【同步练习】译林版初二英语下册 Unit1 语法，知识点，写作背默

这是一份【同步练习】译林版初二英语下册 Unit1 语法，知识点，写作背默，共27页。

Unit1语法，知识点，写作背默
语法精讲
现在完成时(一)
1.定义:表示从过去持续到现在的动作或状态,或已完成但对现在有一定影响的动作。常和already,ever,just,never,recently,yet等副词及since,for引导的时间状语从句连用。
2.结构:have/has+动词的过去分词。
(1)肯定句:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词+其他。
(2)否定句:主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词+其他。
(3)一般疑问句:Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词+其他?
(4)特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句(have/has+主语+过去分词+其他)?
3.动词的过去分词的变化规则。
(1)规则动词。
规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。主要有以下四种变化规则:
①一般动词,在词尾直接加 。例如:
work— — ,visit— —
②以e结尾的动词,只在词尾加 。例如:
live— — ,care— —
③以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,将 。例如:
study— — ,cry— —
④重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母, 。例如:
stop— — ,drop— —
(2)不规则动词。
①AAA型。例如:
cost—cost—cost,cut—cut—cut,hit—hit—hit
②AAB型。例如:
beat—beat—beaten
③ABA型。例如:
become—became—become,run—ran—run
④ABB型。例如:
bring—brought—brought,buy—bought—bought
⑤ABC型。例如:
begin—began—begun,give—gave—given
4.用法。
(1)表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。这是现在完成时的基本用法。例如:
Have you ever travelled on a plane?你曾经坐飞机旅游过吗?
I’ve just finished reading the book.我刚读完那本书。
(2)表示过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。这是现在完成时的另一种用法,可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在(包括“现在”在内)的一段时间的状语连用。例如:
What have you done since you joined Greener China?自从加入“绿色中国”组织后,你做了什么?
How long have you been at this school?你在这所学校待多久了?
语法精练
Ⅰ.根据句意用所给词的适当形式填空
1.They　 (finish) their homework by now. 
2.How long has Mr Smith　 　(teach) English so far? 
3.John　 　(play) this computer games a few times. 
4.I　 　(repair) over ten bicycles since last Monday. 
Ⅱ.根据汉语意思完成句子,每空一词
1.你曾经去过香港吗?
　 　you ever　 　to Hong Kong? 
2.我们已经几年没有见到雪了。
We　 　 　 　snow for a few years. 
3.他从昨天晚上开始就感觉不舒服。
He hasn’t felt well　 　 　 　 　 　. 
4.你最近收到家人的来信了吗?
Have you　 　 　 　your family　 　? 
二、用所给动词的适当形式填空
 1. She’s________(live)here ever since she was ten.
2. Both of them ___________ (be) in Hong Kong for ten days. 
 3. Miss Wang__________(teach) us English last year.
4. Half an hour __________ (pass) since the train __________ (leave). 
5. Mary________(lose) her pen. ________ you _______(see) it here and there? 
6. _________ you _____ (find) your watch yet? 
7. ---Are you thirsty? ---No. I _________just _________ (have) some orange. 
8. We ______ already _________ (return) the book. 
9. ________ they _______ (build) a new school in the village? 
10. I _____________(not finish) my homework . Can you help me? 
11. My father _____ (read) the novel twice. 
12. I _________ (buy) a book just now. 
13. I _________ (lost ) my watch yesterday. 
14. .The train____________(arrive) in half an hour.
15._________he ever________(be) to Beijing?
知识点精讲
Comic strip
一.I've just eaten it我刚把它吃了。
just此处用作副词， 意为“ ”,通常与现在完成时连用。
Mr Wang has just left our classroom,王老师刚刚离开我们的教室。
I've just heard the news.我刚听到这个消息。
二．You've changed, Eddie.埃迪，你变了。
change此处用作不及物动词，意为“ ”。Change A into B意为“ ”。
In England, the weather changes very often.在英格兰，天气时常变化。
The place changed into a beautiful park last year.这个地方去年变成了一个漂亮的公园。
三. You used to share food with me!你过去常常与我分着吃食物的!
(1)used to 意为“ ”，暗含“现在不再”之意,后接动词原形。
My elder sister used to be very shy.我姐姐过去很害羞。
I used to read English in the evening, but now I usually read it in the morning.
我过去常常在晚上读英语，但我现在通常在早上读。
(2)share及物动词， 意为“ ”。share..with sb.意为“ ”
Mary and I share a room.我和玛丽合住一个房间。
She shares her lunch with her friend.她与她的朋友分享她的午饭。
welcome to the unit
一.I used to go to school by bike.我过去骑自行车去上学。
by bike 介词短语，意为“ ”，常在句中作方式状语，可换成on one’s/the/a bike。
Do you go to school by bike or on foot?你是骑自行车去上学还是步行去上学?
注意：go to...by bike/on one's (或the, a)bike = ride the/a /one's bike to...意为“骑自行车,....”
二. Well, there were always too many people on the bus..嗯，那时在公共汽车上总是有太多......
辨析: too many, too much与much too
too many

中心词是many,太多的其后接可数名词复数
There are too many students in the play-ground.操场上有太多的学生。
too much

中心词是much其后接不可数名词
There is too much food in the fridge.冰箱里有太多的食物。

常修饰动词，在句中作状语
She talked too much. 她话说得太多。
much too

中心词是too,其后接形容词或副词
These watches are.Much too dear.这些手表太贵了。
助记
too much, much too与too many的用法too much, much too,用法区别看后头。much后接不可数，too后则接形或副。too many要记住，其后名词必复数。
三. It took a long time to wait for the next one. ....而且等下一班公共汽车要用很长时间。
It takes/took ( sb. ) some time to do sth.是固定句型，意为“做某事花费(某人)一些时间”,it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式。
It takes about ten minutes school by bus from the bus stop.
从公共汽车站乘车到学校大约需要10分钟。
It took me one hour my homework last night.
Reading
一． I've lived here since I was born. 我自出生以来就一直住在这里。
Since用法：此处用作介词，意为“ ”，后接表示过去的时间点，引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时。
We have worked in the school since we to the city.我们自从搬到这个城市就在这所学校工作。
We've about it since May.我们从5月份起就知道这件事了。
注意：如果说明某一动作或状态持续了多长时间，用“for+一段时间”
We have in Shanghai for 3 days.我们在上海已待了3天。
二． Have you ever moved house?你曾搬过家吗?
(1)ever 副词，意为“ ”。常位于助动词之后，实义动词之前。
Have you ever thought of changing your job?你曾想过换一份工作吗?No, never. 没有，从未想过。
(2) move此处用作及物动词， 意为“移动,搬动;迁移，搬家”。
He the sofa to the left.
他把沙发移到了左边。
He moved his computer a smaller house.
他把他的电脑搬到一所小一些的房子里去了。
三． I first lived in the northern part of town with my parents.我最初和我的父母一起住在城镇的北部。
in the northern part of意为 “...的北部”，相当于in the north of。Northern为形容词，意为“北方的，北部的”，其名词形式为north,意为“北方;北部”。
He lives in the northern part of China.他住在中国北方。
[拓展] 在方位名词后加-ern可构成表示方位的形容词,其用法和northern一致:
east (n.东方)+-ern = (adj. 东方的)
west (n.西方)+ern = (adj. 西方的)
south (n. 南方) +-ern→ (adi南方的)
north (n.北方)+ern - + (adj. 北方的)
四.When I got married in 1965，my wife and I moved two blocks away and we’ve lived in this area since then.当我1965年结婚时，我和妻了搬到了两个街区以外,此后我们一直住在这里。
1 )married 形容词，意为“ ”。含有此单词的固定短语有get married 意为“ ”。Get/be married to sb.意为“与某人结婚”。My parents got married in 1995.我父母1995年结的婚。
When did she get married to the man?她什么时候与那个男人结的婚?
---Are you married?你结婚了吗?--- Yes. I'm a man.是的。我是一名已婚男子。
[拓展] get married表示动作，be married表示状态。当表示某人结婚多久时，不能用get married,而要用be married.
一When did you get married?你什么时候结的婚?- -Two years ago.两年前。
--- How long have you been married?你结婚多久了?
--- For two years.两年了。
五. Has the town changed a lot over the years? 近几年间这个城镇变化大吗?
a lot 此处用作副词短语, 意为“ ”，常修饰动词、感叹词或形容词/副词的比较级等，在句中作程度状语。
It usually a lot in this area.
这个地区经常下很多雨。( 修饰动词rains )
Your room is a lot than mine.
你的房间比我的大得多。(修饰形容词比较级bigger)
六．Now the government has turned part of the town centre into a new park.现在政府已把城镇中心的部分改建成了一个新公园。
turn..into...意为“ turn为及物动词，意为“ ”。
The farmers are trying to turn wastelands into rice fields.农民们正努力把荒地变为稻田。
七.Was pollution a problem then? 那时污染是一个问题吗?
1 ) pollution不可数名词， 意为“ ”。
常见的短语有: water pollution ，noise pollution 噪 。air pollution ，I think noise pollution can drive people mad.我认为噪音污染会让人发疯
八.They often put the waste into the river. 他们经常把废物排入河中。
(1) put..into....意为 “ ”
The soup is too salty. You should put some water into it.这汤太咸了，你应当往里面放些水。
[拓展] put 构成的常用短语（重点知识）:
①put on (戏剧)。
My father put on his coat and left the room.我父亲穿上外套，离开了房间。
They are going to put on a drama.他们要上演一场戏剧。
②put out 。
The man put out the fire with a blanket.那个人用毯子把火扑灭了。
③put up 。
If you have questions in class，you can put up your hand.如果在课堂上有问题，你可以举手
④put away 。
You had better put your books and pens away after you finish your homework.你做完作业后最好把书和钢笔收起来。
2) waste 此处用作不可数名词，意为“ ”
You should keep the waste in a special place.你应当把这些废物放在一个专门的地方。
[注意]
waste用作名词时还可意为“浪费”，可以和a连用,a waste of..“ ”。
It is a waste of money to buy that kind of thing.买那种东西是浪费钱。
九. Later the government realized the problem and took action to improve the situation.后来政府意识到了这个问题并采取措施改善了情况。
(1 )realize (= realise )此处用作及物动词,意为“ ”，其后可接名词或从句作宾语。
Have you realized the pollution here?你意识到这里的污染了吗?
(2 ) take action 意为“ ”。take action to do sth.意为“ ”。
They took action to protect wild animals.他们采取行动保护野生动物。
(3)improve此处用作及物动词，意为“ ”,其名词形式为 (改善,改进)。
I want to improve my English.我想提高我的英语水平。
十. Now the river is much cleaner.现在这条河干净多了。
much 此处用来修饰比较级，意为 ”。much cleaner意为“ ”。
I have much more time than you.我的时间比你的多得多。
[拓展]
能够修饰形容词副词比较级的词短语有：
①a little bit意为“ ”
Can you com a little bit earlier下次你能稍早一点儿来吗?
②even意为“ ”。
This time he did it even worse.这次他做得甚至更糟糕。
十一. Well, in some ways it is.嗯，在某种程度上是这样的。
in some ways 意为“ ”。
In some ways he is a good student because he is helpful.从某种程度上来说他是个好学生，因为他乐于助人。
She has changed a lot in some ways.在某些方面她已改变了很多。
十二 It's really nice to have a beautiful modem town.拥有一座美丽的现代化城镇的确很好。(教材第9页)
It is+形容词+to do sth.意为“做某事 是....的”。在此句式中it作形式主语，而将真正的主语动词不定式放在后面。
a foreign language well.学好一门外语不容易。
[拓展]在“It is+形容词+ to do sth."这句式中，如果要说明动词不定式的动作是谁做的，可在不定式前加一个for/of引起的短语，作不定式的逻辑主语。其中作表语的形容词是important,necessary, easy，difficult等描述事物特征的形容词时，用for引起的短语;作表语的形容词是kind,clever, foolish, polite等描述人的性格、品质的形容词时，则用of引起的短语。
to study hard.努力学习对你很重要。
to lend me so much money.你真好，借给我这么多钱。
十三.It has become impossible for us to see each other as often as before.对于我们来说再像以前那样经常互相见面是不可能了。
( 1 ) impossible 形容词，意为“ ”。impossible是由形容词possible加否定前缀im-构成的。
中考.链接 根据句意用所给单词的适当形式填空。
It seems_____( possible ) for the Spring Festival Gala to satisfy all 1.3 billion Chinese.
(2)as..as... 意为.......”中间用形容词或副词原级。as..as.... 的否定形式是not as/so...as...,意为“不如....”
My younger sister is as tall as me.我妹妹和我一样高。
Tom doesn't sing as/so well as Lucy.汤姆唱歌不如露西唱得好。
中考.链接Daniel is______his twin brother. They are both 1.75 metres tall.
A. taller than B. shorter than C.as tall as D. so tall as
十四．Now I feel a bit lonely from time to time.现在我时不时会觉得有点儿孤独。
（1）辨析: lonely与alone
lonely
形容词
“ ”
强调人内心的感受， 可以作表语或定语
“ ”
只能在名词前作定语

alone
形容词 或副词
“
作形容词时，通常用形容词 作表语或宾语补足语，不能作前置定语
作副词时，常修饰动词作状语
I never feel lonely when I am alone.我一个人时从不感到寂寞。
The old man lives alone on the hill.那个老人独自一人在山上居住。
（2）from time to time 意为“ ”,相当于sometimes或at times.
She has to work at weekends from time to time.周末她偶尔得上班。
He tells a joke from time to time to make us laugh他时不时地讲个笑话让我们大笑。
十五.not happy because of being alone因为独自一人而不高兴
辨析: because of与because 两者都意为“因为”，但用法不同。
①Because of 介词短语 后跟
②because连词
He has poor eyesight working too much in front of the computer.由于长期在电脑前工作,他视力很差。
He didn't go to school he was ill. 他因生病而没去，上学。
十六. Amazing changes have taken place in Sunshine Town.在阳光城发生了令人惊叹的变化。
take place 意为“ ”，与happen意思相近,但用法有区别。take place常指经过安排而发生，而happen常指偶然发生，它们都不能用于被动语态。
Great changes in my hometown.我的家乡发生了巨大变化。
Do you know what in one hundred years?你知道100 年后会发生什么吗?
十七. Tell me more about your interview with Mr Chen, Millie.米莉，告诉我更多有关你对陈先生的采访的内容。
interview 此处用作可数名词，意为“ ”，还可意为“会见”。have an interview with sb.意为“采访某人”。
John gave an interview to Tom.约翰接受了汤姆的采访。
The reporter is having an interview with the film star.那位记者正在采访那位电影明星。
十八. What was the town like in the past?过去这个城镇是什么样子?
What's sb./sth. like?意为“某人 是个什么样的人?/某物怎么样?”，一般用来询问某人的性格或某物的特征。也可询问人的外貌或物品的外部特征。
一What's Tom like?汤姆是个什么样的人?---- .他很害羞。
作业
一．根据中文提示写出单词。
1．To make more money, he went_______（在外国）．
2. We often_______（交流）with each other in English.
3. We have to stay there in such a_______（状况）．
4. It is our duty to protect the_______（环境）．
5．I can tell you the answer to the question_______（一点不错）．
6. It will be colder in the_______ (south) part of China next week.
7. The air_______ (pollute) makes me feel sick.
四．翻译句子
1．自从那时以来北京发生了很大的变化。
Beijing_______ _______ a lot since then.
＝_______ _______ _______ great_______ in Beijing since then.
2．你看上去比我高得多。 You look_______ _______ than I．
3．其中一栋最高的大楼是我们公司。
_______ _______ the_______ _______ is our company.
4．自从我两岁的时候就住在这儿了。
I_______ _______ here_______ I was two years old.
5．我朋友已在这儿呆了10年了。
My friend_______ _______ here_______10 years.
6．你听说他到了吗？ Have you_______ _______ his arrival?
7．我家拥有这艘船80多年了。
My family_______ _______ this boat_______ _______ 80 years.

单元话题写作
写作要求
本单元的话题是“家乡的变化”。在具体的写作中,学生应做到以下几点:
1.能熟练掌握现在完成时的用法;
2.能简单介绍家乡过去的样子和现在的变化,可以从环境、住房、交通等方面描写;
3.能熟练使用本单元的重点单词和短语。
词汇积累
since 自……以来
ever 曾经
realize 意识到
however 然而
before 以前,过去
recently 近来,最近
used to 曾经
turn...into... 把……变成……
in some ways 在某种程度上
from time to time 有时,偶尔
in the past 在过去
over the years 多年来
used to do sth 过去常常做某事
take place 发生
move away 搬走
a modern town 一个现代化的城镇
tall buildings 高楼
fresh air 新鲜的空气
green trees on both sides 两边都是绿色的树木
open space 开阔的空地
live a comfortable life 过着舒适的生活
narrow and dirty road 狭窄而脏乱的道路
wide and clean streets 宽阔干净的街道
have one’s own car 有自己的汽车
make communication easier 使交流变得更容易
句型积累
1.The city has changed a lot since I lived here.自从我住在这里起,这座城市已经改变了很多。
2.Great changes have taken place in my hometown.我的家乡发生了很大的变化。
3.He used to be a teacher,but now he isn’t.他过去曾经是一名老师,但现在不是。
4.But they have their own production factory.但是他们拥有自己的生产工厂。
5.In the past,there were only single-decker buses.在过去,只有单层公共汽车。
6.The old lady enjoys a quiet life with her family.那个老太太和她的家人过着宁静的生活。
句型训练
汉译英
1.在最近几年,我的家乡已经改变了很多。
. 
2.过去人们步行或骑自行车出行,但是现在大多数人都有了自己的汽车。
. 
3.移动电话使得交流更容易。
. 
4.过去只有狭窄脏乱的道路。现在有宽阔干净的街道。
. 
5.人们现在过着舒适的生活。
. 
语段训练
近几年,在党和国家的惠民政策帮助下,全国都在落实精准扶贫。你的家乡发生了翻天覆地的变化。请以“Great changes in my hometown”为题写一篇文章,内容包括以下要点,可适当发挥。
1.人们的生活条件有了很大改善。高楼随处可见。农村的孩子也有了更好的教育。
2.生活环境也得到了改善。天更蓝了,水更清了,路更宽了,树更绿了。
3.交通变得更方便。家乡有了飞机场、高速公路、高铁站、火车站等。
4.每年都有许多国内外游客来家乡参观。
要求:
1.字迹工整,书写规范;
2.词数80左右(开头已给出,不计入总词数);
3.文中不得出现真实姓名和学校名称。
Great changes in my hometown
In recent years,with the help of favourable policies of our country,great changes have taken place in my hometown.
The people’s living conditions have improved a lot.We can see tall buildings here and there.The children in the countryside can also receive good education.The living environment has also improved.The sky is bluer and the water is clearer.The roads are wider and the trees turn greener.What’s more,the traffic becomes more convenient because there is an airport,a high-speed rail station,super highways,railway stations and so on.It attracts many tourists from home and abroad every year. 
I believe that my hometown will become more and more beautiful in the future. 

写作任务
请以“My life has changed a lot”为题，写一篇短文介绍你生活中的变化。要求条理清楚，意思连贯，语句通顺，标点正确。不少于 80 词。
抛砖引玉
可能用到的词(组)：change、 past、program、 miss、 understand 、used to、spend ... doing、 be busy doing、prepare for、 make great progress、take place
Step 3 思路点拨








参考答案
语法精讲
现在完成时(一)
1.定义:表示从过去持续到现在的动作或状态,或已完成但对现在有一定影响的动作。常和already,ever,just,never,recently,yet等副词及since,for引导的时间状语从句连用。
2.结构:have/has+动词的过去分词。
(1)肯定句:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词+其他。
(2)否定句:主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词+其他。
(3)一般疑问句:Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词+其他?
(4)特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句(have/has+主语+过去分词+其他)?
3.动词的过去分词的变化规则。
(1)规则动词。
规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。主要有以下四种变化规则:
①一般动词,在词尾直接加ed。例如:
work—worked—worked,visit—visited—visited
②以e结尾的动词,只在词尾加d。例如:
live—lived—lived,care—cared—cared
③以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,将y变为i,再加ed。例如:
study—studied—studied,cry—cried—cried
④重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写该辅音字母,再加ed。例如:
stop—stopped—stopped,drop—dropped—dropped
(2)不规则动词。
①AAA型。例如:
cost—cost—cost,cut—cut—cut,hit—hit—hit
②AAB型。例如:
beat—beat—beaten
③ABA型。例如:
become—became—become,run—ran—run
④ABB型。例如:
bring—brought—brought,buy—bought—bought
⑤ABC型。例如:
begin—began—begun,give—gave—given
4.用法。
(1)表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。这是现在完成时的基本用法。例如:
Have you ever travelled on a plane?你曾经坐飞机旅游过吗?
I’ve just finished reading the book.我刚读完那本书。
(2)表示过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。这是现在完成时的另一种用法,可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在(包括“现在”在内)的一段时间的状语连用。例如:
What have you done since you joined Greener China?自从加入“绿色中国”组织后,你做了什么?
How long have you been at this school?你在这所学校待多久了?
语法精练
Ⅰ.根据句意用所给词的适当形式填空
1.They　have finished　(finish) their homework by now. 
2.How long has Mr Smith　taught　(teach) English so far? 
3.John　has played　(play) this computer games a few times. 
4.I　have repaired　(repair) over ten bicycles since last Monday. 
Ⅱ.根据汉语意思完成句子,每空一词
1.你曾经去过香港吗?
　Have　you ever　been　to Hong Kong? 
2.我们已经几年没有见到雪了。
We　haven’t　 　seen　snow for a few years. 
3.他从昨天晚上开始就感觉不舒服。
He hasn’t felt well　since　 　last　 　night　. 
4.你最近收到家人的来信了吗?
Have you　heard　 　from　your family　lately/recently　? 
二、用所给动词的适当形式填空
 1. She’s________(live)here ever since she was ten.
2. Both of them ___________ (be) in Hong Kong for ten days. 
 3. Miss Wang__________(teach) us English last year.
4. Half an hour __________ (pass) since the train __________ (leave). 
5. Mary________(lose) her pen. ________ you _______(see) it here and there? 
6. _________ you _____ (find) your watch yet? 
7. ---Are you thirsty? ---No. I _________just _________ (have) some orange. 
8. We ______ already _________ (return) the book. 
9. ________ they _______ (build) a new school in the village? 
10. I _____________(not finish) my homework . Can you help me? 
11. My father _____ (read) the novel twice. 
12. I _________ (buy) a book just now. 
13. I _________ (lost ) my watch yesterday. 
14. .The train____________(arrive) in half an hour.
15._________he ever________(be) to Beijing?
1. lived  2. have been  3. taught 4. has passed ;  left  5. has lost ; have seen  6. Have , found 
7. have , had  8. have , returned  9. Have , built 10. haven’t finished  11. has read  12. bought  13. lost 14. .will arrive 15.Has been
知识点精讲
Comic strip
一.I've just eaten it我刚把它吃了。
just此处用作副词， 意为“刚刚,刚才”,通常与现在完成时连用。
Mr Wang has just left our classroom,王老师刚刚离开我们的教室。
I've just heard the news.我刚听到这个消息。
二．You've changed, Eddie.埃迪，你变了。
change此处用作不及物动词，意为“变化”。Change A into B意为“把A变成B”。
In England, the weather changes very often.在英格兰，天气时常变化。
The place changed into a beautiful park last year.这个地方去年变成了一个漂亮的公园。
三. You used to share food with me!你过去常常与我分着吃食物的!
(1)used to 意为“曾经，过去常常”，暗含“现在不再”之意,后接动词原形。
My elder sister used to be very shy.我姐姐过去很害羞。
I used to read English in the evening, but now I usually read it in the morning.
我过去常常在晚上读英语，但我现在通常在早上读。
(2)share及物动词， 意为“共用，分享”。share..with sb.意为“与某人分享/共用....”
Mary and I share a room.我和玛丽合住一个房间。
She shares her lunch with her friend.她与她的朋友分享她的午饭。
welcome to the unit
一.I used to go to school by bike.我过去骑自行车去上学。
by bike 介词短语，意为“骑自行车”，常在句中作方式状语，可换成on one’s/the/a bike。
Do you go to school by bike or on foot?你是骑自行车去上学还是步行去上学?
注意：go to...by bike/on one's (或the, a)bike = ride the/a /one's bike to...意为“骑自行车,....”
二. Well, there were always too many people on the bus..嗯，那时在公共汽车上总是有太多......
辨析: too many, too much与much too
too many
太多
中心词是many,太多的其后接可数名词复数
There are too many students in the play-ground.操场上有太多的学生。
too much
太多的
中心词是much其后接不可数名词
There is too much food in the fridge.冰箱里有太多的食物。

太多
常修饰动词，在句中作状语
She talked too much. 她话说得太多。
much too
太...
中心词是too,其后接形容词或副词
These watches are.Much too dear.这些手表太贵了。
助记
too much, much too与too many的用法too much, much too,用法区别看后头。much后接不可数，too后则接形或副。too many要记住，其后名词必复数。
三. It took a long time to wait for the next one. ....而且等下一班公共汽车要用很长时间。
It takes/took ( sb. ) some time to do sth.是固定句型，意为“做某事花费(某人)一些时间”,it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式。
It takes about ten minutes to get to school by bus from the bus stop.
从公共汽车站乘车到学校大约需要10分钟。
It took me one hour to do my homework last night.
Reading
一． I've lived here since I was born. 我自出生以来就一直住在这里。
Since用法：此处用作介词，意为“....以来”，后接表示过去的时间点，引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时。
We have worked in the school since we moved to the city.我们自从搬到这个城市就在这所学校工作。
We've known about it since May.我们从5月份起就知道这件事了。
注意：如果说明某一动作或状态持续了多长时间，用“for+一段时间”
We have stayed in Shanghai for 3 days.我们在上海已待了3天。
二． Have you ever moved house?你曾搬过家吗?
(1)ever 副词，意为“曾经”。常位于助动词之后，实义动词之前。
Have you ever thought of changing your job?你曾想过换一份工作吗?No, never. 没有，从未想过。
(2) move此处用作及物动词， 意为“移动,搬动;迁移，搬家”。
He moved the sofa to the left.
他把沙发移到了左边。
He moved his computer to a smaller house.
他把他的电脑搬到一所小一些的房子里去了。
三． I first lived in the northern part of town with my parents.我最初和我的父母一起住在城镇的北部。
in the northern part of意为 “...的北部”，相当于in the north of。Northern为形容词，意为“北方的，北部的”，其名词形式为north,意为“北方;北部”。
He lives in the northern part of China.他住在中国北方。
[拓展] 在方位名词后加-ern可构成表示方位的形容词,其用法和northern一致:
east (n.东方)+-ern =eastern (adj. 东方的)
west (n.西方)+ern =western (adj. 西方的)
south (n. 南方) +-ern→southern (adi南方的)
north (n.北方)+ern - + northern (adj. 北方的)
四.When I got married in 1965，my wife and I moved two blocks away and we’ve lived in this area since then.当我1965年结婚时，我和妻了搬到了两个街区以外,此后我们一直住在这里。
1 )married 形容词，意为“已婚的，结婚的”。含有此单词的固定短语有get married 意为“结婚”。Get/be married to sb.意为“与某人结婚”。My parents got married in 1995.我父母1995年结的婚。
When did she get married to the man?她什么时候与那个男人结的婚?
---Are you married?你结婚了吗?--- Yes. I'm a married man.是的。我是一名已婚男子。
[拓展] get married表示动作，be married表示状态。当表示某人结婚多久时，不能用get married,而要用be married.
一When did you get married?你什么时候结的婚?- -Two years ago.两年前。
--- How long have you been married?你结婚多久了?
--- For two years.两年了。
五. Has the town changed a lot over the years? 近几年间这个城镇变化大吗?
a lot 此处用作副词短语, 意为“很，非常”，常修饰动词、感叹词或形容词/副词的比较级等，在句中作程度状语。
It usually rains a lot in this area.
这个地区经常下很多雨。( 修饰动词rains )
Your room is a lot bigger than mine.
你的房间比我的大得多。(修饰形容词比较级bigger)
六．Now the government has turned part of the town centre into a new park.现在政府已把城镇中心的部分改建成了一个新公园。
turn..into...意为“把....变成.....turn为及物动词，意为“使改变”。
The farmers are trying to turn wastelands into rice fields.农民们正努力把荒地变为稻田。
七.Was pollution a problem then? 那时污染是一个问题吗?
1 ) pollution不可数名词， 意为“污染”。
常见的短语有: water pollution水污染，noise pollution 噪污染。背染，air pollution 空气污染，I think noise pollution can drive people mad.我认为噪音污染会让人发疯
八.They often put the waste into the river. 他们经常把废物排入河中。
(1) put..into....意为 “把.........”
The soup is too salty. You should put some water into it.这汤太咸了，你应当往里面放些水。
[拓展] put 构成的常用短语（重点知识）:
①put on穿上，戴上，上演(戏剧)。
My father put on his coat and left the room.我父亲穿上外套，离开了房间。
They are going to put on a drama.他们要上演一场戏剧。
②put out扑灭。
The man put out the fire with a blanket.那个人用毯子把火扑灭了。
③put up举起，搭建。
If you have questions in class，you can put up your hand.如果在课堂上有问题，你可以举手
④put away收拾好。
You had better put your books and pens away after you finish your homework.你做完作业后最好把书和钢笔收起来。
2) waste 此处用作不可数名词，意为“废料，废品”
You should keep the waste in a special place.你应当把这些废物放在一个专门的地方。
[注意]
waste用作名词时还可意为“浪费”，可以和a连用,a waste of..“浪费....”。
It is a waste of money to buy that kind of thing.买那种东西是浪费钱。
九. Later the government realized the problem and took action to improve the situation.后来政府意识到了这个问题并采取措施改善了情况。
(1 )realize (= realise )此处用作及物动词,意为“意识到”，其后可接名词或从句作宾语。
Have you realized the pollution here?你意识到这里的污染了吗?
(2 ) take action 意为“采取行动”。take action to do sth.意为“采取行动做某事”。
They took action to protect wild animals.他们采取行动保护野生动物。
(4)improve此处用作及物动词，意为“改进，改善”,其名词形式为improvement (改善,改进)。
I want to improve my English.我想提高我的英语水平。
十. Now the river is much cleaner.现在这条河干净多了。
much 此处用来修饰比较级，意为....得多”。much cleaner意为“干净得多”。
I have much more time than you.我的时间比你的多得多。
[拓展]
能够修饰形容词副词比较级的词短语有：
①a little bit意为“一点儿，稍微”
Can you com a little bit earlier下次你能稍早一点儿来吗?
②even意为“甚至，更”。
This time he did it even worse.这次他做得甚至更糟糕。
十一. Well, in some ways it is.嗯，在某种程度上是这样的。
in some ways 意为“在某种程度上，在某些方面”。
In some ways he is a good student because he is helpful.从某种程度上来说他是个好学生，因为他乐于助人。
She has changed a lot in some ways.在某些方面她已改变了很多。
十二 It's really nice to have a beautiful modem town.拥有一座美丽的现代化城镇的确很好。(教材第9页)
It is+形容词+to do sth.意为“做某事 是....的”。在此句式中it作形式主语，而将真正的主语动词不定式放在后面。
It is not easy to learn a foreign language well.学好一门外语不容易。
[拓展]在“It is+形容词+ to do sth."这句式中，如果要说明动词不定式的动作是谁做的，可在不定式前加一个for/of引起的短语，作不定式的逻辑主语。其中作表语的形容词是important,necessary, easy，difficult等描述事物特征的形容词时，用for引起的短语;作表语的形容词是kind,clever, foolish, polite等描述人的性格、品质的形容词时，则用of引起的短语。
It is important for you to study hard.努力学习对你很重要。
It is very kind of you to lend me so much money.你真好，借给我这么多钱。
十三.It has become impossible for us to see each other as often as before.对于我们来说再像以前那样经常互相见面是不可能了。
( 1 ) impossible 形容词，意为“不可能的”。impossible是由形容词possible加否定前缀im-构成的。
中考.链接 根据句意用所给单词的适当形式填空。
It seems_____( possible ) for the Spring Festival Gala to satisfy all 1.3 billion Chinese.
解析:我们可用“常识法”解答此题。由常识可知句意为:春节晚会想让13亿中国人都满意似乎是不可能的。故填possible的反义词impossible (不可能的)。答案: impossible
(2)as..as... 意为.......”中间用形容词或副词原级。as..as.... 的否定形式是not as/so...as...,意为“不如....”
My younger sister is as tall as me.我妹妹和我一样高。
Tom doesn't sing as/so well as Lucy.汤姆唱歌不如露西唱得好。
中考.链接Daniel is______his twin brother. They are both 1.75 metres tall.
A. taller than B. shorter than C.as tall as D. so tall as
解析:我们可用“前后呼应法”解答此题。taller than意为“比.... (个子)更高”; shorter than意为“比....个子)更矮";as tall as意为与...样高”;so tall as一般用于否定句。根据后句句意“他们两个都是1.75 米高”可知，此句意为:丹尼尔与他的双胞胎兄弟一样高。故选C。 答案:C
十四．Now I feel a bit lonely from time to time.现在我时不时会觉得有点儿孤独。
（1）辨析: lonely与alone
lonely
形容词
“寂寞的，孤单的”
强调人内心的感受， 可以作表语或定语
“偏僻的，荒凉的，人迹罕至的”
只能在名词前作定语

alone
形容词 或副词
“单独，独自
作形容词时，通常用形容词 作表语或宾语补足语，不能作前置定语
作副词时，常修饰动词作状语
I never feel lonely when I am alone.我一个人时从不感到寂寞。
The old man lives alone on the hill.那个老人独自一人在山上居住。
（2）from time to time 意为“不时，有时，偶尔”,相当于sometimes或at times.
She has to work at weekends from time to time.周末她偶尔得上班。
He tells a joke from time to time to make us laugh他时不时地讲个笑话让我们大笑。
十五.not happy because of being alone因为独自一人而不高兴
辨析: because of与because 两者都意为“因为”，但用法不同。
①Because of 介词短语 后跟名词、代词或动名词(短语)等
②because连词 后跟从句
He has poor eyesight because of working too much in front of the computer.由于长期在电脑前工作,他视力很差。
He didn't go to school because he was ill. 他因生病而没去，上学。
十六. Amazing changes have taken place in Sunshine Town.在阳光城发生了令人惊叹的变化。
take place 意为“发生”，与happen意思相近,但用法有区别。take place常指经过安排而发生，而happen常指偶然发生，它们都不能用于被动语态。
Great changes have taken place in my hometown.我的家乡发生了巨大变化。
Do you know what will happen in one hundred years?你知道100 年后会发生什么吗?
十七. Tell me more about your interview with Mr Chen, Millie.米莉，告诉我更多有关你对陈先生的采访的内容。
interview 此处用作可数名词，意为“采访;访谈”，还可意为“会见”。have an interview with sb.意为“采访某人”。
John gave an interview to Tom.约翰接受了汤姆的采访。
The reporter is having an interview with the film star.那位记者正在采访那位电影明星。
十八. What was the town like in the past?过去这个城镇是什么样子?
What's sb./sth. like?意为“某人 是个什么样的人?/某物怎么样?”，一般用来询问某人的性格或某物的特征。也可询问人的外貌或物品的外部特征。
一What's Tom like?汤姆是个什么样的人?---- He is very shy.他很害羞。
作业
一．根据中文提示写出单词。
1．To make more money, he went_______（在外国）．
2. We often_______（交流）with each other in English.
3. We have to stay there in such a_______（状况）．
4. It is our duty to protect the_______（环境）．
5．I can tell you the answer to the question_______（一点不错）．
6. It will be colder in the_______ (south) part of China next week.
7. The air_______ (pollute) makes me feel sick.
【答案】
1. abroad 2. communicate 3. condition 4. environment 5.exactly 6. southern 7. pollution
四．翻译句子
1．自从那时以来北京发生了很大的变化。
Beijing_______ _______ a lot since then.
＝_______ _______ _______ great_______ in Beijing since then.
2．你看上去比我高得多。 You look_______ _______ than I．
3．其中一栋最高的大楼是我们公司。
_______ _______ the_______ _______ is our company.
4．自从我两岁的时候就住在这儿了。
I_______ _______ here_______ I was two years old.
5．我朋友已在这儿呆了10年了。
My friend_______ _______ here_______10 years.
6．你听说他到了吗？ Have you_______ _______ his arrival?
7．我家拥有这艘船80多年了。
My family_______ _______ this boat_______ _______ 80 years.
【答案】
1. has changed; There have been; changes 2. much taller 3.One of; tallest buildings
have lived; since 5. has stayed; for 6. heard about 7.has owned; for over

单元话题写作
写作要求
本单元的话题是“家乡的变化”。在具体的写作中,学生应做到以下几点:
1.能熟练掌握现在完成时的用法;
2.能简单介绍家乡过去的样子和现在的变化,可以从环境、住房、交通等方面描写;
3.能熟练使用本单元的重点单词和短语。
词汇积累
since 自……以来
ever 曾经
realize 意识到
however 然而
before 以前,过去
recently 近来,最近
used to 曾经
turn...into... 把……变成……
in some ways 在某种程度上
from time to time 有时,偶尔
in the past 在过去
over the years 多年来
used to do sth 过去常常做某事
take place 发生
move away 搬走
a modern town 一个现代化的城镇
tall buildings 高楼
fresh air 新鲜的空气
green trees on both sides 两边都是绿色的树木
open space 开阔的空地
live a comfortable life 过着舒适的生活
narrow and dirty road 狭窄而脏乱的道路
wide and clean streets 宽阔干净的街道
have one’s own car 有自己的汽车
make communication easier 使交流变得更容易
句型积累
1.The city has changed a lot since I lived here.自从我住在这里起,这座城市已经改变了很多。
2.Great changes have taken place in my hometown.我的家乡发生了很大的变化。
3.He used to be a teacher,but now he isn’t.他过去曾经是一名老师,但现在不是。
4.But they have their own production factory.但是他们拥有自己的生产工厂。
5.In the past,there were only single-decker buses.在过去,只有单层公共汽车。
6.The old lady enjoys a quiet life with her family.那个老太太和她的家人过着宁静的生活。
句型训练
汉译英
1.在最近几年,我的家乡已经改变了很多。
My hometown has changed a lot over the years. 
2.过去人们步行或骑自行车出行,但是现在大多数人都有了自己的汽车。
People used to travel around by bike or on foot,but now most of them have their own cars. 
3.移动电话使得交流更容易。
Mobile phones make communication easier. 
4.过去只有狭窄脏乱的道路。现在有宽阔干净的街道。
In the past,there were only narrow and dirty roads.Now there are wide and clean streets. 
5.人们现在过着舒适的生活。
People are enjoying a comfortable life now. 
语段训练
近几年,在党和国家的惠民政策帮助下,全国都在落实精准扶贫。你的家乡发生了翻天覆地的变化。请以“Great changes in my hometown”为题写一篇文章,内容包括以下要点,可适当发挥。
1.人们的生活条件有了很大改善。高楼随处可见。农村的孩子也有了更好的教育。
2.生活环境也得到了改善。天更蓝了,水更清了,路更宽了,树更绿了。
3.交通变得更方便。家乡有了飞机场、高速公路、高铁站、火车站等。
4.每年都有许多国内外游客来家乡参观。
要求:
1.字迹工整,书写规范;
2.词数80左右(开头已给出,不计入总词数);
3.文中不得出现真实姓名和学校名称。
Great changes in my hometown
In recent years,with the help of favourable policies of our country,great changes have taken place in my hometown.
The people’s living conditions have improved a lot.We can see tall buildings here and there.The children in the countryside can also receive good education.The living environment has also improved.The sky is bluer and the water is clearer.The roads are wider and the trees turn greener.What’s more,the traffic becomes more convenient because there is an airport,a high-speed rail station,super highways,railway stations and so on.It attracts many tourists from home and abroad every year. 
I believe that my hometown will become more and more beautiful in the future. 

写作任务
请以“My life has changed a lot”为题，写一篇短文介绍你生活中的变化。要求条理清楚，意思连贯，语句通顺，标点正确。不少于 80 词。
抛砖引玉
可能用到的词(组)：change、 past、program、 miss、 understand 、used to、spend ... doing、 be busy doing、prepare for、 make great progress、take place
Step 3 思路点拨

【答案】
My life has changed a lot
My life has changed a lot. I used to have much time to play, but now I have to study all day. I spent most of my time playing sports in the past, but now I have to stay at home and do my homework. I used to listen to music programs, but now I'm often busy preparing for tests. I miss the old days. However, I understand that, by studying hard, I can learn something new and make great progress.
In a word, many changes have taken place in my life.