外研版（2019）高考英语一轮复习课时练习42 ：选择性必修4 Unit 6　Space and beyond （含解析）

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选择性必修第四册　Unit 6　Space and beyond

A组·基础巩固

Ⅰ. 语法填空

A

This year marks the 50th anniversary of Earth Day. A half­century ago, activists 1. ________ (walk) to the street to speak out for the protection of the planet in 2. ________ (respond) to one of the worst oil spills (原油泄漏) in history. These activists inspired important changes in how our society views the environment, 3. ________ (lead) to the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency. But protecting the earth is also a social justice issue. People of colour and poor people are often the first 4. ________ (suffer) from the climate change, because they live near highways, factories, or garbage dumps, 5. ________ there are more pollutants, for example, and they may not be able to afford fresh green foods. But you don't have to be an activist to make 6. ________ difference — in fact there are many tiny everyday 7. ________ (effort) you can make to help the planet. The environmental movement didn't start with Earth Day and indigenous people (原住民) protecting the earth as 8. ________ (they) way of life were the pioneers. I wish that everyone would see the climate crisis this way and take it 9. ________ (serious) as well. It isn't just polar bears and plastic bags 10. ________ an issue that will determine the future of life. So, actually, every day is Earth Day.

【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过描写地球日来引出保护地球的话题，号召人们每天做出努力来保护地球。

1. walked　考查动词的时态。分析句子结构可知，空中的词为谓语动词，再根据时间状语“A half­century ago”可知，应用一般过去时，故填walked。

2. response　考查固定搭配。in response to为固定短语，意为“响应，应对”，故填response。

3. leading　考查现在分词。分析句子结构可知，空中的词在句中作结果状语，和修饰语之间为主动关系，应用现在分词，故填leading。

4. to suffer　考查不定式。分析句子结构可知，空中的词在句中作定语，修饰first，表示“将要”，应用不定式，故填to suffer。

5. where　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，“5. ________ there are more pollutants, for example, and they may not be able to afford fresh green foods”为非限制性定语从句，关系词修饰前面的地点，在从句中作状语，故填where。

6. a　考查固定搭配。make a difference为固定短语，意为 “对……有影响”。故填a。

7. efforts　考查名词。分析句子可知，空中的词作表语，并且有many修饰，应用名词复数，故填efforts。

8. their　考查代词。分析句子可知，空中的词用来修饰名词，应用形容词性物主代词，故填their。

9. seriously　考查副词。分析句子可知，空中的词用来修饰动词take，应用副词形式，故填seriously。

10. but　考查固定搭配。not... but... 意为“不是……而是……”符合语境，but表示转折，but前后通常使用平行的结构。故填but。

B

(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)China has become the first country to land a spacecraft on the far side of the moon. The unmanned Chang'e­4 probe (探测器) — the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess — 1. ________ (touch) down last week in the South Pole­Aitken basin. Landing on the moon's far side is 2. ________ (extreme) challenging. Because the moon's body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot 3. ________ it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth. The far side of the moon is of particular 4. ________ (interesting) to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters (环形山), more so 5. ________ the familiar near side. Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments onboard Chang'e­4 6. ________ (find) and study areas of the South Pole­Aitken basin. “This really excites scientists，” Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says, “because it 7. ________ (mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon 8. ________ (construct)．” Data about the moon's composition, such as how 9. ________ ice and other treasures it contains, could help China decide whether 10. ________ (it) plans for a future lunar (月球的) base are practical.

【语篇解读】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要介绍了中国的航天壮举：成为首个让无人探测器——“嫦娥四号”在月球背面软着陆的国家。

1. touched　考查动词的时态。分析句子成分可知，设空处为句子的谓语动词；根据时间状语 last week可知，此处讲述的是过去的事情，应用一般过去时。故填 touched。

2. extremely　考查词性转换。分析句子结构可知，此处用于修饰形容词 challenging，应用副词，故填 extremely。

3. where　考查定语从句。分析句子成分并结合句意可知，设空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词spot，且引导词在从句中作地点状语，应用 where引导，故填 where。

4. interest　考查词性转换。根据句意可知，此处应为“be＋of＋n.”结构，相当于“be＋adj.”，故填interest。

5. than　考查连词。结合上文中的“The far side of the moon”和“more”及下文中的“the familiar near side”可知，此处含有对比关系，对比月球的背面和正面，应用than连接两个比较对象。故填than。

6. to find　考查非谓语动词。根据句意可知，设空处在句中作目的状语，应用不定式，构成 use sth. to do... 结构，意为“使用某物做……”。故填 to find。

7. means　考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据语境和上文中的“ This really excites scientists”可知，此处表述的是客观情况，应用一般现在时；且主语为it，为第三人称单数，谓语动词也应用第三人称单数形式，故填means。

8. is constructed　考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据语境可知，此处陈述的是客观事实，应用一般现在时；从句主语 the moon和 construct之间为被动关系，应用被动语态；且the moon为单数概念，谓语应用第三人称单数形式。故填is constructed。

9. much　考查限定词。根据语境可知，此处应表示“多少”，且ice为不可数名词，故填much。

10. its　考查代词。此处修饰空后的名词 plans，作定语，应用形容词性物主代词。故填its。

Ⅱ. 根据提示补全句子

1. 不论多么艰苦，我们都应努力适应新环境。(no matter how)

No matter how hard it is, we should try our best to get accustomed to the new surroundings.

2. 这次可怕的经历好像已经给小女孩留下了阴影。(seem)

The terrible experience seemed to have cast a shadow on the little girl.

3. 在他看来，弹钢琴并不比弹吉他难。(no more than)

In his opinion, playing the piano is no more difficult than playing the guitar.

4. 我要面对一个如此困难的问题。(such)

Such a difficult question do I have to face.

5. 人们相信行动胜于一切。(believe)

It is believed that the actions speak louder than anything else.

B组·能力提升

Ⅰ. 阅读理解

On February 6, 2020, American astronaut Christina Koch arrived back on Earth after 328 days in space. Her time in space is just one of the records set by herself. That's the longest spaceflight ever made by a woman, and just one of the many things Ms Koch achieved in space.

Ms Koch took off from Earth for the International Space Station (ISS) on March 12, 2019. While in space, she made 5，248 trips around the Earth, travelling 2，237 million kilometres, which is roughly the same as 291 trips to the Moon and back. During her 11 months on the ISS, Ms Koch took part in six spacewalks, spending over 42 hours in all outside the station. In October of 2019, Ms Koch led the first ever all­female spacewalk with Jessica Meir.

But for most astronauts, space travel isn't about setting records. It's about doing science. Ms Koch took part in a wide variety of special experiments, including studying how crystals (晶体) grow in space, how atoms (原子) behave in extreme cold and learning more about growing plants in low gravity. Growing plants in space could be an important way to provide food on future trips. She also tested a new way of separating liquids from gases. This experiment could lead to simple methods of cleaning water and air in space, which could be very important for future space travel.

Ms Koch isn't just a scientist and astronaut. She is also being studied. She's part of a NASA programme studying how astronauts are affected by being in space for long periods of time. Her trip was only 12 days shorter than the American record set by Scott Kelly in 2016. As they did with Mr Kelly, NASA scientists are looking carefully at ways Ms Koch's body has been affected by her time in space. That research is important for the longer space trips NASA hopes to make in the future, such as for a base on the Moon or a trip to Mars.

1. Which of the following is an achievement Ms Koch has made?

A. Making the longest spaceflight by herself.

B. Leading the first women­only spacewalk.

C. Cleaning water and air successfully in space.

D. Staying outside the ISS continuously for 42 hours.

2. What does the author want to tell us with so many detailed figures in Paragraph 2?

A. Koch made historic breakthroughs in space.

B. Koch went through a life­threatening space trip.

C. Koch completed admirable tasks in the space travel.

D. Koch is the most experienced astronaut in NASA.

3. Which statement agrees with the text?

A. Astronauts are competing to set new records.

B. Koch's team produced their own food in space.

C. NASA has founded a scientific base on the Moon.

D. Koch's research is significant for space exploration.

4. What can be the best title for the text?

A. Record­Setting Astronaut Koch Returns to Earth

B. US Astronauts Carried out Experiments in Space

C. Spacewalks Have Successfully Been Done on the ISS

D. NASA is Studying Astronauts for Longer Space Trips

【语篇解读】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要介绍了美国宇航员Koch女士做了创纪录太空飞行之后返回了地球，以及她为太空飞行所做出的巨大贡献。

1. B　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“In October of 2019, Ms Koch led the first ever all­female spacewalk with Jessica Meir.”可知，Koch女士领导了第一次只有女性的太空旅行。故选B。

2. C　推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句“That's the longest spaceflight ever made by a woman, and just one of the many things Ms Koch achieved in space.”及第二段用大量的数字列举了她在太空旅行中完成了很多令人敬佩的任务可知，选项C符合题意。故选C。

3. D　推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“This experiment could lead to simple methods of cleaning water and air in space, which could be very important for future space travel.”可知，她的研究对于未来的空间探索具有重要意义。故选D。

4. A　标题归纳题。文章主要介绍了美国宇航员Koch女士做了创纪录的太空飞行之后返回了地球，以及她为太空飞行所做出的巨大贡献。故选A。

Ⅱ. 阅读七选五

(2021·重庆九校联考)In springtime, many Americans take on a major project: cleaning their homes from top to bottom. We often call this kind of work “spring cleaning”. Part of spring cleaning often involves clearing out clutter (杂物). We do away with things we no longer need.

If we are to believe the many stories on Marie Kondo, the Queen of Clean, clutter adds unnecessary stress to our lives. Clutter is holding us back from our dreams and goals.   1 

An expert on the subject, Sabine Kastner of Princeton University, has been studying how the brain processes clutter for 20 years. The media, Kastner says, often writes about clutter in a very simple, black­and­white way: Clutter affects the mind and we need to clear it out. But it is much more complex than that. For starters, our brains are designed to deal with clutter. Very early in the development of our eyesight, we begin to group objects that we see.   2 

According to Kastner, there is not a one­size­fits­all solution.   3   In fact, some people need to see their work. If something is carefully put away, to them it does not exist anymore. Out of sight, out of mind. For other people, objects can stimulate their creativity and give them ideas.

  4   Kastner notes that some people may get distracted by having lots of things around them. These people may need more organisations and less clutter to work well.

  5   Whether the area is cluttered or clear — they work the same. And for others it may depend on the project. For administrative work, they might need a clear workspace. But for more creative projects, they may need many things around them. It is complex.

A. But is it true?

B. What is working and what is not?

C. Some people do not care either way.

D. This helps us to structure our environment.

E. People need to be able to design their workplaces.

F. The idea that an uncluttered workplace is better, is not universally true.

G. However, other people are unable to work in a cluttered environment.

【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。一项研究表明，杂乱的工作环境对人的影响因人而异，并非所有的杂乱都是坏事。

1. A　空格前的“Clutter is holding us back from our dreams and goals.”与下文观点“But it is much more complex than that.”形成矛盾，因此作者质疑此观点，故选A。

2. D　根据前一句“For starters, our brains are designed to deal with clutter. Very early in the development of our eyesight, we begin to group objects that we see.”可知，下一句应该讲述大脑处理混乱的能力所带来的好处，故选D。

3. F　根据前一句“According to Kastner, there is not a one­size­fits­all solution.”可知，并不是每个人都认可工作环境越整洁越好的观点，故选F。

4. G　根据下一句“Kastner notes that some people may get distracted by having lots of things around them.”可知，本段主要讲述有一些人无法在杂乱的环境中工作，故选G。

5. C　根据第四段和第五段内容可知，对于一些人来说，物品可以激发他们的创造力，给他们灵感；而另一些人无法在杂乱的环境中工作，再由所给空格的下一句“Whether the area is cluttered or clear — they work the same.”可知，还有一些人并不关心工作的环境是凌乱还是整洁，故选C。

Ⅲ. 应用文写作

假如你是李华，你的英国笔友Jean来信了解中国青少年的上网喜好。请你予以回复，并以自己为例，谈谈你最喜欢的网站或app及理由。

注意：1. 词数80左右；

2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

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【参考范文】

Dear Jean，

Glad to know that you are interested in what Chinese teenagers like to do online, I am writing to tell you more about it.

As smartphones have been widely used, many teenagers prefer surfing online with their phones. Shopping online and chatting with friends via WeChat or QQ are becoming increasingly popular. As for me, I like an Alipay app called the Ant Forest, which encourages users to adopt low­carbon activities. I have a great sense of achievement when I turn the energy from low­carbon life into real trees through it. Are you using this app?

What about your favourite application? Looking forward to hearing from you soon.

Yours，

Li Hua

Ⅳ. 读后续写

阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。

Carl lost his job. He tried to find another one but it wasn't easy. The poor fellow couldn't pay his bills because he had so little money, and he couldn't ask anybody to lend him any.

Carl spent his days at home. He looked out of the window and watched his neighbour's house. An old professor lived there alone. Strangely, he never talked to his neighbours. Carl could see into the professor's house because he never drew the curtain. The rooms were full of antique furniture and vases. Carl thought, “Why haven't I got an antique vase? I could sell it for a lot of money.”

Every day Carl saw the professor. He left at 10 o'clock in the morning and came home at 4 o'clock. He had a dog. Carl often went to the fence and played with it or gave it a piece of meat. One day Carl thought, “I will go into the professor's house and steal a vase. I will break the window and climb in. The dog is not a problem.”

There was an old gun in the cellar. It had been his great grandfather's favourite thing a long time before. Carl didn't want to use the gun but he thought, “Anything could happen.”

He wanted to hide the gun under his coat but it was too long so he cut the end off with a saw.

The next morning he watched the professor leaving home at 10 o'clock. Carl climbed over the fence. The dog ran to him and Carl gave it a big bone. He threw a piece of stone through the window, which broke. It wasn't high. He could climb into the house easily.

He looked around inside. There were paintings on the walls, small figures and vases on the shelves and the floor. Carl didn't know much about arts. He couldn't choose. He reached his hands towards a big vase when he heard a noise. The front door opened and someone entered the house.

注意：续写词数应为150左右。

     It was the professor. He had left an important document at home. ___________________________________________________________________

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The professor was much scared. _____________________________________

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【参考范文】

It was the professor. He had left an important document at home. Carl became so afraid that he pulled out the gun without a second thought. The professor came into the room and saw him.“What are you doing in my house？” he asked surprisedly and angrily. “I haven't stolen anything. Just let me go or I will shoot！” cried Carl, pointing the gun at the professor with his trembling hands.

The professor was much scared. Suddenly he burst into laughter. “With that gun？” asked the professor. Strangely, he didn't seem frightened of Carl any more. He continued, “You can't shoot with that antique gun. You should have put it in the museum actually.” “Is this really an antique gun？” asked Carl. “How much is it worth？” “It was worth about 17，000 dollars，” said the professor. “But now you can get 10 dollars for it.” “Why？” asked Carl. The professor replied, “Because, you see, its end is missing.”