2021-2022学年浙江省新高考导向研究协作体高二（下）尖子生统测英语试卷（含答案解析）

这是一份2021-2022学年浙江省新高考导向研究协作体高二（下）尖子生统测英语试卷（含答案解析），共20页。
2021-2022学年浙江省新高考导向研究协作体高二（下）尖子生统测英语试卷

A
    
    This document sets out the display standards for Glasgow Museums. This guide will help exhibition planners provide access to exhibitions in our museums. Glasgow Museums' aim is to improve access to collections by having as many items as possible on display and without physical barriers. We also try out best to protect these objects without limiting access to them.
Object Placement
•Don't place objects in such a way that they could present a danger to visitors.
•All object displays, cased or otherwise, must be viewable by all, including people who are small in figure or in wheelchairs.
Open Display
•All objects on open display must be secure from theft and damage.
•All objects identified for potential open display must be viewed and agreed on an object-to-object basis by the Security Manager of the museum.
Recommendations
Distance
Recommended distance to place objects out of "casual arm's length" (taken from the edge of the object to the edge of any proposed form of barrier)
700mm
*In some cases, 600mm may be acceptable, provided the plinth height is above 350mm.
Cased Objects
•All cased displays should fall within the general optimum (最优的) viewing band of 750—2000mm. Ensure everything is visually accessible from a wheelchair.
•Position small objects or those with fine detail in the front part of a case, with larger items behind.
•Position small items or those with fine detail no higher than 1015mm from floor level. Objects placed above this height are only seen from below by people in wheelchairs or people who are small in figure.
    
1. From this passage, we can learn that Glasgow Museums ____.
A. limit access to exhibitions on a daily basis
B. are most famous for its large collection
C. make generous donations to the disabled
D. value the experiences of all visitors
2. According to the guide, objects to be placed on open display must _____.
A. be equipped with anti-theft system
B. be viewed from a distance of 700mm
C. receive approval from the museum first
D. fall within arms' reach of a standing man
3. A mother and her 10-year-old son are likely to both feel comfortable in front of a diamond placed in a glass case at the height of ____.
A. 2500mm B. 950mm C. 650mm D. 450mm
B
    "Runners, to your mark, Get set..." Bang! And I was off, along with a bunch of other teenage cross-country runners from high schools across the county. The day was like any other fair-weather autumn day in Maryland. But the race that day felt unique from the get-go. For one thing, I liked the course. It was my team's home course, one I was used to running during practices. It took runners along an area of land that included open fields, hills and even winding dirt paths through a small forest. It was a beautiful 5-kilometer course. This particular race was our team's invite, and I was proud to be sharing the course with competitors from other schools. It also meant a lot—more than normal that my parents were there to cheer me on.
    With so much to expect that day, I was ready to run! And I didn't want to be stuck with the pack of other runners, as is typical at the beginning of most cross-country races. So when the gun sounded, I took off running, leaving everyone else in the dust.
    The first part of our course followed the outside edge of a large open field before disappearing into the forest. Within seconds of the start, I was far ahead of everyone, and all of the fans could see it. It felt magnificent.
    But that feeling didn't last long. Little did I know my coach was laughing to himself, thinking, "Gabe is done for!" And I was. My body was telling me to slow down. My pride, however, said "No! Not until you're out of sight of the spectators!" I was in agony, but I kept up my pace until I reached the forest. Once in among the trees. I slowed way down.
    I enjoyed most races, even while pushing myself, but this one was not enjoyable in the least. I finished the race, but in nowhere near the time I could have if I'd paced myself well from the beginning. Every time I reflect on that cross-country season, I'm reminded of something: Pride is no substitute for pace.
4. What is special to the author about the race?
A. The weather condition was anything but fair.
B. He was familiar with the home course.
C. He took pride in competitors from other schools.
D. His parents came to support him as usual.
5. The underlined word "agony" most probably means ______.
A. intense suffering B. mental torture
C. somehow relief D. utter despair
6. What result of the race can be concluded about the author from the passage?
A. He gained mastery by striking only after the opponents.
B. He took the lead consistently and vanished among trees.
C. He won the race under the pressure of his stern coach.
D. He finished the race but failed to meet his expectation.
7. What's the author's reflection on the race?
A. It is parents' encouragement that leads to the result.
B. It's of significance to pace yourself with no pride.
C. It's an obligation to live up to your fans' expectations.
D. It's wise to do solid work and not to indulge in fantasy.
C
You can tell a lot about people's general state of mind based on their social media feeds.Are they always tweeting（发微博）about their biggest annoyances or posting pictures of particularly cute kitties？In a similar fashion,researchers are turning to Twitter for clues about the overall happiness of entire geographic communities.
What they're finding is that regional variation in the use of common phrases produces predictions that don't always reflect the local state of well being.But removing from their analyses just three specific terms -- good,love and LOL - greatly improves the accuracy of the methods.
"We're living in a crazy COVID-19 era.And now more than ever,we're using social media to adapt to a new normal and reach out to the friends and family that we can't meet face-to-face." Kokil Jaidka studies computational linguistics at the National University of Singapore. "But our words aren't useful just to understand what we,as individuals,think and feel.They're also useful clues about the community we live in."
One of the simpler methods that many scientists use to analyze the data involves correlating words with positive or negative emotions.But when those records are compared with phone surveys that assess regional well-being,Jaidka says,they don't paint an accurate picture of the local zeitgeist（时代精神）.
Being able to get an accurate read on the mood of the population is no laughing matter. "That's particularly important now,in the time of COVID，where we're expecting a mental health crisis and we're already seeing in survey data the largest decrease in subjective well-being in 10 years at least,if not ever."
To find out why ，Jaidka and her team analyzed billions of tweets from around the United States.And they found that among the most frequently used terms on Twitter are LOL，love and good.And they actually throw the analysis off.Why the disconnect？
"Internet language is really a different beast than regular spoken language.We've adapted words from the English vocabulary to mean different things in different situations." says Jaidka. "Take,for example,LOL.I've tweeted the word LOL to express irony,annoyance and sometimes just pure surprise.When the methods for measuring LOL as a marker of happiness were created in the 1990s,it still meant laughing out loud."
"There are plenty of terms that are less misleading," says Jaidka. "Our models tell us that words like excited,fun,great,opportunity,interesting,fantastic and those are better words for measuring subjective well-being."
8. The researchers turn to social media feeds to ______ .
A. help with the analysis of people's subjective well-being
B. integrate into a main streamed lifestyle more quickly
C. prove the disconnect between language and emotions
D. collect specific terms associated with specific zeitgeist.
9. How did Jaidka know the analysis wasn't accurate？ ______
A. It didn't reflect the mood of the entire geographic community
B. It didn't match the assessment result of the phone surveys.
C. It didn't consider the features of Internet language.
D. It didn't take the regional variations into account.
10. Which of the following statements will Jaidka most probably agree with？ ______
A. Face-to-face communication is never replaced to ensure happiness.
B. Internet use is to blame for the decrease in subjective well-being.
C. Internet language should be originally used as a source of scientific analysis.
D. Less misleading words should be used in assessing subjective well-being.
11. Which of the following can be the best title of the passage？ ______
A. Internet Shock Need A Break. B. Underlying LOL Never Fade Away.
C. Virtual Mirror Of Era Being. D. Gulf Between Old And New.
D
According to Oxford Dictionaries,morality means： "Principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behavior." Though morality is a rather subjective subject,there are some principles that are universal across all cultures found by an Oxford University study： "help your family,help your group,return favors,be brave,obey superiors,divide resources fairly,and respect others,property".The fact that these morals are found across 60 cultures from around the world demonstrates that morality,though subjective,is the cornerstone of keeping our societies together.Here are some reasons to be moral：without morality,a social life is almost impossible to maintain；having a good reputation and having a clear conscience is psychologically healthy；and most philosophies regard unselfish and principled behavior as important.
There is no doubt that without morals,a society cannot function effectively.A confused situation would appear.According to the Society of Morality, "We are social animals,and the actions we take - the things we do and the things we don't do - have consequences on our environments and on the others around us.As a result,we need to be able to govern our behavior in the near term so as not to injure ourselves or our community in the long term.This system of controlling our actions and our thoughts in order to operate in a community is what we often refer to as morality".Therefore,we need a set of morals in order to operate within a social circle and a social environment.Acting immoral usually results in being excluded from social activities or being avoided by a society based on laws and cultural standards.
Besides acting moral having a sociological need,it also has a psychological basis.Most people are concerned to some extent about their reputation.According to PsyPost, "A lot of economic models of human behavior assume that people are only rational （理性的）when they narrowly pursue their own self-interest,but history shows us that people are also tremendously concerned with being and appearing moral".So,the fear of one's reputation being damaged is often a strong motivator to be moral.And if someone has been immoral,most people go out of their way to make sure no one finds out,or to correct the behavior in order to not be caught.This goes in line with conscience as well.People generally feel in a better psychological state if they feel that their conscience is clean.A dirty conscience can result in a lack of sleep,anxiety,internal stress,and even illness.
On the side of philosophy,the study of ethics （伦理）comes into play.Most philosophers agree that one should rationally choose a set of standards of behavior in order to function.Though there is moral relativism,there are universal anthropological （人类学的）morals,as mentioned in the introduction.By the nature of our societies and cultures,we choose what we believe is right and wrong.But surprising,this rational behavior comes to a general agreement on morals.So,there is a fine line between moral relativism and moral absolutism.But the main thing to take away from this discussion is that philosophers generally believe that each individual has the right to rationally come up with a set of ethics to live by,and that it is healthy to do so.
12. The author discusses morality in the first paragraph in order to ______ .
A. explain the relationship between morality and culture
B. describe the moral rules found all around the world
C. contrast the distinction between right and wrong
D. introduce the definition,principles and reasons of morality
13. It can be inferred from the passage that ______ .
A. acting moral allows us to fit into groups better
B. morality brings the system of controlling behaviors
C. acting immoral weakens laws and cultural standards
D. Our controlled behaviors establish sets of morals
14. Which of the following is the psychological basis for acting moral？ ______
A. Pursuit of self-interest. B. A clean conscience.
C. The concern about reputation. D. A dirty conscience.
15. What does the author advise us to do according to the last paragraph？ ______
A. To reach a general agreement on morals based on ethics.
B. To carve one's own sense of ethics to operate in this world.
C. To choose between moral relativism and moral absolutism.
D. To exclude philosophers' beliefs and solutions as well.
Hope for Solving Our Seas' Problems The world oceans,more than 70 percent of the Earth's surface,are filled with problems：Overfishing,warming and acidifying （酸化的） waters,plastic pollution,a loss of abundance and diversity. (1) But it's of great importance.To care about the ocean in the 21st century is to feel conflicted：despairing what's been lost,optimistic about what we can save.
David Doubilet is a photographer who has already spent more than 27，000 hours underwater. (2) There is an image where Doubilet holds a photo he's made on the same reef,in the same spot,in 2009- and what that reef looked like nine years later.The decline has been completely discouraging.
(3) He talks about places where the coral's still healthy and is even being used to develop new species of more resilient （可迅速恢复的） coral.And he believes his work documenting all of this- the good and the bad- can inform and inspire.
"The time in the sea has given me a priceless perspective," he says. "I can make pictures that bear witness.Pictures have this power to educate.But he is careful not to show only pictures that make people feel bad" (4) "
That's the message of this issue： (5) As Doubilet puts it； "With hope,there's always the ability to change.Whether we choose to drive a hybrid car or not,whether we choose to turn down the temperature,whether we use sustainable energy.Above all,there is hope."

A.We need pictures that also show hope and resilience.
B.There is reason for hope and a lot that each of us can do.
C.It was like a bunch of corals,and I went back to a boneyard.
D.He has photographed the story about the changes to coral reefs.
E.Yet Doubilet remains hopeful that we can turn a lot of this around.
F.Finding solutions,or even reasons for optimism,can seem a demanding task.
G.There you'll find ideas for addressing the problems and being part of the solutions.
16.  A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. G
17.  A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. G
18.  A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. G
19.  A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. G
20.  A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. G
Why liars lie：What science tells us about deception We all do it sometimes,even though we know it's wrong.But here's the problem with lying：research shows that the more you lie,the easier it gets,and the more likely you are to do it again. "The dangerous thing about lying is that people don't understand how the act changes us," said Dan Ariely,a behavioral psychologist at Duke.
Psychologists have documented children lying as early as age 2.Some experts even consider lying a (21) milestone,like crawling and walking,because it requires complex planning,attention and the ability to see a situation from someone else's(22) to effectively control them.But for most people,lying gets(23) as we develop a sense of morality and the ability to self-regulate.
A 2010 study on the frequency of lying in America found that in a given 24-hour period,most adults reported not telling any lies.Almost half the lies recorded in the study could be(24) just 5 percent of participants.And most people(25) lying when they could,turning to deception only when the truth was troublesome.
Harvard cognitive neuroscientist Joshua Greene said,(26)， for most of us,lying takes work.In studies,he presented study subjects with a chance to deceive for monetary gain while examining their brains in a functional MRI（核磁共振） machine,which(27) blood flow to active parts of the brain.
Some people told the truth instinctively.But others(28) opted to lie,and they showed(29) activity in their frontal parietal （额顶叶） control network,which is involved in difficult or complex thinking.This suggests that they were deciding between truth and(30)- and ultimately opting for the latter.
For a follow-up analysis,he found that people whose neural reward centers were more active when they won money were also more likely to be among the group of liars- suggesting that lying may have to do with the(31) to resist temptation.
Scientists don't really know what prevents all of us from lying all the time.Some believe truth-telling is a social norm we internalize,or a result of conflict in our brains between the things we want and the(32) image of ourselves we strive to maintain.But the curious thing about this(33) mechanism is that it comes from within.
However,external conditions also matter(34) when and how often we lie.We are more likely to lie,research shows,when we are able to justify it,when we are(35) and exhausted,or when we see others being dishonest.And we are less likely to lie when we have moral reminders or when we think others are watching.
21.  A. historical B. developmental C. mental D. psychological
22.  A. perspective B. imagination C. experience D. evaluation
23.  A. dominated B. preferred C. accepted D. limited
24.  A. attributed to B. applied to C. reduced to D. distributed to
25.  A. regretted B. avoided C. recognized D. denied
26.  A. anyhow B. instead C. indeed D. likewise
27.  A. stimulates B. maps C. guides D. assesses
28.  A. reasonably B. randomly C. passively D. deliberately
29.  A. restored B. failed C. regulated D. increased
30.  A. morality B. fantasy C. dishonesty D. reality
31.  A. inability B. impulse C. determination D. possibility
32.  A. unique B. objective C. positive D. typical
33.  A. preventive B. persuasive C. interactive D. decisive
34.  A. regardless of B. by means of C. in response to D. in terms of
35.  A. delighted B. motivated C. encouraged D. stressed
36.     Debates have been going on   (1)   the subject of carbon capture. Scientists, especially engineers and geologists, have strongly criticized green groups who claimed that carbon capture and storage (CCS) schemes are costly mistakes.
    The scientists insisted that such schemes   (2)   vital weapons in the battle against global heating. They also warn that failure to set up ways to trap and store carbon would make it   (3)   (possible) to meet the emissions target by 2050. "CCS is going to be the only effective way in the short term   (4)   (prevent) our steel industry, cement manufacture and many other processes from continuing to pour emissions into the atmosphere," said Professor Stuart Haszeldine, of Edinburgh University. "  (5)   we are to have any hope of keeping global temperature increases down below 2 degrees Celsius, we desperately need to develop ways to capture and store carbon dioxide."
    Green groups claimed CCS would not make "a meaningful contribution to 2050 climate targets". They say CCS was not reliable to decarbonize the energy system and that CCS has   (6)   history of over-promising and under-delivering. Instead, they urged the construction of more renewable energy plants   (7)   (give) priority.
    But the claims   (8)   (dismiss) by engineers and geologists. "These claims are quite unfair," said Michael Stephenson, director at the British Geological Survey.
    A government spokesman for the Department of Energy and Climate Change said, "We are committed to meeting our climate change targets in a way   (9)   is affordable and provides secure energy to families and businesses. We are considering the role that CCS could play in decarbonization of the UK. But we also need to take government   (10)   (spend) into account. CCS had better come down in cost."
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37. "双减"，即有效减轻义务教育阶段学生过重作业负担和校外培训负担。自从国家正式出台相关文件后引来了各方的关注和讨论。一时间，学生和家长对即将到来轻松的学业反而无所适从。请你根据下面提示，就实施"双减"政策后学生如何规划自己的学习和课余生活写一篇短文。
要求：（1）词数100左右；
（2）可以适当发挥，开头已给出，不计入总词数。
It's really a wonderful news that the policy of double-lightening the burden has been carried out.However,students have to deal with the new challenge of making the best of their time after school.
_________
38. As a young boy,I sometimes traveled the country roads with my dad.He was a rural mail carrier and on Saturdays he would ask me to go with him.Driving through the countryside was always an adventure：There were animals to see,people to visit,and chocolate cookies if you knew where to stop,and Dad did.
In the spring,Dad delivered boxes full of baby chickens,and when I was a boy it was such fun to stick your fingers through one of the holes of the boxes and let the baby birds peck （啄） on your fingers.
On Dad's final day of work,it took him well into the evening to complete his rounds because at least one member from each fatuity was waiting at their mailbox to appreciate him for his friendship and his years of service. "Two hundred and nineteen mailboxes on my route," he used to say,and a story at every one.One lady had no mailbox,so Dad took the mail in to her every day because she was nearly blind.He once lectured me that to bring everyone plain pleasure is his greatest pleasure,which has clung to me so far.
Mailboxes were sometimes used for things other than mail.On cold days Dad might find one of his customers waiting for him with a cup of hot chocolate.A young girl wrote letters but had no stamps,so she left a few buttons on the envelope in the mailbox；Dad paid for the stamps.
With a heavy heart,I traveled back to my hometown on the sad occasion of Dad's death,and the mailboxes along the way reminded me of some of his stories.I thought I knew them all,but that wasn't the case.
As I drove home,I noticed two lamp poles,one on each side of the street.When my dad was around,those poles supported wooden boxes about four feet off the ground.One box was painted green,and the other was red,and each had a long narrow hole at the top with white lettering：Santa Claus,NORTH POLE.For years children had dropped letters to Santa through those holes.I was among the kids whose letters were always answered in time.
I made a turn at the corner and drove past the post office and across the railroad tracks to our house.Mom and I were sitting at the kitchen table when I heard footsteps.There,at the door,stood Frank Townsend,Dad's postmaster and great friend for many years.Threads of silver ran through his beard and the hair.Obviously,time and sorrow for the past days ploughed deep wrinkles on his brow.Sitting down at the table,he began to tell old stories.
注意：1.续写词数应为150词左右；
2.续写部分分为两段，每段的开头语已为你写好。
Paragraph 1：
At one point Frank looked at me with tears in his eyes as if recalling something.
_________
Paragraph 2：
Thinking of my father's philosophy of pleasure,I resolved to be this year's Santa Claus.
_________
答案和解析

1~3.【答案】D、C、B
【解析】【文章大意】本文是一篇广告布告类阅读，这份文件规定了Glasgow博物馆的陈列标准。

1. 根据Object Placement部分第二句All object displays, cased or otherwise, must be viewable by all, including people who are small in figure or in wheelchairs.（所有物体的展示，无论是否有外壳，都必须是所有人都能看到的，包括身材矮小或坐轮椅的人）可知，Glasgow Museums珍惜所有游客的体验，所有物体的展示都必须是所有人都能看到的，故选D。

2. 根据Open Display部分第二句All objects identified for potential open display must be viewed and agreed on an object-to-object basis by the Security Manager of the museum.（所有被确定为可能开放展示的物品必须由博物馆的安全经理逐个查看并同意）可知，公开展出的物品必须先得到博物馆的批准，故选C。

3. 根据Cased Objects部分第一句All cased displays should fall within the general optimum (最优的) viewing band of 750—2000mm.（所有外壳显示器应在750—2000mm的最佳观看波段内）可知，一位母亲和她10岁的儿子面对一颗950毫米高的玻璃柜里的钻石，可能都感到最舒服，故选B。

4~7.【答案】B、A、D、B
【解析】【文章大意】这是一篇记叙文。作者在参加一次跑步比赛时，由于想把对手们甩在后面，因此打乱了自己的比赛节奏，最终的比赛结果不尽人意。通过反思这次经历，作者悟出了一个道理：骄傲不能代替速度。
1. 
根据第一段But the race that day felt unique from the get-go. For one thing, I liked the course. It was my team's home course, one I was used to running during practices.可知，这场比赛对作者来说很特别是因为作者对主场很熟悉。故选B。
2. 根据上文My body was telling me to slow down. My pride, however, said "No! Not until you're out of sight of the spectators!"可知，作者想要放慢速度，但是自尊心告诉自己不能慢下来。由此可推知，划线词所在句子意为“我很痛苦，但我还是保持着前进的步伐，一直走到了森林里。”，即agony意为“很痛苦”。A.intense suffering强烈的痛苦；B.mental torture精神折磨；C.somehow relief莫名地松了一口气；D.utter despair彻底的绝望。故选A。
3. 根据最后一段I finished the race, but in nowhere near the time I could have if I'd paced myself well from the beginning.可推知，作者完成了比赛，但没有达到自己的预期。故选D。
4. 
根据最后一段Every time I reflect on that cross-country season, I'm reminded of something: Pride is no substitute for pace.可推知，作者对比赛的反思是：骄傲不能代替速度。B项（不骄傲地调整自己的速度很重要。）符合题意，故选B。


8~11.【答案】A、B、D、C
【解析】（1）A.细节理解题。根据第一段中In a similar fashion,researchers are turning to Twitter for clues about the overall happiness of entire geographic communities.（以类似的方式，研究人员正在Twitter上寻找关于整个地理社区总体幸福感的线索）可知，研究人员利用社交媒体来帮助分析人们的主观幸福感。故选A。
（2）B.细节理解题。根据第四段中But when those records are compared with phone surveys that assess regional well-being,Jaidka says,they don't paint an accurate picture of the local zeitgeist.（但当这些记录与评估地区福祉的电话调查相比较时，Jaidka说，它们并不能准确描绘出当地的时代精神）可知，Jaidka知道分析不准确是因为和电话调查的评估结果不一致。故选B。
（3）D.推理判断题。根据最后一段""There are plenty of terms that are less misleading,"says Jaidka."Our models tell us that words like excited,fun,great,opportunity,interesting,fantastic and those are better words for measuring subjective well-being."（"有很多术语不那么具有误导性，"Jaidka说，"我们的模型告诉我们，像兴奋、有趣、伟大、机会、有趣、美妙等词是衡量主观幸福感的更好的词。"）可知，Jaidka可能会认同D选项"在评估主观幸福感时，应该少用误导性的词语"的说法。故选D。
（4）C.标题判断题。根据文章第一段You can tell a lot about people's general state of mind based on their social media feeds."（你可以从人们的社交媒体动态中了解他们的总体心态。）以及后文论述了社交媒体用语某种程度上反应了人们的心理状态，可知这篇文章主要讲述了虚拟技术的应用对人的内心世界反应。Virtual Mirror Of Era Being是适合的标题。故选C。
本文是一篇说明文。社交媒体动态可以反映人们的心理。研究人员正转向推特来寻找影响整个区域幸福指数的原因，他们发现使用常用短语的地区差异所产生的分析结果并不总是能确切地反映当地的幸福状态，为此作者提倡人们少使用一些具有误导性的词汇。
做这类题材阅读理解时要求考生对文章通读一遍，做题时结合原文和题目有针对性的找出相关语句进行仔细分析，结合选项选出正确答案。做题时要在抓住关键句子的基础上合理的分析才能得出正确答案，切忌胡乱猜测，一定要做到有理有据。

12~15.【答案】D、A、C、B
【解析】（1）D.推理判断题。根据第一段According to Oxford Dictionaries,morality means： "Principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behavior." Though morality is a rather subjective subject,there are some principles that are universal across all cultures found by an Oxford University study： "help your family,help your group,return favors,be brave,obey superiors,divide resources fairly,and respect others' property".The fact that these morals are found across 60 cultures from around the world demonstrates that morality,though subjective,is the cornerstone of keeping our societies together.Here are some reasons to be moral：without morality,a social life is almost impossible to maintain；having a good reputation and having a clear conscience is psychologically healthy；and most philosophies regard unselfish and principled behavior as important.（根据牛津词典的解释，道德的意思是："区分对与错、好与坏行为的原则。"尽管道德是一个相当主观的主题，但牛津大学的一项研究发现了一些在所有文化中都适用的原则："帮助你的家人，帮助你的团体，回报人情，勇敢，服从上级，公平分配资源，尊重他人的财产。"这些道德在全世界60种文化中都存在的事实表明，道德虽然是主观的，但却是维系我们社会的基石。这里有一些道德的理由：没有道德，社会生活几乎不可能维持；拥有良好的声誉和问心无愧的心理健康；大多数哲学认为无私和有原则的行为是重要的）可推知，作者在第一段讨论道德，以介绍道德的定义，原则和原因。故选D。
（2）A.推理判断题。根据第二段中This system of controlling our actions and our thoughts in order to operate in a community is what we often refer to as morality.Therefore,we need a set of morals in order to operate within a social circle and a social environment.Acting immoral usually results in being excluded from social activities or being avoided by a society based on laws and cultural standards.（这种控制我们的行为和思想以便在社会中运作的系统，我们通常称之为道德。因此，我们需要一套道德来在一个社交圈和社会环境中运行。不道德的行为通常会导致被排除在社会活动之外或被基于法律和文化标准的社会所避免）可推知，有道德的行为能让我们更好地融入群体。故选A。
（3）C.细节理解题。根据第二段中So,the fear of one's reputation being damaged is often a strong motivator to be moral.（因此，对名誉受损的恐惧往往是保持道德的强大动力）可知，对声誉的担忧是行为道德的心理基础。故选C。
（4）B.推理判断题。根据最后一段On the side of philosophy,the study of ethics comes into play.Most philosophers agree that one should rationally choose a set of standards of behavior in order to function.Though there is moral relativism,there are universal anthropological morals,as mentioned in the introduction.By the nature of our societies and cultures,we choose what we believe is right and wrong.But surprising,this rational behavior comes to a general agreement on morals.So,there is a fine line between moral relativism and moral absolutism.But the main thing to take away from this discussion is that philosophers generally believe that each individual has the right to rationally come up with a set of ethics to live by,and that it is healthy to do so.（在哲学方面，伦理学的研究开始发挥作用。大多数哲学家都认为，一个人为了发挥作用，应该理性地选择一套行为标准。虽然有道德相对主义，但也有普遍的人类学道德，如引言中所述。根据我们的社会和文化的性质，我们选择我们认为是对的和错的。但令人惊讶的是，这种理性行为在道德上得到了普遍认同。因此，在道德相对主义和道德绝对主义之间有一条细微的界限。但从这场讨论中得到的主要结论是，哲学家们普遍认为，每个人都有理性地提出一套生活准则的权利，而且这样做是健康的）可推知，作者建议我们雕刻出自己的道德感，以便在这个世界上运作。故选B。
这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了道德的定义，原则和原因以及道德的作用。
做这类题材阅读理解时要求考生对文章通读一遍，做题时结合原文和题目有针对性的找出相关语句进行仔细分析，结合选项选出正确答案。做题时要在抓住关键句子的基础上合理的分析才能得出正确答案，切忌胡乱猜测，一定要做到有理有据。

16~20.【答案】F、D、E、A、B
【解析】（1）F.逻辑关系题。根据前文The world oceans,more than 70 percent of the Earth's surface,are filled with problems：Overfishing,warming and acidifying （酸化的） waters,plastic pollution,a loss of abundance and diversity. （占地球表面70% 以上的海洋，充满了各种问题：过度捕捞，变暖和酸化的海水，塑料污染，丰富性和多样性的丧失。）讲述了海洋存在的问题，所以接下来可以阐述解决这些存在问题的方法。选项F.Finding solutions,or even reasons for optimism,can seem a demanding task. （找到解决办法，甚至找到乐观的理由，似乎是一项艰巨的任务。）与前文逻辑一致，符合语境。故选F。
（2）D.细节理解题。根据前文David Doubilet is a photographer who has already spent more than 27，000 hours underwater. （David Doubilet是个摄影师，他已经在水下呆了超过27000小时。）及后文There is an image where Doubilet holds a photo he's made on the same reef,in the same spot,in 2009.（有一张图片是Doubilet在2009年的同一个地点，在同一个珊瑚礁上拍摄的。）可知，David Doubilet 的职业摄影师，他拍摄了一张珊瑚礁的照片。所以空白处的内容应为他拍摄的主题是什么。选项D.He has photographed the story about the changes to coral reefs.（他拍摄了珊瑚礁变化的故事。）与前后文的逻辑一致，符合语境，故选D。
（3）E.推理判断题。根据第二段最后两句There is an image where Doubilet holds a photo he's made on the same reef,in the same spot,in 2009 — and what that reef looked like nine years later.The decline has been completely discouraging.（有一张图片是Doubilet在2009年的同一个地点，在同一个珊瑚礁上拍摄的，这张照片是九年后那个珊瑚礁的样子。这种衰退完全令人沮丧。）可知，照片中的珊瑚礁和9年前的样子比较，可以看出珊瑚礁的衰退。空白后下文And he believes his work documenting all of this — the good and the bad — can inform and inspire. （他相信他记录所有这一切的工作---好的和坏的---能够提供信息和启发。）可知，他认为他的记录会给我们提供信息和启发，来做出对珊瑚礁有利的措施。所以空白处应为承前启后的作用。应该讲述他对珊瑚礁的恢复是有信心的。选项E.Yet Doubilet remains hopeful that we can turn a lot of this around.（但Doubilet仍然希望我们能扭转局面。）与文意相符，故选E。
（4）A.推理判断题。根据前文But he is careful not to show only pictures that make people feel bad（但他很细心，不只展示那些让人感觉不好的照片。）可知，接下来要讲述的为他的照片中还要继续展示好的一面。选项A.We need pictures that also show hope and resilience. （我们需要同时展现希望和韧性的照片。）符合语境，故选A。
（5）B.细节理解题。根据下文As Doubilet puts it； "With hope,there's always the ability to change.Whether we choose to drive a hybrid car or not,whether we choose to turn down the temperature,whether we use sustainable energy.Above all,there is hope.（正如Doubilet所说，"有了希望，就总有能力改变。我们是否选择开混合动力车，是否选择降低温度，是否使用可持续能源。最重要的是希望。"）讲述了对于我们的未来，充满希望是重要的，因为希望决定着我们能否改变。所以空白处应该讲述我们要充满希望的理由及我们可以做的事情。选项B.There is reason for hope and a lot that each of us can do.（我们有理由充满希望，我们每个人都可以做很多事。）符合语境，故选B。
这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了一位水下摄影师通过拍摄水下珊瑚礁的照片，提出对于解决海洋问题，我们应充满希望。
"七选五"这样的题型，主要目的在于考查考生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握。解题时最主要的两个步骤就是1．理清文章的逻辑和结构，2．在所给的原文中找出关键词或者说是线索词。文章的整体思路能帮助你在答案中筛选出符合逻辑的选项，关键词则能帮助你确定更多的细节，排除相近的选项。得出正确的答案。

21~35.【答案】B、A、D、A、B、C、B、D、D、C、A、C、A、D、D
【解析】（1）B．考查形容词及语境理解。A.historical历史的；B.developmental发展的；C.mental精神的；D.psychological心理的。句意：一些专家甚至认为撒谎是一个发展的里程碑，就像爬行和行走一样，因为它需要复杂的规划、注意力和从别人的角度看问题的能力，从而有效地控制局面。根据后文"like crawling and walking,because it requires complex planning,attention and the ability to see a situation"可知，此处指撒谎是一个发展的里程碑。故选B。
（2）A．考查名词及语境理解。A.perspective看法，观点；B.imagination想象；C.experience经历；D.evaluation评估。句意：一些专家甚至认为撒谎是一个发展的里程碑，就像爬行和行走一样，因为它需要复杂的规划、注意力和从别人的角度看问题的能力，从而有效地控制局面。根据空前" see a situation"可知，此处指撒谎是从别人的角度看问题的能力。故选A。
（3）D．考查动词及语境理解。A.dominated支配，控制；B.preferred偏爱；C.accepted接受；D.limited限制。句意：但对大多数人来说，当我们发展出道德感和自我调节能力时，撒谎就会受到限制。根据空后"as we develop a sense of morality and the ability to self-regulate."可知，因为有了道德感和自我调节能力时，撒谎就会受到限制。故选D。
（4）A．考查动词短语及语境理解。A.attributed to归因于，由于；B.applied to应用于；C.reduced to降低到；D.distributed to分发给。句意：在这项研究中，几乎一半的谎言可以归因于5%的参与者。由前文"most adults reported not telling any lies. "可知，大部分成年人几乎不撒谎了，所以此处表示一半的谎言可以归因于一小部分的参与者。故选A。
（5）B．考查动词及语境理解。A.regretted后悔；B.avoided避免；C.recognized辨认；D.denied拒绝。句意：大多数人都尽量避免说谎，只有在真相令人费解的时候才会转向欺骗。根据后文"when they could,turning to deception only when the truth was troublesome."可知，大部分人都会避免撒谎，只有在万不得已的情况下才那样做。故选B。
（6）C．考查副词及语境理解。A.anyhow不管怎么样；B.instead相反；C.indeed事实上；D.likewise同样地。句意：哈佛大学的认知神经科学家Joshua Greene说，事实上，对我们大多数人来说，撒谎需要付出努力。根据后文研究结果可知，撒谎的确需用付出努力。故选C。
（7）B．考查动词及语境理解。A.stimulates刺激；B.maps绘制；C.guides指导；D.assesses评估。句意：在研究中，他给研究对象一个机会，让他们通过欺骗来获得金钱，同时用核磁共振成像机检查他们的大脑，这将绘制出血液流向大脑活跃部分。根据前文"examining their brains in a functional MRI（核磁共振） machine"可知，因为用功能磁共振成像机检查他们的大脑，所以此处需用动词maps,表示绘制出血液流向大脑活跃部分的图。故选B。
（8）D．考查副词及语境理解。A.reasonably合理地；B.randomly随意地；C.passively被动地；D.deliberately故意地。句意：但另一些人则故意撒谎，他们的额顶叶控制网络（涉及困难或复杂的思考）活动增加。根据前文"Some people told the truth instinctively"和转折连词but可知，有的人故意撒谎。故选D。
（9）D．考查动词及语境理解。A.restored恢复，还原；B.failed失败；C.regulated控制；D.increased增加。句意：但另一些人则故意撒谎，他们的额顶叶控制网络（涉及困难或复杂的思考）活动增加。因为撒谎进行复杂的思考，所以额顶叶控制网络（涉及困难或复杂的思考）活动增加。故选D。
（10）C．考查名词及语境理解。A.morality道德；B.fantasy幻想；C.dishonesty不诚实；D.reality现实。句意：他的建议是，他们要在真相和不诚实之间做出抉择，最终选择后者。根据空前" truth and"可知，空处需用dishonesty与之对应。故选C。
（11）A．考查名词及语境理解。A.inability无能力；B.impulse冲动；C.determination决心；D.possibility可能。句意：在后续的分析中，他发现那些在赢钱时神经奖励中心更活跃的人也更有可能成为说谎者--这表明撒谎可能与无法抗拒的诱惑有关。根据空后"resist temptation"可知，此处指没有能力去抵抗诱惑，所以会撒谎。故选A。
（12）C．考查形容词及语境理解。A.unique独一无二的；B.objective客观的；C.positive积极的；D.typical典型的。句意：有些人认为，说实话是我们内化的一种社会规范，或者是我们的大脑中我们想要的东西和我们努力维持的积极形象之间冲突的结果。根据前文"Some believe truth-telling is a social norm we internalize"和空后"image of ourselves we strive to maintain."可知，此处指我们努力维持积极的形象。故选C。
（13）A．考查形容词及语境理解。A.preventive预防的；B.persuasive有说服力的；C.interactive互动的；D.decisive决定性的。根句意：但这种预防机制的奇怪之处在于，它是由内部产生的。据本段第一句"Scientists don't really know what prevents all of us from lying all the time.（科学家真的不知道是什么阻止我们所有人一直撒谎。）"可知，此处指预防机制。故选A。
（14）D．考查介词短语及语境理解。A.regardless of不管，不顾；B.by means of通过；C.in response to对……作出回应；D.in terms of在……方面。句意：然而，外部条件也会影响我们撒谎的时间和频率。根据空后"when and how often we lie."可知，此处需用in terms of,表示在撒谎的时间和频率方面，外部条件有影响。故选D。
（15）D．考查形容词及语境理解。A.delighted高兴的；B.motivated激励的；C.encouraged受到鼓舞的；D.stressed有压力的。句意：研究表明，当我们能够为自己的行为辩护时，当我们感到压力和疲惫时，或者当我们看到别人不诚实时，我们更有可能撒谎。根据空后"and exhausted"可知，此处指当我们压力和疲惫时，我们更会可能撒谎。故选D。
这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了人在什么情况下会撒谎以及撒谎的原因。
完形填空考查学生综合运用语言的能力。做题时，要先通读全文，掌握大意，然后结合选项，仔细阅读文章，选择最适合语境的词，注意上下文的呼应及语境。

36.【答案】【小题1】
around/about/on/over
【小题2】
are
【小题3】
impossible
【小题4】
to prevent
【小题5】
If
【小题6】
a
【小题7】
to be given
【小题8】
were dismissed
【小题9】
which/that
【小题10】
spending
【解析】1. 句意：围绕碳捕获的主题一直在进行辩论。名词debate后面可接介词around、about、on或over，表示“关于……的辩论”。故填around/about/on/over。
2. 句意：科学家们坚持认为，此类计划是对抗全球变暖的重要武器。此处insisted意为“坚持认为”，所以其后的宾语从句用陈述语气，“such schemes   (2)   vital weapons in the battle against global heating”是一般事实，所以使用一般现在时。设空处充当从句中的系动词。因为从句主语schemes是复数，所以系动词也要用复数形式。故填are。
3. 句意：他们还警告说，如果不建立捕获和储存碳的方法，就不可能在2050年实现排放目标。此处it是形式宾语，后面是形容词作宾语补足语，由语意可知，需填形容词impossible。故填impossible。
4. 句意：CCS将是短期内防止我们的钢铁工业、水泥制造业和许多其他工艺继续向大气排放废气的唯一有效途径。way后面一般用不定式，表示“做……的方式”，作后置定语。故填to prevent。
5. 句意：如果我们希望将全球温度升高控制在2摄氏度以下，我们就迫切需要开发捕获和储存二氧化碳的方法。由语意可知，前后句之间是假设关系，所以应用连词if引导条件状语从句。句首字母要大写。故填If。
6. 句意：他们说，CCS技术在能源系统脱碳方面并不可靠，而且CCS技术有过承诺过多而实际执行不足的历史。此处history是泛指，且该单词是以辅音音素开头，所以需填表示泛指的不定冠词a。故填a。
7. 句意：相反，他们敦促优先建设更多可再生能源工厂。动词give和谓语动词urged之间没有连词，故用非谓语形式，urge sb./sth. to do sth.是固定短语，give需用不定式形式，充当宾语补足语，又因为give和plants之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，所以需用不定式的被动式。故填to be given。
8. 句意：但工程师和地质学家驳回了这些说法。由语意可知，事情发生在过去，所以此处需用一般过去时。主语claims和动词dismiss之间是被动关系，claims是复数，所以谓语也要用复数形式。故填were dismissed。
9. 句意：我们致力于以负担得起的方式实现我们的气候变化目标，并为家庭和企业提供安全的能源。分析句子结构可知，设空处引导定语从句，从句缺少主语，先行词是way，所以可用which或that引导。故填which/that。
10. 句意：但我们也需要考虑政府支出。短语take...into account意为“考虑”，take后面可接名词或名词短语，所以spend需用名词形式spending（支出。开销），故填spending。

37.【答案】It's really a wonderful news that the policy of double-lightening the burden has been carried out.However,students have to deal with the new challenge of making the best of their time after school.（现在的形势）
First of all,make various plans and complete the contents based on the plan alone.For example,read a variety of books,and constantly expand your reading in order to make up for the lack of reading.Besides,develop your new interest in some subjects which are unfamiliar to you. 【高分句型一】Some new areas will broaden your horizons and increase your knowledge.Last but not least,participate in various sports activities and promote physical and mental health through physical exercise.I think if you want to study better,you should have a good body first.【高分句型二】（学生如何规划自己的学习和课余生活）
In a word,the policy of double-lightening the burden can help us plan our life better.（总结）
【解析】高分句型一：Besides,develop your new interest in some subjects which are unfamiliar to you.
译文：此外，培养你对一些你不熟悉的学科的新兴趣。
分析：这句话使用了which引导定语从句。
高分句型二：I think if you want to study better,you should have a good body first.
译文：我认为如果你想学习更好，你首先应该有一个好的身体。
分析：这句话使用了if引导的条件状语从句。
这是一篇提纲类作文，需要写的内容已经给出，但是写作时不要仅仅对要点进行生硬的翻译，而是要添加些内容，使文章看起来更充实，要组成一篇通顺连贯的短文，一定要谈谈自己的看法。需要注意紧扣文章主题，给出的要点都需要包括，缺一不可。写作时注意准确运用时态，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系，不能出现文章脱节问题。尽量使用自己熟悉的单词句式，同时也要注意使用高级词汇和高级句型使文章显得更有档次。同时注意要求的字数，不要太多也不要太少。

38.【答案】Paragraph 1：
At one point Frank looked at me with tears in his eyes as if recalling something.Hardly had the words telling my father was genuinely the Santa Claus escaped from his trembling lips when my emphasizing look changed into an astonished one.Recalling every letter answered in time,I was choked with gratitude,my eyes moistened with tears.Flakes were still whirling while a sparkle of light zigzagged across the sky,casting warmth onto my heart.Frank's stories went on and notably conveyed in his tone was pursuit for the gone era. "Your father always considered others' pleasure as his own," Frank's remark occurred to me like a clap of thunder,planting a seed of dedication rooted in my heart. （弗兰克回忆关于父亲的感人内容）
Paragraph 2：
Thinking of my father's philosophy of pleasure,I resolved to be this year's Santa Claus.Enduring the needle-like wind howling ruthlessly,I made my way to the lamp poles,carefully fumbling for the old letters.Mature as the previous kids were now,I still put pen to paper to respond the innocence with the signature of Santa Claus. 【高分句型一】When I brought every letter to every original address,the owners' eyebrows lifted high but then soothed as I explained to them.Spotting the pleased looks on their faces,I felt a surge of warmth circulating through my body.After waving them farewell,I slackened my steps in the snow and wandered around the familiar road,lost in thought of the past golden days that would never fade away.【高分句型二】（作者沿着父亲的足迹给业主送信的场景和感悟）
【解析】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章主要讲述了邮递员父亲的简单、丰富而又充实、有趣的邮递员生活，父亲是一个乡村邮递员，多年来他都无私地为219个信箱服务，一直到他退休，但让作者没料到的是，父亲还在每年圣诞节的时候扮演着圣诞老人的角色，默默地回复着孩子们写给圣诞老人的信，这种做法感人至深。
高分句型一
Mature as the previous kids were now,I still put pen to paper to respond the innocence with the signature of Santa Claus.
翻译：虽然现在的孩子们已经成熟了，但我仍然在纸上用圣诞老人的签名来回应他们的天真。
分析：as引导的让步状语从句的部分倒装。
高分句型二
After waving them farewell,I slackened my steps in the snow and wandered around the familiar road,lost in thought of the past golden days that would never fade away.
翻译：挥手告别后，我在雪地里放慢脚步，漫步在熟悉的小路上，回想起那永远不会消逝的黄金岁月。
分析：运用了that引导的定语从句。
解题方法点拨
 （1）品读原文，确定文章线索
       每篇文章都有各自独特的写作思路，通过精读文章，找到该篇文章的写作线索。如是以时间为线索还是以空间为线索等这样有利于考生"顺藤摸瓜（结尾）"。
       （2）仔细审题，明确续写要求
       一般短文后面的"注意"都有对此次短文续写的具体要求，如词数限制使用几处标有下划线的关键词语。续写段落的首句提示，这样考生可以做到"心中有数"。
       （3）回扣原文，揣摩续写思路
       根据文章后面的要求，再次快速阅读短文，抓住文章的思路结合段首的提示语最终确定续写段落的思路。同时结合文章画线词语提示，确定续写段落的内容。
       （4）拟写草稿，修改错词病句
       在确定了思路和内容之后，最关键的就是结合提示语或者文中画线的关键词拟写草稿。拟写时，注意句子结构的多样性，语言的丰富性，并通过句与句之间连接词的正确使用，使上下文连贯。