? Criticise legend changes, alienating a key demgraphic. But games reveal legend prgressively ver tens f hurs f gameplay, whereas mvies have a small prtin f that time. This tensin risks creating bring expsitin and cmplex stry lines. Fr example, Warcraft details the rigins f cnflict between humans and rcs (兽), the central cnflict in the game’s wrld. 3
Additinally, excessive adherence t the surce material extends t using silly plt devices withut spending enugh time establishing prper reasns fr their existence. In games, these can wrk due t the “unspken but cmmnly understd lgic f ‘this is a vide game’”. In a game, peple accept incnsistent narrative devices because they facilitate interesting interactin and are the quickest rute twards allwing gamers t, say, sht hell-mnsters n Mars.
The game series became increasingly cmplex , as the player-cntrlled prtagnist (主角) parkured his way thrugh time perids like Renaissance Italy and Revlutinary America. The incredibility f the narrative wrld paled beside the fun f vaulting frm rftp t rftp in15th-century Flrence.
4 The plt — an riginal stry which retains the key elements f the games —was criticized as “scattered and fractured”, “hastily explained” and “disrienting”. Vanity Fair pinted ut that. It’s nt clear why any f this is happening and RgerEbert.cm summed it up as: Characters [talking] in quiet whispers abut the cmplex methds they use t realize their prly-hidden agendas.
A. S why d these mvies fail?
B. The film, in cntrast, failed t bring its audience alng fr the ride.
C. Game adaptatins issues seem nt t be due t a lack f resurces.
D. But the return n investment is nt encuraging, with a number failing t recup csts.
E. The ptential t appeal t a devted fan base makes these mvies an attractive prspect.
F. Hwever, a cmmn criticism was that it was full f bring expsitin and mstly uninteresting characters.A. Anther ppular belief is that red wine, like ther drinks, may be harmful t yu if cnsumed t much.
B. Apart frm that, many peple believe drinking red wine is especially gd fr yur heart
C. Eggs are high in chlesterl and fat despite the fact that they are a nutritius surce f energy
D. There are many ther myths cmmn is ur sciety abut fd and health.
E. This is because the bdy can deal with the extra chlesterl by reducing the amunt it prduces
F. With such a steady stream f infrmatin, it’s understandable that a few ppular myths abut fd and health are flating arund.
A. Hwever, this is nt the case when libraries lend e-bks.
B. This may nt be a big issue nw, fr e-bks are minr in publishing.
C. Als, publishers assume get mre prfits frm libraries where readers pay them mre.
D. Publishing cntracts ften dn’t specify whether and hw much authrs receive fr e-bks sales r fr e-lending.
E. Extensin alne wuld d little if the current funds under the schemes were merely re-distributed frm bks t e-bks.
F. Fr this reasn, authrs and publishers have been talking the Gvernment int extending the Lending Rights Schemes t e-bks.
A. The higher the price f film ticket is, the mre ppular it is amng yungsters.
B. Imagine if yu culd instead pay less t see films that are nt in high demand?
C. One f the first cinema chains t take up this initiative is Dendy. Mre will fllw.
D. Dynamic ticket pricing relies n the quality and trend f the film, varying frm ne t anther.
E. Dynamic ticket pricing gives the cnsumer the ability t purchase film tickets at a wider range f prices.
F. Dynamic pricing benefits cinemas by ptimizing the price mix fr every screening f every film.
A. S why d these mvies fail?
B. The film, in cntrast, failed t bring its audience alng fr the ride.
C. Game adaptatins’ issues seem nt t be due t a lack f resurces.
D. But the return n investment is nt encuraging, with a number failing t recup csts.
E. The ptential t appeal t a devted fan base makes these mvies an attractive prspect.
F. Hwever, a cmmn criticism was that it was “full f bring expsitin and mstly uninteresting characters”.
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