2024版高考英语一轮总复习语法专题板块3第2讲冠词和介词课件新人教版
展开不定冠词用于表示泛指,一般修饰单数可数名词,有a和an两种形式。当紧跟冠词的名词或名词的修饰词的第一个音素是辅音音素(不是辅音字母)时,用不定冠词a;当紧跟冠词的名词或名词的修饰词的第一个音素是元音音素(不是元音字母)时,用不定冠词an。
1.不定冠词的基本用法(1)用在可数名词单数前,泛指某一类人或物中的任何一个。It is generally accepted that a by must learn t stand up and fight like a man.人们普遍认为男孩子必须学会像男人那样站起来战斗。(2)用在专有名词前表示“某一个”,相当于a certain。—Excuse me, wuld yu please give the bk t Jhn?——打扰一下,请你把这本书给约翰好吗?—Srry, but I dn't think there's a Jhn in ur class.——对不起,但是我认为在我们班里没有叫约翰的。
(3)用在“be+f+a/an+名词”结构中,表示“同一,相同”时,相当于“f the same+名词”。The tw plants lk different, but they are f a kind (=f the same kind).这两种植物看上去不同,但属于同一类。
2.不定冠词的活用(1)用于序数词前,表示“又一,再一”。First impressins are the mst lasting.After all,yu never get a secnd chance t make a first impressin.最初的印象最持久。毕竟,你绝没有机会再给别人留下一个第一印象。
(2)不定冠词可以用于某些具体化的抽象名词前,常考的具体化的抽象名词:success, failure, surprise, pleasure, beauty, pity, danger, cmfrt, hnur等。Being able t affrd a drink wuld be a cmfrt in thse tugh times.在那些艰难的时期,能够买得起一杯饮料是一件令人感到欣慰的事。
(3)有些不可数名词如knwledge,cllectin,understanding等后面加f ...时,前面需用不定冠词a/an。have a (gd) knwledge f ...“精通……”; have a (clear/gd) understanding f ...“了解……”。If yu dn't have a gd knwledge f English,it's ut f the questin fr yu t use it flexibly and fluently!如果你不精通英语,那么谈何灵活而流利地运用它呢!
3.用于固定搭配中all f a sudden突然地as a matter f fact事实上be/g n a diet节食pay a visit t参观;拜访make a fl f 愚弄in a hurry匆忙地make a living谋生
a waste f ...浪费nce in a while偶尔keep an eye n 留意;留神give sb.a lift让某人搭便车at a lss不知所措;困惑have a gift fr在……方面有天赋have a wrd with与……谈话in a way从某种意义上说as a result/cnsequence 因此
1.定冠词的基本用法(1)用在表示特定的人或事物,或者双方都知道的人或事物,或者上文已经提到过的人或事物之前。I just heard the bank where Dra wrks was rbbed by a gunman wearing a mask.我刚刚听说多拉工作的那家银行被一名持枪蒙面人抢劫了。
(2)用于某些形容词或分词前,表示一类人。We're nt saying that everyne needs t cntribute their lives t the pr.我们并不是说每个人都需要为穷人贡献自己的一切。(3)用于序数词、形容词、副词的最高级和nly, very, same前,以及对两个人或物进行比较时起特定作用的比较级前。As is knwn t all, the Peple's Republic f China is the biggest develping cuntry in the wrld.众所周知,中华人民共和国是世界上最大的发展中国家。This bk is the better ne f the tw.这本书是这两者中较好的那一本。
易错提示a与mst连用,位于形容词前时,mst是表示程度的副词,意为“非常”;the与mst连用,位于形容词或副词前时,mst是最高级的标志,意为“最……的”。
(4)用于世界上独一无二的事物名词前、乐器前、世纪年代前。如:the sun; in the 21st century。(5)“the+姓氏复数”表示“一家人或夫妇二人”。The Smiths are cming t dinner.史密斯一家要来赴宴。(6)用于“by+the+表计量的名词(day/hur/dzen等)”结构中,表示“按……计算”。但size, weight这类名词跟by连用时不加定冠词。He was surprised t find that bks are sld by weight in this bkstre, that is, by the kilgramme.他惊奇地发现这家书店的书是按重量来卖,也就是说是按千克来卖的。
(7)用于“动词(hit, strike, pull, take等)+sb.+介词+the+表示身体部位的名词”结构中,其中的the不可用物主代词代替。hit sb.n the head 打某人的头pull/take sb.by the hand拉/抓住某人的手strike sb.in the face打某人的脸
2.用于固定搭配中at the mment 此刻,目前 by the way顺便说一下in the way 阻碍;挡路in the distance在远处nt in the least 一点也不 n the cntrary与此相反the ther day 几天之前
n the ther hand另一方面t the pint中肯; 切题 take the place f 代替g t the cinema/theatre去看电影/戏剧in the habit f有……的习惯make the mst/best f 充分利用t tell (yu) the truth(跟你)说实话fr the time being 暂时
1.零冠词的基本用法(1)不含普通名词的纯专有名词或表示泛指的抽象名词、物质名词、不可数名词或复数名词前,一般不加冠词。Human life is regarded as part f nature and,therefre, the nly way fr us t survive is t live in harmny with nature.人类生活被认为是自然的一部分,因此,我们生存的唯一方式就是要与自然和谐相处。
The Smiths dn't usually like staying at htels, but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice htel by the sea.史密斯夫妇通常不喜欢住旅馆,但去年夏天,他们在海边的一个很舒适的旅馆住了几天。(2)名词前已有this, that, my, yur, sme, each, n, any 等指示代词、物主代词、不定代词作定语时不用冠词。Each student must hand in his/her exercise bk by the end f this week.每个学生必须在本周末交其作业本。
(3)表示头衔、职务或家庭成员的称呼的名词作表语、同位语或补语时,其前通常不加冠词。Dr Peter Spence, headmaster f the schl, tld us,“A fifth f pupils here g n t study at Oxfrd and Cambridge.”这所学校的校长彼得·斯彭斯博士告诉我们说,“这里五分之一的学生都会到牛津大学或者剑桥大学继续学习。”
(4)表示无特指意义的季节、月份、日期、星期和三餐的名词以及球类、棋类和学科名词前,一般不加冠词。Of all the subjects, I like histry best because it gives us a useful knwledge f things in the past.在所有科目中,我最喜欢历史,因为我们可以从中了解过去许多有益的知识。
2.用于固定搭配中n/catch fire着火by mistake错误地by chance/accident碰巧in histry在历史上under repair在维修中hand in hand 手拉手d harm t对……有害
n purpse故意地in place在正确的位置in danger在危险中in return作为回报at present 目前ahead f time 提前in advance 提前
lse heart 灰心ut f cntrl失控at dawn/dusk/night在黎明/黄昏/夜晚make rm fr为……让出空间
3.有无冠词意义不同的搭配
【技巧点拨】1.注意是泛指还是特指如果空格后的名词或“形容词+名词”前没有形容词性物主代词、不定代词、名词所有格或指示代词等限定词时很可能填冠词。(1)如果空格及后面的名词在文中第一次出现,可翻译成“一个(本、种等)”,一般填a/an;如果是上文已经提到过的,可翻译成“这/那个,这/那些”,一般填the。(2)如果名词后有f短语、不定式、分词或从句等作定语很可能填the。2.注意固定搭配
考点4 常考介词的用法
Jane is in a hurry because the train t the airprt leaves in half an hur.简很着急,因为去机场的火车半小时后出发。In Britain,it's nt unusual t have a business meeting ver breakfast.在英国,早餐时间开商务会议并不稀奇。
易错提示(1)当时间名词前有this, that, last, next, every, each等词修饰时,通常不用任何介词。(2)“n/upn+名词或动词-ing形式”结构可以表示“一……就……”。
The dg jumped ver sme bushes and saw the little stream.狗跳过一些灌木丛看到了小溪。The sunlight came in thrugh the windws in the rf and lit up the whle rm.阳光透过天窗,照亮了整个房间。
3.表示方式的介词表示使用的工具、手段、材料时,with, by, in, n都意为“用”。with多指用具体的工具、身体的某部位或器官;by侧重指使用某种方法、手段或乘坐某种交通工具;in指使用某种语言、笔墨等;n 多用于固定词组中。by train乘火车; n the radi通过收音机; n TV通过电视; with a pencil用铅笔
4.表示“除……之外”的介词(短语)
Apart frm gd service,the restaurant ffers different kinds f traditinal Fujian dishes.除了优质的服务外,这个饭店还提供各种各样的传统福建菜。
易错提示(1)but常用于nbdy, nne, n ne, nthing, anything, everyne, all 之后。接不定式时,如果前有实义动词d,则不定式中的t省略。(2)besides还可作副词,意为“另外,而且”。
5.表示原因的介词(短语)表示原因的介词(短语):fr, because f, due t, thanks t, wing t, n accunt f, as a result/cnsequence f。The pen-air celebratin has been put ff because f the bad weather.因为天气不好,这次户外庆祝活动被推迟了。Owing t the bad weather, the flight was delayed fr a cuple f hurs.由于天气恶劣,航班延误了好几个小时。
易错提示上述表示原因的短语都可作状语,due t还可作表语。thanks t 表示“多亏,幸亏”,多位于句首。
She drve s fast at the turn that the car almst went ff the rad.她在转弯处开得如此快,以至于车差点偏离公路。
高考中的语法填空将更加注重对介词短语及搭配的考查,介词与名词、形容词与介词、动词与介词形式的搭配是高考考查的难点。常考介词短语及固定搭配:
考点5 常考介词短语及搭配
1.与名词的搭配at a time每次,一次at a lss 困惑,不知所措at first sight乍一看at table在吃饭by mistake错误地by the way顺便说in charge主管,看管
in return作为回报in turn依次,转而in shape健康状况良好in truble 处于困境中n purpse故意地n hliday在度假in time及时,迟早n time准时n average 平均
in place f代替in additin t 除了by hand 手工n the cntrary相反地n accunt f 由于n behalf f 代表apprach t ……的方法visit t 到……的访问
fr the sake f为了by means f 借助reasn fr ……的原因(a) lack f ……的缺乏
2.与动词的搭配answer fr 对……负责apply fr申请call at 拜访(地点)call n 拜访(某人)refer t 谈到;涉及;查阅result frm 由于result in/lead t导致
suffer frm遭受apprve f赞成cmplain f 抱怨cnsist f 由……组成dream f 梦到think f 想起;考虑到depend/rely n 依靠belng t 属于
date frm/back t 追溯到succeed in 在……方面成功prtect ...保护……不受……伤害keep/prevent/stp sb.frm ding sth.阻止某人做某事
3.与形容词的搭配 be aware f 意识到be prud f 以……为荣be tired f厌倦be angry with 对……生气be eager fr 渴望be absent frm 缺席be ashamed f对……感到羞耻be sure f 对……有信心;确信
be familiar with 熟悉……be familiar t 为……所熟悉be patient with 对……有耐心be pleased/satisfied with 对……满意be ppular with 受……欢迎be strict with 对……严格be addicted t 对……上瘾;沉溺于
be available t 对……可用;可供……使用be beneficial t 对……有益处be devted t 致力于,献身于be similar t 与……相似be cnfident in 对……有信心be anxius abut/fr 忧虑,担心be crazy abut 热衷;着迷be curius abut 对……好奇be particular abut 挑剔be suitable fr/t适合于
4.其他搭配far frm 远非nce in a while 偶尔after all 毕竟,终究in spite f 尽管;虽然up t 达到;由……决定ahead f (时间,空间)在……前面;领先
【技巧点拨】“四种方法”确定介词1.根据介词短语与谓语的逻辑关系。2.根据语境含义结合介词的用法。3.根据特殊的结构关系,如接复合宾语就只能用with或withut。4.根据介词与动词、形容词、名词等的搭配。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)Cvering an area abut three times ___ size f Yellwstne Natinal Park, the GPNP will be ne f the first natinal parks in the cuntry.2.(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)Giant pandas als serve __ an umbrella species (物种), bringing prtectin t a hst f plants and animals in the suthwestern and nrthwestern parts f China.
3.(2022·全国甲卷)__ friend f his, Wu Fan, vlunteered t be his cmpanin during the trip.4.(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)While yu're in China, Munt Huangshan is _ must t visit!5.(2020·全国Ⅱ卷)Bamb plants are assciated ____ health, abundance and a happy hme.
Ⅱ.语法填空(2022·潍坊模拟)What brilliance will it have when a shell encunters a craftsman? It can transfrm frm an rdinary shell t a 1.______ (fine) carved artwrk in a master craftsman's hands, 2._ cmbinatin f nature's wnderful pwer and delicate craftsmanship.
Chinese peple have a lng relatinship with shells.Arund 17,000 years ag, the Upper Cave Man 3.____ (hang) shells as decratins.After the Shang Dynasty, shells served as currency.During the Qin and Han dynasties, 4.____ peple began t pursue a mre clurful life, craftsmen carved simple patterns f birds and beasts n shells and inset them in utensils, desks and chairs.This prcess f carving and insetting 5.______ (call) “Lu Dian” was frmed.
6.____ the inheritance and develpment by generatins f craftsmen, shell carving has drawn inspiratin and gt new mtivatin frm ivry, jade, wd-carving and Chinese painting.Picked frm rivers, lakes and seas, shells 7._____________ (select), painted, carved, and then turned int cmplicated handicrafts.
are selected
Skilful craftsmen have created 8._______ (vary) shell carvings, shining with natural texture and human 9.______ (wise).As the fruit f the cean and human craftsmanship, each shell carving carries ancient culture and mdern civilisatin, 10._______ (tell) timeless stries f the relatinship between humans and the sea.
Ⅲ.写作运用根据汉语提示补全下面写作,注意冠词和介词的运用。Dear teachers and friends,I feel greatly hnured t give a speech here 1._______________________________ (代表所有交换生).
n behalf f all the
exchange students
Living and studying here makes us very fulfilled.During ur stay, we 2._____________________________________________________ (更好地了解英国的生活、文化、社会) and s n, which have nt nly enriched ur knwledge but als bradened ur hrizns.3._________________ (除此之外), ur abilities including listening, speaking and writing English have als gt greatly imprved.And it is all the English teachers and classmates here that we shuld we many thanks t.4.___________________(没有你们的帮助), we culdn't have achieved s much.
have a better understanding f the British life, culture,sciety
Withut yur help
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