高考英语一轮复习小题强化练习专题15阅读理解之事实细节题讲解与练习（含解析）

这是一份高考英语一轮复习小题强化练习专题15阅读理解之事实细节题讲解与练习（含解析），共12页。试卷主要包含了细节理解题分类，正确选项特征，干扰选项特征等内容，欢迎下载使用。
专题15  阅读理解之事实细节讲解与练习 Part 1整体感知一、细节理解题分类：直接信息题和间接信息题（语意转换题）常出的设问方式：殊疑问句形式。常常以when, where, why, what, which, who, how much/many等疑问词引出的问题。Which tour do you need to book in advance?What will you do on the Capital City Bike Tour?How long does Potty  about Potter last?How much should a member of a tour group pay to visit Hall&Gardens?Where can you buy a souvenir at Pacifiv Science Center?二、正确选项特征1. 同义替换。指对原文句子中的关键词进行同意替换。如把reserve替换成了book。有些细节理解题把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，例如把reserve替换成reservation；改变原文中句子的语态；如主动语态与被动语态的转换。2. 信息归纳。用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，设置为正确答案。3.正话反说。把原文的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。三、干扰选项特征1. 张冠李戴。是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容。2. 无中生有。符合常识，但不是文章的内容。3. 曲解文意。与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动。4. 颠倒是非。在意思上与原文大相径庭人甚至完全相反。5. 正误参半。部分正确，部分错误Part 2 解题方法方法1   直接信息题从题干中找关键词       回归原文，快速浏览原文定位与关键词相关的信息句     仔细核对比较内容，找到答案典题例证（2018.全国卷I阅读A节选）Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour  Duration:3 hours(7miles)Join a small group bike tour for an evening of exploration in the heart of Washington, D.C. Get up close to the monuments and memorials as your bike the sites of Capitol Hill and the National Mall. Frequent stops are made for photo taking as your guide offers unique facts and history. Tour includes bike, helmet, and bottled water. All riders are equipped with reflective vests and safety lights.23. Which of the following does the bicycle tour at night provide?A. City maps.                 B. Cameras.C. Meals                     D. Safety lights第一步：依据题干信息，选择定位关键词仔细阅读题干可知“at night”为问题的定位关键词。第二步：由定位关键词，回归原文进行信息定位带着“at night”这个定位关键词，通过寻读、略读等技巧可快速找到有此关键词的句子“Tour includes bike, helmet, and bottled water. All riders are equipped with reflective vests and safety lights.”，根据此句，可以迅速确定答案为D选项。方法2   间接信息题第一步：审读题干抓关键词，定位信息区间确定关键词时，要注意该词在原文中的唯一性，这样有助于快速定位原文的信息区间。根据关键词，结合命题顺序原则（题目的顺序与文章的顺序大体一致）回到原文找命题区间。第二步：选项与原文逐一对比，仔细甄别，排除干扰选项，确定正确答案典题例证（2017.全国卷II阅读D节选）When a leafy plant is under attack, it doesn’t sit quietly. Back in 1983, two scientists,Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin,reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm.What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds, VOCs for short.    32.  What does a plant do when it is under attack? A. It makes noises.     B. It gets help from other plants.C. It stands quietly    D. It sends out certain chemicals.第一步：审读题干找出关键词，定位信息区间根据关键词的醒目性和唯一性原则，可以确定本题的关键词为plant和under attack。从而定位本题的信息区间为所节选段。第二步：选项与原文逐一对比，确定正确选项It makes noises.信息定位When a leafy plant is under attack, it doesn’t sit quietly… send out a particular smell…    对比分析，选项定性：无中生有It gets help from other plants.信息定位young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get.      对比分析,选项定性：曲解文意It stands quietly. 信息定位When a leafy plant is under attack, it doesn’t sit quietly.     对比分析,选项定性：颠倒是非It sends out certain chemicals.信息定位send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get…       known as volatile organic compounds, VOCs for short.     对比分析,选项定性：信息归纳Part 3 阅读理解仿真组合练AButterfly Garden (Permanent Exhibit)Walk among the free-flying residents of this warm conservatory. It is a wonderful opportunity to get close to a variety of living butterflies from New England and across the globe. The “Emergence Box” offers a window into the butterfly behavior. Look inside to see hanging chrysalids (蝶蛹) transform into adult butterflies. Tickets are required and visitors should reserve at least two weeks in advance.A Bird’s World (Permanent Exhibit)This exhibit features the Museum’s extraordinary collection of birds, displaying over 300 species found in New England. Here, you can learn to interpret the bird language taking place just outside your window at home.Test your observation skills and see if you can get past different birds without them alerting (发信号) other animals to your presence. Learn to identify birds from a distance by recognizing unique flight patterns. Practice your flying technique in the Bird Walk.Hall of Human Life (Permanent Exhibit)Should you have your baby’s DNA sequenced? What keeps you awake? Step inside the Hall of Human Life, the Museum’s new biology exhibition, and encounter such far-reaching questions on an amazing journey inside the human body. Through digital media and personal interaction, you become “part of the story’, as you contribute your own data in a process of learning and discovery.BODY WORLDS & The Cycle of Life (Temporary Exhibit Now Open!)BODY WORLDS comes to the Museum of Science with a new chapter, Gunther von Hagens’ BODY WORLDS & The Cycle of Life. Don’t miss this truly unique opportunity to look within yourself and gain a whole new perspective on what it means to be alive. More than one hundred preserved human specimens reveal the wonders of human development and show how poor health, good health, and lifestyle choices can shape your body.1. Which exhibit do you need to book in advance?A. Butterfly Garden B. A Bird’s WorldC. Hall of Human Life D. BODY WORLDS & The Cycle of Life2. What can you do in A Bird’s World?A. Improve your own flying technique.B. Communicate with birds in body language.C. Watch digital media showing birds’ history.D. See different birds from all over the world.3. What is special about BODY WORLDS & The Cycle of Life?A. It is related to human body.B. It lasts for only a limited time.C. It is the most visited exhibition in the world.D. It has something to do with the growth of life.BNational Park Association of Queensland ActivitiesVegetation Management GroupSaturday 14th March 2020Location: Jolly’ s Lookout carpark, D’Aguilar National ParkLeader: Angus McElnea (0429854446 or gus mcelnea@hotmail.com)Get your hands dirty! Come and spend a couple of hours to help with lantana(a type of flowering plant) control and revegetation(植被再造) work in the Boombana and Jolly’s Lookout areas of D’Aguilar National Park, west of Brisbane.Wynnum North BoardwalkSunday 15th March 2020Location: Wynnum North Boardwalk Leader: Jocelyn Dixon (0733788486)Fee: $5(members) $10(non-members)Join with us to view the water and bush birds of this area. A track from Wynnum North Road leads to a secret place for viewing a diverse mix of birds walking around in water. From there we will take a short walk to the Mangrove Boardwalk.May Long Weekend CampSaturday 2nd May to Monday 4th May 2020 Leader: Tony Parsons (0433224544)Join us for a long weekend in Border Rangers National Park, camping at Sheep Station Creek campground. Spend the days exploring the national park, and evenings around the campfire. We will have the chance to view Mt Warning from the Pinnacle at sunrise and sunset. Bring your family and stay for the weekend or come down for a day. It will be enjoyable.Central West Qld National ParksSaturday 29th August to Sunday 6th September 2020 Leader: Wendy Bell(0733002473)Exciting opportunity to visit and explore at least six national parks in the comfort of a big coach and be accommodated, rather than camping. Basic cost of the tour is $3, 400 per person. Total cost includes all transport, all meals, and activity fees.4. Who will you call if you are interested in bird-watching?A. Angus McElnea. B. Jocelyn Dixon. C. Tony Parsons. D. Wendy Bell.5. In which of the activities will a fire be built?A. May Long Weekend Camp. B. Wynnum North Boardwalk.C. Vegetation Management Group. D. Central West Qld National Parks.6. How is Central West Qld National Parks different from the other activities?A. It is a weekend activity.B. Lots of walking is involved.C. The organizer provides the transport.D. Visitors have to bring their own food.CWe can stay young forever. That is the message Dr. Shen Ziyin wants to give the world. And the Chinese doctor claims that he has found an answer to the problems of aging.His solution is a herbal medicine to slow the process of aging.Dr. Shen Ziyin has been trained in Western medicine. At the same time he studied traditional Chinese medicine. And, he has been working for the past forty years to put together the best of both and find a cure for aging. He has taken a hint from the ancient Chinese medicine system called "shen".According to Shen, it is the kidney (肾脏)which adjusts the functioning of the body as well as its aging process. It is responsible for the level of activity that the human bodies go through. Studies conducted by Dr. Shen show that herbal medicine based on the shen system slow the aging process, says a report in The Telegraph newspaper.We notice that when people grow old, they have reduced strength, loss of hair, backache, weakness in general, and wrinkles, among others. This happens because when people grow old, their bodies produce T-cells. These T-cells contain a particular substance called Fas. Fas makes the cells in the body destruct themselves.So the only way to slow down aging is to slow the production of T-cells in the body. This can happen if people eat low calorie food. Then the body is not active enough to produce extra T-cells. But, is going hungry all the time a good price to pay for staying young?This is where Dr. Shen's herbal medicine comes in. But how effective it will be, only time can tell.7. How did Dr. Shen find the solution to the problem of aging?A. By studying Western medicine.B. By learning traditional Chinese medicine.C. By doing research on both Western and Chinese people.D. By combining both Western and Chinese medicine.8. What plays the most important role in keeping people young according to Shen?A. Medical treatment. B. People's good kidney.C. Level of people's activity. D. Positive life attitude.9. The reason why people become old is that _____.A. they become weaker and weakerB. their bodies are unable to fight diseasesC. they have reduced strength, loss of hairD. their bodies produce T-cells10. We can probably learn from the passage that _____.A. eating more low calorie food can allow people to keep youngB. the more Chinese herbal medicine people drink, the better for healthC. people should try to quicken the production of T-cells in the bodyD. Dr. Shen's herbal medicine is very effectiveDDressed in a dark blue waterproof (防水) jacket, outdoor shoes and a small backpack, 25-year-old Ye Tian tries to get in an abandoned coking plant in Beijing.An intern (实习生) for a German company in Beijing, Ye is among thousands of youth interested in city adventures, which they call urban exploration-4urbex' for short.The aim of this trending (流行) hobby is to explore structures — usually abandoned ruins or hidden areas of the manmade environment. Urban explorers are interested in these sites because they can understand cities from a different angle. Ye, for example, said he enjoyed the contrast between Beijing's two sides.Widely known scenic spots and historical sites can only reflect the bright side of the city, or what the city wants you to see, Ye said. “But abandoned places show you the past (that is) hidden deep in people's memories."In the eyes of Pan Ran, who is in her early 30s and works in Canada, an abandoned building can also evoke (引起，唤起) the spirits of those who lived and worked there.“There are diaries and letters recording the owner's lives,” she said. “And one time, I found a whole box of 8-millimeter videotapes of a family?Pan couldn't watch the tapes at the site, as the power supply had been cut. She didn't take them away with her either, as there is a very important rule of urbex that you can't remove any souvenirs from a site", Pan said.While urban exploration can get people to extraordinary places that few have visited, it's sometimes dangerous. Climbing up tall buildings and tip-toeing through abandoned structures can sometimes be a life-threatening affair.Injuries and even death are not unheard of within the urbex community."In the beginning, I was pretty audacious and believed the riskier the places you go, the better photos you get," said Du Tianyu, 22. "But that is not necessarily the case. After doing my calculations, I learned to stop when I reach the limit."11. According to the text, why do urban explorers like to visit abandoned places?A. To escape the crowdedness of cities.B. To take breathtaking pictures.C. To appreciate different aspects of a city.D. To know about the lives of the people who left.12. What does Pan say is an important rule of urban exploration?A. Don't take things from a site.B. Don't buy souvenirs when exploring structures.C. Only explore abandoned sites with long histories.D. Share travel diaries or journals within the urbex community.13. The underlined word “audacious” in the last paragraph probably means_____ .A. cautious B. adventurousC. passionate D. curious14. What's the best title for the passage?A. Travel in Big Cities B. Visit a City's Historical SitesC. Experience a City's Life D. See a City's SecretsA【答案】1. A    2. A    3. B【分析】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了波士顿科技馆的四个展览的相关信息。【1题详解】细节理解题。根据 Butterfly Carden部分中Tickets are required and visitors should reserve at least two weeks in advance.可知，游客必须购票，并至少提前两周预订。由此可知，参现Butterfly Garden需要提前预订。故选A。【2题详解】细节理解题。根据A Bird’s World部分中Practice your flying technique in the Bird Walk.可知，在Bird Walk中练习你的飞行技巧。由此可知，游客在Bird Walk 活动中提高自己的飞行技能。故选A。【3题详解】细节理解题。根据BODY WORIDS & The Cycle of life 部分中Temporary Exhibit Now Open!可知，临时展览现在开始！由此可知，BODY WORLDS & The Cycle of Life这个展览不是永久性的，而是临时的。故选B。【点睛】命题人往往会要求考生根据不同的要求阅读文章，以获得某些特定的信息，或准确地寻求所需的细节，并对细节进行直接或间接辨认和理解。文章细节的理解可以细化为：（1）一一对应型。（2）语言转述型。（3）语意理解型。（4）是非辨别型。（5）事实排序型。如第一小题，属于一一对应型。根据 Butterfly Carden部分中Tickets are required and visitors should reserve at least two weeks in advance.可知，游客必须购票，并至少提前两周预订。由此可知，参现Butterfly Garden需要提前预订。故选A。B【答案】4. B    5. A    6. C【解析】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了昆士兰国家公园协会组织的四个活动项目。【4题详解】细节理解题。根据文章Wynnum North Boardwalk部分内容“Join with us to view the water and bush birds of this area.( 加入我们来看看这个地区的水和灌木鸟。)” 可知如果要观鸟的话应该参加此活动。根据该部分提供信息“Leader: Jocelyn Dixon (0733788486)”可知，需要联系Jocelyn Dixon。故选B项。【5题详解】细节理解题。根据文章May Long Weekend Camp部分内容“Spend the days exploring the national park, and evenings around the campfire.( 白天探索国家公园，晚上围着篝火。)”可知，参加该项目会有篝火活动。故选A项。【6题详解】细节理解题。根据文章Central West Qld National Parks部分内容“Exciting opportunity to visit and explore at least six national parks in the comfort of a big coach and be accommodated, rather than camping.( 令人兴奋的机会，坐在舒适的大巴车里参观和探索至少六个国家公园以及提供住宿，而不是露营。)”可知，该项目不同于其他项目的地方在于提供交通工具。故选C项。C【答案】7. D    8. B    9. D    10. A【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了沈自尹教授向世界传达的一则信息：我们可以永葆年轻。文章介绍了沈教授的研究背景、方法以及研究结果。【7题详解】细节理解题。由文章第二段中的“Dr. Shen Ziyin has been trained in Western medicine. At the same time he studied traditional Chinese medicine. And, he has been working for the past forty years to put together the best of both and find a cure for aging.（沈自尹博士一直接受西医的训练。同时他研究了传统中医。并且他已经40年从事将两者很好地结合来寻找年龄老化的解决方案）” 说明他是结合中西医来延缓人的衰老的。故选D。【8题详解】细节理解题。由第三段中的：“According to Shen, it is the kidney（肾脏）which adjusts the functioning of the body as well as its aging process.（根据沈教授，是肾脏在调节机体技能和控制老化进程）”可知，肾脏的功能在保持年轻方面起着重要的作用。故选B。【9题详解】细节理解题。由第四段中的“This happens because when people grow old, their bodies produce T-cells. These T-cells contain a particular substance called Fas. Fas makes the cells in the body destruct themselves.（当人变老时，他们的体内产生T细胞。这些T细胞产生一种叫Fas的特殊物质。Fas使体内的细胞自我毁灭。）”可知人变老是因为身体产生了T-cells，故选D。【10题详解】推理判断题。由倒数第二段中的“So the only way to slow down aging is to slow the production of T-cells in the body. This can happen if people eat low calorie food. Then the body is not active enough to produce extra T-cells.（因此缓解衰老的唯一办法是减慢体内T细胞的产生。如果人们吃低热量食物，这一现象就可以发生。这样的话机体就没有活力产生额外的T细胞。）”可知，吃低热量的食物能让人保持年轻。故选A。D【答案】11. C    12. A    13. B    14. D【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了城市探索者的故事。探索者可以通过探索城市来发现城市的不同面，以及不同的历史。【11题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第三段提到的 “The aim of this trending (流行) hobby is to explore structures—usually abandoned ruins or hidden areas of the manmade environment. Urban explorers are interested in these sites because they can understand cities from a different angle.”可知，这一活动的目的就是去探索废弃的或是一些隐蔽的地方，因为城市探索者对从不同的角度观察城市非常感兴趣。由此可知，C项符合题意，故选C。【12题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第七段提到的“there is a very important rule of urbex that you can't remove any souvenirs from a site”可知，城市探索者最重要的一条规则就是不要把纪念品带出某个地点。由此可知，A项符合题意，故选A。【13题详解】词义猜测题。根据最后一段提到的“In the beginning, I was pretty audacious and believed the riskier the places you go, the better photos you get”可知，在最开始的时候，探索者觉得去越危险的地方就能拍到越好的照片。这说明探索者有着探险的精神。A. cautious谨慎的；B. adventurous爱冒险的，大胆的；C. passionate狂热的；D. curious好奇的。由此可知，B项符合文意，故选B。【14题详解】主旨大意题。文章第六段及第七段提到，城市探索者会在探索的过程中找到一些以前人家留下来的回忆，唤起之前的一些精神。由此可知，D项适合做本文最佳标题，故选D。