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- Unit 3 Online tours 第 2 课时 Reading八年级英语下册同步精品讲义(牛津译林版) 学案 0 次下载
初中英语牛津译林版八年级下册Grammar精品学案设计
展开八年级英语下册同步精品讲义(牛津译林版)
知识精讲
现在完成时定义:
(1)现在完成时表示过去已经开始,持续到现在,也许还会持续下去的动作或状态。可以和表示延续的时间状语连用。 如fr、since 等引导的时间状语。(注意:句中谓语动词要用延续性动词)时间状语的表达方法有两种:
fr: + 一段时间 fr a year, fr tw weeks, fr three years...
过去的某一时刻, since last week, since 2008…
Since +点时间 一段时间+ag, since 9 years ag, since 3 days ag…,
一般过去时态的时间状语从句:since yu came,since he mved here, since I was brn…
since 2006
1.Eddie has lived with Millie fr 4 years.
since 4 years ag.
since he was brn.
2.Eddie has lived with Millie
(2)现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。(汉语中常用“已经”、“过”、“了”等表达) 通常与表示包括现在在内的时间副词just(句中), already(句中,句末), befre(句末), yet(句末), never(句中), ever(句中),recently(句末)等状语连用。例如:
1.Eddie has just eaten my fd. (Eddie已经吃了我的食物。)
2.I have never heard f that befre.(我以前从未听说过那件事)
3. Have yu ever ridden a hrse?(你曾经骑过马吗?)
4.She has already finished the wrk.(她早已经完成这个工作了。)
5.We haven’t finished ur hmewrk yet. (我们还没有完成作业呢。)
现在完成时基本结构:
主语+have/has+动词的过去分词
①肯定句:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词+宾语.
②否定句:主语+have/has+nt+动词的过去分词)+宾语.
③一般疑问句:Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词+宾语.
④特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句(have/has+主语+过去分词(V-ed)+其他)
过去分词变化规则如下:
1. 规则动词:规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。变化规则有四点:
(1)一般动词,在词尾直接加"-ed "。
wrk→wrked→wrkedvisit→visited→visited
(2)以" e "结尾的动词,只在词尾加"-d "。
live→lived→lived
(3)以"辅音字母 + y "结尾的动词,将 "y" 变为 "i" ,再加"-ed "。
study→studied→studiedcry→cried→cried
(4)重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写该辅音字母,再加"-ed "。
stp→stpped→stppeddrp→drpped→drpped
2. 不规则动词变化需参看不规则动词表逐一熟记。
cut→cut→cutit→hit→hit
现在完成时用法
1. 现在完成时用来表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果。也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在,强调的是现在。
I have already psted the pht.
我已经把照片寄走了。强调pst对现在的影响"照片不在这里"。
2. 现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的、持续到现在的动作(用行为动词表示)或状态(be动词表示),常与fr(+时间段),since(+时间点或过去时的句子)连用,谓语动词必须是延续性动词。如:
He has lived here since 1978.
自从1978年以来,他一直住在这儿。(动作起始于1978年,一直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去。)
注意:fr和since的用法。
①fr + 时间段 译为:……时间
②since + 过去一个时间点(译为:自从……以来)
③since + 时间段 + ag
④since + 从句(过去时)
⑤It is + 时间段 + since + 从句(过去时)
注意:瞬间动词(buy, die, jin, lse...)与fr 或since引导的时间段连用时,要改变成延续性动词。变化如下:
cme/arrive/reach/get t→be in g ut→be ut finish→be ver
pen→be pen die→be dead buy→have
Fall ill→be ill Cme back→be back Put n→be n/wear
Wrry→be wrried Catch a cld→have a cld
现在完成时连用的时间状语
现在完成时是一个与过去和现在都有关系的时态,因此,具有这样时间特点的状语都可以与现在完成时连用。
1. 与表示一段时间的状语连用,如"fr+时间段","since+时间点"。如:
We have lived in this city fr mre than 40 years. 我们在这个城市已生活了40多年。
We have lived in this city since 1958. 我们从1958年起就住在这个城市里。
从以上两个例句我们可以看出,与表示一段时间的状语连用时,谓语动词常为stay, live, teach, learn, wrk, sleep, read, wait, keep等具有延续意义的动词。
2. 与笼统地表示过去的时间状语连用,如already, never, ever, just等。如:
I’ve just fund this library bk. 我刚刚找到这本图书馆的书。
Hw beautifully she sings! I have never heard a better vice.
她唱得多美啊!我还从来没听到过比这更优美的嗓音。
3. 与表示包含过去和现在的一整段时间的状语连用,如lately, recently, in the past few years, these few years, these days, up t nw, s far等。如:
Hw have yu been recently? 你近来状况如何?
The famus writer has written a new bk in the past tw years.
那位著名的作家在过去两年的时间里写了一本新书。
Have yu seen her parents these days? 这些天你看见她的父母了吗?
The Brwns have visited a lt f places in China s far.
迄今为止,布朗一家已经参观了中国的许多地方。
注意:现在完成时不能与单纯表示过去的时间状语连用,如yesterday, last week, in 2002, three days ag等
现在完成时与一般过去时区别
1. 侧重点不同
现在完成时和一般过去时所表示的动作都发生在过去,但它们所强调的重点不同:现在完成时侧重于对现在的影响;而一般过去时侧重于某一动作发生在过去某个时间或某段时间,即现在完成时侧重于现在的结果,而一般过去时侧重于动作发生的时间。如:
I have seen the film.
我看过这部电影。(现在我仍记得电影的内容)
I saw the film three days ag.
三天前我看了这部电影。(强调是三天前,而不是别的什么时候看的电影)
Mr Green has bught a new cmputer.
格林先生买了一台新电脑。(着重点是格林先生现在有了一台新电脑)
Mr Green bught a new cmputer yesterday.
格林先生昨天买了一台新电脑。(强调的是格林先生买新电脑的时间是昨天)
2. 时间状语不同
现在完成时常与already,yet,just,ever,never,befre等副词以及"fr+段时间","since+过去时间/从句"等时间状语连用;而一般过去时则常与"时间段+ag",just nw,yesterday,last week等表示过去的时间状语连用。如:
She has lived here since tw years ag. 她两年前就住在这里了。
She lived here tw years ag. 两年前她住在这里。
He has been in the League fr three years. 他入团已经三年了。
Tm wrte a letter t his parents last night. 昨晚汤姆给他的父母写了封信。
能力拓展
1.这位英语老师教了你们两年了吗?
________ the English teacher ________ yu fr tw years?
2.自从 “双减”政策实行以来,我们有更多空闲时间参加课外活动。
We ________ ________ mre fee time t take part in after-schl activities since the “duble reductin” plicy was carried ut.
3.迄今为止我们已经学习了十首英文歌。
________ ________ we have learned 10 English sngs.
4.我们自从加入同一个俱乐部就成了好朋友。
We ________ gd friends since we ________ the same club.
5.你已经决定去哪里度假了吗?
________ yu ________ where t g n vacatin?
分层提分
6.S far we ________ five hundred English wrds.
A.learnB.have learnedC.learnedD.learns
7.Julia’s father ________ t hspital last mnth. He ________ there three times.
A.went; had gneB.has gne; has beenC.went; has beenD.has been; had gne
8.— D yu knw Lydia very well?
— Sure. We ________ friends since we were very yung.
A.becameB.wereC.have been
9.Mike’s parents are Germans, but he ________ t Germany s far.
A.never wentB.never gC.has never beenD.will never g
10.Maybe Tm ________ his wrk. The light in his rm is still n.
A.desn’t finishB.didn’t finishC.wn’t finishD.hasn’t finished
11.Dnald went t the US a mnth ag, and we ________ frm him s far.
A.dn’t hearB.didn’t hearC.haven’t heardD.wuldn’t hear
12.My cusin ________ 100 mdel plane since 2015.
A.cllectsB.is cllectingC.has cllectedD.cllected
13.—Hell, Phil. Where is Luke nw?
—Maybe he ________ t the library. But he ________ here an hur ag.
A.has gne; stayedB.has been; stayedC.has been; has stayedD.went; has stayed
14.Betty in China ________ since tw years ag.
A.has livedB.livedC.will liveD.was living
15.Miss Black is my English teacher. She ________ here fr three years.
A.teachesB.taughtC.has taughtD.teach
16.I like histry, s I _________ t Hunan Museum many times.
A.have beenB.have gneC.went
17.—Mum, where is Dad?
—Hе _________ the supermarket.
A.was ging tB.has gne tC.has been t
18.—Hi, Tm! _________ yu ever _________ the Bird’s Nest?
—Yes, I have. It’s fantastic.
A.Have; been tB.Have; gne tC.Did; g t
19.The Greens _________ China fr 3 years.
A.have cme tB.has been inC.have been in
20.Our teachers have been with us fr nearly three years ________ we came t junir high schl. We shuld thank them fr what they have dne fr us.
A.untilB.befreC.sinceD.when
21.—Mnica, yu ________ the exam! Cngratulatins!
—Thank yu! I can’t believe my ears.
A.passB.have passedC.will passD.passed
22.—Yur car is really cl.
—Thank yu. I ________ it fr less than ne mnth.
A.bughtB.have bughtC.hadD.have had
23.— ________ yu ever ________ Hng Kng-Zhuhai-Maca Bridge?
—Nt yet.
A.Did; visit.B.Are; visitC.Have; visited
24.—Have yu finished yur reprt ________?
—Yes, I have ________ finished it.
A.yet; yetB.already; alreadyC.already; yetD.yet; already
25.—The drama series The Thunder (破冰行动) hits screens these days.
—Oh, what a pity! I ________ any f them yet.
A.desn’t watchB.didn’t watchC.wn’t watchD.haven’t watched
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