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专题05 阅读理解之说明文10篇——2022-2023学年高二英语下学期期末专题冲刺复习（牛津译林版2020）
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译林版（2020）高二英语下学期期末复习 查缺补漏冲刺满分
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专题05 阅读理解之说明文10篇
（2022春·江苏南京·高二南京市中华中学校考期末）When it comes to team assembly, people who are both trustworthy and competent are the most sought after. However, those who are friendly and trustworthy are more likely to be selected than those who are known for just their skill competence and personal reputation, according to a new research from Binghamton University.
“We assume that people are selected due to their knowledge, skills and abilities. However, this research suggests that people may often get picked because team members feel comfortable with them,” said Cynthia Maupin, assistant professor in Binghamton University’s School of Management. “People may be willing to sacrifice a bit in terms of performance in order to have a really positive team experience.“
Maupin and her colleagues focused on a group of MBA students to conduct their study. Students were randomly assigned to different teams to carry out class projects. Toward the end of the semester, they were asked to form their own teams and evaluate why they selected each member.
“To find out how the students signaled to others that they might be someone who would be good to team up with in the future, we studied their use of either challenging or supportive voice,” Maupin said.
● Challenging voice: Communicating in a way that challenges the present situation and is focused on new ideas and efficiency.
● Supportive voice: Communicating in a way that strengthens social ties and trust.
The researchers found that students who exhibited both voices were the most in-demand people when it came to assembling teams. However, students who only used supportive voice to exhibit their friendliness and trustworthiness were more sought after than those who only signaled their competence through the use of challenging voice.
Maupin said the findings have major implications for the workplace. “People should realize the way they speak up can have a strong effect on informal teaming up at a later point and that supportive voice helps establish harmonious relationships and a sense of trust amongst individuals.”
1．Who are preferred as team members?
A．Those with good personal reputation.
B．Those with skill competence.
C．Those willing to make sacrifices.
D．Those easy to get along with.
2．What does the underlined word “signaled” in paragraph 4 probably mean?
A．Replied. B．Promised. C．Displayed. D．Posed.
3．What does Maupin think of the findings?
A．They make people more supportive.
B．They make sense for better team assembly.
C．They help improve work competence.
D．They have strong effects on formal teaming up.
4．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A．The Secret of Communication
B．The Importance of Competence
C．Challenging Voice or Supportive Voice
D．Competent Teammates or Friendly Teammates
（2022春·江苏无锡·高二统考期末）Autonomous driving vehicles may sound like science fiction, but they are racing into our daily lives sooner than many expected. Nowadays, people can hail (打车) robotaxis by using ride-hailing apps on their mobile phones in certain areas of Wuzhen, Zhejiang province.
All they need to do is to input pickup and drop-off points and the number of passengers and—a self-driving taxi approaches—with a safety operator sitting behind the wheel to monitor the vehicle for safety.
The vehicle runs smoothly and is capable of fully recognizing stop signs as it automatically decelerates before finally coming to a stop. As traffic lights change from red to green, the taxi moves through the crossings.
Last December, Baidu officially opened its Apollo Park in Wuzhen, which serves as an important R&D, design, application and testing base for autonomous vehicles in the Yangtze River Delta region.
As the fourth demonstration base for intelligent-connected vehicles built by Baidu in China, the park is equipped with facilities such as a vehicle-road coordination (协调) system, remote vehicle control platform, operation center and 5G-powered cockpit control system.
Baidu plans to expand Apollo Go services to 65 cities in 2025, and 100 in 2030, said Robin Li, CEO of the company. “The massively reduced costs will enable us to deploy (调动) tens of thousands of autonomous vehicles across China. We are moving toward a future where taking a robotaxi will be half the cost of taking a taxi today.”
So far, Baidu Apollo’s L4 autonomous vehicles have run more than 36 million kilometers, with 718 autonomous driving permits in China, including 571 for carrying passengers. L4 autonomy means the vehicle can drive by itself under most circumstances, without a human driver.
Baidu Apollo has rolled out robotaxi ride-hailing services in more than 10 cities, including Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen.
Yang Diange, a professor from the School of Vehicle and Mobility at Tsinghua University, said the commercial operation of self-driving vehicles will promote the innovation of technologies, and help companies explore reasonable business models, thus allowing autonomous driving technologies to create more value.
5．What does the underlined word “decelerate” mean in Paragraph 3?
A．Speed up. B．Switch off.
C．Stretch out. D．Slow down.
6．Which contributes to more autonomous vehicles in China?
A．Lower cost. B．5G-powered control system.
C．Ultimate safety. D．Convenient ride-hailing services.
7．What is Yang Diange’s attitude to the commercial operation of self-driving vehicles?
A．Cautious. B．Supportive.
C．Doubtful. D．Unclear.
8．What can be the best title for the text?
A．Baidu, a tech pioneer
B．Baidu and its Apollo Parks
C．Autonomous driving taxis taking market by storm
D．Autonomous driving taxi replacing traditional ones overnight
（2022春·江苏无锡·高二统考期末）When I am surfing the Web, I want to be drawn by articles on Europe’s political history, but I end up reading menus from Alcatraz prison. Why does that happen?
Curiosity seems beyond your control, and trying to direct it sounds like forcing yourself to find a joke funny. But if you know what boosts curiosity, you may be able to understand it a little better.
During the evolution, curious animals were more likely to survive because they learned about their environments. Humans, too, will give up a known payoff to investigate the unknown. Scientists did some experiments. In the first experiment, subjects were asked to choose one of four photos, each carrying some chance of a cash prize. Photos repeated, so subjects learned to pick the best. But when a new photo appeared, they chose it more often than the familiar ones. This preference for new one is, of course, the reason why producers regularly change product packaging.
Also, curiosity improves learning. In the second experiment, subjects read simple questions and rated how curious each made them feel. Later, they saw the question again, each followed by a photo of a face, and judged whether that person looked as if he or she would know the answer. In a surprise final memory test for the faces, subjects better remembered those appearing after the questions that make them curious.
This function of curiosity—to heighten memory—is the key to understanding why we’re curious about some things instead of others. We feel most curious when exploration produces the most learning. Suppose I ask you, “what’s the most common type of star in the Milky Way?” You’ll obviously feel uninterested if you already know the answer. But you’ll also feel little curious if you know nothing about stars; if you learned the answer, you couldn’t connect it to other knowledge, so it would seem nearly meaningless. We’re maximally curious when we sense that the environment offers new information in the right part to complement what we already know.
9．Why does the author mention his own experience in Paragraph 1?
A．To present a fact. B．To introduce a topic.
C．To make a prediction. D．To explain a concept.
10．Why do producers change the packaging of the products frequently?
A．To attract customers’ interest. B．To follow the latest trend.
C．To represent companies’ creativity. D．To show the new products.
11．What can we learn from the experiments in Paragraphs 3 and 4?
A．The questions in the second experiment were interesting.
B．In both experiments, subjects preferred to choose the new objects.
C．In the second experiment, curiosity contributed to the subjects’ better memory.
D．The new photos in the first experiment had higher possibilities of a cash prize.
12．What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A．Satisfying curiosity makes us feel pleased.
B．A well-known topic makes us most curious.
C．People are most curious about totally unfamiliar topic.
D．People will be most curious when the unknown hugs the known.
（2022春·江苏无锡·高二统考期末）Outdoor swimming helps reduce inflammation, the cause of many health issues. It should be a public health measure, says Mark Harper. A simple intervention that reduces inflammation could, therefore, be an effective public health measure.
The potential of cold-water bathing is supported by the results of our survey of 722 people “self-medicating” with the activity. As we had assumed, most people with the inflammatory conditions found it helped their symptoms. Given the inflammatory aspect of Covid-19, there is good reason to think that cold water could also help with these healthcare issues.
Most subjects were using cold-water bathing for their mental health. So, we involved 59 people with anxiety and depression into an eight-week sea-swimming course. Not only did we see an improvement in their symptoms during the course, but more than 80 per cent were still engaging in the activity and finding benefit from it three months later.
Even if you don’t have access to open water, one study showed that office workers who had cold showers took fewer sick days than those who didn’t.
The main issue is safe access. With sewage warnings for English and Welsh beaches this summer, water quality needs to be addressed urgently. Then, laws could be used to open up access and also free land owners from responsibility. After that, organizations like the National Trust might put in measures such as ladders and let people use their facilities.
People also need to become safe and confident swimmers through courses such as those run by Chill UK, which began with our clinical trial and is now rolling out around the country, or groups like Mental Health Swims. Swimmers also need to be aware of how to reduce their risk of cold water shock.
Happily, the potential benefits of cold-water swimming as a public health measure have been recognized by Fulton MacGregor, a member of Scottish parliament. As a result, we ran a round table at the Scottish parliament on 13 September. This will be followed by an in-person event in March 2023, bringing experts together to turn this into a reality.
In the meantime, the water is still relatively warm, so why not try an outdoor bathing?
13．What can we learn about cold-water bathing according to the text?
A．It may lead to mental problem. B．It may cause people to fall ill easily.
C．It can cure people of Covid-19. D．It can reduce inflammatory symptoms.
14．How are the benefits of cold-water bathing proved in Paragraph 3?
A．By listing reasons. B．By conducting an experiment.
C．By raising doubts. D．By describing an application.
15．What is Paragraph 5 mainly about?
A．Solutions to safe access. B．Process of sewage treatment research.
C．Problems with safe access. D．Methods of sewage treatment research.
16．What’s the purpose of this text?
A．To encourage readers to get involved in cold-water bathing.
B．To introduce effective measures concerning cold-water bathing.
C．To present some research process related to cold-water bathing.
D．To show the mental benefits brought about by cold-water bathing.
（2022春·江苏连云港·高二统考期末）Willpower might be key to getting off the couch to exercise, but bacteria may lend a helping hand. Studies in mice suggest microbes(微生物) in the gut(肠道) may be behind differences in the desire to work out.
To explore why some people like to exercise and others don’t, microbiologist Christoph Thaiss studied mice bred to have a lot of genetic and behavioral variation. His team found huge difference in how far the mice ran on wheels in their cages.
The active and lazy mice didn’t show any significant differences in their genetics. But the researchers did notice one clue: When treated with antibiotics(抗生素), mice that were normally highly energetic tended to exercise less. Follow-up studies showed the antibiotic treatment affected the brains of the formerly active mice. The activity of certain brain genes declined, along with levels of dopamine(多巴胺), a material linked to “runner’s high”—the sense of well-being that comes with more exercise.
The team also found that “bacteria-free” mice, which lack gut bacteria, become more active when given some of the gut microbes from energetic mice. It appears those bacteria send a signal that interferes with a material responsible for breaking down dopamine in the brain, causing the material to build up in the brain’s reward center.
Will the finding hold in people? Studies have found that marathoners have high levels of a particular gut microbe, suggesting an exercise connection in people. And much work has proved the key role dopamine plays in motivating overall behavior. As Christoph Thaiss puts it, “This reward system is such a central aspect of physiology that it’s something almost certainly true in other mammals”—including humans.
17．What may contribute to the difference in mice’ desire to run?
A．Microbes. B．Brain. C．Gut. D．Genes.
18．What can we know about dopamine from the paragraph 3?
A．It affects the height of running mice.
B．It controls the activity of certain brain genes.
C．It is produced less when treated with antibiotics.
D．It is the sense of well-being coming with exercise.
19．What’s the structure of the text?
①=para 1 ②=para 2 ③=para 3 ④=para 4 ⑤=para 5
A．①②—③—④⑤ B．①②—③—④—⑤
C．①—②③④—⑤ D．①—②—③④⑤
20．What field is more likely to benefit from the study?
A．Medicine. B．Chemistry. C．Food. D．Ecology.
（2022春·江苏连云港·高二统考期末）Small changes in atmospheric pressure can start a landslide in certain weather conditions. Understanding why will help us assess which slopes(斜坡) are at most risk of failing.
Just over a decade ago, there was huge surprise when it was discovered that the occasional sliding of the Slumgullion landslide in the San Juan mountains of south-west Colorado was caused by changes in atmospheric pressure.
We knew that landslides are initiated by earthquakes or heavy rains, but the Slumgullion findings raised the possibility that changes in atmospheric pressure could be setting hillsides on the move in other places too.
Now, Lucas Pelascini at the University of Rennes in France and his colleagues have fed weather and landslide data from Taiwan-where steep hillsides and typhoons are a recipe for frequent landslides—into a landslide model.
They found that typhoon events can get hillsides ready by bringing heavy rain and increasing the water pressure in the pores (气孔) between grains, but the condition of landslides depends on the weather over the previous months.
The model showed that heavy rain after a dry period pushes the water table up suddenly, causing a large and rapid change in pore pressure and an immediate landslide.
A typhoon’s rain falling no already soaked(浸湿的) ground, however, didn’t change pore pressure enough to cause a slide. A following change in atmospheric pressure—as the eye of the storm passes over, for example—was then enough to set things in motion. “The atmospheric effect will only provide the last push when rainfall can’t sink anymore, or when it is faster and affects the slope before the rainfall does,” says Pelascini.
The findings help to explain why some landslide events don’t occur until hours or even days after heavy rain has fallen. They also explain why Typhoon Morakot in 2009—Taiwan’s deadliest typhoon in recorded history-was so disastrous. The dry period before the typhoon meant the water table was low and resulted in a large and very sudden change in pore pressure, which immediately caused multiple landslides.
21．What is the cause of the Slumgullion landslide?
A．The force of earthquake. B．The warmth of climate.
C．The change in air pressure. D．The frequency of typhoon.
22．What does the underlined word “initiated” mean in paragraph 3?
A．Started. B．Limited. C．Disturbed. D．Changed.
23．What can be learnt from the landslide model?
A．Heavy rain after a dry period can cause a landslide.
B．A typhoon’s rain can be enough to cause a landslide.
C．The landslide model is based on theoretical reasoning.
D．Landslides have nothing to do with the previous weather.
24．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．Earthquakes always give rise to landslides.
B．Air pressure changes can set off landslides.
C．Heavy rains caused the Slumgullion landslide.
D．Typhoon Morakot led to the deadliest landslide.
（2022春·江苏徐州·高二统考期末）People consistently underestimate how much others in their social circle might appreciate an unexpected phone call, text or email just to say hello, and the more surprising the connection, the greater the appreciation, according to a new study.
In the study, researchers from the University of Pittsburgh conducted some experiments involving more than 5, 900 participants. In one experiment, half of the participants were asked to recall the last time they reached out to someone in their social circle after a prolonged (长期的) period of not interacting with them. The rest were asked to recall a similar situation where someone reached out to them. Participants were then asked to indicate on a 7-point scale how much either they or the person they reached out to appreciated. People who recalled reaching out thought the gesture was significantly less appreciated than those who recalled receiving a communication.
In other experiments, participants sent a short note, or a small gift, to someone in their social circle with whom they had not interacted in a while. Similar to the previous experiment, participants who initiated (发起) contact were asked to rate on a 7-point scale the extent to which they thought the recipient would appreciate or feel grateful for the contact. After the notes or gifts were sent, researchers also asked the recipients to rate their appreciation.
Across all experiments, those who initiated the communication significantly underestimated the extent to which recipients would appreciate the act of reaching out. Besides, the researchers found that people receiving the communication placed greater focus than those initiating the communication on the surprise element, and this heightened focus on surprise was associated with higher appreciation. “We also found that people underestimated others’ appreciation to a greater extent when the communication was more surprising, as opposed to part of a regular communication pattern, or the social ties between the two participants were weak,” added lead author Peggy Liu.
Initiating social contact after a prolonged period of disconnection can be daunting because people worry about how such a gesture might be received. But these findings suggest that their hesitations may be unnecessary, as others are likely to appreciate being reached out to more than people think.
25．How did the researchers conduct the experiments?
A．By listing arguments. B．By giving examples.
C．By making assumptions. D．By making comparisons.
26．According to paragraph 3, what were the participants asked to do?
A．To rank their appreciation. B．To make an unexpected call.
C．To express their thoughts. D．To do the same experiments.
27．Based on the research, who would show higher appreciation?
A．One receiving a gift of great value. B．One often contacted by a close friend.
C．One connected quite unexpectedly. D．One making regular contacts with others.
28．What does the underlined word “daunting” in the last paragraph probably mean?
A．Unbearable. B．Discouraging. C．Illogical. D．Immoral.
（2022春·江苏苏州·高二统考期末）When we think about lives filled with meaning, we often focus on people whose big contributions benefited humanity. Abraham Lincoln, Martin Luther King, Jr., and Nelson Mandela surely felt they had a worthwhile life. But how about us ordinary people, struggling for existence?
Many scholars agree that a meaningful existence often boils down to three factors: the feeling that one’s life is coherent(连贯的) and “makes sense,” the possession of clear and satisfying long-term goals and the belief that one’s life matters in a system of things.
But we believe there is another element to consider. Think about the first butterfly you stop to admire after a long winter or imagine the scenery at the top of a hill after a fresh hike. Sometimes existence delivers us small moments of beauty. When people are open to appreciating such experiences, these moments may enhance how they view their life. We call this element experiential appreciation. The phenomenon reflects the feeling of a deep connection to events as they happen and the ability to extract value from that link. It represents the detection of and admiration for life’s natural beauty.
We conducted a series of experiments in which we gave people specific tasks to see whether experiential appreciation was related to a person’s sense of meaning. In one case, we found that participants who watched an awe-inspiring video, such as the BBC documentary Planet Earth(地球脉动), reported having a greater sense of experiential appreciation and meaning in life, compared with participants who watched more neutral(不带感情色彩的) videos, such as an instructional woodworking video.
The results confirmed our original theory: appreciating small things can make life feel more meaningful. But applying that insight can be difficult. Our modern, fast-paced lifestyles fill the day with targets and goals. The focus on future outcomes makes it all too easy to miss what is happening right now. Yet life happens in the present moment. We should slow down, let life surprise us and embrace the significance in the everyday life.
29．What are the key factors of meaningful existence according to the scholars?
A．Wealth, goals and achievements.
B．Capability, positivity and meaning.
C．Contribution, great aim and coherence.
D．Coherence, purpose and existential mattering.
30．What does the underlined word “It” refer to in paragraph 3?
A．That link. B．Experiential appreciation.
C．The value. D．A deep connection to events.
31．How does the author support his viewpoints according to paragraph 4?
A．By listing figures. B．By telling stories.
C．By analyzing causes. D．By doing experiments.
32．What does the author suggest people do?
A．Maximize future outcomes. B．Focus on targets and goals.
C．Value what is happening now. D．Enjoy the fast-paced lifestyles.
（2022春·江苏宿迁·高二统考期末）Going green is good for business. Consumers are often willing to pay more for eco-friendly products than other comparable products on the market. But not all environmental claims are created equally. “Greenwashing” is a form of misinformation often used to entice a green consumer. Companies promising to be environmentally conscious sometimes fail to meet the promises they make to consumers.
For example, a large retailer might launch a new line of products, such as jeans, that uses less water and therefore theoretically has less of an environmental impact than the other clothes the company sells. But that same company might ignore water usage in the rest of their products lines or do nothing to address their other products that might be harming the environment.
Is it possible to avoid falling victim to greenwashing? Learning about greenwashing and how it works is the most effective way for consumers to avoid giving their money to companies making false claims, according to a recent study. The researchers found people who received information on greenwashing ahead of time were more likely to question whether what the company did in fact benefited the environment.
In the meantime, experts have tips for how consumers can spot potential greenwashing. “You see a lot of products that use words like ‘sustainable’, and ‘better for the planet’ with pictures that make it look like it’s green,” says Todd Larsen, the director of Green America, a nonprofit aimed at helping consumers identify greenwashing. He recommends looking for descriptions that outline specifically how a product is green.
Another tip he offers is to shop small. “When in doubt, go smaller,” says Larsen. “Rethink shopping habits. The most sustainable thing you can do as a consumer is wear the things you have more.”
33．What does the underlined word “entice” probably mean in paragraph 1?
A．Trick. B．Inspire. C．Restrict. D．Protect.
34．What can we learn from the example in paragraph 2?
A．Using less water is a required standard of producing jeans.
B．Large retailers are more aware of environmental protection.
C．Companies with environmental consciousness run smoothly.
D．Businesses claiming to be sustainable may mislead consumers.
35．What can be inferred from the research findings?
A．Greenwashing is a new way to cheat people.
B．People are getting fed up with greenwashing.
C．Knowing about greenwashing helps identify the truth.
D．Consumers have the ability to distinguish false claims.
36．What does Todd Larsen suggest people do?
A．Develop sensible shopping habits. B．Look for pictures which look green.
C．Buy more clothes green for the planet. D．Provide specific descriptions of products.
（2022春·江苏宿迁·高二统考期末）Zwingmann teaches online courses on AI and helps clients make use of artificial intelligence. Lately, he has been generating lecture notes using ChatGPT. “I went up and said, ‘OK, tell me a detailed step by step of how the DBSCAN algorithm works,’ and it gave me that step by step,” Zwingmann said.
The AI chatbot ChatGPT Zwingmann uses has taken the internet by storm. It allows users to input questions that ask the conversational assistant to create a series of writing tasks. Although the chatbot is still in its infancy, ChatGPT has the potential to be a game-changer for the whole world.
The GPT stands for “Generative Pre-trained Transformer”, providing detailed answers to users’ questions. The dialogue format makes it possible for ChatGPT to answer follow up questions, challenge incorrect statements and reject inappropriate requests.
If you have a passion for writing but aren’t sure how to add a touch of elegance to your words, ChatGPT can help! If you want to create your personal web page but know little about HTML code, ChatGPT can generate the code for you! Even if you are an experienced developer, ChatGPT can help you analyze the code and provide a detailed explanation of the error along with suggestions for how to fix it.
Despite looking very impressive, ChatGPT still has limitations. Such limitations include the inability to answer questions that are worded a specific way and the lack of quality in the responses it delivers, which sometimes seem to be reasonable but make no practical sense. With its widespread use, there is growing concern about how the tool might be used to help students create essays for class assignments.
So how good is it at producing literary works in the style of a news article? And how does its writing live up to the likes of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, or a film producer like Ben Affleck? Judge for yourself.
37．What’s the function of paragraph 1?
A．To promote an online course teacher. B．To explain how lecture notes are made.
C．To offer background information about AI. D．To introduce an AI chatbot with an example.
38．What can we learn about ChatGPT in paragraphs 3 & 4?
A．It gives the user an answer of good quality. B．It makes up a dialogue with questions input.
C．It aids code developers in recognizing errors. D．It functions by collecting complex questions.
39．What is the author’s attitude to the AI chatbot?
A．Cautious. B．Favorable. C．Negative. D．Concerned.
40．What’s the article about?
A．The limitations of ChatGPT. B．The application of ChatGPT.
C．The importance of ChatGPT. D．The development of ChatGPT.
1．D 2．C 3．B 4．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。一项新的研究表明，在团队组建方面，最受欢迎的是既值得信赖又有能力的人。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“However, those who are friendly and trustworthy are more likely to be selected than those who are known for just their skill competence and personal reputation, according to a new research from Binghamton University.(然而，根据宾厄姆顿大学的一项新研究，那些友好、值得信赖的人比那些仅以技能能力和个人声誉闻名的人更有可能被选中)”可知，那些友好的，易于相处的人更受欢迎，故选D项。
2．词句猜测题。根据后文“they might be someone who would be good to team up with in the future, we studied their use of either challenging or supportive voice(表明他们将来可能是一个很好的合作伙伴，我们研究了他们使用挑战或支持的声音)”可知，划线部分说的为了弄清楚学生们是如何向别人发出信号，signaled“展示”与displayed同义，故选C项。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Maupin said the findings have major implications for the workplace.(莫平说，这些发现对工作场所有重大影响。)”可知，这些发现有助于组建更好的团队，故选B项。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“When it comes to team assembly, people who are both trustworthy and competent are the most sought after. However, those who are friendly and trustworthy are more likely to be selected than those who are known for just their skill competence and personal reputation, according to a new research from Binghamton University.(在团队组建方面，最受欢迎的是既值得信赖又有能力的人。然而，根据宾厄姆顿大学的一项新研究，那些友好、值得信赖的人比那些仅以技能能力和个人声誉闻名的人更有可能被选中)”可知，本文中的研究主要是围绕有能力的队员还是友好的队员展开的，故选D项。
5．D 6．A 7．B 8．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了百度计划扩展自动驾驶出租车的范围，推广其服务，自动驾驶出租车席卷市场。
5．词句猜测题。由第三段中的“The vehicle runs smoothly and is capable of fully recognizing stop signs as it automatically decelerates before finally coming to a stop. (车辆运行平稳，能够完全识别停车标志，并在最终停车前自动减速)”可知，结合“fully recognizing stop signs”和“coming to a stop”，停车需要减速，可得出decelerate意为“减速（Slow dow）”。故选D项。
6．细节理解题。由第六段中的“The massively reduced costs will enable us to deploy (调动) tens of thousands of autonomous vehicles across China. (大幅降低的成本将使我们能够在中国各地部署数万辆自动驾驶汽车)”可知，更低的成本使中国有更多的自动驾驶汽车。故选A项。
7．推理判断题。由最后一段“Yang Diange, a professor from the School of Vehicle and Mobility at Tsinghua University, said the commercial operation of self-driving vehicles will promote the innovation of technologies, and help companies explore reasonable business models, thus allowing autonomous driving technologies to create more value. (清华大学车辆与移动学院教授Yang Diange表示，自动驾驶汽车的商业运营将促进技术创新，帮助企业探索合理的商业模式，从而让自动驾驶技术创造更多价值)”可知，Yang Diange认为自动驾驶汽车的商业化运营有好处，可得出他对此持支持态度。故选B项。
8．主旨大意题。由第一段中的“Autonomous driving vehicles may sound like science fiction, but they are racing into our daily lives sooner than many expected. (自动驾驶汽车听起来可能像科幻小说，但它们比许多人预期的更快地进入我们的日常生活)”和第六段中的“Baidu plans to expand Apollo Go services to 65 cities in 2025, and 100 in 2030, said Robin Li, CEO of the company. (百度首席执行官李彦宏表示，百度计划2025年将Apollo Go服务扩展到65个城市，2030年将扩展到100个城市)”和倒数第二段“Baidu Apollo has rolled out robotaxi ride-hailing services in more than 10 cities, including Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen. (百度Apollo已在北京、上海、广州和深圳等10多个城市推出了自动打车服务)”可知，文章介绍了百度计划扩展自动驾驶出租车的范围，推广其服务，自动驾驶出租车席卷市场，C项“自动驾驶出租车席卷市场”符合文意。故选C项。
9．B 10．A 11．C 12．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了激发好奇心的因素以及相关的研究。
9．推理判断题。根据第一段“When I am surfing the Web, I want to be drawn by articles on Europe’s political history, but I end up reading menus from Alcatraz prison. Why does that happen?(当我在网上冲浪时，我想被关于欧洲政治史的文章吸引，但我最终读到了恶魔岛监狱的菜单。为什么会这样？)”可推知，作者在第一段提到他自己的经历是为了引入文章话题——什么激发了好奇心。故选B。
10．细节理解题。根据第三段中“But when a new photo appeared, they chose it more often than the familiar ones. This preference for new one is, of course, the reason why producers regularly change product packaging.(但当一张新照片出现时，他们选择它的频率要高于熟悉的照片。当然，这种对新包装的偏好也是生产商经常更换产品包装的原因)”可知，生产商经常更换产品的包装是为了吸引顾客的兴趣。故选A。
11．细节理解题。根据第四段中“In a surprise final memory test for the faces, subjects better remembered those appearing after the questions that make them curious. (在对这些面孔进行的出人意料的最后记忆测试中，受试者更好地记住了那些让他们好奇的问题后出现的面孔)”可知，从第二个实验，我们可以了解到好奇心有助于受试者更好的记忆力。故选C。
12．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“But you’ll also feel little curious if you know nothing about stars; if you learned the answer, you couldn’t connect it to other knowledge, so it would seem nearly meaningless. We’re maximally curious when we sense that the environment offers new information in the right part to complement what we already know.(但如果你对恒星一无所知，你也会感到好奇；如果你知道了答案，你无法将它与其他知识联系起来，所以它看起来几乎毫无意义。当我们感觉到环境提供了正确的新信息来补充我们已经知道的信息时，我们会极大地好奇)”可推知，当未知拥抱已知时，人们最好奇。故选D。
13．D 14．B 15．A 16．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了户外游泳有助于减少引起许多健康问题的炎症。马克·哈珀说，这应该是一项公共卫生措施。因此，减少炎症的简单干预可能是一种有效的公共卫生措施。介绍了有关冷水洗澡可以减轻炎症症状的研究。
13．细节理解题。根据第二段“The potential of cold-water bathing is supported by the results of our survey of 722 people “self-medicating” with the activity. As we had assumed, most people with the inflammatory conditions found it helped their symptoms . Given the inflammatory aspect of Covid-19, there is good reason to think that cold water could also help with these healthcare issues.(我们对722人进行的“自我治疗”的调查结果支持了冷水洗澡的潜力。正如我们所假设的，大多数患有炎症的人发现它有助于他们的症状。考虑到Covid-19的炎症性，有充分的理由认为冷水也可以帮助解决这些健康问题)”可知，冷水洗澡可以减轻炎症症状。故选D。
14．细节理解题。根据第三段“Most subjects were using cold-water bathing for their mental health. So, we involved 59 people with anxiety and depression into an eight-week sea-swimming course. Not only did we see an improvement in their symptoms during the course, but more than 80 per cent were still engaging in the activity and finding benefit from it three months later.(大多数受试者为了心理健康使用冷水洗澡。因此，我们让59名患有焦虑症和抑郁症的人参加了为期8周的海上游泳课程。在这个过程中，我们不仅看到他们的症状有所改善，而且超过80%的人仍然参与这项活动，并在三个月后从中受益)”可知，在第3段中冷水洗澡的好处通过进行实验来证明。故选B。
15．主旨大意题。根据第五段“The main issue is safe access. With sewage warnings for English and Welsh beaches this summer, water quality needs to be addressed urgently. Then, laws could be used to open up access and also free land owners from responsibility. After that, organizations like the National Trust might put in measures such as ladders and let people use their facilities.(主要问题是安全使用。随着今年夏天英格兰和威尔士海滩的污水警告，水质问题需要紧急解决。然后，法律可以用来开放准入，也可以让土地所有者免于责任。在那之后，像国民信托这样的组织可能会采取梯子等措施，让人们使用他们的设施)”可知，第五段主要讲了安全的解决方案。故选A。
16．推理判断题。根据第一段“Outdoor swimming helps reduce inflammation, the cause of many health issues. It should be a public health measure, says Mark Harper. A simple intervention that reduces inflammation could, therefore, be an effective public health measure.(户外游泳有助于减少引起许多健康问题的炎症。马克·哈珀说，这应该是一项公共卫生措施。因此，减少炎症的简单干预可能是一种有效的公共卫生措施)”可推知，这篇文章的目的是鼓励读者参与冷水浴。故选A。
17．A 18．C 19．C 20．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章通过对小鼠的研究表明，肠道中的微生物可能是锻炼欲望差异的背后原因。
17．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Studies in mice suggest microbes(微生物) in the gut(肠道) may be behind differences in the desire to work out.(对小鼠的研究表明，肠道中的微生物可能是锻炼欲望差异的背后原因。)”可知，是微生物导致了老鼠跑步欲望的不同。故选A项。
18．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Follow-up studies showed the antibiotic treatment affected the brains of the formerly active mice. The activity of certain brain genes declined, along with levels of dopamine(多巴胺), a material linked to “runner’s high”—the sense of well-being that comes with more exercise.(后续研究表明，抗生素治疗影响了先前活跃的小鼠的大脑。某些大脑基因的活性下降了，多巴胺水平也下降了，多巴胺是一种与“跑步者快感”有关的物质，跑步者的快感来自于更多的运动。)”可知，从第三段中我们可以了解到当使用抗生素治疗时，多巴胺的产生会减少。故选C项。
19．推理判断题。分析全文可知，文章第1段整体概括了文章主题，第2段至第4段介绍了研究小组的探究过程，第5段提出了研究总结，所以文章属于总分总的结构。故选C项。
20．推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章通过对小鼠的研究表明，肠道中的微生物可能是锻炼欲望差异的背后原因，肠道微生物等都与医学有关，所以医学领域更有可能从这项研究中受益。故选A项。
21．C 22．A 23．A 24．B
【导语】本文是说明文。文章介绍了解大气压力的微小变化可能引发滑坡的原因将有助于我们评估哪些斜坡最容易坍塌。
21．细节理解题。根据第二段“Just over a decade ago, there was huge surprise when it was discovered that the occasional sliding of the Slumgullion landslide in the San Juan mountains of south-west Colorado was caused by changes in atmospheric pressure.(就在十多年前，人们发现科罗拉多州西南部圣胡安山区的Slumgullion滑坡的偶尔滑动是由大气压力的变化引起的，这让人感到非常惊讶)”可知，Slumgullion滑坡的原因是大气压力的变化。故选C。
22．词义猜测题。根据第三段“We knew that landslides are initiated by earthquakes or heavy rains, but the Slumgullion findings raised the possibility that changes in atmospheric pressure could be setting hillsides on the move in other places too.(我们知道山体滑坡是由地震或暴雨 initiated，但Slumgullion的发现提出了一种可能性，即大气压力的变化也可能导致其他地方的山坡移动)”可知，这里是在说山体滑坡开始的原因。由此推知initiate意为“引起”，和start的意思相近。故选A。
23．细节理解题。根据第六段“The model showed that heavy rain after a dry period pushes the water table up suddenly, causing a large and rapid change in pore pressure and an immediate landslide.(该模型显示，干旱期过后的暴雨会突然推动地下水位上升，导致孔隙压力发生巨大而迅速的变化，并立即发生滑坡)”可知，从滑坡模型来看干旱期过后的大雨会导致山体滑坡。故选A。
24．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Small changes in atmospheric pressure can start a landslide in certain weather conditions. Understanding why will help us assess which slopes(斜坡) are at most risk of failing.(在某些天气条件下，大气压力的微小变化可能引发滑坡。了解其中的原因将有助于我们评估哪些斜坡最容易坍塌)”以及第三段“but the Slumgullion findings raised the possibility that changes in atmospheric pressure could be setting hillsides on the move in other places too.(但Slumgullion的发现提出了一种可能性，即大气压力的变化也可能导致其他地方的山坡移动)”可知，本文主要讲述了气压变化会引发山体滑坡。B项“Air pressure changes can set off landslides.(气压变化会引发山体滑坡)”适合作最佳标题。故选B。
25．D 26．A 27．C 28．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项新研究，研究发现人们总是低估社交圈里的其他人会多么感激一个意外的电话、短信或电子邮件，只是为了打个招呼。而且，这种联系越令人惊喜，人们越感激。
25．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“In one experiment, half of the participants were asked to recall the last time they reached out to someone in their social circle after a prolonged (长期的) period of not interacting with them. The rest were asked to recall a similar situation where someone reached out to them. Participants were then asked to indicate on a 7-point scale how much either they or the person they reached out to appreciated.( 在一项实验中，一半的参与者被要求回忆他们在长时间没有互动后最后一次联系社交圈里的人。其余的人被要求回忆一个类似的情况，有人主动联系他们。然后，参与者被要求用7分制来表示他们或他们联系的人有多感激)”可推知，研究人员通过比较来进行实验。故选D。
26．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Similar to the previous experiment, participants who initiated (发起) contact were asked to rate on a 7-point scale the extent to which they thought the recipient would appreciate or feel grateful for the contact. After the notes or gifts were sent, researchers also asked the recipients to rate their appreciation. (与之前的实验类似，主动联系的参与者被要求以7分制来评价他们认为接收者会对这种联系感到感激或感激的程度。在纸条或礼物发出后，研究人员还要求收信人评价自己的感激之情)”可知，根据第三段，参与者被要求对他们的赞赏进行排名。故选A。
27．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Besides, the researchers found that people receiving the communication placed greater focus than those initiating the communication on the surprise element, and this heightened focus on surprise was associated with higher appreciation. (此外，研究人员发现，接受交流的人比发起交流的人更关注惊喜元素，而这种对惊喜的高度关注与更高的赞赏有关)”可推知，根据研究，一个被联系的人会出乎意料地表现出更高的赞赏。故选C。
28．词句猜测题。根据划线词下文“because people worry about how such a gesture might be received. (因为人们担心这样的姿态会如何被接受)”可知，在长时间断开联系后，开始社交接触可能会令人生畏。由此推知，划线词daunting与discouraging(令人气馁的)意思接近。故选B。
29．D 30．B 31．D 32．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要讲述一项研究结果，在日常生活中欣赏美可以让生活有意义，作者建议人们珍惜当下正在发生的事情。
29．细节理解题。根据第二段“Many scholars agree that a meaningful existence often boils down to three factors: the feeling that one’s life is coherent(连贯的) and ‘makes sense,’ the possession of clear and satisfying long-term goals and the belief that one’s life matters in a system of things.(许多学者都认为，一个有意义的存在通常可以归结为三个因素：感觉自己的生活是连贯的，是‘有意义的’，拥有清晰而令人满意的长期目标，以及相信自己的生活在一个事物体系中很重要)”可知，学者认为有意义的生活在于三个因素：连贯性、目的和存在的重要性。故选D。
30．词句猜测题。根据第三段中“We call this element experiential appreciation.(我们称之为体验式欣赏)”可知，划线词所在句“It represents the detection of and admiration for life’s natural beauty.(它代表着对生命自然美的发现和欣赏)”中指示代词指代上文提到的“体验式欣赏”。故选B。
31．细节理解题。根据第四段中“We conducted a series of experiments in which we gave people specific tasks to see whether experiential appreciation was related to a person’s sense of meaning.(我们进行了一系列实验，在实验中，我们给人们布置了具体的任务，看看体验式欣赏是否与一个人的意义感有关)”可知，作者是通过做实验来证实自己的观点。故选D。
32．细节理解题。根据文章最后两句“Yet life happens in the present moment. We should slow down, let life surprise us and embrace the significance in the everyday life.(然而，生活就发生在当下。我们应该慢下来，让生活给我们惊喜，拥抱日常生活中的意义)”可知，作者建议人们珍惜当下。故选C。
33．A 34．D 35．C 36．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了环保对商业有好处。消费者往往愿意为环保产品支付比市场上其他同类产品更多的钱。但并不是所有的环保主张都是平等的。“洗绿”是一种错误信息，通常用来吸引绿色消费者。介绍了避免成为“洗绿”受害者的方法。
33．词句猜测题。根据画线词后文“Companies promising to be environmentally conscious sometimes fail to meet the promises they make to consumers.(承诺具有环保意识的公司有时无法兑现他们对消费者的承诺)”以及上文““Greenwashing” is a form of misinformation often used to”可知，“洗绿”是一种错误信息，通常用来欺骗绿色消费者的。故画线词意思是“欺骗”。故选A。
34．细节理解题。根据第二段“For example, a large retailer might launch a new line of products, such as jeans, that uses less water and therefore theoretically has less of an environmental impact than the other clothes the company sells. But that same company might ignore water usage in the rest of their products lines or do nothing to address their other products that might be harming the environment.(例如，一家大型零售商可能会推出一种新的产品系列，比如牛仔裤，这种产品用水量更少，因此理论上对环境的影响比该公司销售的其他服装要小。但是，同一家公司可能会忽视其其他产品线的用水问题，或者不采取任何措施解决其他可能损害环境的产品)”可知，声称可持续发展的企业可能会误导消费者。故选D。
35．推理判断题。根据第三段“Is it possible to avoid falling victim to greenwashing? Learning about greenwashing and how it works is the most effective way for consumers to avoid giving their money to companies making false claims, according to a recent study. The researchers found people who received information on greenwashing ahead of time were more likely to question whether what the company did in fact benefited the environment.(有可能避免成为“洗绿”的受害者吗？根据最近的一项研究，对消费者来说，了解“绿色清洗”及其工作原理是避免把钱交给虚假宣传的公司的最有效方法。研究人员发现，提前收到“绿色清洗”信息的人更有可能质疑该公司的所作所为是否真的有益于环境)”可推知，了解“绿色清洗”有助于辨别真相。故选C。
36．细节理解题。根据最后一段中““When in doubt, go smaller,” says Larsen. “Rethink shopping habits. The most sustainable thing you can do as a consumer is wear the things you have more.”(拉森说：“拿不准的时候，就做小一点的行动。重新思考购物习惯。作为消费者，你能做的最可持续的事情就是多穿你已经拥有的东西。”)”可知，Todd Larsen建议人们养成明智的购物习惯。故选A。
37．D 38．C 39．A 40．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人工智能聊天机器人ChatGPT在互联网上掀起了一场风暴。它允许用户输入问题，让会话助手创建一系列的写作任务。虽然聊天机器人仍处于起步阶段，但ChatGPT有潜力改变整个世界的游戏规则。
37．推理判断题。根据第一段“Zwingmann teaches online courses on Al and helps clients make use of artificial intelligence. Lately, he has been generating lecture notes using ChatGPT.“I went up and said, ‘OK, tell me a detailed step by step of how the DBSCAN algorithm works,’ and it gave me that step by step,” Zwingmann said.(Zwingmann教授关于人工智能的在线课程，并帮助客户利用人工智能。最近，他一直在用ChatGPT生成课堂笔记。”我走过去说，‘好吧，告诉我DBSCAN算法如何工作的详细步骤，’它一步一步地告诉了我，”Zwingmann说)”可推知，第一段的作用是用一个例子介绍一个人工智能聊天机器人。故选D。
38．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Even if you are an experienced developer, ChatGPT can help you analyze the code and provide a detailed explanation of the error along with suggestions for how to fix it.(即使您是一名经验丰富的开发人员，ChatGPT也可以帮助您分析代码，并提供错误的详细解释以及如何修复错误的建议)”可知，ChatGPT帮助代码开发人员识别错误。故选C。
39．推理判断题。根据第四段“If you have a passion for writing but aren’t sure how to add a touch of elegance to your words, ChatGPT can help! If you want to create your personal web page but know little about HTML code, ChatGPT can generate the code for you! Even if you are an experienced developer, ChatGPT can help you analyze the code and provide a detailed explanation of the error along with suggestions for how to fix it.(如果你对写作充满热情，但不知道如何为你的文字增添优雅，ChatGPT可以帮助你！如果你想创建自己的个人网页，但对HTML代码知之甚少，ChatGPT可以为你生成代码！即使您是一名经验丰富的开发人员，ChatGPT也可以帮助您分析代码，并提供错误的详细解释以及如何修复错误的建议)”以及倒数第二段“Despite looking very impressive, ChatGPT still has limitations.(尽管看起来令人印象深刻，ChatGPT仍然有局限性)”可知，文章说明了其优点和局限性，即可推知，作者对人工智能聊天机器人的态度是谨慎的。故选A。
40．主旨大意题。根据第二段“The AI chatbot ChatGPT Zwingmann uses has taken the internet by storm. It allows users to input questions that ask the conversational assistant to create a series of writing tasks. Although the chatbot is still in its infancy, ChatGPT has the potential to be a game-changer for the whole world.(茨温格曼使用的聊天机器人ChatGPT在互联网上掀起了一场风暴。它允许用户输入问题，让会话助手创建一系列的写作任务。虽然聊天机器人仍处于起步阶段，但ChatGPT有潜力改变整个世界的游戏规则)”结合文章主要介绍了人工智能聊天机器人ChatGPT在互联网上掀起了一场风暴。它允许用户输入问题，让会话助手创建一系列的写作任务。虽然聊天机器人仍处于起步阶段，但ChatGPT有潜力改变整个世界的游戏规则。可知，这篇文章是关于ChatGPT的应用。故选B。
译林版（2020）高二英语下学期期末复习 查缺补漏冲刺满分
(名校最新期末真题)
专题05 阅读理解之说明文10篇
（2022春·江苏南京·高二南京市中华中学校考期末）When it comes to team assembly, people who are both trustworthy and competent are the most sought after. However, those who are friendly and trustworthy are more likely to be selected than those who are known for just their skill competence and personal reputation, according to a new research from Binghamton University.
“We assume that people are selected due to their knowledge, skills and abilities. However, this research suggests that people may often get picked because team members feel comfortable with them,” said Cynthia Maupin, assistant professor in Binghamton University’s School of Management. “People may be willing to sacrifice a bit in terms of performance in order to have a really positive team experience.“
Maupin and her colleagues focused on a group of MBA students to conduct their study. Students were randomly assigned to different teams to carry out class projects. Toward the end of the semester, they were asked to form their own teams and evaluate why they selected each member.
“To find out how the students signaled to others that they might be someone who would be good to team up with in the future, we studied their use of either challenging or supportive voice,” Maupin said.
● Challenging voice: Communicating in a way that challenges the present situation and is focused on new ideas and efficiency.
● Supportive voice: Communicating in a way that strengthens social ties and trust.
The researchers found that students who exhibited both voices were the most in-demand people when it came to assembling teams. However, students who only used supportive voice to exhibit their friendliness and trustworthiness were more sought after than those who only signaled their competence through the use of challenging voice.
Maupin said the findings have major implications for the workplace. “People should realize the way they speak up can have a strong effect on informal teaming up at a later point and that supportive voice helps establish harmonious relationships and a sense of trust amongst individuals.”
1．Who are preferred as team members?
A．Those with good personal reputation.
B．Those with skill competence.
C．Those willing to make sacrifices.
D．Those easy to get along with.
2．What does the underlined word “signaled” in paragraph 4 probably mean?
A．Replied. B．Promised. C．Displayed. D．Posed.
3．What does Maupin think of the findings?
A．They make people more supportive.
B．They make sense for better team assembly.
C．They help improve work competence.
D．They have strong effects on formal teaming up.
4．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A．The Secret of Communication
B．The Importance of Competence
C．Challenging Voice or Supportive Voice
D．Competent Teammates or Friendly Teammates
（2022春·江苏无锡·高二统考期末）Autonomous driving vehicles may sound like science fiction, but they are racing into our daily lives sooner than many expected. Nowadays, people can hail (打车) robotaxis by using ride-hailing apps on their mobile phones in certain areas of Wuzhen, Zhejiang province.
All they need to do is to input pickup and drop-off points and the number of passengers and—a self-driving taxi approaches—with a safety operator sitting behind the wheel to monitor the vehicle for safety.
The vehicle runs smoothly and is capable of fully recognizing stop signs as it automatically decelerates before finally coming to a stop. As traffic lights change from red to green, the taxi moves through the crossings.
Last December, Baidu officially opened its Apollo Park in Wuzhen, which serves as an important R&D, design, application and testing base for autonomous vehicles in the Yangtze River Delta region.
As the fourth demonstration base for intelligent-connected vehicles built by Baidu in China, the park is equipped with facilities such as a vehicle-road coordination (协调) system, remote vehicle control platform, operation center and 5G-powered cockpit control system.
Baidu plans to expand Apollo Go services to 65 cities in 2025, and 100 in 2030, said Robin Li, CEO of the company. “The massively reduced costs will enable us to deploy (调动) tens of thousands of autonomous vehicles across China. We are moving toward a future where taking a robotaxi will be half the cost of taking a taxi today.”
So far, Baidu Apollo’s L4 autonomous vehicles have run more than 36 million kilometers, with 718 autonomous driving permits in China, including 571 for carrying passengers. L4 autonomy means the vehicle can drive by itself under most circumstances, without a human driver.
Baidu Apollo has rolled out robotaxi ride-hailing services in more than 10 cities, including Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen.
Yang Diange, a professor from the School of Vehicle and Mobility at Tsinghua University, said the commercial operation of self-driving vehicles will promote the innovation of technologies, and help companies explore reasonable business models, thus allowing autonomous driving technologies to create more value.
5．What does the underlined word “decelerate” mean in Paragraph 3?
A．Speed up. B．Switch off.
C．Stretch out. D．Slow down.
6．Which contributes to more autonomous vehicles in China?
A．Lower cost. B．5G-powered control system.
C．Ultimate safety. D．Convenient ride-hailing services.
7．What is Yang Diange’s attitude to the commercial operation of self-driving vehicles?
A．Cautious. B．Supportive.
C．Doubtful. D．Unclear.
8．What can be the best title for the text?
A．Baidu, a tech pioneer
B．Baidu and its Apollo Parks
C．Autonomous driving taxis taking market by storm
D．Autonomous driving taxi replacing traditional ones overnight
（2022春·江苏无锡·高二统考期末）When I am surfing the Web, I want to be drawn by articles on Europe’s political history, but I end up reading menus from Alcatraz prison. Why does that happen?
Curiosity seems beyond your control, and trying to direct it sounds like forcing yourself to find a joke funny. But if you know what boosts curiosity, you may be able to understand it a little better.
During the evolution, curious animals were more likely to survive because they learned about their environments. Humans, too, will give up a known payoff to investigate the unknown. Scientists did some experiments. In the first experiment, subjects were asked to choose one of four photos, each carrying some chance of a cash prize. Photos repeated, so subjects learned to pick the best. But when a new photo appeared, they chose it more often than the familiar ones. This preference for new one is, of course, the reason why producers regularly change product packaging.
Also, curiosity improves learning. In the second experiment, subjects read simple questions and rated how curious each made them feel. Later, they saw the question again, each followed by a photo of a face, and judged whether that person looked as if he or she would know the answer. In a surprise final memory test for the faces, subjects better remembered those appearing after the questions that make them curious.
This function of curiosity—to heighten memory—is the key to understanding why we’re curious about some things instead of others. We feel most curious when exploration produces the most learning. Suppose I ask you, “what’s the most common type of star in the Milky Way?” You’ll obviously feel uninterested if you already know the answer. But you’ll also feel little curious if you know nothing about stars; if you learned the answer, you couldn’t connect it to other knowledge, so it would seem nearly meaningless. We’re maximally curious when we sense that the environment offers new information in the right part to complement what we already know.
9．Why does the author mention his own experience in Paragraph 1?
A．To present a fact. B．To introduce a topic.
C．To make a prediction. D．To explain a concept.
10．Why do producers change the packaging of the products frequently?
A．To attract customers’ interest. B．To follow the latest trend.
C．To represent companies’ creativity. D．To show the new products.
11．What can we learn from the experiments in Paragraphs 3 and 4?
A．The questions in the second experiment were interesting.
B．In both experiments, subjects preferred to choose the new objects.
C．In the second experiment, curiosity contributed to the subjects’ better memory.
D．The new photos in the first experiment had higher possibilities of a cash prize.
12．What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A．Satisfying curiosity makes us feel pleased.
B．A well-known topic makes us most curious.
C．People are most curious about totally unfamiliar topic.
D．People will be most curious when the unknown hugs the known.
（2022春·江苏无锡·高二统考期末）Outdoor swimming helps reduce inflammation, the cause of many health issues. It should be a public health measure, says Mark Harper. A simple intervention that reduces inflammation could, therefore, be an effective public health measure.
The potential of cold-water bathing is supported by the results of our survey of 722 people “self-medicating” with the activity. As we had assumed, most people with the inflammatory conditions found it helped their symptoms. Given the inflammatory aspect of Covid-19, there is good reason to think that cold water could also help with these healthcare issues.
Most subjects were using cold-water bathing for their mental health. So, we involved 59 people with anxiety and depression into an eight-week sea-swimming course. Not only did we see an improvement in their symptoms during the course, but more than 80 per cent were still engaging in the activity and finding benefit from it three months later.
Even if you don’t have access to open water, one study showed that office workers who had cold showers took fewer sick days than those who didn’t.
The main issue is safe access. With sewage warnings for English and Welsh beaches this summer, water quality needs to be addressed urgently. Then, laws could be used to open up access and also free land owners from responsibility. After that, organizations like the National Trust might put in measures such as ladders and let people use their facilities.
People also need to become safe and confident swimmers through courses such as those run by Chill UK, which began with our clinical trial and is now rolling out around the country, or groups like Mental Health Swims. Swimmers also need to be aware of how to reduce their risk of cold water shock.
Happily, the potential benefits of cold-water swimming as a public health measure have been recognized by Fulton MacGregor, a member of Scottish parliament. As a result, we ran a round table at the Scottish parliament on 13 September. This will be followed by an in-person event in March 2023, bringing experts together to turn this into a reality.
In the meantime, the water is still relatively warm, so why not try an outdoor bathing?
13．What can we learn about cold-water bathing according to the text?
A．It may lead to mental problem. B．It may cause people to fall ill easily.
C．It can cure people of Covid-19. D．It can reduce inflammatory symptoms.
14．How are the benefits of cold-water bathing proved in Paragraph 3?
A．By listing reasons. B．By conducting an experiment.
C．By raising doubts. D．By describing an application.
15．What is Paragraph 5 mainly about?
A．Solutions to safe access. B．Process of sewage treatment research.
C．Problems with safe access. D．Methods of sewage treatment research.
16．What’s the purpose of this text?
A．To encourage readers to get involved in cold-water bathing.
B．To introduce effective measures concerning cold-water bathing.
C．To present some research process related to cold-water bathing.
D．To show the mental benefits brought about by cold-water bathing.
（2022春·江苏连云港·高二统考期末）Willpower might be key to getting off the couch to exercise, but bacteria may lend a helping hand. Studies in mice suggest microbes(微生物) in the gut(肠道) may be behind differences in the desire to work out.
To explore why some people like to exercise and others don’t, microbiologist Christoph Thaiss studied mice bred to have a lot of genetic and behavioral variation. His team found huge difference in how far the mice ran on wheels in their cages.
The active and lazy mice didn’t show any significant differences in their genetics. But the researchers did notice one clue: When treated with antibiotics(抗生素), mice that were normally highly energetic tended to exercise less. Follow-up studies showed the antibiotic treatment affected the brains of the formerly active mice. The activity of certain brain genes declined, along with levels of dopamine(多巴胺), a material linked to “runner’s high”—the sense of well-being that comes with more exercise.
The team also found that “bacteria-free” mice, which lack gut bacteria, become more active when given some of the gut microbes from energetic mice. It appears those bacteria send a signal that interferes with a material responsible for breaking down dopamine in the brain, causing the material to build up in the brain’s reward center.
Will the finding hold in people? Studies have found that marathoners have high levels of a particular gut microbe, suggesting an exercise connection in people. And much work has proved the key role dopamine plays in motivating overall behavior. As Christoph Thaiss puts it, “This reward system is such a central aspect of physiology that it’s something almost certainly true in other mammals”—including humans.
17．What may contribute to the difference in mice’ desire to run?
A．Microbes. B．Brain. C．Gut. D．Genes.
18．What can we know about dopamine from the paragraph 3?
A．It affects the height of running mice.
B．It controls the activity of certain brain genes.
C．It is produced less when treated with antibiotics.
D．It is the sense of well-being coming with exercise.
19．What’s the structure of the text?
①=para 1 ②=para 2 ③=para 3 ④=para 4 ⑤=para 5
A．①②—③—④⑤ B．①②—③—④—⑤
C．①—②③④—⑤ D．①—②—③④⑤
20．What field is more likely to benefit from the study?
A．Medicine. B．Chemistry. C．Food. D．Ecology.
（2022春·江苏连云港·高二统考期末）Small changes in atmospheric pressure can start a landslide in certain weather conditions. Understanding why will help us assess which slopes(斜坡) are at most risk of failing.
Just over a decade ago, there was huge surprise when it was discovered that the occasional sliding of the Slumgullion landslide in the San Juan mountains of south-west Colorado was caused by changes in atmospheric pressure.
We knew that landslides are initiated by earthquakes or heavy rains, but the Slumgullion findings raised the possibility that changes in atmospheric pressure could be setting hillsides on the move in other places too.
Now, Lucas Pelascini at the University of Rennes in France and his colleagues have fed weather and landslide data from Taiwan-where steep hillsides and typhoons are a recipe for frequent landslides—into a landslide model.
They found that typhoon events can get hillsides ready by bringing heavy rain and increasing the water pressure in the pores (气孔) between grains, but the condition of landslides depends on the weather over the previous months.
The model showed that heavy rain after a dry period pushes the water table up suddenly, causing a large and rapid change in pore pressure and an immediate landslide.
A typhoon’s rain falling no already soaked(浸湿的) ground, however, didn’t change pore pressure enough to cause a slide. A following change in atmospheric pressure—as the eye of the storm passes over, for example—was then enough to set things in motion. “The atmospheric effect will only provide the last push when rainfall can’t sink anymore, or when it is faster and affects the slope before the rainfall does,” says Pelascini.
The findings help to explain why some landslide events don’t occur until hours or even days after heavy rain has fallen. They also explain why Typhoon Morakot in 2009—Taiwan’s deadliest typhoon in recorded history-was so disastrous. The dry period before the typhoon meant the water table was low and resulted in a large and very sudden change in pore pressure, which immediately caused multiple landslides.
21．What is the cause of the Slumgullion landslide?
A．The force of earthquake. B．The warmth of climate.
C．The change in air pressure. D．The frequency of typhoon.
22．What does the underlined word “initiated” mean in paragraph 3?
A．Started. B．Limited. C．Disturbed. D．Changed.
23．What can be learnt from the landslide model?
A．Heavy rain after a dry period can cause a landslide.
B．A typhoon’s rain can be enough to cause a landslide.
C．The landslide model is based on theoretical reasoning.
D．Landslides have nothing to do with the previous weather.
24．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．Earthquakes always give rise to landslides.
B．Air pressure changes can set off landslides.
C．Heavy rains caused the Slumgullion landslide.
D．Typhoon Morakot led to the deadliest landslide.
（2022春·江苏徐州·高二统考期末）People consistently underestimate how much others in their social circle might appreciate an unexpected phone call, text or email just to say hello, and the more surprising the connection, the greater the appreciation, according to a new study.
In the study, researchers from the University of Pittsburgh conducted some experiments involving more than 5, 900 participants. In one experiment, half of the participants were asked to recall the last time they reached out to someone in their social circle after a prolonged (长期的) period of not interacting with them. The rest were asked to recall a similar situation where someone reached out to them. Participants were then asked to indicate on a 7-point scale how much either they or the person they reached out to appreciated. People who recalled reaching out thought the gesture was significantly less appreciated than those who recalled receiving a communication.
In other experiments, participants sent a short note, or a small gift, to someone in their social circle with whom they had not interacted in a while. Similar to the previous experiment, participants who initiated (发起) contact were asked to rate on a 7-point scale the extent to which they thought the recipient would appreciate or feel grateful for the contact. After the notes or gifts were sent, researchers also asked the recipients to rate their appreciation.
Across all experiments, those who initiated the communication significantly underestimated the extent to which recipients would appreciate the act of reaching out. Besides, the researchers found that people receiving the communication placed greater focus than those initiating the communication on the surprise element, and this heightened focus on surprise was associated with higher appreciation. “We also found that people underestimated others’ appreciation to a greater extent when the communication was more surprising, as opposed to part of a regular communication pattern, or the social ties between the two participants were weak,” added lead author Peggy Liu.
Initiating social contact after a prolonged period of disconnection can be daunting because people worry about how such a gesture might be received. But these findings suggest that their hesitations may be unnecessary, as others are likely to appreciate being reached out to more than people think.
25．How did the researchers conduct the experiments?
A．By listing arguments. B．By giving examples.
C．By making assumptions. D．By making comparisons.
26．According to paragraph 3, what were the participants asked to do?
A．To rank their appreciation. B．To make an unexpected call.
C．To express their thoughts. D．To do the same experiments.
27．Based on the research, who would show higher appreciation?
A．One receiving a gift of great value. B．One often contacted by a close friend.
C．One connected quite unexpectedly. D．One making regular contacts with others.
28．What does the underlined word “daunting” in the last paragraph probably mean?
A．Unbearable. B．Discouraging. C．Illogical. D．Immoral.
（2022春·江苏苏州·高二统考期末）When we think about lives filled with meaning, we often focus on people whose big contributions benefited humanity. Abraham Lincoln, Martin Luther King, Jr., and Nelson Mandela surely felt they had a worthwhile life. But how about us ordinary people, struggling for existence?
Many scholars agree that a meaningful existence often boils down to three factors: the feeling that one’s life is coherent(连贯的) and “makes sense,” the possession of clear and satisfying long-term goals and the belief that one’s life matters in a system of things.
But we believe there is another element to consider. Think about the first butterfly you stop to admire after a long winter or imagine the scenery at the top of a hill after a fresh hike. Sometimes existence delivers us small moments of beauty. When people are open to appreciating such experiences, these moments may enhance how they view their life. We call this element experiential appreciation. The phenomenon reflects the feeling of a deep connection to events as they happen and the ability to extract value from that link. It represents the detection of and admiration for life’s natural beauty.
We conducted a series of experiments in which we gave people specific tasks to see whether experiential appreciation was related to a person’s sense of meaning. In one case, we found that participants who watched an awe-inspiring video, such as the BBC documentary Planet Earth(地球脉动), reported having a greater sense of experiential appreciation and meaning in life, compared with participants who watched more neutral(不带感情色彩的) videos, such as an instructional woodworking video.
The results confirmed our original theory: appreciating small things can make life feel more meaningful. But applying that insight can be difficult. Our modern, fast-paced lifestyles fill the day with targets and goals. The focus on future outcomes makes it all too easy to miss what is happening right now. Yet life happens in the present moment. We should slow down, let life surprise us and embrace the significance in the everyday life.
29．What are the key factors of meaningful existence according to the scholars?
A．Wealth, goals and achievements.
B．Capability, positivity and meaning.
C．Contribution, great aim and coherence.
D．Coherence, purpose and existential mattering.
30．What does the underlined word “It” refer to in paragraph 3?
A．That link. B．Experiential appreciation.
C．The value. D．A deep connection to events.
31．How does the author support his viewpoints according to paragraph 4?
A．By listing figures. B．By telling stories.
C．By analyzing causes. D．By doing experiments.
32．What does the author suggest people do?
A．Maximize future outcomes. B．Focus on targets and goals.
C．Value what is happening now. D．Enjoy the fast-paced lifestyles.
（2022春·江苏宿迁·高二统考期末）Going green is good for business. Consumers are often willing to pay more for eco-friendly products than other comparable products on the market. But not all environmental claims are created equally. “Greenwashing” is a form of misinformation often used to entice a green consumer. Companies promising to be environmentally conscious sometimes fail to meet the promises they make to consumers.
For example, a large retailer might launch a new line of products, such as jeans, that uses less water and therefore theoretically has less of an environmental impact than the other clothes the company sells. But that same company might ignore water usage in the rest of their products lines or do nothing to address their other products that might be harming the environment.
Is it possible to avoid falling victim to greenwashing? Learning about greenwashing and how it works is the most effective way for consumers to avoid giving their money to companies making false claims, according to a recent study. The researchers found people who received information on greenwashing ahead of time were more likely to question whether what the company did in fact benefited the environment.
In the meantime, experts have tips for how consumers can spot potential greenwashing. “You see a lot of products that use words like ‘sustainable’, and ‘better for the planet’ with pictures that make it look like it’s green,” says Todd Larsen, the director of Green America, a nonprofit aimed at helping consumers identify greenwashing. He recommends looking for descriptions that outline specifically how a product is green.
Another tip he offers is to shop small. “When in doubt, go smaller,” says Larsen. “Rethink shopping habits. The most sustainable thing you can do as a consumer is wear the things you have more.”
33．What does the underlined word “entice” probably mean in paragraph 1?
A．Trick. B．Inspire. C．Restrict. D．Protect.
34．What can we learn from the example in paragraph 2?
A．Using less water is a required standard of producing jeans.
B．Large retailers are more aware of environmental protection.
C．Companies with environmental consciousness run smoothly.
D．Businesses claiming to be sustainable may mislead consumers.
35．What can be inferred from the research findings?
A．Greenwashing is a new way to cheat people.
B．People are getting fed up with greenwashing.
C．Knowing about greenwashing helps identify the truth.
D．Consumers have the ability to distinguish false claims.
36．What does Todd Larsen suggest people do?
A．Develop sensible shopping habits. B．Look for pictures which look green.
C．Buy more clothes green for the planet. D．Provide specific descriptions of products.
（2022春·江苏宿迁·高二统考期末）Zwingmann teaches online courses on AI and helps clients make use of artificial intelligence. Lately, he has been generating lecture notes using ChatGPT. “I went up and said, ‘OK, tell me a detailed step by step of how the DBSCAN algorithm works,’ and it gave me that step by step,” Zwingmann said.
The AI chatbot ChatGPT Zwingmann uses has taken the internet by storm. It allows users to input questions that ask the conversational assistant to create a series of writing tasks. Although the chatbot is still in its infancy, ChatGPT has the potential to be a game-changer for the whole world.
The GPT stands for “Generative Pre-trained Transformer”, providing detailed answers to users’ questions. The dialogue format makes it possible for ChatGPT to answer follow up questions, challenge incorrect statements and reject inappropriate requests.
If you have a passion for writing but aren’t sure how to add a touch of elegance to your words, ChatGPT can help! If you want to create your personal web page but know little about HTML code, ChatGPT can generate the code for you! Even if you are an experienced developer, ChatGPT can help you analyze the code and provide a detailed explanation of the error along with suggestions for how to fix it.
Despite looking very impressive, ChatGPT still has limitations. Such limitations include the inability to answer questions that are worded a specific way and the lack of quality in the responses it delivers, which sometimes seem to be reasonable but make no practical sense. With its widespread use, there is growing concern about how the tool might be used to help students create essays for class assignments.
So how good is it at producing literary works in the style of a news article? And how does its writing live up to the likes of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, or a film producer like Ben Affleck? Judge for yourself.
37．What’s the function of paragraph 1?
A．To promote an online course teacher. B．To explain how lecture notes are made.
C．To offer background information about AI. D．To introduce an AI chatbot with an example.
38．What can we learn about ChatGPT in paragraphs 3 & 4?
A．It gives the user an answer of good quality. B．It makes up a dialogue with questions input.
C．It aids code developers in recognizing errors. D．It functions by collecting complex questions.
39．What is the author’s attitude to the AI chatbot?
A．Cautious. B．Favorable. C．Negative. D．Concerned.
40．What’s the article about?
A．The limitations of ChatGPT. B．The application of ChatGPT.
C．The importance of ChatGPT. D．The development of ChatGPT.
1．D 2．C 3．B 4．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。一项新的研究表明，在团队组建方面，最受欢迎的是既值得信赖又有能力的人。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“However, those who are friendly and trustworthy are more likely to be selected than those who are known for just their skill competence and personal reputation, according to a new research from Binghamton University.(然而，根据宾厄姆顿大学的一项新研究，那些友好、值得信赖的人比那些仅以技能能力和个人声誉闻名的人更有可能被选中)”可知，那些友好的，易于相处的人更受欢迎，故选D项。
2．词句猜测题。根据后文“they might be someone who would be good to team up with in the future, we studied their use of either challenging or supportive voice(表明他们将来可能是一个很好的合作伙伴，我们研究了他们使用挑战或支持的声音)”可知，划线部分说的为了弄清楚学生们是如何向别人发出信号，signaled“展示”与displayed同义，故选C项。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Maupin said the findings have major implications for the workplace.(莫平说，这些发现对工作场所有重大影响。)”可知，这些发现有助于组建更好的团队，故选B项。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“When it comes to team assembly, people who are both trustworthy and competent are the most sought after. However, those who are friendly and trustworthy are more likely to be selected than those who are known for just their skill competence and personal reputation, according to a new research from Binghamton University.(在团队组建方面，最受欢迎的是既值得信赖又有能力的人。然而，根据宾厄姆顿大学的一项新研究，那些友好、值得信赖的人比那些仅以技能能力和个人声誉闻名的人更有可能被选中)”可知，本文中的研究主要是围绕有能力的队员还是友好的队员展开的，故选D项。
5．D 6．A 7．B 8．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了百度计划扩展自动驾驶出租车的范围，推广其服务，自动驾驶出租车席卷市场。
5．词句猜测题。由第三段中的“The vehicle runs smoothly and is capable of fully recognizing stop signs as it automatically decelerates before finally coming to a stop. (车辆运行平稳，能够完全识别停车标志，并在最终停车前自动减速)”可知，结合“fully recognizing stop signs”和“coming to a stop”，停车需要减速，可得出decelerate意为“减速（Slow dow）”。故选D项。
6．细节理解题。由第六段中的“The massively reduced costs will enable us to deploy (调动) tens of thousands of autonomous vehicles across China. (大幅降低的成本将使我们能够在中国各地部署数万辆自动驾驶汽车)”可知，更低的成本使中国有更多的自动驾驶汽车。故选A项。
7．推理判断题。由最后一段“Yang Diange, a professor from the School of Vehicle and Mobility at Tsinghua University, said the commercial operation of self-driving vehicles will promote the innovation of technologies, and help companies explore reasonable business models, thus allowing autonomous driving technologies to create more value. (清华大学车辆与移动学院教授Yang Diange表示，自动驾驶汽车的商业运营将促进技术创新，帮助企业探索合理的商业模式，从而让自动驾驶技术创造更多价值)”可知，Yang Diange认为自动驾驶汽车的商业化运营有好处，可得出他对此持支持态度。故选B项。
8．主旨大意题。由第一段中的“Autonomous driving vehicles may sound like science fiction, but they are racing into our daily lives sooner than many expected. (自动驾驶汽车听起来可能像科幻小说，但它们比许多人预期的更快地进入我们的日常生活)”和第六段中的“Baidu plans to expand Apollo Go services to 65 cities in 2025, and 100 in 2030, said Robin Li, CEO of the company. (百度首席执行官李彦宏表示，百度计划2025年将Apollo Go服务扩展到65个城市，2030年将扩展到100个城市)”和倒数第二段“Baidu Apollo has rolled out robotaxi ride-hailing services in more than 10 cities, including Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen. (百度Apollo已在北京、上海、广州和深圳等10多个城市推出了自动打车服务)”可知，文章介绍了百度计划扩展自动驾驶出租车的范围，推广其服务，自动驾驶出租车席卷市场，C项“自动驾驶出租车席卷市场”符合文意。故选C项。
9．B 10．A 11．C 12．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了激发好奇心的因素以及相关的研究。
9．推理判断题。根据第一段“When I am surfing the Web, I want to be drawn by articles on Europe’s political history, but I end up reading menus from Alcatraz prison. Why does that happen?(当我在网上冲浪时，我想被关于欧洲政治史的文章吸引，但我最终读到了恶魔岛监狱的菜单。为什么会这样？)”可推知，作者在第一段提到他自己的经历是为了引入文章话题——什么激发了好奇心。故选B。
10．细节理解题。根据第三段中“But when a new photo appeared, they chose it more often than the familiar ones. This preference for new one is, of course, the reason why producers regularly change product packaging.(但当一张新照片出现时，他们选择它的频率要高于熟悉的照片。当然，这种对新包装的偏好也是生产商经常更换产品包装的原因)”可知，生产商经常更换产品的包装是为了吸引顾客的兴趣。故选A。
11．细节理解题。根据第四段中“In a surprise final memory test for the faces, subjects better remembered those appearing after the questions that make them curious. (在对这些面孔进行的出人意料的最后记忆测试中，受试者更好地记住了那些让他们好奇的问题后出现的面孔)”可知，从第二个实验，我们可以了解到好奇心有助于受试者更好的记忆力。故选C。
12．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“But you’ll also feel little curious if you know nothing about stars; if you learned the answer, you couldn’t connect it to other knowledge, so it would seem nearly meaningless. We’re maximally curious when we sense that the environment offers new information in the right part to complement what we already know.(但如果你对恒星一无所知，你也会感到好奇；如果你知道了答案，你无法将它与其他知识联系起来，所以它看起来几乎毫无意义。当我们感觉到环境提供了正确的新信息来补充我们已经知道的信息时，我们会极大地好奇)”可推知，当未知拥抱已知时，人们最好奇。故选D。
13．D 14．B 15．A 16．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了户外游泳有助于减少引起许多健康问题的炎症。马克·哈珀说，这应该是一项公共卫生措施。因此，减少炎症的简单干预可能是一种有效的公共卫生措施。介绍了有关冷水洗澡可以减轻炎症症状的研究。
13．细节理解题。根据第二段“The potential of cold-water bathing is supported by the results of our survey of 722 people “self-medicating” with the activity. As we had assumed, most people with the inflammatory conditions found it helped their symptoms . Given the inflammatory aspect of Covid-19, there is good reason to think that cold water could also help with these healthcare issues.(我们对722人进行的“自我治疗”的调查结果支持了冷水洗澡的潜力。正如我们所假设的，大多数患有炎症的人发现它有助于他们的症状。考虑到Covid-19的炎症性，有充分的理由认为冷水也可以帮助解决这些健康问题)”可知，冷水洗澡可以减轻炎症症状。故选D。
14．细节理解题。根据第三段“Most subjects were using cold-water bathing for their mental health. So, we involved 59 people with anxiety and depression into an eight-week sea-swimming course. Not only did we see an improvement in their symptoms during the course, but more than 80 per cent were still engaging in the activity and finding benefit from it three months later.(大多数受试者为了心理健康使用冷水洗澡。因此，我们让59名患有焦虑症和抑郁症的人参加了为期8周的海上游泳课程。在这个过程中，我们不仅看到他们的症状有所改善，而且超过80%的人仍然参与这项活动，并在三个月后从中受益)”可知，在第3段中冷水洗澡的好处通过进行实验来证明。故选B。
15．主旨大意题。根据第五段“The main issue is safe access. With sewage warnings for English and Welsh beaches this summer, water quality needs to be addressed urgently. Then, laws could be used to open up access and also free land owners from responsibility. After that, organizations like the National Trust might put in measures such as ladders and let people use their facilities.(主要问题是安全使用。随着今年夏天英格兰和威尔士海滩的污水警告，水质问题需要紧急解决。然后，法律可以用来开放准入，也可以让土地所有者免于责任。在那之后，像国民信托这样的组织可能会采取梯子等措施，让人们使用他们的设施)”可知，第五段主要讲了安全的解决方案。故选A。
16．推理判断题。根据第一段“Outdoor swimming helps reduce inflammation, the cause of many health issues. It should be a public health measure, says Mark Harper. A simple intervention that reduces inflammation could, therefore, be an effective public health measure.(户外游泳有助于减少引起许多健康问题的炎症。马克·哈珀说，这应该是一项公共卫生措施。因此，减少炎症的简单干预可能是一种有效的公共卫生措施)”可推知，这篇文章的目的是鼓励读者参与冷水浴。故选A。
17．A 18．C 19．C 20．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章通过对小鼠的研究表明，肠道中的微生物可能是锻炼欲望差异的背后原因。
17．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Studies in mice suggest microbes(微生物) in the gut(肠道) may be behind differences in the desire to work out.(对小鼠的研究表明，肠道中的微生物可能是锻炼欲望差异的背后原因。)”可知，是微生物导致了老鼠跑步欲望的不同。故选A项。
18．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Follow-up studies showed the antibiotic treatment affected the brains of the formerly active mice. The activity of certain brain genes declined, along with levels of dopamine(多巴胺), a material linked to “runner’s high”—the sense of well-being that comes with more exercise.(后续研究表明，抗生素治疗影响了先前活跃的小鼠的大脑。某些大脑基因的活性下降了，多巴胺水平也下降了，多巴胺是一种与“跑步者快感”有关的物质，跑步者的快感来自于更多的运动。)”可知，从第三段中我们可以了解到当使用抗生素治疗时，多巴胺的产生会减少。故选C项。
19．推理判断题。分析全文可知，文章第1段整体概括了文章主题，第2段至第4段介绍了研究小组的探究过程，第5段提出了研究总结，所以文章属于总分总的结构。故选C项。
20．推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章通过对小鼠的研究表明，肠道中的微生物可能是锻炼欲望差异的背后原因，肠道微生物等都与医学有关，所以医学领域更有可能从这项研究中受益。故选A项。
21．C 22．A 23．A 24．B
【导语】本文是说明文。文章介绍了解大气压力的微小变化可能引发滑坡的原因将有助于我们评估哪些斜坡最容易坍塌。
21．细节理解题。根据第二段“Just over a decade ago, there was huge surprise when it was discovered that the occasional sliding of the Slumgullion landslide in the San Juan mountains of south-west Colorado was caused by changes in atmospheric pressure.(就在十多年前，人们发现科罗拉多州西南部圣胡安山区的Slumgullion滑坡的偶尔滑动是由大气压力的变化引起的，这让人感到非常惊讶)”可知，Slumgullion滑坡的原因是大气压力的变化。故选C。
22．词义猜测题。根据第三段“We knew that landslides are initiated by earthquakes or heavy rains, but the Slumgullion findings raised the possibility that changes in atmospheric pressure could be setting hillsides on the move in other places too.(我们知道山体滑坡是由地震或暴雨 initiated，但Slumgullion的发现提出了一种可能性，即大气压力的变化也可能导致其他地方的山坡移动)”可知，这里是在说山体滑坡开始的原因。由此推知initiate意为“引起”，和start的意思相近。故选A。
23．细节理解题。根据第六段“The model showed that heavy rain after a dry period pushes the water table up suddenly, causing a large and rapid change in pore pressure and an immediate landslide.(该模型显示，干旱期过后的暴雨会突然推动地下水位上升，导致孔隙压力发生巨大而迅速的变化，并立即发生滑坡)”可知，从滑坡模型来看干旱期过后的大雨会导致山体滑坡。故选A。
24．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Small changes in atmospheric pressure can start a landslide in certain weather conditions. Understanding why will help us assess which slopes(斜坡) are at most risk of failing.(在某些天气条件下，大气压力的微小变化可能引发滑坡。了解其中的原因将有助于我们评估哪些斜坡最容易坍塌)”以及第三段“but the Slumgullion findings raised the possibility that changes in atmospheric pressure could be setting hillsides on the move in other places too.(但Slumgullion的发现提出了一种可能性，即大气压力的变化也可能导致其他地方的山坡移动)”可知，本文主要讲述了气压变化会引发山体滑坡。B项“Air pressure changes can set off landslides.(气压变化会引发山体滑坡)”适合作最佳标题。故选B。
25．D 26．A 27．C 28．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项新研究，研究发现人们总是低估社交圈里的其他人会多么感激一个意外的电话、短信或电子邮件，只是为了打个招呼。而且，这种联系越令人惊喜，人们越感激。
25．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“In one experiment, half of the participants were asked to recall the last time they reached out to someone in their social circle after a prolonged (长期的) period of not interacting with them. The rest were asked to recall a similar situation where someone reached out to them. Participants were then asked to indicate on a 7-point scale how much either they or the person they reached out to appreciated.( 在一项实验中，一半的参与者被要求回忆他们在长时间没有互动后最后一次联系社交圈里的人。其余的人被要求回忆一个类似的情况，有人主动联系他们。然后，参与者被要求用7分制来表示他们或他们联系的人有多感激)”可推知，研究人员通过比较来进行实验。故选D。
26．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Similar to the previous experiment, participants who initiated (发起) contact were asked to rate on a 7-point scale the extent to which they thought the recipient would appreciate or feel grateful for the contact. After the notes or gifts were sent, researchers also asked the recipients to rate their appreciation. (与之前的实验类似，主动联系的参与者被要求以7分制来评价他们认为接收者会对这种联系感到感激或感激的程度。在纸条或礼物发出后，研究人员还要求收信人评价自己的感激之情)”可知，根据第三段，参与者被要求对他们的赞赏进行排名。故选A。
27．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Besides, the researchers found that people receiving the communication placed greater focus than those initiating the communication on the surprise element, and this heightened focus on surprise was associated with higher appreciation. (此外，研究人员发现，接受交流的人比发起交流的人更关注惊喜元素，而这种对惊喜的高度关注与更高的赞赏有关)”可推知，根据研究，一个被联系的人会出乎意料地表现出更高的赞赏。故选C。
28．词句猜测题。根据划线词下文“because people worry about how such a gesture might be received. (因为人们担心这样的姿态会如何被接受)”可知，在长时间断开联系后，开始社交接触可能会令人生畏。由此推知，划线词daunting与discouraging(令人气馁的)意思接近。故选B。
29．D 30．B 31．D 32．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要讲述一项研究结果，在日常生活中欣赏美可以让生活有意义，作者建议人们珍惜当下正在发生的事情。
29．细节理解题。根据第二段“Many scholars agree that a meaningful existence often boils down to three factors: the feeling that one’s life is coherent(连贯的) and ‘makes sense,’ the possession of clear and satisfying long-term goals and the belief that one’s life matters in a system of things.(许多学者都认为，一个有意义的存在通常可以归结为三个因素：感觉自己的生活是连贯的，是‘有意义的’，拥有清晰而令人满意的长期目标，以及相信自己的生活在一个事物体系中很重要)”可知，学者认为有意义的生活在于三个因素：连贯性、目的和存在的重要性。故选D。
30．词句猜测题。根据第三段中“We call this element experiential appreciation.(我们称之为体验式欣赏)”可知，划线词所在句“It represents the detection of and admiration for life’s natural beauty.(它代表着对生命自然美的发现和欣赏)”中指示代词指代上文提到的“体验式欣赏”。故选B。
31．细节理解题。根据第四段中“We conducted a series of experiments in which we gave people specific tasks to see whether experiential appreciation was related to a person’s sense of meaning.(我们进行了一系列实验，在实验中，我们给人们布置了具体的任务，看看体验式欣赏是否与一个人的意义感有关)”可知，作者是通过做实验来证实自己的观点。故选D。
32．细节理解题。根据文章最后两句“Yet life happens in the present moment. We should slow down, let life surprise us and embrace the significance in the everyday life.(然而，生活就发生在当下。我们应该慢下来，让生活给我们惊喜，拥抱日常生活中的意义)”可知，作者建议人们珍惜当下。故选C。
33．A 34．D 35．C 36．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了环保对商业有好处。消费者往往愿意为环保产品支付比市场上其他同类产品更多的钱。但并不是所有的环保主张都是平等的。“洗绿”是一种错误信息，通常用来吸引绿色消费者。介绍了避免成为“洗绿”受害者的方法。
33．词句猜测题。根据画线词后文“Companies promising to be environmentally conscious sometimes fail to meet the promises they make to consumers.(承诺具有环保意识的公司有时无法兑现他们对消费者的承诺)”以及上文““Greenwashing” is a form of misinformation often used to”可知，“洗绿”是一种错误信息，通常用来欺骗绿色消费者的。故画线词意思是“欺骗”。故选A。
34．细节理解题。根据第二段“For example, a large retailer might launch a new line of products, such as jeans, that uses less water and therefore theoretically has less of an environmental impact than the other clothes the company sells. But that same company might ignore water usage in the rest of their products lines or do nothing to address their other products that might be harming the environment.(例如，一家大型零售商可能会推出一种新的产品系列，比如牛仔裤，这种产品用水量更少，因此理论上对环境的影响比该公司销售的其他服装要小。但是，同一家公司可能会忽视其其他产品线的用水问题，或者不采取任何措施解决其他可能损害环境的产品)”可知，声称可持续发展的企业可能会误导消费者。故选D。
35．推理判断题。根据第三段“Is it possible to avoid falling victim to greenwashing? Learning about greenwashing and how it works is the most effective way for consumers to avoid giving their money to companies making false claims, according to a recent study. The researchers found people who received information on greenwashing ahead of time were more likely to question whether what the company did in fact benefited the environment.(有可能避免成为“洗绿”的受害者吗？根据最近的一项研究，对消费者来说，了解“绿色清洗”及其工作原理是避免把钱交给虚假宣传的公司的最有效方法。研究人员发现，提前收到“绿色清洗”信息的人更有可能质疑该公司的所作所为是否真的有益于环境)”可推知，了解“绿色清洗”有助于辨别真相。故选C。
36．细节理解题。根据最后一段中““When in doubt, go smaller,” says Larsen. “Rethink shopping habits. The most sustainable thing you can do as a consumer is wear the things you have more.”(拉森说：“拿不准的时候，就做小一点的行动。重新思考购物习惯。作为消费者，你能做的最可持续的事情就是多穿你已经拥有的东西。”)”可知，Todd Larsen建议人们养成明智的购物习惯。故选A。
37．D 38．C 39．A 40．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人工智能聊天机器人ChatGPT在互联网上掀起了一场风暴。它允许用户输入问题，让会话助手创建一系列的写作任务。虽然聊天机器人仍处于起步阶段，但ChatGPT有潜力改变整个世界的游戏规则。
37．推理判断题。根据第一段“Zwingmann teaches online courses on Al and helps clients make use of artificial intelligence. Lately, he has been generating lecture notes using ChatGPT.“I went up and said, ‘OK, tell me a detailed step by step of how the DBSCAN algorithm works,’ and it gave me that step by step,” Zwingmann said.(Zwingmann教授关于人工智能的在线课程，并帮助客户利用人工智能。最近，他一直在用ChatGPT生成课堂笔记。”我走过去说，‘好吧，告诉我DBSCAN算法如何工作的详细步骤，’它一步一步地告诉了我，”Zwingmann说)”可推知，第一段的作用是用一个例子介绍一个人工智能聊天机器人。故选D。
38．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Even if you are an experienced developer, ChatGPT can help you analyze the code and provide a detailed explanation of the error along with suggestions for how to fix it.(即使您是一名经验丰富的开发人员，ChatGPT也可以帮助您分析代码，并提供错误的详细解释以及如何修复错误的建议)”可知，ChatGPT帮助代码开发人员识别错误。故选C。
39．推理判断题。根据第四段“If you have a passion for writing but aren’t sure how to add a touch of elegance to your words, ChatGPT can help! If you want to create your personal web page but know little about HTML code, ChatGPT can generate the code for you! Even if you are an experienced developer, ChatGPT can help you analyze the code and provide a detailed explanation of the error along with suggestions for how to fix it.(如果你对写作充满热情，但不知道如何为你的文字增添优雅，ChatGPT可以帮助你！如果你想创建自己的个人网页，但对HTML代码知之甚少，ChatGPT可以为你生成代码！即使您是一名经验丰富的开发人员，ChatGPT也可以帮助您分析代码，并提供错误的详细解释以及如何修复错误的建议)”以及倒数第二段“Despite looking very impressive, ChatGPT still has limitations.(尽管看起来令人印象深刻，ChatGPT仍然有局限性)”可知，文章说明了其优点和局限性，即可推知，作者对人工智能聊天机器人的态度是谨慎的。故选A。
40．主旨大意题。根据第二段“The AI chatbot ChatGPT Zwingmann uses has taken the internet by storm. It allows users to input questions that ask the conversational assistant to create a series of writing tasks. Although the chatbot is still in its infancy, ChatGPT has the potential to be a game-changer for the whole world.(茨温格曼使用的聊天机器人ChatGPT在互联网上掀起了一场风暴。它允许用户输入问题，让会话助手创建一系列的写作任务。虽然聊天机器人仍处于起步阶段，但ChatGPT有潜力改变整个世界的游戏规则)”结合文章主要介绍了人工智能聊天机器人ChatGPT在互联网上掀起了一场风暴。它允许用户输入问题，让会话助手创建一系列的写作任务。虽然聊天机器人仍处于起步阶段，但ChatGPT有潜力改变整个世界的游戏规则。可知，这篇文章是关于ChatGPT的应用。故选B。
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