专题21阅读理解之词义猜测题-2023年高考英语一轮复习 精讲与精练资料（教师版）

专题21阅读理解之词义猜测
《考点•题型 •技巧》

考向分析

1、要求根据阅读材料所提供的信息，结合中学生应有的常识和经验，正确判断生词词组的含义或成熟词在特定语境中表达的具体含义以及一些句子的意思。
2、要求猜测词义的词一般为实词及其词组，通过构词、定义、对比、因果、联想、上下文等线索确定词义的具体内容。
3、代词复指理解题也是猜测词义的常考类型。用“逻辑关系梳理法”、“递向寻踪法”理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。
考点导航

考点01构词法猜词
阅读中常常会遇到一些由熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词。掌握构词法对猜测词义很有帮助。如：unforeseeable.这个词，可以根据构词法把它拆成un, fore, see , able；其中 see 是词根，fore是“先，前，预”的含义，un是否定，able是“能……的，可……的”，因此unforeseeable是“未能预见到的”意思。
考点02利用同义近义词猜词
在生词所出现的上下文中，有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义。统称在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or，这些词语或短语在句中作相同的成分，并且and或or连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，甚至推出它的大致词义。
考点03利用反义词猜词
对比是描述，说明事物的常用方式。在对比中，对比的事物是互为相反的，因此根据反义或对比关系可从已知推出未知。利用反义词来说明生词的意义，如反义词hot and cold, perfect and imperfect，甚至前、后句为肯定与否定或是与不是等，在句内词与词之间，在段内句与句之间的关系上起着互为线索的作用。
考点04利用上下文语境猜词
任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整整篇文章有关。利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义，是阅读过程中的一大关键，这也是近年来高考考查的热点。
考点05利用定义和解释猜词
有些文章，特别是科技文章，通常会对一些关键词给予定义，我们可以利用定义来猜测这些词的意思。释义法就是根据文章中的字里行间，对生词以定语（从句）、表语甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明的方式。
考点06根据语义转折猜词
有时文章的作者为了增强表达效果，会用一些含有表示意思转折的连词，副词或短语。如：though, although, still, but, yet, instead, instead of, however, while, on the contrary, on the other hand, unlike, rather than, for one thing, for another等，我们可以根据转折意思猜测词义。
考点07利用经验和常识猜词

词义猜测题的解答需要考生根据词、词组、句子所在的语境上下文来判断其意义。因此熟练掌握一些猜词技巧是做好这类题的关键。命题者在出这类题时惯用常规词义来麻痹考生，我们要特别注意熟词生义，切不可脱离语境主观臆断。
【题型分析】

…Baker concludes that people do not have the ability to sense when they’re being stared at. If people doubt the outcome of his two experiments, said Baker, “I suggest they repeat the experiments and see for themselves.” …
70. The underlined word “outcome” in the last paragraph most probably means .
A. value B. result
C. performance D. connection
【答案】B
【解析】运用“构词法”进行猜测。动词词组come out 的意义为“露出、出现、显露出”。再根据句子的语境，可猜测出其意义是：(实验的)结果。

…Fermat’s Last Theorem（定理）, first put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Fermat in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientists who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecole Polytechnique. …
65. Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word “baffle” as it is used in the text?
A. To encourage people to raise questions.
B. To cause difficulty in understanding.
C. To provide a person with an explanation.
D. To limit people’s imagination.
【答案】B
【解析】由句中不难看出Fermat的定理使得最具有数学头脑的科学家绞尽脑汁（beat），并且在句中beaten和baffled处于同等的并列关系，根据这一信息可以推出baffle表示“使困惑、难倒、难以理解”的意思。

...A child’s birthday party doesn’t have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months. …
74.What does the underlined word “hassle” probably mean?
A. A party designed by specialists.
B. A plan requiring careful thought.
C. A situation causing difficulty or trouble.
D. A demand made by guests.
【答案】C
【解析】根据前句的否定doesn’t与后句的肯定can be这一对比关系，可以判断出，为了庆祝孩子的生日，又不至于麻烦，可以买一个生日开心包。Hassle的意思应该与fun相反，而与difficulty, trouble相近。答案为C。

Would you BET on the future of this man？He is 53 years old. Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune. A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning，and he has often been in prison. Driven by heaven-knows-what motives，he determines to write a book.
The book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years. That former prisoner was Cervantes，and the book was Don Quixote（《堂吉诃德》）. And the story poses an interesting question: why do some people discover new vitality and creativity to the end of their days，while others go to seed long before？
We’ve all known people who run out of steam before they reach life’s halfway mark. I’m not talking about those who fail to get to the top. We can’t all get there. I’m talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.
……
52. What does the underlined part in Paragraph 3 probably mean？
A. End one’s struggle for liberty.
B. Waste one’s energy taking risks.
C. Miss the opportunity to succeed.
D. Lose the interest to continue learning.
【语篇解读】本文属于议论文，讲述要成功，就需要不断的学习，这样的生活才会有意义。
52.D
【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三段I’m talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.故可知，作者谈论的不是那些没有到达巅峰的人，而是谈论那些不再学习成长的人，故可知run out of steam可知，停止学习，故选D。
检测训练

1、
As a classic love movie of the twentieth century, Titanic makes one scene a long-lasting cinematic shot: Jack let go of his hand and sank in the icy seawater, leaving the chance of living to his lover Rose, who finally survived on a wooden door debris (残骸).
More than 100 years since the disastrous event and more than two decades after the earliest release of the movie Titanic, there have been many “door theories”. Audiences debate heatedly over whether or not Jack and Rose could have both fit onto the wooden debris and survived. So, was there room for Jack?
In a TV program, hosts Jamie and Adam even did an experiment using an exact replica (复制品) of the wooden piece from the movie, and the two proved that if they had tied Rose’s life jacket to the bottom of the door to strengthen its buoyancy ( 浮 力 ), they would have managed to stay afloat.
However, their conclusion was debunked when director Cameron said that the freezing water and Jack’s high temperature would have made the life jacket solution impossible. He also said that the debate is beyond the point the movie was trying to make, which is focused on the tragic love story of Jack and Rose, not physics.
The largest debris recovered from the real Titanic is now displayed in the Maritime Museum. The museum’s website states that a replica was once built for the movie based on the museum’s Titanic collection which was known as the “door” used in the death scene. Unfortunately, the size of the debris coupled with the weight of Rose on top could work, but not if Jack’s additional weight was added to it.
In a word, science has proven that Jack didn’t die for nothing and did indeed sacrifice himself to save the love of his life.
1. What’s the purpose of paragraph 1?
A. To lead into the topic.
B. To introduce a movie.
C. To raise a question.
D. To highlight characters.
2. What is the conclusion of Jamie and Adam based on?
A. The development of the plot. B. A physics experiment. C. The theme of the movie. D. A heated debate.
3. What does the underlined word “debunked” in paragraph 4 mean?
A. Confirmed. B. Opposed. C. Approved. D. Concerned.
4. We can infer that the movie’s ending is .
A. unrealistic B. confusing C. reasonable D. surprising
【答案】1. A 2. B 3. B 4. C
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了电影《泰坦尼克号》最早上映20多年后，出现了许多“门理论”，认为杰克可以活下来，而科学已经证明电影的结局是合理的。
1. 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“As a classic love movie of the twentieth century, Titanic makes one scene a long-lasting cinematic shot: Jack let go of his hand and sank in the icy seawater, leaving the chance of living to his lover Rose, who finally survived on a wooden door debris (残骸).(《泰坦尼克号》是一部20世纪的经典爱情电影，其中的一个场景是一个持久的电影镜头：杰克松开手，沉入冰冷的海水中，给他的爱人罗斯留下了生存的机会，罗斯最终在木门残骸上幸存下来。)”及下文对此场景的讨论可推断，本段的目的是引出话题。故选A。
2. 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“In a TV program, hosts Jamie and Adam even did an experiment using an exact replica (复制品) of the wooden piece from the movie, and the two proved that if they had tied Rose’s life jacket to the bottom of the door to strengthen its buoyancy ( 浮 力 ), they would have managed to stay afloat. (在一个电视节目，主持人杰米和亚当甚至做了一个实验用的一个木制的复制品的电影，和两个证明，如果他们把罗斯的救生衣绑在门的底部以加强它的浮力，他们会设法保持漂浮。)”可知，杰米和亚当的结论是基于他们所做的物理实验。故选B。
3. 词义猜测题。根据划线词后半句“when director Cameron said that the freezing water and Jack’s high temperature would have made the life jacket solution impossible. (因为卡梅隆导演说冰冻的水和杰克的高温不可能让救生衣解决问题。)”可知，杰米和亚当的结论被推翻了。所以debunked为“ 揭穿真相，暴露，推翻”之意。oppose“反对”是近义词，故选B。
4. 推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Unfortunately, the size of the debris coupled with the weight of Rose on top could work, but not if Jack’s additional weight was added to it. (不幸的是，碎片的大小加上罗斯在上面的重量可能会起作用，但如果加上杰克的额外重量就不行了。)”可推断，这部电影的结局合理的。故选C。
2、
Last year, I went through every high school senior’s nightmare: I was refused from all the colleges I applied to. It’s not that I was a bad student. I had a narrow vision, applying only to some key schools. So when I got refused, I got into a panic. I thought there was only one path to success, and I wasn’t on it. While all my friends were picking out twin extra-long sheets, I was left wondering what kind of future I could have.
When my panic faded, I signed in the community college. I wasn’t excited. I imagined community college classrooms with incompetent teachers that taught their students to sleep. I was so wrong. My art history professor was so poetic, and her lectures felt spoken word. My classmates were intelligent and came from all walks of life — still figuring things out like me.
I decided to give myself a year of experiment. Aside from general education, I took a range of classes. I know it seems like a random kind of classes, but it allowed me to know what I like and don’t like. I used to have this idea that I had to rush in order to achieve a certain level of success by a certain age, but a year of community college has taught me to slow down, and to recognize that things take time to adjust. I still hope to transfer to a four-year university next year, but I’ll be going about it as a more mature person.
Being around students from all walks of life has made me realize that I’m not late in the game at all. There’s more than one way to get where you want to be.
9. What caused the author’s “high school senior’s nightmare”?
A. He was rejected by the colleges he applied to.
B. He didn’t do well in some subjects at school.
C. He only took some key schools into consideration.
D. He got confused about which school to apply to.
10. What does the underlined part mean in Paragraph 1?
A. The author’s friends have extra sheets.
B. The future for the author’s friends is clear.
C. The way to success is long for the author’s friends.
D. The author’s friends have many choices.
11. Why was the author unhappy in the community college at first?
A. His art history professor was extremely expressive.
B. He didn’t like studying with students from all walks of life.
C. He thought the teachers in the community college had poor ability.
D. He learned students in the community college always slept in class.
12. What did the author learn from his experience in the community college?
A. There’s no need to hurry to achieve certain success.
B. A year of experiment is not worthwhile for him at all.
C. The way to success is to transfer to a four-year university.
D. It’s a waste of time being around students from all walks of life.
【答案】9. C 10. D 11. C 12. A
【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者在被申请的所有大学拒绝后，选择就读社区大学。在那儿作者接触到来自各行各业的人及老师后，改变了他之前的想法，从而深刻的体会到：一个人若想实现梦想，其实不只有一种方法。
9. 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“I had a narrow vision, applying only to some key schools. So when I got refused, I got into a panic. I thought there was only one path to success, and I wasn’t on it. (我的眼光很狭隘，只申请了一些重点学校。所以当我被拒绝时，我陷入了恐慌。我以为成功只有一条路，但我没有走)”可知，他只考虑了一些重点学校，就造成了作者的“高中生噩梦”。故选C。
10. 词句猜猜题。根据划线部分所在句“While all my friends were picking out twin extra-long sheets, I was left wondering what kind of future I could have.(当我所有的朋友都在挑选超长的纸张（录取通知）的时候，我却在想我的未来会是怎样的)”可知，划线部分意为作者的朋友有很多其他的选择。故选D。
11. 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“I thought community college classrooms with incompetent teachers that taught their students to sleep.(我以为社区大学的教室里有不称职的老师教他们的学生睡觉)”可知，作者起初对社区大学很不满意，因为他认为社区大学的教师能力很差。故选C。
12. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“I used to have this idea that I had to rush in order to achieve a certain level of success by a certain age, but a year of community college has taught me to slow down, and to recognize that things take time to adjust. I still hope to transfer to a four-year university next year, but I’ll be going about it as a more mature person.(我曾经有这样的想法，为了在某个年龄达到一定的成功水平，我必须匆忙，但一年的社区大学教会我放慢脚步，认识到事情需要时间来调整。我仍然希望明年能转到四年制大学，但我会以一个更成熟的人的身份去做)”可知，作者从他在社区大学的经历中了解到没有必要急于取得一定的成功。故选A。
3、
When British musician Paul Barton performs in central Thailand lately, the listeners react wildly. Some pull his hair or jump on his piano. Others steal his music. The behavior is normal, however, because these crowds are truly wild—wild monkeys to be exact.
Barton plays often to the animals in Lopburi, an area known for its populations of wild monkeys. The pianist hopes the music shows bring calm to the animals during the corona virus(COVID-19) crisis.
The disease has caused problems for the monkeys, too. They are hungry. The restrictions on tourism mean fewer people come to see the monkeys and feed them.
The monkeys quickly surround Barton when he plays Greensleeves, Beethoven's Fur Elise and Michael Nyman's Diary of Love. Some of the creatures sit on his chair, while others climb up his body and touch his head. But, Barton keeps his attention on his performance, even as a small monkey runs over his hands on the instrument. Other monkeys take control of his music papers. “I was glad and surprised to find that they were actually eating the music as I was playing it.”
The monkeys are Barton's latest animal fans. Past wildlife audience included elephants living in special protected areas. Barton hopes to raise people's awareness of the monkeys' hunger. At the same time, he hopes to study their behavior as they react to classical music.
“Come together and don't let the pandemic stop the wild monkeys getting good nutritious food. We need to make an effort to make sure that they eat properly. And when they eat properly they will be calmer,” said 59 -year-old Barton.
17. Why does the musician play to the wild monkeys?
A. To see the wild animals just being themselves.
B. To study their behavior as they react to pop music.
C. To raise money for the wild monkeys' hunger.
D. To help calm them during COVID -19 crisis.
18. What kind of music docs the musician play?
A. Contemporary music. B. Classical music.
C. Country music. D. Popular music.
19. What docs the underlined phrase “eating the music" in Paragraph 4 refer to ?
A. Stealing his music papers. B. Eating his music papers.
C. Disturbing his performance. D. Enjoying his playing
20. What can we infer from the text?
A. Wild monkeys like to play with the musician.
B. People will start to protect the wild monkeys.
C. The COVID-19 has damaged much to the world.
D. Music can make the wild animals more active.
【答案】17. D 18. B 19. D 20. C
【解析】这是一篇新闻报道。英国音乐家Paul Barton最近在泰国中部演出，希望能缓解新冠病毒危机带给动物的压力，带来了很好的反响。
17. 细节理解题。根据第二段“Barton plays often to the animals in Lopburi, an area known for its populations of wild monkeys. The pianist hopes the music shows bring calm to the animals during the corona virus(COVID-19) crisis.)( Barton经常和Lopburi的动物们玩耍，Lopburi是一个以野生猴子群而闻名的地区。这位钢琴家希望音乐表演能在冠状病毒疫情期间给动物带来平静)”可知，音乐家对着野生猴子演奏是为了帮助他们在新冠肺炎疫情期间保持镇静。故选D。
18. 细节理解题。根据第四段中“The monkeys quickly surround Barton when he plays Greensleeves, Beethoven's Fur Elise and Michael Nyman's Diary of Love.(当Barton演奏《绿袖》、贝多芬的《致爱丽丝》和Michael Nyman的《爱的日记》时，猴子们很快就把他包围了)”可知，音乐家演奏的是古典音乐。故选B。
19. 词义猜测题。根据第四段中“The monkeys quickly surround Barton when he plays Greensleeves, Beethoven's Fur Elise and Michael Nyman's Diary of Love.(当Barton演奏《绿袖》、贝多芬的《致爱丽丝》和Michael Nyman的《爱的日记》时，猴子们很快就把他包围了)”以及画线词上文“I was glad and surprised to find that they were actually”以及后文“as I was playing it”可知，让Barton高兴和惊讶的是，在他演奏音乐的时候，猴子真地在欣赏他的演奏。画线词指的是“欣赏他的演奏”。故选D。
20. 推理判断题。根据第二段“Barton plays often to the animals in Lopburi, an area known for its populations of wild monkeys. The pianist hopes the music shows bring calm to the animals during the corona virus(COVID-19) crisis.( Barton经常和Lopburi的动物们玩耍，Lopburi是一个以野生猴子群而闻名的地区。这位钢琴家希望音乐表演能在冠状病毒疫情期间给动物带来平静)”以及第三段“The disease has caused problems for the monkeys, too. They are hungry. The restrictions on tourism mean fewer people come to see the monkeys and feed them.(这种疾病也给猴子带来了问题。他们挨饿。对旅游业的限制意味着更少的人来看猴子和喂它们)”可推知，新冠肺炎疫情给世界造成严重损害。故选C。
4、
We all need waler to survive, but the general recommendation has been to drink more and more, with many guidelines now advising a minimum of eight glasses a day. Is there any evidence showing that this makes sense? The short answer is no. Studies looking at water intakes over 10 years in the elderly fail to show any benefits of extra water on kidney function or lifespan.
Clever marketing from bottled water companies has not only convinced us that we need to drink more water, but also that expensive bottled mineral water is somehow better for us. We now drink more bottled water than ever before, with the global industry growing rapidly at 10 percent a year. By 2025, the global market is estimated to be worth ＄215 billion. But research shows that tap water nowadays is perfectly safe, and with added fluoride （氨化物）, it is also good for our teeth. There have been studies showing that tap water contains traces of common pharmaceutical（制药的）drugs, but they have also found the same levels when testing bottled water. Although water in many areas contains chemicals, the levels are too small to make a noticeable difference to our health.
Bottled water has devastating environmental costs, which is self﹣evident as there are already abundant reports on pollution caused by plastic bottles, and no proven health benefits. And, does it taste better?Probably not. On the contrary, there are even blind tastings showing that tap water scores higher than most mineral water.
So, still hesitate when presented with both bottled water and tap water?Probably you should not now. My advice is to stick with tap water: you will be reducing the global environmental cost of half a trillion plastic bottles piling up each year and taking a stand against the power of marketing.
25. According to the first paragraph，we can know________.
A. eight glasses of water a day does harm to the elderly.
B. eight glasses of water a day isn't so scientific as we thought.
C. water is essential for us to survive.
D. drinking extra water benefits our kidney.
26. According to the author， which of the following might be a reason behind people's choosing bottled water over tap water?
A. Tap water contains too much common pharmaceutical drugs.
B. Bottled water is rich in various minerals.
C. People are influenced by bottled water companies' marketing strategies.
D. Tap water is not so tasty as bottled water.
27. What does the underlined word "devastating" in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Potential.
B. Beneficial.
C. Challenging.
D. Damaging.
28. What message does this passage convey?
A. The more water we drink， the healthier we will be.
B. Tap water should become our first choice of drinking.
C. Both bottled water and tap water should be our main choices when thirsty.
D. Bottled water and tap water both have a lot of advantages.
【答案】25. B 26. C 27. D 28. B
【解析】文章是一篇说明文。文章讲述了自来水和瓶装水到底哪种更适合饮用。
1.细节理解题。根据原文第一段“ Is there any evidence showing that this makes sense？ The short answer is no.”（有证据表明这是合理的吗？简短的回答是否定的。）可知每天八杯水的概念并不科学。选项B.“eight glasses of water a day isn't so scientific as we thought” （每天八杯水并不像我们想的那么科学）与文意一致，故选B。
2.细节理解题。根据原文第二段“Clever marketing from bottled water companies has not only convinced us that we need to drink more water，but also that expensive bottled mineral water is somehow better for us.”（瓶装水公司聪明的市场营销不仅让我们相信我们需要喝更多的水，而且昂贵的瓶装矿泉水对我们更有益。）可知这都是广告营销的作用。选项C. “People are influenced by bottled water companies' marketing strategies.”（人们受到瓶装水公司营销策略的影响）与文意相符，故选C。
3.词句猜测题。根据原文倒数第二段“Bottled water has devastating environmental costs，which is self﹣evident as there are already abundant reports on pollution caused by plastic bottles， and no proven health benefits. ”（瓶装水的环境代价是毁灭性的，这是不言而喻的，因为已经有大量的报告说塑料瓶造成了污染，而且没有证实对健康有益。）结合后文可知划线处为对环境 “不友好的；毁灭的”之意。选项D符合题意。故选D。
4.推理判断题。根据原文最后一段“So，still hesitate when presented with both bottled water and tap water?Probably you should not now. My advice is to stick with tap water： you will be reducing the global environmental cost of half a trillion plastic bottles piling up each year and taking a stand against the power of marketing.”（那么，当你面对瓶装水和自来水时，你还在犹豫吗？也许你现在不应该。我的建议是坚持使用自来水：你将会减少每年堆积的5000亿个塑料瓶所造成的全球环境成本，并且表明你反对市场营销的力量。）可知作者认为要坚持使用自来水。选项B. “ Tap water should become our first choice of drinking.”（自来水应该成为我们的第一选择）与文意相符，故选B。
5、
According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份), it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.
To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly(表面上)participate in a study about movie viewership. Before the film began, each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first. In her natural state, the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds.
Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The participants followed suit, taking more food than they normally would have. However, they took significantly more when the actor was thin.
For the second test, in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other case, she took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test: the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces.
The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we're making decisions. If this fellow participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the “I’ll have what she's having” effect. However, we'll adjust the influence. If an overweight person is having a large portion, I'll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I'll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can't I?
13.What is the recent study mainly about?
A.Food safety. B.Movie viewership.
C.Consumer demand. D.Eating behavior.
14.What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to?
A.Big eaters. B.Overweight persons.
C.Picky eaters. D.Tall thin persons.
15.Why did the researchers hire the actor?
A.To see how she would affect the participants.
B.To test if the participants could recognize her.
C.To find out what she would do in the two tests.
D.To study why she could keep her weight down.
16.On what basis do we “adjust the influence” according to the last paragraph?
A.How hungry we are. B.How slim we want to be.
C.How we perceive others. D.How we feel about the food.
【答案】13.D 14.D 15.A 16.C
【分析】
本文是说明文。最近的研究表明：我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。文章详述了这个实验的过程。
13.细节理解题。根据第一段中的“According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake”可知，根据消费者研究杂志最近的一项研究，我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。因此这项研究是关于饮食行为的。故选D。
14.词义猜测题。根据前半句“And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions（份）”可知，现有的研究认为：你应该避免和体重较重、点大份饭菜的人一起吃饭。后半句认为，你真正应该避免的是the beanpoles with big appetites。由contrary to可推断出，画线词和heavier people（超重的人）相反，结合选项，D选项（瘦瘦高高的人）正好和heavier people正好相反。故选D。
15.推理判断题。根据第二段的“To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments”可知， 为了测试社会影响对饮食习惯的影响，研究人员进行了两个实验。根据倒数第三段的内容可知，在两个实验中，胖的和瘦的演员都吃了大量的食物。参与者也照做，吃的食物比平常多。 然而，当演员是瘦的时候，参与者们服用的食物更多。由此推断，研究人员雇用演员是为了看看她如何影响参与者。故选A。
16.推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“If an overweight person is having a large portion, I’ll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I’ll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can’t I? ”可知，如果一个超重的人吃很大一份，我会忍住一点，因为我看到了他饮食习惯的结果。但如果一个瘦的人吃很多，我会跟着做。如果他吃得多保持苗条，为什么我不能呢？ 因此推断我们是根据我们对他人的看法（即：如何看待他人）来调整影响的。故选C。
6、
In the mid-1990s, Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven months, physically broken and having lost his mind. A few years later, still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.
His visit, however, ended up involving a lot more than that. Hence this book, Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia, which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan, where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea. It is the story of an American travelling to a strange land, and of the people he meets on his way: Rustam, his translator, a lovely 24-year-old who picked up his colorful English in California, Oleg and Natasha, his hosts in Tashkent, and a string of foreign aid workers.
This is a quick look at life in Uzbekistan, made of friendliness and warmth, but also its darker side of society. In Samarkand, Mr Bissell admires the architectural wonders, while on his way to Bukhara he gets a taste of police methods when suspected of drug dealing. In Ferghana, he attends a mountain funeral(葬礼)followed by a strange drinking party. And in Karakalpakstan, he is saddened by the dust storms, diseases and fishing boats stuck miles from the sea.
Mr Bissell skillfully organizes historical insights and cultural references, making his tale a well-rounded picture of Uzbekistan, seen from Western eyes. His judgment and references are decidedly American, as well as his delicate stomach. As the author explains, this is neither a travel nor a history book, or even a piece of reportage. Whatever it is, the result is a fine and vivid description of the purest of Central Asian traditions.
1.What made Mr Bissell return to Uzbekistan?
A.His friends' invitation. B.His interest in the country.
C.His love for teaching. D.His desire to regain health.
2.What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A.Developing a serious mental disease.
B.Taking a guided tour in Central Asia.
C.Working as a volunteer in Uzbekistan.
D.Writing an article about the Aral Sea.
3.Which of the following best describes Mr Bissell's road trip in Uzbekistan?
A.Romantic. B.Eventful. C.Pleasant. D.Dangerous.
4.What is the purpose of this text?
A.To introduce a book. B.To explain a cultural phenomenon.
C.To remember a writer. D.To recommend a travel destination.
【答案】1.B 2.D 3.B 4.A
【分析】
本文是记叙文。文章讲述了Bissell写的《追逐大海:迷失在中亚帝国的幽灵》这本书。这本书是Bissell在乌兹别克斯坦做志愿者后写的，是对乌兹别克斯坦人生活的一个快速观察。
1.细节理解题。根据第一段的”A few years later, still attracted to the country. he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Ara Sea”可知，几年后，Bissell仍然被这个国家所吸引。他回到乌兹别克斯坦写了一篇关于咸海消失的文章。因此推断出对这个国家的兴趣让Bissell先生再次返回乌兹别克斯坦。故选B。
2.词句猜测题。划线句是第二段首句，that用来指代上文提的事情，因此推断that指代写了一篇关于咸海消失的文章这件事，根据第一段最后一句”A few years later, still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea(几年后，仍然被这个国家所吸引。他回到乌兹别克斯坦写了一篇关于咸海消失的文章)”可知，that指代写了一篇关于死海消失的文章这件事，故选D。
3.推理判断题。根据第三段”This is a quick look at life in Uzbekistan, made of friendliness and warmth, but also its darker side of society. In Samarkand, Mr Bissell admires the architectural wonders, while on his way to Bukhara he gets a taste of police methods when suspected of drug dealing. In Ferghana, he attends a mountain funeral(葬礼)followed by a strange drinking party. And in Karakalpakstan, he is saddened by the dust storms, diseases and fishing boats stuck miles from the sea.”可知，在乌兹别克斯坦的旅途中，Mr Bissell既体会到了友善和温暖，也看到了社会的黑暗面。在撒马尔罕，Mr Bissell欣赏到了的建筑奇观。在前往布哈拉的路上，他因为被怀疑进行毒品交易，他尝到了警察的伎俩。在费尔干纳，他参加了一个山区葬礼，然后参加了一个奇怪的酒会。在卡拉卡尔帕克斯坦，他为沙尘暴、疾病和被困在数英里外的渔船而难过。由此可知，在旅途中，他经历了很多事情。结合选项，B选项(充满事件的，多事的)可以表达此意。故选B。
4.推理判断题。文章第一段提到书的作者的乌兹别克斯坦之行，引出他写的书，接下来三段讲述了他的书《追逐大海:迷失在中亚帝国的幽灵》的故事内容，是乌兹别克斯坦生活的一个快速观察。因此推断本文的写作目的是介绍一本书。故选A。

7、
One period of our lives when better results are demanded of us is, strangely enough, childhood. Despite being young we are expected to achieve good grades, stay out of trouble, make friends at school, do well on tests, perform chores (家务事) at home and so on. It’s not easy.
The good news is that being likeable can help a child perform better. Likeable children enjoy many advantages, including the ability to cope more easily with stresses of growing up. In her book Understanding Child Stress, Dr. Carolyn Leonard states that children who are likeable and optimistic are able to gain support from others. This leads to focus and resilience (适应力), the ability to recover from or adjust early to life stress; a child who has adequate emotional armor can continue down the path to success. Much research shows that resilience has enabled children to succeed in school, avoid drug abuse, and develop a healthy self-awareness.
Why does a likeable child more easily handle stress and do better in his or her life? Because likeability helps create what’s known as a positive feedback loop (回馈圈). The positive feelings you want to see in other people are returned to you, creating constant encouragement and motivation, to deal with the daily stress of life.
This feedback loop continues into adulthood. To return once again to the example of teaching, learning becomes easier with a likeable personality. Michael Deluecchi of the University of Hawaii reviewed dozens of studies to determine if likeable teachers received good ratings because of their likeability or because they in fact taught well.Deluecchi found that “students who perceive a teacher as likeable, in contrast to those who do not, may be more attentive to the information that the teacher delivers, and they’ll work harder on assignments, and they will learn more”.
You may have noticed this pattern in your own life when you try to give some advice. The more positive your relationship with that person, the more he or she seems to listen, and the more you feel certain that that person has heard you and intends to act on your words.
1. The writer implies in the first paragraph that ________.
A. children are expected more than we usually think
B. life is not easy for every one of us
C. better education results in smarter children
D. to be a likeable child is almost impossible
2. According to Dr. Leonard, likeable children ________.
A. can cope more easily with stress independently
B. know how to avoid trouble and unpleasant events
C. are always optimistic and ready to help those in need
D. can achieve more and understand themselves better
3. The term “emotional armor” in Paragraph 3 means ________.
A. mental support from friends B. mental support from adults
C. failures in life D. ability to handle life stress
4. The main purpose of the studies done by Michael Delucchi is to find ________.
A. if a likeable teacher has a positive personality
B. if a likeable teacher draws more attention
C. how a teacher’s likeability gains popularity
D. how a likeable teacher’s teaching style is formed
5. The passage aims at proving that ________.
A. likeable people do better in life generally
B. likeable people do better in their childhood
C. social creatures enjoy fewer advantages
D. likeable people give better advice
【答案】1. A 2. D 3. D 4. B 5. A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。短文通过讨人喜欢的孩子和讨人喜欢的老师对孩子的影响的例子来说明讨人喜欢的人通常在生活中做得更好。
1. 推理判断题。根据第一段中Despite being young we are expected to achieve good grades, stay out of trouble, make friends at school, do well on tests, perform chores (杂务)at home and so on.“尽管还年轻，我们被期望取得好成绩，远离麻烦，在学校交朋友，在考试中取得好成绩，在家里做家务等等。”由此可知，作者在第一段暗示孩子们比我们通常认为的更受期待。故选A。
2. 推理判断题。根据第二段中Dr. Carolyn Leonard states that children who are likeable and optimistic are able to gain support from others. This leads to focus and resilience（适应力）, the ability to recover from or adjust early to life stress.“卡洛琳·伦纳德博士指出，可爱、讨人喜欢的孩子能够获得他人的支持。这将导致专注力和恢复力，以及从生活压力中恢复或及早调整的能力。”由此可知，伦纳德博士说，可爱的孩子可以取得更多成就，也能更好地了解自己。故选D。
3. 词义猜测题。根据第二段中This leads to focus and resilience (适应力), the ability to recover from or adjust early to life stress;“这就导致了专注力和恢复力，即及早从生活压力中恢复或调整的能力。所以一个处理生活压力的能力的孩子可以在通往成功的道路上继续前进。”由此推知，划线部分指的是“处理生活压力的能力”。故选D。
4. 细节理解题。根据第四段中Michael Delucchi of the University of Hawaii reviewed dozens of studies to determine if likeable teachers received good ratings because of their likeability or because they in fact taught well.“夏威夷大学的迈克尔·德鲁奇(Michael Delucchi)回顾了数十项研究，以确定讨人喜欢的老师获得高分是因为他们受人喜爱，还是因为他们实际上教得好。”由此可知，Michael Delucchi所做的研究的主要目的是发现一个讨人喜欢的老师是否能吸引更多的注意。故选B。
5. 推理判断题。根据第三段“Why does a likeable child more easily handle stress and do better in his or her life?”为什么一个讨人喜欢的孩子更容易处理压力，在他或她的生活中做得更好?。根据第四段“Deluecchi found that “students who perceive a teacher as likeable, in contrast to those who do not, may be more attentive to the information that the teacher delivers, and they’ll work harder on assignments, and they will learn more”.”Delecchi发现，“与那些认为老师不讨人喜欢的学生相比，那些认为老师讨人喜欢的学生可能会更注意老师传递的信息，他们会更努力地完成作业，也会学到更多东西。”由此判断出，短文通过讨人喜欢的孩子和讨人喜欢的老师对孩子的影响的例子来说明讨人喜欢的人通常在生活中做得更好。故选A。