【期中精准练】专题06：阅读理解C篇说明文议论文类（8套）+ 句子翻译（5套）-2022-2023学年高一下期中英语必考题型精准练（上海专用）

这是一份【期中精准练】专题06：阅读理解C篇说明文议论文类（8套）+ 句子翻译（5套）-2022-2023学年高一下期中英语必考题型精准练（上海专用），共30页。
2022-2023学年高一下期中必考题型精准练
专题06：阅读理解C篇说明文议论文类（8套）+ 句子翻译（5套）



一、 阅读理解
第一套
（2022秋·上海·高一华东师范大学第一附属中学校考期中）If you plan to live another 10 years, you should expect to live in a world with machines doing things you don’t like doing today. Shooting for another 20? Even more will be done without your lifting the finger. It’s not only simple tasks such as cleaning, laundry and dishes. High-end services previously not accessible to you will now be in your economic grasp. Your personal robot will know you better than you know yourself. This almost unimaginable lifestyle could become routine for the masses, because of the achievements of artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics to date and the fact that 5G is on track to provide.
The reasons to be fearful of AI and robotics are well-founded. AI can compete with our brains and robots can compete with our bodies, and in many cases, can beat us handily already. And the more time that passes, the better these emerging technologies will become, while our own capabilities are expected to remain more or less the same.
There has been a love-hate relationship between individuals and big companies long before the present era of big tech, but when big tech, AI and robots work together, it gets even scarier.
Tomorrow’s big tech companies will make use of intelligence (via AI) and control (via robots) associated with the lives of their users. In such a world, third-party entities may know more about us than we know about ourselves. Decisions will be made on our behalf and increasingly without our awareness, and those decisions won’t necessarily be in our best interests.
These issues are foreseeable, and the stakes(风险)are enormous. So, what can be done? In order to achieve the highest possible public trust in the benefits of AI and robotics in our lives, there are three imperatives for action.
First, the industry’s AI and robotics leaders must start to integrate consumers’ interests in safety and privacy into their technology offerings - something we haven’t seen before in the development of the internet and mobile markets. Second, big tech companies and their smaller start-up siblings, should support common agreements, voluntary best practices, principles, protocols, standards and other policies - and yes, even regulation as the very last resort. The more policy structure there is in place that protects consumer interests, the more trust AI and robots deserve. Finally, a trusted entity should design and implement a reliable and verifiable means of creating and protecting the new AI and robotics policy structure from inappropriate influence.
Fortunately, although the gap between tech advances and the lagging policy structure is widening, there is still time to catch up - if we take the initiative now.
The combination of AI, robots and big tech companies is potentially dangerous, but by taking the appropriate steps now we can avoid these dangers and enjoy the huge potential benefits that they have to offer.
1．According to the passage, people are afraid of AI and robotics because ________.
A．AI, robotics and 5G work together
B．human’s abilities don’t develop
C．AI and robotics can do everything for us
D．the new lifestyles cannot be imagined
2．Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
A．The third party entity will make decision to represent us and benefit us a lot.
B．There’s not always harmonious relationship between humans and big companies.
C．Big tech companies will control people’s life completely.
D．The benefits brought by AI and robotics cannot be enjoyed.
3．According to the passage, how can trusted AI and robotics be built?
A．By considering consumers’ interest in safety and privacy.
B．By making more policies that protect AI and robotics.
C．By properly influencing AI and robotics’ improper behavior.
D．By slowing down the technological advances of AI and robotics.
4．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?
A．Can we achieve trusted AI and robotics by implementing policies?
B．Can AI, robotics and 5G work together to benefit human beings?
C．Can we avoid the potential dangers of AI, robotics and big tech companies?
D．Can AI and robotics create a new lifestyle for human beings in the near future?
【答案】1．B    2．B    3．A    4．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述人工智能、机器人和大型科技公司的结合是潜在的危险，我们应该采取措施避免这些危险，才能享受它们提供的巨大潜在好处。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段“The reasons to be fearful of AI and robotics are well-founded. AI can compete with our brains and robots can compete with our bodies, and in many cases, can beat us handily already. And the more time that passes, the better these emerging technologies will become, while our own capabilities are expected to remain more or less the same. (对人工智能和机器人的恐惧是有充分理由的。人工智能可以与我们的大脑竞争，机器人可以与我们的身体竞争，在很多情况下，已经可以轻松击败我们。时间过得越久，这些新兴技术就会变得越好，而我们自己的能力预计会或多或少保持不变。)”可知人们害怕人工智能和机器人是因为人类的能力没有发展，故选B。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段“There has been a love-hate relationship between individuals and big companies long before the present era of big tech, but when big tech, AI and robots work together, it gets even scarier. (早在现在的大型科技时代到来之前，个人和大公司之间就存在着爱恨交加的关系，但当大型科技、人工智能和机器人一起工作时，这种关系就变得更加可怕了。)”可推断，人与大公司之间的关系并不总是和谐的。故选B。
3．细节理解题。根据第五段“These issues are foreseeable, and the stakes(风险)are enormous. So, what can be done? In order to achieve the highest possible public trust in the benefits of AI and robotics in our lives, there are three imperatives for action. (这些问题都是可以预见的，利害关系是巨大的。那么，我们能做些什么呢?为了让公众尽可能信任人工智能和机器人在我们生活中的好处，有三个必要的行动。)”和第六段“First, the industry’s AI and robotics leaders must start to integrate consumers’ interests in safety and privacy into their technology offerings - something we haven’t seen before in the development of the internet and mobile markets.( 首先，该行业的人工智能和机器人领导者必须开始将消费者对安全和隐私的兴趣融入到他们的技术产品中——这是我们在互联网和移动市场的发展中从未见过的。) ”可知可信的人工智能和机器人要考虑到消费者对安全和隐私的兴趣。故选A。
4．主旨大意题。根据整篇文章尤其最后一段“The combination of AI, robots and big tech companies is potentially dangerous, but by taking the appropriate steps now we can avoid these dangers and enjoy the huge potential benefits that they have to offer.( 人工智能、机器人和大型科技公司的结合是潜在的危险，但通过现在采取适当的步骤，我们可以避免这些危险，并享受它们提供的巨大潜在好处。)”可知文章主要讲述人工智能、机器人和大型科技公司的结合是潜在的危险，我们应该采取措施避免这些危险，才能享受它们提供的巨大潜在好处。C选项“我们能避免人工智能、机器人和大型科技公司的潜在危险吗?”符合文章主旨，适合做标题，故选C。

第二套
（2022秋·上海·高一华东师范大学第一附属中学校考期中）The broad definition of migration, “permanent change of residence”, usually includes a move across a city or a town. What we are concerned about is movement between nations, not internal migration within nations, although such movements often go beyond international movements in volume.
Students of human migration speak of “push” and “pull” factors, which influence an individual’s decision to move from one place to another. Push factors are associated with the place of origin. A push factor can be as simple a matter as difficult in finding a suitable job, or as painful as war, or severe famine.
Pull factors are those associated with the place of destination. Most often these are economic, such as better job opportunities or the availability of good land to farm. The latter was an important factor in attracting settlers to the United States during the 19th century. In general, pull factors add up to an apparently better chance for a good life and material well-being than is offered by the place of origin. When there is a choice between several attractive potential destinations, the deciding factor might be a non-economic consideration such as the presence of relatives, friends, or at least fellow countrymen already established in the new place who are willing to help the newcomers settle in. Considerations of this sort lead to the development of migration flow.
Besides push and pull factors, there are what the sociologists call “intervening(干预) obstacles”. Even if push and (or) pull factors are very strong, they still may be outweighed by intervening obstacles, such as the distance of the move, the trouble and cost of moving, the difficulty of entering the new country, and the problems likely to be encountered on arrival.
The decision to move is also influenced by “personal factors” of the potential migrant. The same push-pull factors and obstacles operate differently on different people, sometimes because they are at different stages of their lives, or just because of their varying abilities and personalities. The prospect of packing up everything and moving to a new and perhaps very strange environment may appear interesting and challenging to an unmarried young man and rather difficult to a slightly older man with a wife and small kids. Similarly, the need to learn a new language and customs may excite one person and frighten another.
Regardless of why people move, migration of large numbers of people causes conflict. The United States and other western countries have experienced adjustment problems with each new wave of immigrants. The newest arrivals are usually given the lowest-paid jobs and are resented by native people who may have to compete with them for those jobs. It has usually taken several decades for each group to be accepted into the mainstream of society in the host country.
5．Suppose Thomas is thinking of migrating to a new place but he is faced with several choices of destinations, what may contribute to his final decision?
A．Good land to farm. B．The people he knows.
C．Severe living condition D．Better job opportunities.
6．Why does the author compare an unmarried young man with an older man with a family?
A．Because they differ in their abilities to learn a new language and customs.
B．Because different stages of lives will lead to their different decisions about migration.
C．Because their abilities to compete for a better job or a better farm land are different.
D．Because the older one is more likely to be accepted into the mainstream of the new society.
7．We can infer from the passage that ________.
A．Push-pull factors are so strong as to be more important than intervening factors.
B．Pull factors may include one’s difficulty in finding a job or suffering from famine.
C．New immigrants probably need to suffer great hardships to fit in with the new environment.
D．The same push-pull factors may exert similar effect on people with different personalities.
8．The purpose of the passage is to discuss ________.
A．the motives of international migrants
B．the problems of international migrants
C．the migrantion problems inside the country
D．the adjustment problem among migrants

【答案】5．B    6．B    7．C    8．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了影响人们移民的因素。
5．推理判断题。根据第三段中“When there is a choice between several attractive potential destinations, the deciding factor might be a non-economic consideration such as the presence of relatives, friends, or at least fellow countrymen already established in the new place who are willing to help the newcomers settle in. Considerations of this sort lead to the development of migration flow.(当在几个有吸引力的潜在目的地之间进行选择时，决定因素可能是一个非经济的考虑因素，如是否有亲戚、朋友，或至少是已经在新地方定居的、愿意帮助新移民定居的同胞的存在)”可知，如果Thomas正在考虑移居到一个新的地方，但他面临着几个目的地的选择，影响他的决定性因素是他所认识的人的存在。故选B。
6．推理判断题。根据文章第五段中“The same push-pull factors and obstacles operate differently on different people, sometimes because they are at different stages of their lives, or just because of their varying abilities and personalities.(同样的推拉因素和障碍在不同的人身上起着不同的作用，有时是因为他们处于人生的不同阶段，或者只是因为他们的能力和性格不同)”可知，处在不同的人生阶段会影响人们对移民做出不同的决定，接着下文“The prospect of packing up everything and moving to a new and perhaps very strange environment may appear interesting and challenging to an unmarried young man and rather difficult to a slightly older man with a wife and small kids.(收拾好所有的东西，搬到一个新的，也许是非常陌生的环境中，对一个未婚的年轻人来说可能是有趣和具有挑战性的，而对一个有妻子和孩子的略年长的男人来说则是相当困难的)”指出，收拾行李去一个陌生的地方对于未婚的年轻人来说可能是有趣和富有挑战的，但对于已经有家室的年长男子来说是相当困难的，作者将两者进行比较正是为了说明上文提到的“处于不同人生阶段”这一因素对移民决定的影响。故选B。
7．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“The newest arrivals are usually given the lowest-paid jobs and are resented by native people who may have to compete with them for those jobs. It has usually taken several decades for each group to be accepted into the mainstream of society in the host country.(新来的移民通常得到的是最低工资的工作，而且会遭到当地人的憎恨，因为当地人可能不得不与他们竞争这些工作。通常需要几十年的时间，每个群体才能被东道国的社会主流所接受)”可知，新的移民要经历各种各样的问题，且总是要忍受巨大的困难才能适应新环境。故选C。
8．推理判断题。根据第二段首句“Students of human migration speak of ‘push’ and ‘pull’ factors, which influence an individual’s decision to move from one place to another. (研究人类迁移的学生谈到‘推’和‘拉’因素，它们影响个人从一个地方迁移到另一个地方的决)”和第四段首句“Besides push and pull factors, there are what the sociologists call ‘intervening(干预) obstacles’.(除了推和拉的因素，还有社会学家所说的‘干预障碍’)”以及第五段首句“The decision to move is also influenced by ‘personal factors’ of the potential migrant.(迁移的决定还受到潜在移徙者的‘个人因素’的影响)”可知，文章主要分析了促进移民的因素有哪些。故选A。

第三套
（2022秋·上海·高一复旦附中校考期中）At least since the appearance of Napster (一个文件共享平台), in 1999, the Internet’s potential effect on music listeners has often been portrayed as dramatic. Music bloggers, the iPod’s massive storage capabilities, and most recently, the virtually unlimited browsing potential afforded by streaming — put together, they would surely pave the way for a generation to whom eclecticism (折衷主义) was normal. Human curiosity could finally win, and the super-listener would rise.
Little in the modern music landscape suggests that this has come to pass. Quite the contrary, which is an important assumption of the New York Times music critic Ben Ratliff’s Every Song Ever: 20 Ways to Listen in an Age of Musical Plenty. In the past decade or so, traditional radio stations have cut down the number of songs they played and increased the frequency of repetition, because listeners are less likely to switch away from tunes they recognize. Successful online playlist makers such as Pandora continually fine-tune algorithms (算法) to figure out what individual users want to hear based on what they’ve liked before. And music journalists working online have come to understand that defending little-known artists commands far less traffic — and therefore less job security — than does promotion of the latest Taylor Swift video or Beatles anniversary.
Ratliff wisely diagnoses the psychology underlying this state of affairs. “In many cases, having rapidly acquired a new kind of listening brain — a brain with unlimited access — we dig very deeply and very narrowly, creating bottomless comfort zones in what we have decided we like and trust,” he writes. “Or we shut down, threatened by the endless choice. The riches remain dumb unless we have an engaged relationship with them.”
An “engaged relationship”— what’s that? Well, you know: Active listening. Open listening. The kind of listening that happened more often when switching from an unfamiliar song back to an old favorite wasn’t so frictionless — when the unfamiliar song had cost you $16.99 and a trip to Tower Records to acquire, and the old CD was gathering dust somewhere under your bed. Ratliff has 20 suggestions, mostly good ones, for how to achieve this level of engagement in a world overflowing with new and strange, and instantaneously available, sounds. He reminds us, as he proceeds, of how urgently we need adventurous critics like him at a time when the idea of musical discovery has been appropriated by tech companies and sidelines in the chase for clicks.
9．What effect is the Internet supposed to have on listeners?
A．They would have a better taste for music.
B．They would prefer more powerful players.
C．They would be willing to try different types of music.
D．They would be more curious about the quality of music.
10．According to Ben Ratliff, which statement best describes the modern music landscape?
A．Online playlist makers don’t take individual users’ preference into account.
B．People don’t have as much chance to listen to unfamiliar music as expected.
C．Music journalists are ready to help those unknown artists promote their music
D．Algorithms are upgraded frequently to satisfy music lovers’ needs for new music.
11．The word “frictionless” (in the last paragraph) is closest in meaning to “________”.
A．sudden B．expensive C．obvious D．easy
12．It can be inferred from the passage that music critics should take the responsibility of ________.
A．reducing the impact of technology on us
B．engaging us in more chase for clicks
C．helping us find our comfort zones
D．brining old classics back to life

【答案】9．C    10．D    11．D    12．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在这个网络时代，我们接触着各种新的歌曲，却仍然偏爱着老歌的原因，以及乐评家给我们的建议。
9．推理判断题。根据第一段第二句“Music bloggers, the iPod’s massive storage capabilities, and most recently, the virtually unlimited browsing potential afforded by streaming — put together, they would surely pave the way for a generation to whom eclecticism was normal.(音乐博主、iPod巨大的存储能力，以及最近流媒体提供的几乎无限的浏览潜力——合在一起，肯定会为一代人铺平道路，对于这代人来说，折衷主义是正常的)”和第三句“Human curiosity could finally win, and the super-listener would rise. (人类的好奇心终于可以赢了，超级倾听者就会站起来)”可知，在这个充满无限信息的网络时代，人们的好奇心可以得到满足，听各种各样的新的不同风格和类型的歌曲。故选C项。
10．推理判断题。根据第二段第三句“Successful online playlist makers such as Pandora continually fine-tune algorithms to figure out what individual users want to hear based on what they’ve liked before.(Pandora等成功的在线播放列表制作者不断调整算法，根据个人用户之前喜欢的音乐找出他们想听的音乐)”可知，算法经常升级，以满足音乐爱好者对新音乐的需求。故选D项。
11．词句猜测题。根据第四段中的“The kind of listening that happened more often when switching from an unfamiliar song back to an old favorite wasn’t so frictionless — when the unfamiliar song had cost you $16.99 and a trip to Tower Records to acquire, and the old CD was gathering dust somewhere under your bed. (当你从一首不熟悉的歌曲切换到一首旧的最爱歌曲时，这种听起来更为频繁，但这种听起来并不是那么frictionless——当这首陌生的歌曲花了你16.99美元，还花了一次去Tower Records的旅行，而这张旧CD在你床下的某个地方积满了灰尘)”可推知，新唱片切换到旧唱片没那么容易。由此可知，frictionless与easy意思接近。故选D项。
12．推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“He reminds us, as he proceeds, of how urgently we need adventurous critics like him at a time when the idea of musical discovery has been appropriated by tech companies and sidelines in the chase for clicks.(他在继续讲述的过程中提醒我们，在这个音乐发现的理念被科技公司和旁观者在追逐点击率的过程中所利用的时代，我们是多么迫切地需要像他这样敢于冒险的评论家)”可知，乐评人能够帮助正确的听音乐的人，减少利用点击率的科技公司对他们的影响。故选A项。

第四套
（2022秋·上海·高一复旦附中校考期中）It is the great tragedy of shoelaces. From the moment they are tied, they are sure to become untied.
That is the conclusion of scientists who have studied the shoelace knot (结) and found that it seems almost uniquely ill-suited to survive long walk. Instead, it will always come undone eventually, usually suddenly and unexpectedly.
Or, as they put it, “the failure of the knot happens in a matter of seconds, often without warning, and is disastrous.” Especially so if you trip up afterwards.
Oliver O’Reilly, from the University of California, Berkeley, said that the research was inspired by personal experience. “My shoelaces have always come untied,” he said. So when he was teaching his daughter how to tie hers he sought expert advice. “I found wonderful videos showing why they became untied, which struck me as unusual.”
He decided to correct this. He got his PhD student Christine Gregg to run on a treadmill (跑步机) until her laces came undone, while filming with a slow-motion camera. “Christine started running and we were really surprised. For a long time nothing happened, then everything happened really quickly—in a few steps.” He found there was a gradual, hidden, loosening which came before a total collapse of the knot.
To try to establish what was causing this, Christine tried leg-swinging while sitting on a table, and heavy steps. Neither resulted in the shoelaces coming undone. It required both together, even with a loosely tied knot. Next, for his research in Proceedings of the Royal Society A, Professor O’Reilly attached instruments to the laces to see why this might be. “We put an accelerometer on a knot, and we were surprised the g-forces were so large.” With each heavy step, the knot experienced 7g, more than that found on any rollercoaster. “The hypothesis(假设) is the knot opens up as you run, from the amount of forces.”
That was a necessary, but not sufficient condition though. The swing was also needed, as well as the heavy step. “The shoe laces move back and forth, putting a force on the bows and ends.” As the knot opens “you get slippage and at the end with the higher force this will get larger”. Once slippage starts, this rapidly pulls the laces undone.
Predicting when though, said Professor O’Reilly, was difficult. “The tipping point was really difficult for us to spot,” he said. “That in itself explains our experience. You are walking along and everything is fine and suddenly, ‘Boom!’ they’re gone—and you realise you are about to trip over your shoelaces.” His conclusion is that we should just accept retying shoelaces to be one of the minor misfortunes of the human condition.
13．The word “so” (in paragraph 3) refers to ________.
A．falling down B．happening without warning
C．being disastrous D．appearing in a few seconds
14．What did Professor O’Reilly find in his experiment with his PhD student?
A．Shoelaces got untied without any obvious sign.
B．The collapse of the shoelace knot could be avoided.
C．Nothing happened to shoelaces if a runner took right steps.
D．Walking on a treadmill would prevent shoelace knots getting loose.
15．It can be inferred from the passage that a loosely tied knot ________.
A．will come undone unless you walk slowly
B．won’t come undone even if you walk fast
C．will come undone as long as you swing your leg
D．won’t come undone if you just stamp your foot
16．What is O’Reilly’s conclusion about the failure of shoelace knots?
A．It is totally inevitable. B．It will be corrected soon.
C．It will be easy to predict. D．It is related to shoe type.
【答案】13．C    14．A    15．D    16．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲的是鞋带断裂的原因，研究发现鞋带的断裂必须具备两个条件，即甩腿和用力跺脚，而且鞋带什么时候断裂是不可预测的，所以我们唯有接受系鞋带这个不可避免的事实。
13．词句猜测题。根据文章第一段“Instead, it will always come undone eventually, usually suddenly and unexpectedly.(相反，它总是最终会断开，通常是突然和意想不到的。)以及第三段“Or, as they put it, “the failure of the knot happens in a matter of seconds, often without warning, and is disastrous.” Especially so if you trip up afterwards.(或者，就像他们说的，“鞋带的断裂在几秒钟内发生，通常没有任何预兆，是灾难性的。”尤其是如果你在事后摔倒了。)”可知鞋带的断裂通常是难以预料的，所以一旦断裂其结果是灾难性的，而如果你在鞋带断裂后摔倒其后果会更严重。所以此处的so指代的应该是结果是灾难性的这个事实。故选C项。
14．细节理解题。根据文章第五段“He decided to correct this. He got his PhD student Christine Gregg to run on a treadmill (跑步机) until her laces came undone, while filming with a slow-motion camera.“Christine started running and we were really surprised. For a long time nothing happened, then everything happened really quickly—in a few steps.” He found there was a gradual, hidden, loosening which came before a total collapse of the knot.(他决定纠正这个错误。他让自己的博士生Christine Gregg在跑步机上跑步，直到鞋带松开，同时用慢镜头拍摄。“Christine开始跑，我们真的很惊讶。很长一段时间什么都没发生，然后一切都发生得很快——只需要几步。”他发现鞋带在完全断裂之前，有一个逐渐的、隐蔽的松动过程。)”可知Oliver教授和他的博士生在实验中发现在鞋带完全断裂之前，有一个逐渐的、隐蔽的松动过程，所以说鞋带断开时没有任何明显的迹象。故选A项。
15．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第三段“To try to establish what was causing this, Christine tried leg-swinging while sitting on a table, and heavy steps. Neither resulted in the shoelaces coming undone. It required both together, even with a loosely tied knot.(为了确定是什么原因导致鞋带断裂，Christine尝试了坐在桌子上甩腿和用力跺脚。这两件事都没有导致鞋带松开。它需要两者结合，即使是松散的结。)”以及倒数第二段“That was a necessary, but not sufficient condition though. The swing was also needed, as well as the heavy step. “The shoe laces move back and forth, putting a force on the bows and ends.” As the knot opens “you get slippage and at the end with the higher force this will get larger”. Once slippage starts, this rapidly pulls the laces undone.(这是一个必要条件，但不是充分条件。甩腿和用力跺脚都是必需的。“鞋带会前后移动，对鞋带的前端和末端产生作用力。”当绳结打开时，“你会打滑，最后随着外力的增大，绳结会变大”。一旦开始滑落，鞋带就会迅速松开。)”可知鞋带断开需要两个条件，即甩腿和用力跺脚，所以即使是比较松的鞋带如果你只跺脚它也不会松开。故选D项。
16．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Predicting when though, said Professor O’Reilly, was difficult. “The tipping point was really difficult for us to spot,” he said.(不过，Professor O’Reilly说，很难预测具体时间。“我们真的很难发现临界点，”他说。)”以及“His conclusion is that we should just accept retying shoelaces to be one of the minor misfortunes of the human condition.(他的结论是，我们应该接受系鞋带是人类处境中的一种小不幸。)”可知在O’Reilly看来我们很难预测鞋带在什么时候会断开，所以唯有接受系鞋带这个事实，所以可以推测在O’Reilly看来鞋带断裂是不可避免的。故选A项。

第五套
（2022秋·上海·高一上海市晋元高级中学校考期中）In 2019 air travel accounted for 2.5 percent of global carbon emissions, a number that could be more than doubled by 2050. While some airlines have started making up for their contributions to atmospheric carbon, significant cutbacks are still needed. Electric airplanes could provide the scale of transformation required, and many companies are racing to develop them. Not only would electric propulsion (推进) motors eliminate direct carbon emissions, they could reduce fuel costs by up to 90 percent, maintenance by up to 50 percent and noise by nearly 70 percent.
Cape Air, one of the largest regional airlines, expects to be among the first customers, with plans to buy the nine-passenger electric aircraft from Eviation. Cape Air’s CEO Dan Wolf has said he is interested not only in the environmental benefits but also in potential savings on operation costs. Electric motors generally have longer life spans than the hydrocarbon-fueled engines in his current aircraft; they need repairs at 20,000 hours versus 2,000.
Forward-propulsion engines are not the only ones going electric. NASA’s X-57 Maxwell electric plane, under development, replaces current wings with shorter ones that feature a set of distributed electric propellers (螺旋桨). On traditional jets, wings must be large enough to provide lift when a craft is traveling at a low speed, but the large surface area adds drag at higher speeds. Electric propellers increase lift during takeoff, allowing for smaller wings and overall higher efficiency.
For the foreseeable future, electric planes will be limited in how far they can travel. Today’s best batteries put out far less power by weight than traditional fuels: an energy density of 250 watt-hours per kilogram versus 12,000 watt-hours per kilogram for jet fuel. The batteries required for a given flight are therefore far heavier than standard fuel and take up more space. Approximately half of all flights globally are fewer than 800 kilometers, which is expected to be within the range of battery-powered electric aircraft by 2025.
Electric aviation faces cost and regulatory obstacles, but investors, corporations and governments excited by the progress of this technology are investing significantly in its development: some $250 million flowed to electric aviation start-ups between 2017 and 2019. Currently roughly 170 electric airplane projects are underway. Most electric airplanes are designed for private, corporate and commuter travel, but Airbus says it plans to have 100-passenger versions ready to fly by 2030.
17．What can be inferred from the underlined sentence in paragraph one?
A．Airline’s current efforts to reduce carbon emissions are far from enough.
B．Airline companies haven’t invested enough in their technological development.
C．Only by promoting electric planes can airlines balance their carbon emission impact.
D．Airline companies alone cannot realize the global goal of carbon emission reduction.
18．Which of the following statements is TRUE about electric planes compared with traditional ones?
A．After frequent maintenance, they last longer and produce less noise.
B．Electric propellers enable them to fly at low speed with great lift.
C．They are designed to accommodate a large number of passengers.
D．They can fly at lower speed with less drag with the help of bigger wings.
19．The limitation of electric planes is that __________.
A．the cost of energy per kilogram is higher for electric planes
B．existing batteries are too large and heavy to be placed inside the planes
C．the same weight of batteries holds less power than that of traditional fuel
D．half of the batteries have not been designed to sustain long distance flight
20．__________ serves as the most suitable title for this passage.
A．How Electric Aircraft Green Air Can Travel
B．World’s Electric Aircrafts Set for First Flight
C．How Electric Flights Will Change Our Future
D．Electric Flights Could Be Closer Than You Think

【答案】17．A    18．B    19．C    20．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了为了减少碳排放以及降低飞行成本，一些航空公司将重点研发放在电动飞机上。同时文章介绍了电动飞机的优势与劣势，并指出在未来实现电动飞机是大势所趋。
17．推理判断题。根据划线句“While some airlines have started making up for their contributions to atmospheric carbon, significant cutbacks are still needed.(虽然一些航空公司已经开始弥补它们对大气中碳排放的贡献，但仍然需要大幅削减)”可知，当前虽然一些航空公司已经在不断努力地减少碳排放，可是效果远远不够，还需要加大力度去减少直接对大气的碳排放。故选A。
18．细节理解题。根据第三段中“On traditional jets, wings must be large enough to provide lift when a craft is traveling at a low speed, but the large surface area adds drag at higher speeds. Electric propellers increase lift during takeoff, allowing for smaller wings and overall higher efficiency.(在传统喷气式飞机上，机翼必须足够大，以便在飞机低速飞行时提供上升的动力，但大的表面积在高速飞行时增加阻力。电动螺旋桨增加起飞时的上升动力，使机翼更小，整体效率更高)”可知，在低速行驶时，电动螺旋桨使整体机翼变小，减少机身阻力，从而能够增加飞机起飞时上升的动力，提高飞机上升飞行的效率。故选B。
19．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“For the foreseeable future, electric planes will be limited in how far they can travel. (在可预见的未来，电动飞机的飞行距离将受到限制)”可知，电动飞机在飞行距离上是受限的，同时根据本段的“The batteries required for a given flight are therefore far heavier than standard fuel and take up more space.(因此，一次飞行所需的电池要比标准燃料重得多，占用的空间也更大)”可知，受限的原因在于电动飞机所需的电池要比标准燃料重得多，占用的空间也更大即电动飞机上同样重量的电池所能提供的能量比传统燃料要少。故选C。
20．主旨大意题。根据第一段中“While some airlines have started making up for their contributions to atmospheric carbon, significant cutbacks are still needed. Electric airplanes could provide the scale of transformation required, and many companies are racing to develop them.(虽然一些航空公司已经开始弥补它们对大气碳的贡献，但仍然需要大幅削减。电动飞机可以提供所需的转型规模，许多公司都在竞相开发这种飞机)”可知，为了解决航空公司造成碳排放的消极影响，很多航空公司竞相开发电动飞机；同时阅读后文可知，文章讲述了电动飞机的优势即飞行成本。当然电动飞机也不是完美的，研发电动飞机同样面临诸多挑战如面临着研发成本高和监管障碍。根据最后一段中“but investors, corporations and governments excited by the progress of this technology are investing significantly in its development(但对这项技术的进步感到兴奋的投资者、企业和政府正在对其开发进行大量投资)”可知，尽管如此，电动飞机依旧备受投资者、企业和政府的青睐，在未来实现电动飞机也是大势所趋。由此可知，D选项“Electric Flights Could Be Closer Than You Think(距离实现电动飞机的梦想比你想象的要更接近)”适合文章的标题。故选D。

第六套
（2022秋·上海·高一上海市建平中学校考期中）We usually think of archaeology as involving brave explorers and lots of painstaking digging. But today, long-hidden cities are being revealed from the air, where modern archaeologists use laser beams to spot evidence of ancient life buried beneath thick vegetation.
Lidar, short for “light detection and ranging” (and a cousin of radio-based radar), involves directing a rapid succession of laser pulses at the ground from an airplane or a drone. Software captures the time and wavelength of the pulses reflected from the surface and combines it with GPS and other data to produce a precise three-dimensional map of the landscape below. These high-tech explorations have revealed long-buried Mayan cities.
In recent years, lidar has exposed a sprawling ancient city in western Mexico called Angamuco, The discovery of this long-lost Mexican large city is especially significant. Built by the Pur pecha, Angamuco was a major civilization in the early 16th century, before Europeans arrived. The city extended over ten square miles before it was covered by a lava flow. That is a huge area with a lot of people. There are about 40, 000 building foundations there, which is about the same number of building foundations that are on the island of Manhattan. The Pur pecha’s main buildings were loosely sited in eight zones around the edges rather than being located in one large center.
“To think that this massive city existed in the heartland of Mexico for all this time and nobody knew it was there is amazing,” says Chris Fisher, an archaeologist who led the expedition.
The revelation of Angamuco is a prime example of the power and promise of lidar. Archaeologists discovered signs of the buried city in 2007 and initially attempted to explore it using a traditional “boots on the ground” approach. But the team soon realized that with the rugged terrain, it would take at least a decade to outline the entire massive city.
In 2011, they began using lidar to map nearly 14 square miles, revealing many astonishing features, from pyramids and temples to road systems, garden areas, and even ball courts. This gave them the “map” they needed to know where to explore further. So far, Fisher and his team have verified more than 7,000 architectural features over a 1.5-square-mile area. The earliest artifacts include ceramic fragments and other remains dating as far back as AD 900.
All told, researchers now believe that more than 100, 000 people lived in Angamuco from about AD 1000 to AD 1350. That makes it the biggest city in western Mexico at the time-or at least the biggest city we know about so far.
“Everywhere you point the lidar instrument, you find new stuff,” says Fisher. “Right now, every textbook has to be rewritten, and two years from now, they’re going to have to be rewritten again.”
21．__________may be necessary aids when lidar is used.
A．GPS, software and laser pulses B．A drone, radar and a map
C．An aeroplane, software and GPS D．A drone, an aeroplane and a map
22．The underlined word “sprawling” in Para. 3 means the ancient city was __________.
A．planned in a detailed way B．spreading in an untidy way
C．massive but well-designed D．long-buried but well-preserved
23．Which of the following statements is TRUE about the city of Angamuco?
A．Angamuco was the first ancient city discovered with radar.
B．The area of the city was as big as that of the island of Manhattan.
C．Angamuco was probably the biggest city in westen Mexico at that time.
D．The rugged terrain in Angamuco prevented the explorers from using radar.
24．What can be inferred from the passage?
A．Lidar has been widely accepted by the archaeologists in western Mexico.
B．The current knowledge about the city of Angamuco might be out of date.
C．But for lidar it would be impossible to know what the city of Angamuco looked like.
D．The archaeologists spent almost ten years exploring Angamuco using traditional tools.

【答案】21．C    22．B    23．C    24．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了科学家通过激光雷达发现了位于墨西哥西部的一座名为安加穆科的庞大古城。这座遗失已久的墨西哥大城市的发现意义非凡。文章介绍了这项技术的工作原理以及这座古城的相关情况。
21．细节理解题。根据第二段“Lidar, short for “light detection and ranging” (and a cousin of radio-based radar), involves directing a rapid succession of laser pulses at the ground from an airplane or a drone. Software captures the time and wavelength of the pulses reflected from the surface and combines it with GPS and other data to produce a precise three-dimensional map of the landscape below. These high-tech explorations have revealed long-buried Mayan cities.(激光雷达是“光探测和测距”的缩写（也是无线电雷达的近亲），涉及从飞机或无人机向地面定向快速连续的激光脉冲。软件捕捉从地表反射的脉冲的时间和波长，并将其与GPS和其他数据结合起来，生成下面景观的精确三维地图。这些高科技的探索揭示了埋藏已久的玛雅城市)”可知，一架飞机、软件和GPS可能是使用激光雷达时必要的辅助。故选C。
22．词句猜测题。根据画线词后文“Built by the Pur pecha, Angamuco was a major civilization in the early 16th century, before Europeans arrived.(由普尔佩查人建造的安加穆科是16世纪早期欧洲人到来之前的主要文明)”以及第三段中“The Pur pecha’s main buildings were loosely sited in eight zones around the edges rather than being located in one large center.(普尔佩查人的主要建筑松散地分布在周边的八个区域，而不是位于一个大的中心)”可知，激光雷达发现了位于墨西哥西部的一座名为安加穆科的庞大古城，而安加穆科是由普尔佩查人修建的，普尔佩查人修建的建筑松散地分布在周边的八个区域，故这座古城是以不规整的方式扩展的。故sprawl表示这座古城是以不规整的方式扩展的。故选B。
23．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“That makes it the biggest city in western Mexico at the time-or at least the biggest city we know about so far.(这使它成为当时墨西哥西部最大的城市，或者至少是我们目前所知道的最大的城市)”可知，C项“安加穆科可能是当时墨西哥西部最大的城市”正确。故选C。
24．推理判断题。根据第四段““To think that this massive city existed in the heartland of Mexico for all this time and nobody knew it was there is amazing,” says Chris Fisher, an archaeologist who led the expedition.(带领探险队的考古学家克里斯·费舍尔说：“想想这个巨大的城市一直存在于墨西哥的中心地带，却没有人知道它的存在，这真是令人惊讶。”)”可推知，如果没有激光雷达，就不可能知道安加穆科城是什么样子。故选C。

第七套
（2022秋·上海·高一上海中学校考期中）The woods are turning orange. Drifts of dry leaves are growing on forest floors and flying into street corners. From a distance, it is beautiful. But the air is still warm and summery. This turning and leaf fall is not the usual gradual preparation for winter in temperate zones(温带) but a stress response by trees trying to preserve water. We are now in a false autumn, caused by heat and drought. And it feels wrong.
There is, therefore, something deeply disturbing about such a graphic alteration of familiar rhythms, Droughts are not unknown to the UK, of course, and too many parts of the world are certainly familiar with far more severe versions. But increasingly they are occurring in the context of a climate emergency, and record-breaking heat. And the beauty of a false autumn, specifically, has an emotional effect, a deep weirdness, something mysteriously suggestive of evil or danger
Cultures across the world contain ceremonies for the propitiation(宽恕) of the weather; a sense of responsibility for the natural world—and the belief that it will punish us if we fail it—is as old as humanity. One of the reasons why the Romantic poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s 1798 poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is so effective is the directness with which it links the shooting of an albatross(信天翁)—the destruction of innocent wildlife—to a terrible change in the weather: no rain, just burning, death-dealing sun. We may not understand the mechanism, but at an instinctual(本能的) level it feels right.
And in a similar way it has not really been a surprise to hear that birds are struggling. In London,  young swifts (雨燕) were seen falling out of the sky. Fewer—and too early—nuts and berries mean some animals will not live through this winter. Older trees, with their longer roots, will hopefully survive, but young trees may not—all that promises further warming. There will always be a degree of uncertainty about the causes of specific weather events, but we cannot deny that we have not taken care of the albatross. Now we must hope we are doing enough to make sure that these fearful golden days are pot an autumn of autumns.
25．According to the passage, what is a disturbing sign of “a false autumn”?
A．Tree leaves are turning orange and fall gradually in winter.
B．Birds are struggling to fall out of the sky in London.
C．People worldwide are careless of droughts and heat in the UK.
D．Nuts and berries-ripen earlier but yield less than before.
26．Why is Coleridge’s 1798 poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner so effective?
A．Because people across the world sympathize with the albatross.
B．Because it directly links destruction of wildlife to extreme weather.
C．Because we are certain about how the weather shifts instinctually.
D．Because he is an established Romantic poet curious about nature.
27．Which of the following is implied by the underlined sentence (Line 6, Paragraph 4)?
A．This autumn must be seen as a warning to take instant action.
B．Plants and animals are bound to survive in spite of their fear.
C．The writer appreciates and looks forward to such golden days.
D．Abundant environmental protection has already been ensured.
28．What is the overall tone of the passage?
A．Optimistic. B．Concerned. C．Humorous. D．Ironic.

【答案】25．A    26．B    27．A    28．B
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章讲述了气候变暖导致秋天变成了“虚假秋天“，呼吁人们将这种现象视为警告，采取措施阻止全球变暖现象进一步恶化。
25．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The woods are turning orange. Drifts of dry leaves are growing on forest floors and flying into street corners. From a distance, it is beautiful. But the air is still warm and summery. This turning and leaf fall is not the usual gradual preparation for winter in temperate zones(温带) but a stress response by trees trying to preserve water.(树林正在变成橙色。一堆堆干树叶生长在森林的地面上，飞到街道的角落。从远处看，它是美丽的。但是空气仍然是温暖和夏天。在温带地区，这种转变和落叶并不是通常的渐进过冬准备，而是树木试图保存水分的应激反应。)”可知，本来秋天树叶变黄落下。现在冬天树叶变黄落下，人们误把冬天当秋天，就是虚假秋天。“虚假秋天”的令人不安的迹象是树叶在冬天逐渐变成橙色并逐渐落下。故选A。
26．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“One of the reasons why the Romantic poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s 1798 poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is so effective is the directness with which it links the shooting of an albatross(信天翁)—the destruction of innocent wildlife—to a terrible change in the weather: no rain, just burning, death-dealing sun.( 浪漫主义诗人塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治(Samuel Taylor Coleridge) 1798年的诗歌《古水手之歌》如此有效果，原因之一是它直接将射杀信天翁——对无辜野生动物的毁灭——与可怕的天气变化联系起来:没有下雨，只有灼热的、令人死亡的太阳。)”可知，柯勒律治1798年的诗歌《古水手之歌》如此有效是因为它将野生动物的毁灭与极端天气直接联系起来。故选B。
27．词句猜测题。根据划线词所在的句子“Now we must hope we are doing enough to make sure that these fearful golden days are pot an autumn of autumns.(现在，我们必须希望我们正在做的足够多，以确保这些可怕的黄金日子成为一个真正秋天中的秋天。)”可推知，划线的句子暗示我们今年秋天必须被视为一个警告，要立即采取行动阻止气候变暖进一步恶化。故选A。
28．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“We are now in a false autumn, caused by heat and drought. And it feels wrong.(我们现在正处在一个由炎热和干旱造成的假秋天。这感觉不对。)”，文章第二段“There is, therefore, something deeply disturbing about such a graphic alteration of familiar rhythms.( 因此，这种对熟悉节奏的形象改变令人深感不安。)”、文章第三段“Cultures across the world contain ceremonies for the propitiation of the weather; a sense of responsibility for the natural world—and the belief that it will punish us if we fail it—is as old as humanity.( 世界各地的文化都有庆祝天气平息的仪式;对自然世界的责任感——相信如果我们辜负了自然世界，自然世界就会惩罚我们——和人类一样古老。)”和文章最后一段“Now we must hope we are doing enough to make sure that these fearful golden days are pot an autumn of autumns.(现在，我们必须希望我们正在做的足够多，以确保这些可怕的黄金日子成为一个真正秋天中的秋天。)”可知，文章讲述了气候变暖导致秋天变成了“假秋天”，呼吁人们将这种现象视为警告，采取措施阻止全球变暖进一步恶化。由此可推知，作者写这篇文章的整体基调是担心的。故选B。

第八套
（2022春·上海杨浦·高一校考期中）If your in-box is currently reporting unread messages in the hundreds or thousands, you might have a hard time believing the news: e-mail is on the decline.
At first thought, that might seem to be the case. The incoming generation, after all, doesn’t do e-mail. Oh, they might have an account. They use it only as we would use a fax machine: as a means to communicate with old-school folks like their parents or to fulfill the sign-up requirements of Web sites. They rarely check it, though.
Today’s instant electronic memos—such as texting and Facebook and Twitter messages—are more direct, more concentrated, more efficient. They go without the salutation (称呼语) and the signoff (签收); we already know the “to” and “from”. Many corporations are moving to messaging networks for exactly that reason: more signals, less noise and less time. This trend is further evidence that store-and-forward systems such as e-mail and voicemail are outdated. Instead of my leaving you a lengthy message that you pick up later, I can now send you an easily-read message that you can read—and respond to—on the go.
The coming of the mobile era is responsible for the decline of e-mail. Instant messages bring great convenience to people. They can deal with them at about any time: before a movie, in a taxi, waiting for lunch. And because these notes are very brief, they’re a natural for smart phone typing.
Does this mean e-mail is on its way to the dustbin of digital history? Not necessarily. E-mail still has certain advantages. On the other hand, tweets and texts feel ephemeral—you read them, then they’re gone, into an endless string, but e-mail still feels like something you have and that you can file, search and return to later. It’s easy to imagine that it will continue to feel more appropriate for formal communications: agreements, important news, longer explanations.
So, e-mail won’t go away completely. Remember, we’ve been through a transition like this not so long ago: when e-mail was on the rise, people said that postal mail was dead. That’s not how it works. Postal mail found its smaller niche, and so will e-mail. Technology rarely replaces an institution completely; it just adds new alternatives.
29．What would the incoming generation like to do with their e-mail accounts?
A．Contact close friends B．Send long messages
C．Fill in some forms D．Communicate with their colleagues
30．Paragraphs 3-4 are important to the passage in that they ______.
A．illustrate the preferences of the young generation
B．explain the possible reasons behind the decline of e-mail
C．reveal the rapid development of e-communication channels
D．offer evidence about the uncertain future of easily-consumed messages
31．What does the underlined word “ephemeral” in paragraph 5 mean?
A．Conveniently-sent B．Randomly-written C．Hardly readable D．Short-lived
32．According to the passage, which of the following statement is true?
A．It’s too early to determine the decline of e-mail. B．E-mail has reasons to exist on its own advantages.
C．E-mail, just like postal mail has come to its end. D．We should feel sorry for the decline of e-mail.

【答案】29．C    30．B    31．D    32．B
【导语】本文为一篇议论文。文章主要陈述了电子邮件正在减少，文章分析了其原因，并且说明尽管使用它的人在减少，但是它是不会消失的，因为新的科技不会代替旧事物，它们只是为人们带来了一些新的选择。
29．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“They use it only as we would use a fax machine: as a means to communicate with old-school folks like their parents or to fulfill the sign-up requirements of Web sites.(他们使用它就像我们使用传真机一样：作为一种与老一辈人（比如他们的父母）交流的方式，或者是为了满足网站的注册要求。)”可知，新一代年轻人可能会用电子邮件来满足网站的注册要求，可能会用电子邮件处理一些表格。故选C。
30．主旨大意题。结合第三段首句“Today’s instant electronic memos—such as texting and Facebook and Twitter messages—are more direct, more concentrated, more efficient.(今天的即时电子备忘录，如短信和在线信息，更直接、更集中、更高效。)”可知，本段主要谈论了短信和在线消息更直接、更集中、更高效；结合第四段首句“The coming of the mobile era is responsible for the decline of e-mail. (移动时代的到来是电子邮件衰落的原因。)”可知，本段谈论了智能手机的便利，由此可知，第三、四段主要谈论了电子邮件衰落背后可能的原因。故选B。
31．词义猜测题。破折号后“you read them and then they're gone(你读过它们，然后它们就消失了)”是对划线词的补充和解释，由此可知，“tweets and texts feel ephemeral”表示“推特和短信让人感觉转瞬即逝”，所以划线词“ephemeral”意为与D项意思接近，A．automatically-sending.自动发送；B．rarely.极少；C．hardly-recognized.几乎不认识；D．short-lived.短暂的；短命的；昙花一现的。故选D。
32．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“E-mail still has certain advantages.(电子邮件有特定的优势。)”可知，此处谈到了电子邮件的优势及最后一段首句“So, e-mail won't go away completely.(所以，电子邮件不会完全消失。)”可知，电子邮件不会彻底消失，它有理由凭自己的优势继续存在。故选B。

二、 句子翻译
第一套
1．（2021秋·上海·高一上海交大附中校考期中）为了减少碳足迹，政府号召市民在将垃圾扔进垃圾场之前先进行分类。（appeal） （汉译英）
【答案】In order to reduce the carbon footprint, the government appeals to citizens to sort out their garbage before dumping it in the garbage dump.
【详解】考查时态、非谓语动词、固定短语、名词和动词。根据句意可知，句子陈述的是客观事实，应用一般现在时，“in order to do sth.”意为“为了做某事”，“reduce”意为“减少”，动词词性，“carbon footprint”意为“碳足迹”，“In order to reduce the carbon footprint”表示“为了减少碳足迹”，作目的状语，放在句首，句首单词首字母大写，“the government”作主语，表示“政府”，“appeal to sb. to do sth.”意为“呼吁某人做某事”，“sort out”意为“分类”，“the government appeals to citizens to sort out their garbage”表示“政府号召市民将垃圾进行分类”，“before”意为“在……以前”，介词词性，后接动名词作宾语，“dump”意为“丢弃，扔掉”，动词词性，“garbage dump”意为“垃圾场”，“before dumping it in the garbage dump”表示“将垃圾扔进垃圾场之前”。故翻译为In order to reduce the carbon footprint, the government appeals to citizens to sort out their garbage before dumping it in the garbage dump.
2．（2021秋·上海·高一上海交大附中校考期中）应该采取严格的措施限制在便利店使用塑料袋。(measure) （汉译英）
【答案】Strict measures should be taken to limit the use of plastic bags in convenience stores.
【详解】考查固定短语。主语为strict measures，与谓语构成被动关系，且should后跟动词原形；表示“塑料袋”短语为plastic bags；表示“在便利店”短语为in convenience stores；表示“限制使用”短语为limit the use of，故翻译为Strict measures should be taken to limit the use of plastic bags in convenience stores.
3．（2021秋·上海·高一复旦附中校考期中）俞敏洪指出干事业就如同在沙漠中跋涉，两者都需要骆驼般坚韧不拔的意志和良好的方向感。（point）（汉译英）
【答案】Yu Minhong points out that running a career is like traveling in the desert, both of which call for camel-like perseverance and a good sense of direction.
【详解】考查定语从句。“俞敏洪”翻译为Yu Minhong；“指出”翻译为point out；“干事业”翻译为run a career；“如同”翻译为be like；“沙漠中跋涉”翻译为travel in the desert；“需要”翻译为call for；“骆驼般坚韧不拔的意志”翻译为camel-like perseverance；“良好的方向感”翻译为a good sense of direction。根据句意可知，point out为主句谓语动词，后跟宾语从句，从句中running a career为动名词作主语；like是介词，故应用traveling in the desert作宾语；“两者都需要骆驼般坚韧不拔的意志和良好的方向感”可用both of which引导定语从句，which指代上文“干事业和在沙漠中行走”，且此处陈述事实，故应用一般现在时，故翻译为：Yu Minhong points out that running a career is like traveling in the desert, both of which call for camel-like perseverance and a good sense of direction.
4．（2021秋·上海·高一复旦附中校考期中）人们往往容易相信女性抗压能力不强，不适合成为宇航员。（tempt, who）（汉译英）
【答案】People are tempted to believe that the job of an astronaut is not suitable for women who lack the ability to work under pressure.
【详解】考查固定短语、动词、宾语从句、定语从句、名词、形容词。表示“人们”用people；表示“往往容易”用be tempted to do sth.；本处用believe+ that 引导的宾语从句来表示“相信……”；表示“成为宇航员”用the job of an astronaut；表示“不适合某人”用be not suitable for sb.；表示“女性”用women，泛指女性；表示“抗压能力不强”用lack the ability to work under pressure；本处用who引导的定语从句来修饰women，即women who lack the ability to work under pressure；句首单词首字母用大写；陈述事实用一般现在时；故翻译为People are tempted to believe that the job of an astronaut is not suitable for women who lack the ability to work under pressure.

第二套
Translation
1．（2021秋·上海·高一复旦附中校考期中）第一次参观罗马斗兽场，我便认为它是当之无愧的古典建筑一大杰作。（masterpiece）（汉译英）
【答案】The first time I visited the Coliseum in Rome, I believed it lived up to its reputation as a masterpiece of classical architecture.
【详解】考查状语从句、宾语从句和固定短语。此处为the first time引导的时间状语从句，从句主语为I，表示“参观罗马斗兽场”短语为visit the Coliseum in Rome；主句主语为I；表示“相信”应用believe，后跟省略了that的宾语从句；表示“它是当之无愧的古典建筑一大杰作”翻译为it lives up to its reputation as a masterpiece of classical architecture。时态为一般过去时。故翻译为The first time I visited the Coliseum in Rome, I believed it lived up to its reputation as a masterpiece of classical architecture.
2．（2021秋·上海·高一上海市建平中学校考期中）从长远来看, 这个药可被证明行之有效，且无严重的副作用。（prove）（汉译英）
【答案】In the long run, the drug can prove effective without serious side effects.
【详解】考查介词短语、系动词、名词和形容词。根据汉语意思提示可知，表示“从长远来看”应为介词短语In the long run；表示“药”为名词the drug；表示“可被证明”为情态动词can+系动词 prove；表示“有效果的”为形容词effective；表示“没有”为介词without；表示“严重的”为形容词serious；表示“副作用”为名词side effects。故翻译为：In the long run, the drug can prove effective without serious side effects。
3．（2022秋·上海·高一上海财经大学附属北郊高级中学校考期中）务必每天复习当天所学内容，这对你的学习很有益处。（非限制性定语从句）（汉译英）
【答案】Be sure to review what you learn every day, which is very beneficial to your study.
【详解】考查祈使句，宾语从句和非限定性定语从句。表示“务必”用动词短语be sure to do，祈使句表建议，表示“复习”用动词review，后接宾语从句“当天所学内容”，即what you learn，“这件事对你很有好处”可处理为非限制性定语从句，先行词为上文提到的事情，用关系代词which指代，作从句的主语，表示“对……有好处”用形容词短语be beneficial to，宾语为“你的学习”，即your study。根据语境，时态用一般现在时，故翻译为：Be sure to review what you learn every day, which is very beneficial to your study.
4．（2021秋·上海·高一上海市建平中学校考期中）应该提醒人们反思自己的行为，这些行为可能会破环自然。（reflect, warn）（汉译英）
【答案】People should be warned to reflect on their actions, which may damage nature.
【详解】考查固定短语、动词短语、名词、定语从句、动词。根据汉语意思提示可知，表示“提醒，警告某人做某事”为固定短语warn sb to do sth，其中结合句意可知，该句应为情态动词加动词原形的被动语态结构，为should be warned to do；表示“反思”为动词短语reflect on；表示“行为”为名词actions；表示“这些行为可能会破环自然”应为非限制性定语从句which may damage nature，其中“破环”为动词damage。故翻译为：People should be warned to reflect on their actions, which may damage nature。

第三套
1．（2021秋·上海·高一上海市建平中学校考期中）故意传播谣言的人将会受到严厉的惩罚。（purpose）（汉译英）
【答案】Those who spread rumors on purpose will be severely punished.
【详解】考查动词和定语从句。表示“那些人”应用代词those作主语，位于句首，首字母需大写；结合句意，应用定语从句修饰先行词those，由于先行词指人，且在从句中作主语，应用关系代词who引导；表示“传播”应用动词spread，作从句谓语；表示“谣言”应用名词rumor作宾语，此处使用复数形式；根据提示词，表示“故意地”应用短语on purpose，作状语；表示“惩罚”应用动词punish，结合语境此处应用一般将来时的被动语态will be done；表示“严厉地”应用副词severely。故翻译为Those who spread rumors on purpose will be severely punished.
2．（2021秋·上海·高一上海市建平中学校考期中）许多旧问题还有待于解决，而一些新问题却层出不穷。（remain）（汉译英）
【答案】Many old problems remain to be solved, while some new ones are emerging all the time.
【详解】考查动词短语、连词和介词短语。根据汉语意思提示可知，表示“许多旧问题”为复数名词Many old problems；表示“有待要做的事情”为动词短语remain to do；表示“解决”为动词solve，其中，由句意可知，应为被动语态，故为remain to be solved；表示“然而”为连词while；表示“新问题正在出现”为简单句some new ones are emerging；表示“一直，总是”为介词短语all the time。故翻译为：Many old problems remain to be solved, while some new ones are emerging all the time。
3．（2021秋·上海·高一华东师范大学第一附属中学校考期中）人们对新闻媒体有着令人震惊的不信任，其根源不是报道不准确，而是读者每天在阅读时，感受到的困惑。(not … but …; root) （汉译英）
【答案】The root of the shocking distrust of the news media is not inaccuracy, but the confusion that readers feel when they read it every day.
【详解】考查固定短语，时态，时间状语从句和定语从句。句子陈述事实，时态为一般现在时。结合句意表示“……根源”应用the root of；表示“对新闻媒体令人震惊的不信任”翻译为the shocking distrust of the news media，主语是The root of the shocking distrust of the news media；系动词使用is；表示“不是……而是……”句型为not…but…，连接并列的表语；表示“不准确”应用名词inaccuracy；表示“困惑”应用confusion，并且作先行词，后跟that引导的定语从句，定语从句主语是readers，谓语动词是feel；when引导时间状语从句，表示“每天阅读时”翻译为they read it every day。故翻译为The root of the shocking distrust of the news media is not inaccuracy, but the confusion that readers feel when they read it every day.
4．（2021秋·上海·高一华东师范大学第一附属中学校考期中）鼓励各国保持适当水平的国际交流，特别是为医疗设备的跨境运输提供便利。(maintain) （汉译英）
【答案】States are encouraged to maintain an appropriate level of international exchange, in particular by facilitating the cross-border transport of medical equipment.
【详解】考查名词，动词，形容词，介词，动词不定式，动名词，短语和时态。表示“鼓励”应用动词encourage；表示“各国”应用名词state的复数形式，表示泛指；表示“适当的”应用形容词appropriate；表示“水平”应用名词level；表示“保持”应用动词maintain；表示“国际”应用形容词international；表示“交流”应用名词exchange；表示“特别是”应用介词短语in particular；表示“医疗设备”应用名词短语medical equipment；表示“跨境”应用形容词cross-border；表示“运输”应用名词transport；表示“提供便利”应用动词facilitate。分析句子意思可知，这句话没有动作“鼓励”的发出者，所以这里要用被动句来表达；这句话描述的是现在的情况，所以谓语用一般现在时。故翻译为States are encouraged to maintain an appropriate level of international exchange, in particular by facilitating the cross-border transport of medical equipment.

第四套
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
1．（2022春·上海·高一复旦附中校考期中）如果刚刚你用一张线状图来演示文化冲击的不同阶段，效果会好得多。（illustrate）（汉译英）
【答案】It would have been much better if you had just used a line graph to illustrate the different stages of culture shock.
【详解】考查虚拟语气和动词。分析可知，该句涉及if引导的与虚拟条件状语从句，与过去的事实相反，从句用过去完成时，主句用would have done；“一张线状图”表达为a line graph ，“（用示例/图画等）说明”表达为illustrate，此处作目的状语，应用其不定式形式，“文化冲击的不同阶段”表达为different stages of culture shock。结合其他汉语提示，故翻译为It would have been much better if you had just used a line graph to illustrate the different stages of culture shock.
2．（2022春·上海杨浦·高一校考期中）同其他学生相比，她能和时事保持同步，记下值得思考的想法。（keep）(汉译英)
【答案】Compared with other students, she keeps abreast of current events and remembers ideas which is worth thinking about.
【详解】考查动词，动词短语和定语从句。分析句子结合句意可知，“同其他同学相比”用动词短语compare with，句子谓语是keep，compare with应用非谓语动词形式作状语，与主语she之间是被动关系，用过去分词表被动，表示“其他学生”，用名词短语other students，所以状语部分是Compared with other students；主语是she，表示“和……保持同步”用动词短语keep abreast of，作谓语；表示“时事”，用形容词+名词短语current events，作宾语；表示“记下”用动词remember，作并列谓语。表示“想法”用名词ideas作宾语，使用定语从句表示“值得思考”，修饰先行词ideas，先行词为ideas，用which代替先行词引导从句，表示“值得做”用固定搭配be worth doing，表示“思考”用动词短语think about，所以从句部分为：which is worth thinking about。句意表述客观情况，时态用一般现在时，主语she为单数，谓语动词用单数。故翻译为：Compared with other students, she keeps abreast of current events and remembers ideas which is worth thinking about.
3．（2022春·上海杨浦·高一校考期中）那位年轻人坚信成功是由努力、坚持和决心所组成的，这会帮助他在科研上取得巨大成就。（firm）(汉译英)
【答案】The young man firmly believes that success consists of hard work, persistence and determination, which will help him make great achievements in his scientific research.
【详解】考查时态、短语、宾语从句和定语从句。表示事实用一般现在时，“坚信”表示为believe firmly，副词修饰动词，后面是宾语从句，由只起到连接作用用that引导宾语从句，“由...组成的”是固定短语consist of，“成功是由努力、坚持和决心所组成的”表示为success consists of hard work, persistence and determination，指代前面一件事，用which引导非限制性定语从句，“在某方面取得巨大成就。”表示为make great achievements in，表示将来用一般将来时。”结合汉语提示，故翻译为The young man firmly believes that success consists of hard work, persistence and determination, which will help him make great achievements in his scientific research.
4．（2022春·上海杨浦·高一校考期中）盲目屈从高利润是他的这项提议没有赢得同事支持的原因。（yield、动名词作主语）(汉译英)
【答案】Blindly yielding to high profits was the reason why his proposal did not win the support of his colleagues.
【详解】考查动名词、时态和定语从句。事情已发生，时态用一般过去时，动名词作主语（谓语单数形式），副词blindly (盲目地)作状语修饰动词短语yield to sth. (屈服于某事)，high profits (高利润)，先行词the reason后接关系副词why引导的限制性定语从句，why在从句中做原因状语，proposal (提议)，win (赢得)，the support of his colleagues (同事支持)，故翻译为：Blindly yielding to high profits was the reason why his proposal did not win the support of his colleagues.
第五套
Translation
1．（2021秋·上海·高一华东师范大学第一附属中学校考期中）为了实现共同富裕，中国应确保经济增长在人民收入中有所体现。(prosperity，make sure) （汉译英）
【答案】To achieve common prosperity, China should make sure that economic growth is reflected in people’s incomes.
【详解】考查固定短语。根据句意，应用一般现在时，表示“实现共同富裕”短语为achieve common prosperity，此处不定式作目的状语；主语为China；表示“确保”应用make sure that…,接从句作宾语；表示“经济增长在人民收入中有所体现”翻译为economic growth is reflected in people’s incomes，故翻译为To achieve common prosperity, China should make sure that economic growth is reflected in people’s incomes.
2．（2021秋·上海·高一华东师范大学第一附属中学校考期中）当我的室友正经历文化冲击的时候，我究竟该怎么办呢？(on earth)（汉译英）
【答案】What am I supposed to do on earth when my roommate is going through a culture shock?
【详解】考查名词，动词，代词，连词，介词，短语和时态。表示“当…的时候”应用连词when；表示“我的”应用形容词性物主代词my；表示“室友”应用名词roommate；表示“经历”应用动词短语go through；表示“文化冲击”应用名词短语culture shock；表示“我”应用代词I；表示“究竟”应用介词短语on earth；表示“该”应用动词短语be supposed to do；表示“怎么办呢”应用疑问代词what，做动词do的宾语。分析句子结构和意思可知，这句话是描述现在的事情，所以谓语用一般现在时。表示“我的室友正经历文化冲击”要用现在进行时。故翻译为What am I supposed to do on earth when my roommate is going through a culture shock?
3．（2022春·上海·高一复旦附中校考期中）各国应对疫情的手段不尽相同，但我认为总体而言大家都在试图让民众的生活尽快回归正常。（approach, attempt）（汉译英）
【答案】Different countries have different approaches in response to the pandemic, but I think in general, everyone is attempting to get people's lives back to normal as soon as possible.
【详解】考查动词，名词和时态。表示“各国”应用different countries；表示“应对疫情”应用介词短语in response to the pandemic；表示“手段”应用名词复数approaches；表示“我认为”用I think；表示“总体而言”应用短语in general；表示“试图做某事”应用固定短语attempt to do sth.；表示“让民众的生活回归正常”应用get people's lives back to normal；表示“尽快”应用固定短语as soon as。but之前的句子为一般现在时，but之后的句子为现在进行时。故翻译为Different countries have different approaches in response to the pandemic, but I think in general, everyone is attempting to get people's lives back to normal as soon as possible。
4．（2022春·上海·高一复旦附中校考期中）看似对封城不太在意，但其实我妈这些天最关心的事就是早中晚饭吃什么。（As, concern）（汉译英）
【答案】It seems as if my mother doesn’t care much about the lockdown, but in fact, her biggest concern these days is what to eat for our three meals.
【详解】考查时态、固定句型和名词。句子陈述现在的事情，用一般现在时；“看似……”可用句型it seems as if...表达，as if引导表语从句，“关心”表达为care about，作从句谓语动词，“封城”表达为lockdown；“我妈这些天最关心的事就是早中晚饭吃什么”可处理为主系表结构，“我妈这些天最关心的事”表达为her biggest concern these days，主语是单数be动词用is，“早中晚饭吃什么”可处理为“特殊疑问词+不定式短语”结构，表达为what to eat for our three meals，作表语。结合其他汉语提示，故翻译为It seems as if my mother doesn’t care much about the lockdown, but in fact, her biggest concern these days is what to eat for our three meals.