2022北京海淀区高二下学期期末考试英语试题含解析

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海淀区2022年高二年级学业水平调研
英语
本试卷共8页，共四大部分，58道小题，满分100分。考试时长90分钟。试题答案一律填涂或书写在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。考试结束后，请将答题卡交回。
第一部分：听力理解（共三节，20分）
第一节（共4小题；每小题1分，共4分）
听下面4段对话。每段对话后有一道小题，从每题所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话前，你将有5秒钟的时间阅读每小题。听完后，每小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话你将听一遍。
1. Which club will the woman choose?
A. The Basketball Team. B. The Robotics Club. C. The Hip-hop Dancing Club.
2. What is the woman?
A. A musician. B. An architect. C. An accountant.
3. What's the man doing?
A. Offering suggestions. B. Asking for help. C. Making requests.
4. Where are probably the two speakers?
A. At home. B. In a garage. C. In a hospital.
第二节（共10小题；每小题1分，共10分）
听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几道小题，从每题所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前，你将有5秒钟的时间阅读每小题。听完后，每小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白你将听两遍。
听第5段材料，回答第5至6题。
5. What does the woman complain about her fridge?
A. The door won't shut. B. The alarm doesn't beep. C. It doesn't get cold.
6. What will the woman probably do next?
A. Wait for the repairman to come. B. Send the fridge to the centre. C. Make another urgent call.
听第6段材料，回答第7至8题。
7. What are the speakers mainly talking about?
A. The woman's interests. B. The woman's future job. C. The woman's school work.
8. What does the man advise the woman to do?
A. To get a medical degree. B. To make a quick decision. C. To learn more information.
听第7段材料，回答第9至10题。
9. What do we know about the woman?
A. She has an eye for art.
B. She works in an art museum.
C. She likes all kinds of art but modern art.
10 What does the woman think of the first painting?
A. Childish. B. Old-styled. C. Well-painted.
听第8段材料、回答第11至12题。
11. Which level can the listeners lake part in?
A. The high level. B. The middle level. C. The low level.
12. Who is the speaker probably talking to?
A. Potential competitors. B. Poets of all ages. C. Previous winners.
听第9段材料，回答第13至14题。
13 Why does the woman come to the community center?
A. To register for the dance workshop.
B. To inquire about the dance classes.
C. To listen to an introduction about dancing.
14. What does the woman need to do before the dance class?
A. Prepare a towel and a water bottle.
B. Call a fitness professional.
C Get ready for a dance test.
第三节（共4小题；每小题1.5分，共6分）
听下面一段独白，完成第15至18四道小题，每小题仅填写一个词。听独白前，你将有20秒钟的时间阅读试题，听完后你将有60秒钟的作答时间。这段独白你将听两遍。将答案填写在答题卡相应的位置。
How to Develop a Creative Mind
Setting aside time for brainstorming
●Find time free from work or assignments
●Do not 15 your thoughts
Changing old habits
●Change daily routines such as...
●Try new 16 to gain new talents such as baking, photography and wood carving
Developing new ways of thinking
●Spend time in 17 thought to improve...
●Develop 18 emotions to stay focused for a longer time
第二部分：知识运用（共两节，25分）
第一节（共10小题；每小题1分，共10分）
阅读下面的短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
When I was a junior in high school, I was nominated (提名) to run for vice president of the Student Council at the start of our senior year. I turned it down because of the responsibilities of this position. But I ___1___ to run for court clerk instead, as I knew that being court clerk wouldn’t be difficult. When the election came, I ___2___. Indeed, over the whole year that followed, the only thing my new position brought was a sense of ___3___, just as I had hoped.
Then towards the end of the year, all the council members took turns to talk about their experiences in their positions in the final assembly (集会) of the year. I thought I was last in terms of importance, the ___4___ position on the council. So when talking about my job, I said that the court clerk didn’t do anything; since there was no court, it didn’t matter who they voted for. I thought I was being ___5___ and cool.
As I exited, however, I was ___6___ by an angry Mr. Roberge, the Student Council advisor. He took me aside and criticized me, using whatever ___7___ words he could think of. I can’t exactly remember what he said. But I was forced to realize I had developed the disease of not caring, and the cancer of a lack of ___8___.
I cannot say Mr. Roberge ___9___ me then and there. But since that day I have been much more aware of my struggles to be respectful for people and for myself. Mr. Roberge changed the ____10____ of my life, by maybe a few centimeters. But that difference has accumulated over time, and I am not the person I would have been.
1. A. continued B. agreed C. hesitated D. failed
2. A. won B. voted C. withdrew D. panicked
3. A. freedom B. achievement C. lightness D. security
4. A. coolest B. hardest C. best D. lowest
5. A. truthful B. respectful C. smart D. humble
6. A. disturbed B. punished C. doubted D. stopped
7. A. sharp B. abstract C. confusing D. discouraging
8. A. self-control B. self-acceptance C. self-respect D. self-discipline
9. A. comforted B. cured C. impressed D. inspired
10. A. goal B. value C. pace D. course
【答案】1. B 2. A 3. C 4. D 5. A 6. D 7. A 8. C 9. B 10. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲的是对一切都漠不关心的作者，因为一次自以为是的发言而受到学生会顾问的严厉批评，从此他的思想有了积极改变。
【1题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：但我同意竞选学生会书记员，因为我知道做学生会书记员并不难。A. continued继续；B. agreed同意；C. hesitated犹豫；D. failed失败。根据后文“When the election came, I ___2___ .”可知，我竞选了学生会书记员。故选B项。
【2题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：当选举来临时，我赢了。A. won赢；B. voted选举；C. withdrew收回；D. panicked恐慌。根据下“Indeed, over the whole year that followed, the only thing my new position brought was a sense of ___3___ , just as I had hoped.”可知，我当选了书记员。故选A项。
【3题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：事实上，在接下来的一整年里，我的新职位带来的唯一的东西就是一种轻松的感觉，正如我所希望的那样。A. freedom自由；B. achievement成就；C. lightness轻松；D. security安全。根据后文“I said that the court clerk didn’t do anything; since there was no court, it didn’t matter who they voted for.”可知，因为平时无事可做，所以工作很轻松。故选C项。
【4题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我认为我是最不重要的，在学生会中排名最低的职位。A. coolest最酷的；B. hardest最艰难的；C. best 最好的；D. lowest最低的。根据前文“I thought I was last in terms of importance,”可知，我认为我的职位最低。故选D项。
【5题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我以为我很诚实很酷。A. truthful真实的；B. respectful恭敬的；C. smart聪明的；D. humble谦虚的。根前文“I said that the court clerk didn’t do anything; since there was no court, it didn’t matter who they voted for.”以及空后的“and cool.”可知，因为讲了实话，所以我认为自己很酷也很诚实。故选A项。
【6题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，当我离开时，我被愤怒的学生会顾问罗伯特先生拦住了。A. disturbed打扰；B. punished惩罚；C. doubted 怀疑；D. stopped停止。根据后文“He took me aside and criticized me, using whatever ___7___ words he could think of.”可知，我被学生会顾问拦住了。故选D项。
【7题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他把我拉到一边，用他能想到的任何尖锐的话批评我。A. sharp尖锐的；B. abstract抽象的；C. confusing令人困惑的；D. discouraging使人沮丧的。根据空前的“He took me aside and criticized me, using whatever”以及空后“words he could think of.”可知，学生会顾问对我进行了严厉的批评。故选A项。
【8题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：但我被迫意识到，我已经得上了漠不关心的疾病以及缺乏自尊的癌症。A. self-control自控；B. self-acceptance自我接受；C. self-respect自尊；D. self-discipline自律。根据后文“But since that day I have been much more aware of my struggles to be respectful for people and for myself.”可知，在被学生会顾问批评之前，我对别人是漠不关心的，对于自己也不尊重。故选C项。
【9题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我不能说罗伯特先生当场就把我治好了。A. comforted安慰；B. cured治愈；C. impressed使感动；D. inspired鼓励。根据后文“But since that day I have been much more aware of my struggles to be respectful for people and for myself.”可知，经过罗伯特先生的严厉批评，我的思想发生了改变，开始了尊重别人也尊重自己。故选B项。
【10题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：Mr. Roberge改变了我的人生航向，也许只有几厘米。A. goal目标；B. value价值；C. pace节奏；D. course航向。根据空后的“by maybe a few centimeters.”可知，是罗伯特先生改变了我的人生航向。故选D项。
第二节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）
A
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Since William Shakespeare lived more than 400 years ago, and many records from that time were lost or never existed in the first place, we don’t know everything about his life. ___11___ we do know is that Shakespeare grew up in Stratford but he worked in London, the center of English theater, where he ___12___(become) well-known as an actor, a playwright, and a partner in a leading acting company. Even without knowing everything about his life, fans of Shakespeare have imagined and reimagined him according to their own ___13___(taste).
【答案】11. What
12. became 13. tastes
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇人物简介。文章介绍了莎士比亚生活的年代，工作地点，成就以及粉丝对他的生活的种种猜测。
【11题详解】
考查名词性从句。句意：我们所知道的是莎士比亚在斯特拉特福德长大，但他在伦敦工作，伦敦是英国戏剧的中心，在那里他以演员、剧作家和一家主要的表演公司的合伙人而闻名。空格处引导主语从句，且在从句中作know的宾语，指物，用what引导。放在句首，首字母大写。故填What。
【12题详解】
考查时态。句意：我们所知道的是莎士比亚在斯特拉特福德长大，但他在伦敦工作，伦敦是英国戏剧的中心，在那里他以演员、剧作家和一家主要的表演公司的合伙人而闻名。结合表语从句中的grew，可知描述过去发生的事情，where引导的定语从句也用一般过去时，动词become用过去式。故填became。
【13题详解】
考查名词单复数。句意：即使对他的生活一无所知，莎士比亚的粉丝们根据自己的喜好对他进行了想象和重新设想。结合句中的形容词性物主代词their可知应该填入名词复数形式tastes，表示“粉丝们的喜好”。故填tastes。
B
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Conflict resolution is important for the success of any team. Leaving a conflict unresolved can negatively impact morale and productivity, ___14___(result) in a tense and uncomfortable work environment for all. Resolving conflicts in the workplace allows teams to trust each other and work better together to achieve their goals. Conflict resolution ___15___(enable) team members to understand each other better and create smoother working relationships in the future. Conflict resolution is a ___16___(value) leadership skill to have. Individuals with the ability to recognize conflicts, acknowledge differences and find quick and peaceful resolution are essential to any organization.
【答案】14 resulting
15. enables
16. valuable##valued
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了冲突解决对于团队的重要性和影响。
【14题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：不解决冲突可能会对士气和生产力产生负面影响，导致所有人的工作环境紧张而不舒适。句子谓语动词是can impact，且无连词，所以空格处需要填入非谓语动词；结合句意可知填入现在分词作状语，表示顺其自然的结果。故填resulting。
【15题详解】
考查时态。句意：冲突解决使团队成员能够更好地相互理解，并在未来建立更顺畅的工作关系。句子陈述事实用一般现在时，主语Conflict resolution是第三人称单数，谓语动词enable用第三人称单数形式。故填enables。
【16题详解】
考查形容词。句意：解决冲突是一项宝贵的领导技能。修饰名词短语leadership skill需要填入形容词valuable或者valued作定语，意为“有价值的，宝贵的”。故填valuable/valued。
C
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
If you woke up 20 years from now in 2042, what would be different? Here are some ideas ___17___(base) on numbers that don’t require crystal ball. About 70% of the world population is expected to live in urban areas by 2050. That means most cities are going to need more infrastructure. Roads, public transportation and waste management ___18___(upgrade). And we’ll be older. We are likely to live until 82.4 years old, compared with the current life expectancy of 79.1 years. That’s a good thing ___19___ health care companies. But living three extra years is going to be more expensive, ___20___ will have implications for both working and saving.
【答案】17. based
18. will be upgraded
19. for 20. which
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要对2050年的生活进行了一系列的预测，预测了环境和人的寿命的变化。
【17题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：以下是一些基于数字的想法，不需要水晶球。句子中含有系动词are且无连词，空格处填入非谓语动词，some ideas和base是被动关系，用过去分词作后置定语符合题意。故填based。
【18题详解】
考查时态和语态。句意：道路、公共交通和废物管理将得到改善。结合前后句可知文章畅想未来，时态用一般将来时，主语Roads, public transportation and waste management和upgrade之间是被动关系，用一般将来时的被动语态will be done。故填will be upgraded。
【19题详解】
考查介词。句意：这对医疗保健公司来说是件好事。结合句意可知表示“对于”用介词for。故填for。
【20题详解】
考查定语从句引导词。句意：但多活三年的费用将更高，这将对工作和储蓄产生影响。空格处引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句，且在从句中作主语，用关系代词which引导。故填which。
第三部分：阅读理解（共两节，30分）
第一节（共10小题；每题2分，共20分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
What’s So Funny?
In 1990, during a performance of my stage play, I kept focusing myself on one particular member of the audience. While everybody else laughed, there she sat, staring at the floor, with her fingers in her ears. I’ll never forget her look of discomfort. That woman was my mother. I wish I could say her reaction that evening was an incident, but it was one of many I remember when I was first starting out as a playwright.
Although I’d established myself as a humourist, my mother never found me or my work particularly funny. We loved each other deeply, of course, but she was my hardest critic. “Is Drew really that funny?” she’d ask family members. To make matters worse, the feeling was mutual (相互的): though our social circle swore that she was funny, I never saw it. How could she be funny? My mother was supposedly very funny in her first language, Anishinaabemowin, but I didn’t speak it. One of the characteristics of the language is that it is structured for maximum amusement.
For a while I was convinced I would never make her laugh. Then, in 2005, I succeeded. I had published a book called, Me Funny. In it were dozens of essays deconstructing (解构) the humour in Anishinaabemowin. They cracked her up so much that she looked at me and declared, “Wow, that was funny!” I remember being relieved and very pleased.
In 2009, my mother passed away. I was in charge of planning the funeral along with two cousins. Because my mother was a shy woman, I can guarantee she would have found our group effort quite embarrassing. During the funeral, amidst the tears, family member after family member got up and recounted things she had done and said over the years. To my surprise, I found myself laughing. More and more stories about her surfaced. We laughed as we remembered her.
I couldn’t see my mother’s forest for my own trees. I wish I could have shared those laughs with her while she was alive, but I’m glad I finally made the connection.
21. The author’s mother didn’t laugh when watching his play because ________.
A. she wasn’t interested in stage plays B. she felt uncomfortable at the theatre
C. she couldn’t understand his humour D. she had difficulty following the plot
22. What finally helped the author understand his mother’s humour?
A. The release of his book. B. The stories about his mother.
C. The audience’s feedback. D. The social circle’s comments.
23. What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage?
A. To express his sorrow. B. To explain his humour.
C. To show his achievements. D. To remember his mother.
【答案】21. C 22. B 23. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。作者的幽默作品从来不能让母亲发笑，而母亲的幽默也是作者不能想象的，最终母亲的去世让作者从她的故事中真正理解了她的幽默。
【21题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Although I’d established myself as a humourist, my mother never found me or my work particularly funny. We loved each other deeply, of course, but she was my hardest critic.(虽然我已经把自己塑造成一个幽默作家，但我母亲从未觉得我或我的作品特别有趣。当然，我们深爱着对方，但她是我最严厉的批评者。)”可知母亲在观看作者的剧本是不笑时因为她从不觉得剧作者以及他的作品有趣，即母亲不能理解作者的幽默。故选C项。
【22题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第四段“During the funeral, amidst the tears, family member after family member got up and recounted things she had done and said over the years. To my surprise, I found myself laughing. More and more stories about her surfaced. We laughed as we remembered her.(在葬礼上，在眼泪中，一个又一个的家人站起来，讲述了她多年来所做的事情。令我吃惊的是，我发现自己都笑了。越来越多的关于她的故事浮出水面。我们一想起她，就笑了起来。)可知最终帮助作者理解母亲幽默的是和母亲有关的故事。故选B项。
【23题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“I wish I could have shared those laughs with her while she was alive, but I’m glad I finally made the connection.(我希望我能在她活着的时候和她分享这些笑声，但我很高兴我终于建立了这种联系。)”以及前文内容的叙述可知作者写这篇文章的目的是为了纪念自己的母亲。故选D项。
B
Absence of evidence is not the same thing as evidence of absence. But if you try to find the difference and keep failing to get it, you can be forgiven. And so it is with the complicated subject of explicit (明确的) grammar teaching in schools, and its link with improved writing ability.
A recent study, like nearly all previous studies on this subject, found that teaching kids how to label the bits and pieces in a sentence does not make them better writers. Other observers may begin to wonder whether the National Curriculum, which since 2014 has made grammar such a central part of its English programme, might have gone down a blind alley.
The promoter of the curriculum, a former secretary of education, Michael Gove, insisted on the insertion of personal preference into the grammar curriculum, notably the subjunctive form, “If I were”. Mention of his name alone wrinkles many teachers’ noses — partly because some of them were hardly prepared to teach the new material themselves after decades in which grammar was largely absent from classrooms.
In reflection, it seems unsurprising that learning to underline a modal verb, such as “can”, “should” and “may”, does little to help students use them effectively in their own writing. These words are anyway grasped by tiny children without the need to know what they are called. This may lead to the conclusion that the teaching of grammar should be shelved altogether. However, it shouldn’t be abandoned, though it should be reformed.
There are practical reasons for teaching and learning grammar. One is that an explicit knowledge of it will make learning a foreign language easier. If you did intuit (直觉上知道) how to make subordinate clauses in your mother tongue, getting to grasp them in a foreign language in later years is simpler if you know how to define and spot them.
For grammarians keen on the jobs of the future, the field of natural language processing is booming. Technological talents have invented programs for automated translation, speech recognition and other services that are actually usable, even if far from perfect. These tools may rely more on knowledge of AI than of grammar, but linguistic expertise (专门技能) still matters.
Grammar could still be taught better. One small study showed improvement in some students when concepts were linked concretely to writing tasks. Therefore, the science of how words combine to make meaning is fascinating as well as fundamental.
24. What do many teachers think of Michael Gove’s idea?
A. They are in support of his claim.
B. They show disagreement with his idea.
C. They have no comments on his philosophy.
D. They are prepared to teach the new materials.
25. What can we learn from this passage?
A. Mother tongue grammar contributes to foreign language learning.
B. Grammar is taught better in writing than in other areas of teaching.
C. Natural language processing is strongly supported by grammarians.
D. Grammar knowledge is no longer needed with the development of AI.
26. What can be the best title of the passage?
A. Grammar — To Teach or Not to Teach
B. How Could Grammar Be Taught Better
C. Why Learn Foreign Language Grammar
D. Mother Tongue Grammar — Important or Not
【答案】24. B 25. A 26. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章就是否应该进行语法教学进行了阐述，指出语法教学不应该被抛弃，应该被改革，语法仍然可以教得更好。
【24题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第三段最后一句“Mention of his name alone wrinkles many teachers’ noses—partly because some of them were hardly prepared to teach the new material themselves after decades in which grammar was largely absent from classrooms. (一提起他的名字，许多老师就会嗤之以鼻——部分原因是他们中的一些人在几十年语法在课堂上基本消失之后，几乎没有准备好自己教授新材料。)”可知许多老师对迈克尔·戈夫的想法的态度是：他们表示不同意他的想法。故选B。
【25题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段最后一句“If you did intuit (直觉上知道) how to make subordinate clauses in your mother tongue, getting to grasp them in a foreign language in later years is simpler if you know how to define and spot them. (如果你凭直觉知道如何在母语中造出从句，如果你知道如何定义和识别它们，那么在以后的几年里用外语掌握它们会更简单。)”可知母语语法有助于外语学习。故选A。
【26题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章第二段最后一句“Other observers may begin to wonder whether the National Curriculum, which since 2014 has made grammar such a central part of its English programme, might have gone down a blind alley. (其他观察家可能开始怀疑，自2014年以来一直将语法作为其英语课程核心部分的国家课程，是否会走上死胡同。)”和第四段最后两句“This may lead to the conclusion that the teaching of grammar should be shelved altogether. However, it shouldn’t be abandoned, though it should be reformed. (这可能导致语法教学应该完全搁置的结论。然而，它不应该被抛弃，尽管它应该被改革。)”，再结合最后一段第一句“Grammar could still be taught better.(语法仍然可以教得更好。)”可知文章就是否应该进行语法教学进行了阐述，指出语法教学不应该被抛弃，应该被改革，语法仍然可以教得更好。所以文章的标题应该是：Grammar—To Teach or Not to Teach (教还是不教语法)。故选A。
C
If you’ re reaching for the last piece of pizza at a party, and meanwhile see another hand going for it, your next move probably depends on how you feel and whom the hand belongs to. Your little sister — you might just grab the pizza. Your boss — you probably will give up. But if you’re hungry and feeling particularly confident, you might go for it.
Now researchers have made progress in understanding how mammals’ brain encodes social rank and uses this information to shape behaviours — such as whether to fight for that last pizza slice. They discovered that an area of the brain called the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was responsible for representing social rank in mammals; changes to a mouse’s mPFC affect its dominance (支配) behaviour. But it was unknown how the mPFC represented this information and which neurons (神经元) were involved in changing dominance behaviour.
In the new study, Professor Kay Tye let groups of four mice share a cage, allowing a social hierarchy (等级) to naturally develop — some mice became more dominant and others more subordinate. As soon as the mice were paired up, he discovered, the activity of their mPFC neurons could predict — with 90 percent certainty — the rank of their opponent.
“We expected animals might only signal rank when they are in a competition,” says co-researcher Nancy. “But it turns out animals walk around with this representation of social rank all the time.”
When the researchers next asked whether the activity of the mPFC neurons was associated with behaviour, they found something surprising. The brain activity patterns were linked with slight changes in behaviour, such as how fast a mouse moved, and they also could predict — a full 30 seconds before the competition started — which mouse would win the food reward.
The winner was not always the more dominant, but the one engaged in a “winning mindset”. Just as you might sometimes be in a more competitive mood and be more likely to snatch that pizza slice before your boss, a subordinate mouse might be in a more “winning mindset” than a more dominant mouse and end up winning.
The areas of the mPFC associated with social rank and “winning mindset” are next to one another and highly connected. Signals on social rank impact the state of the brain involved in “winning mindset”. In other words, a subordinate mouse’s confidence and “winning mindset” may partially decrease when faced with a dominant one.
“This is further evidence to suggest that we are in different brain states when we are with others compared to when we’re alone,” says Tye. “Regardless of who you’re with, if you’re aware of other people around you, your brain is using different neurons.”
27. The author writes Paragraph 1 in order to ________.
A. tell an interesting story B. present a typical example
C. introduce a major topic D. provide a convincing proof
28. What does the underlined word “they” in Paragraph 5 refer to?
A. The mPFC neurons. B. The researchers.
C. The brain activity patterns. D. The changes in behaviour.
29. What can we learn from the new study?
A. mPFC neurons change dominance behaviour.
B. Brain activities can influence social hierarchy.
C. Dominant opponents boost “winning mindset”.
D. Social rank and “winning mindset” affect behaviour.
30. What can we infer from the passage?
A. Those eager to win may succeed. B. When alone, we are more confident.
C. Social rank guides competitive behaviour. D. “Winning mindset” establishes dominance.
【答案】27. C 28. C 29. D 30. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了研究人员对大脑中一个叫做内侧前额叶皮质（mPFC）的区域如何参与改变支配行为的研究，得出结论：处于“胜利心态”的人更容易成为具有统治力的人，并且mPFC神经元改变支配行为。
【27题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“If you’ re reaching for the last piece of pizza at a party, and meanwhile see another hand going for it, your next move probably depends on how you feel and whom the hand belongs to. Your little sister—you might just grab the pizza. Your boss—you probably will give up. But if you’re hungry and feeling particularly confident, you might go for it. (如果你在派对上伸手去拿最后一块披萨，同时看到另一只手在拿，你的下一步行动可能取决于你的感觉以及那只手属于谁。你妹妹——你可能就去拿披萨。你的老板——你可能会放弃。但是如果你饿了并且感觉特别自信，你可能会去拿披萨。)”，结合之后文章提出大脑中一个叫做内侧前额叶皮质（mPFC）的区域负责代表哺乳动物的社会地位，可知作者写第一段是为了引出一个主要话题。故选C。
【28题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第五段“When the researchers next asked whether the activity of the mPFC neurons was associated with behaviour, they found something surprising. The brain activity patterns were linked with slight changes in behaviour, such as how fast a mouse moved, and they also could predict—a full 30 seconds before the competition started—which mouse would win the food reward. (当研究人员再次询问mPFC神经元的活动是否与行为有关时，他们发现了一些令人惊讶的事情。大脑活动模式与行为的轻微变化有关，例如老鼠移动的速度，它们还可以在比赛开始前整整30秒预测哪只老鼠会赢得食物奖励。)”，可知研究人员发现大脑活动模式与行为密切相关，划线部分的“they”指的是大脑活动模式。故选C。
【29题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The areas of the mPFC associated with social rank and “winning mindset” are next to one another and highly connected. Signals on social rank impact the state of the brain involved in “winning mindset”. In other words, a subordinate mouse’s confidence and “winning mindset” may partially decrease when faced with a dominant one. ( mPFC中与社会地位和“获胜心态”相关的区域彼此相邻，高度相关。社会等级的信号会影响“获胜心态”的大脑状态。换句话说，当面对占优势的老鼠时，从属老鼠的信心和“获胜心态”可能会部分下降。)”，可知社会地位和获胜心态可能会影响心态，从而影响行为。故选D。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“The winner was not always the more dominant, but the one engaged in a “winning mindset”. Just as you might sometimes be in a more competitive mood and be more likely to snatch that pizza slice before your boss, a subordinate mouse might be in a more “winning mindset” than a more dominant mouse and end up winning.. (胜利者并不总是更具统治力的人，而是处于“胜利心态”的人。正如你有时可能处于一种更具竞争性的情绪中，更有可能在老板面前抢走那块披萨一样，处于从属地位的老鼠可能比更具统治力的老鼠处于更“胜利的心态”，并最终获胜。)”，可知胜利者不一定是统治者，而是处于“胜利心态”的人，也就是说那些渴望胜利的人可能会成功。故选A。
第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，共10分）
根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多余选项。
In science, advances are a daily occurrence, but true breakthroughs are rare. What does it take to achieve world-changing scientific breakthroughs? Some are the result of a lucky accident, combined with curiosity. Scientists traveling down one road suddenly find reason to switch to another road, one they never planned to travel — a road that may well lead nowhere.
___31___ One day, usually early in their career, they get an idea they can’t stop thinking about. It’s crazy, they say to themselves, but is it really impossible? They talk to respected colleagues who often remind them of all the reasons their idea might not work, and how damaging this could be for their career. Yet, the idea won’t die and they are determined to travel that road — a road that may well lead nowhere. ___32___
Whichever road scientists who achieve lifesaving breakthroughs travel, they often endure disinterest, like Fleming, who discovered penicillin due to lucky accidents and curiosity, or repeated skepticism and rejection, like Karikó, who made all mRNA vaccines possible with 20 years of persistence and resilience. By bringing their dreams to life, they were rewarded with fame and wealth and something even more valuable. ___33___
Of course, the obsession (执念) with an unlikely dream fails to pay off for many scientists. ___34___ Nature doesn’t turn out to operate the way they predicted. In the end, their beautiful theory is murdered by brutal facts. For those dreamers on the right track, they would have achieved their dream — if only they had done the experiment a little differently, if only they had persisted a little longer, or if only the support for their work had not run out.
Ultimately, scientific breakthroughs are possible only if a society is willing to invest in dreamers, recognizing that not all investments will lead to major breakthroughs. ___35___ More importantly, the investments prevent suffering and death and change the world.
A. Some scientists are addicted to their crazy ideas.
B. Their ideas, though brilliant, in the end are proved wrong.
C. But they refuse to give in and struggle to find more financial support.
D. Because of them, millions of people around the world never got sick or died.
E. Other major breakthroughs originate from scientists pursuing a specific idea.
F. But sometimes the road leads to major breakthroughs like X-ray and vaccines.
G. However, the investments leading to breakthroughs bring a greater economic return.
【答案】31. E 32. F 33. D 34. B 35. G
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章论述了在科学领域，很多突破源于幸运的意外，有时源于科学家的不断追求和不放弃，最后作者得出结论：只有当社会愿意投资于这些梦想家并且认识到并非所有的投资都会带来重大突破时，才有可能实现改变世界的科学突破。
【31题详解】
根据第一段“What does it take to achieve world-changing scientific breakthroughs? Some are the result of a lucky accident, combined with curiosity. (怎样才能实现改变世界的科学突破?有些是幸运的意外加上好奇心的结果)”，结合空格后句子“ One day, usually early in their career, they get an idea they can’t stop thinking about. It’s crazy, they say to themselves, but is it really impossible? They talk to respected colleagues who often remind them of all the reasons their idea might not work, and how damaging this could be for their career. (有一天，通常在他们职业生涯的早期，他们会有一个想法，他们无法停止思考。他们对自己说，这太疯狂了，但这真的不可能吗？他们与受人尊敬的同事交谈，这些同事经常提醒他们，他们的想法可能行不通的所有原因，以及这对他们的职业生涯有多大的危害)”可知，空格处提出的应该是实现改变世界的科学突破需要的另一样东西，科学家对对特定想法的追求。由此可知，E选项（其他重大突破源于科学家对特定想法的追求）符合题意，第一段中的some和选项中的other前后照应。故选E。
【32题详解】
根据空格前的句子“Yet, the idea won’t die and they are determined to travel that road — a road that may well lead nowhere. (然而，这个想法不会消亡，他们决心走这条路——这条路很可能一无所获)”可知，空格处在继续论述他们不放弃走这条路的另一种结果。由此可知，F选项（但有时这条路会带来重大突破，如X光和疫苗）符合题意，选项中的the road和前句中的road属于同词复现。故选F。
【33题详解】
根据空格前的句子“By bringing their dreams to life, they were rewarded with fame and wealth and something even more valuable. (通过实现梦想，他们获得了名利和更宝贵的东西)”可知，空格处继续说明实现他们的梦想带来的好处。由此可知，D选项（正因为他们，全世界数百万人从未生病或死亡）符合题意，选项中的them指代是前文提到的为实现梦想而努力的科学家们。故选D。
【34题详解】
根据空格前一句“Of course, the obsession (执念) with an unlikely dream fails to pay off for many scientists. (当然，对许多科学家来说，痴迷于一个不太可能的梦并没有得到回报)”和下两句“Nature doesn’t turn out to operate the way they predicted. In the end, their beautiful theory is murdered by brutal facts.(事实证明，大自然并不像他们预测的那样运作。最终，他们美丽的理论被残酷的事实所扼杀)”可知，空格处继续说明痴迷于一个不太可能的梦不能达到回报。由此可知，B选项（他们的想法虽然很聪明，但最终被证明是错误的）符合题意。故选B。
【35题详解】
根据空格前一句“Ultimately, scientific breakthroughs are possible only if a society is willing to invest in dreamers, recognizing that not all investments will lead to major breakthroughs. (归根结底，只有当一个社会愿意投资于梦想家，并认识到并非所有投资都会带来重大突破时，科学突破才有可能实现)”和下一句“More importantly, the investments prevent suffering and death and change the world.(更重要的是，投资可以防止痛苦和死亡，并改变世界)”可知，空格处提到的应该是投资带来的好处。由此可知，G选项（然而，导致突破的投资带来了更大的经济回报）符合题意，选项中the investments在前后文都有提到，属于同词复现。故选G。
第四部分：书面表达（共两节，25分）
第一节（共4小题；第54、55、56题各2分，第57题4分，共10分）
阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。
Be Aware of the Anti-climax
Many of us work tirelessly towards our goals, We may spend our lives dreaming of the day we are admitted to our dream university, publish our first book or purchase our first home. However, more than often, when we achieve these things, it doesn’t feel quite as expected. In fact, the achievement of these goals feels anti-climactic, or a bit of a letdown.
“An anti-climax can be an unexpected by-product of a milestone achievement. Usually, the more significant the milestone, the greater the anti-climax may be,” says Rachel Vora, psychotherapist and founder of CYP Wellbeing. “The journey to achieving a milestone can be exciting and all-consuming. Therefore, when this disappears overnight, we can often feel lost and confused.”
In psychology, the belief that we’ll be happier when we achieve our goals even has a fancy scientific name. Psychologists call it “arrival fallacy (悖论)” and it plays a big part in those feelings of emptiness that can follow achieving a goal. “The term describes how fulfilling our goals and achieving our ambitions doesn’t lead to a ‘happily ever after’”, states psychologist Lee Chambers.
If you find yourself currently working toward something big that you suspect may feel like a bit of a letdown, there are steps you can take to manage and even prevent the feeling of anti-climax.
Enjoy the journey
You’d better slow down a little and come to realize that joy comes from the doing, not the completing. So instead of rushing for it to be done, take a moment to enjoy the doing.
Foresee the comedown
If you are aware of a potential upcoming anti-climax, schedule an activity to look forward to soon after the event has finished. Consider planning some time with friends and family, or attending a concert or even a cooking class. This can act as a reminder that other aspects of life can be just as fulfilling.
Normalize the experience
The key is to normalize feelings of low mood, confusion, and self-doubt around anti-climaxes, which are something many people experience. Connecting with others may also be beneficial. It can help to engage with friends and influencers online who share similar experiences to feel less isolated (孤立的) with your own emotions.
36. According to the passage, how do people often feel after they make great achievements?
37. What does “arrival fallacy” refer to?
38. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
To deal with your anti-climax, you’d better stay away from those who share similar experiences with you.
39. Suppose you have just been admitted to your dream university. What will you do to deal with the anti-climax? (In about 40 words)
【答案】36. People often feel lost and confused.
37. It refers to the belief that people will be happier when they achieve their goals.
38. To deal with your anti-climax, you’d better stay away from those who share similar experiences with you. You’d better engage/connect with those who share similar experiences with you.
39. I can schedule an activity to look forward to soon after I have just been admitted to my dream university,or I can consider planning some time with friends and family, or attending a concert or even a cooking class.
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了我们生活中实现了自己不懈努力的目标后可能出现的“反高潮”现象，并且介绍了一些我们可以采取的措施来管理甚至防止反高潮的感觉。
【36题详解】
考查细节理解。根据第二段“Therefore, when this disappears overnight, we can often feel lost and confused.(因此，当这一夜之间消失时，我们常常会感到迷茫和困惑)”，可知人们在取得巨大成就后通常会会感到迷茫和困惑。故答案为People often feel lost and confused.
【37题详解】
考查细节理解。根据第三段“In psychology, the belief that we’ll be happier when we achieve our goals even has a fancy scientific name. Psychologists call it “arrival fallacy (悖论)” and it plays a big part in those feelings of emptiness that can follow achieving a goal.(在心理学中，当我们实现目标时我们会更快乐的信念甚至有一个奇特的学名。心理学家称之为“到达谬误”，它在实现目标后产生的空虚感中起着重要作用。)”，可知“到达谬论”指的是当我们实现目标时我们会更快乐的信念。故答案为It refers to the belief that people will be happier when they achieve their goals.
【38题详解】
考查细节理解。根据文章最后一段“Connecting with others may also be beneficial. It can help to engage with friends and influencers online who share similar experiences to feel less isolated (孤立的) with your own emotions. (与他人联系也可能有益。这有助于与在线朋友和有影响力的人接触，他们有着相似的经历，从而减少与自己情绪的隔离感。)”，可知为了应对你的反高潮，你最好联系那些与你有相似经历的人。故答案为：To deal with your anti-climax, you’d better stay away from those who share similar experiences with you. You’d better engage/connect with those who share similar experiences with you..
【39题详解】
开放试题。根据Foresee the comedown标题下的一段“If you are aware of a potential upcoming anti-climax, schedule an activity to look forward to soon after the event has finished. Consider planning some time with friends and family, or attending a concert or even a cooking class. This can act as a reminder that other aspects of life can be just as fulfilling. (如果你意识到一个潜在的反高潮即将到来，安排一个可以期待的在这件事结束不久的活动。考虑安排一些时间与朋友和家人在一起，或参加音乐会，甚至烹饪课。这可以提醒人们，生活的其他方面也同样令人满意。)”，可知假设我刚刚被你梦想中的大学录取。我可以安排一个可以期待的在大学录取后不久的活动，或是考虑安排一些时间与朋友和家人在一起，或参加音乐会，甚至烹饪课。故答案为：I can schedule an activity to look forward to soon after I have just been admitted to my dream university,or I can consider planning some time with friends and family, or attending a concert or even a cooking class.
第二节（15分）
40. 假定你是红星中学高二学生李华。你的英国笔友Jim对你近期居家学习期间的课余生活感兴趣，来电子邮件询问相关情况。请你用英语给他写一封回复邮件，内容要点如下：
1.介绍课余生活(运动、劳动等)；
2.分享感受。
注意：1.词数100左右;
2.开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
提示词：COVID-19 pandemic新冠疫情
Dear Jim,
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
【答案】Dear Jim,
l’ m writing to introduce my spare-time life during the special period to you.
As for physical exercise, I do some jogging every day in my community to keep fit. Helping my parents with house chores is also my daily routine, which includes mopping the floor, washing dishes and so on. Moreover, because no commuting time is needed, I can read more before going to bed.
The last several weeks have been fufilling. I learn to manage my time and make the most of it. Besides, the bond with my parents has been strengthened.
In general, I think I can maintain my inner peace and optimism despite the pandemic. What about you?
Yours,
Li Hua
【解析】
【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生给英国笔友Jim用英语写一封关于自己近期居家学习期间的课余生活相关情况的邮件。
【详解】1.词汇积累
尽管：despite→in spite of
保持健康：keep fit→keep healthy
而且：moreover→furthermore
有意义的：fufilling→meaningful
2.句式拓展
简单句变复合句
原句：As for physical exercise, I do some jogging every day in my community to keep fit.
拓展句：As for physical exercise, I do some jogging every day in my community so that I can keep fit.
【点睛】【高分句型1】Helping my parents with house chores is also my daily routine, which includes mopping the floor, washing dishes and so on.(使用了动名词短语作做主语以及which引导的非限制性定语从句)
【高分句型2】Moreover, because no commuting time is needed, I can read more before going to bed.(使用了because引导的原因状语从句)