2023 英语新中考二轮复习热点透析 核心考点13 阅读理解之议论文

核心考点13  阅读理解之议论文

一、考向分析

中考阅读理解题主要考查学生的语篇阅读能力、分析和判断能力。要求学生能较快地通过阅读理解短文大意，获取其中的主要信息，能做出正确判断，然后根据试题的要求从A, B, C, D四个选项中选出最佳答案或做出正误判断。文章的难易程度和初三课文基本相同，要求阅读速度为每分钟40-50个词。

二、考点详解

一、重视文章标题，找准全文主题句，把握文章主旨

标题往往是全文的主题，审视标题，有利于理解全文，提高解题效率。主题句对全文起提示、启迪、概括、归纳之作用。根据主题句既可以知道文章议论的是什么，也可以知道作者希望读者了解主题方面的哪些内容。议论文题材偏难，但其框架一般都很清晰，多采用总—分—总的结构，交替使用正面和反面的论证方式。通常，先总说现象或观点；其次，正面陈述、反面论证；最后作者表明自己的态度，再次总结文章。通常主题句会出现在文章的首句或句末，在这些地方要多留意表示归纳的词汇，也可以在具体事例之后或之前的表示观点的陈述句中寻找。

二、细读文章，注意文章细节理解

除主旨题外，细节理解题也是阅读理解题中的基础题，它主要考查学生对文中的具体事例、数字、时间、地点等的理解。经常出现排序题(按事情发展顺序排序)，图表题(按文章内容找出正确图形)，正误题(依据文章内容对所列的陈述进行正误判断) 。对这种题型，无论细节题如何变化形式，立足点都应是从文章中找出相应词句作为依据。虽然答案中有的细节在文中很清楚，但可能与问题无关。细节题的破解一般用寻读法，即先看试题，再读文章。对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、分析、对比，有根据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。假如问题采用的是反向思维，题中含有not或except等表示否定意义的词，则需要更加留意。此法可以加强阅读的针对性，提高做题的准确率。做此类题目还要特别注意句子的逻辑关系。

三、理解整体语篇，掌握作者意图

做推理判断题要求考生在阅读理解整体语篇的同时，对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判断，站在作者的视角，而不是主观臆断、凭空想象，从而走入误区。英语文章讲究使用主题段与主题句，段与段之间通常有过渡性词语连接，承上启下，使文章行文连贯。有时文章还会在时间顺序、空间顺序或逻辑推理上运用较高级的手段进行组编。要想准确、深刻地理解文章，必须对文章的结构有所了解，把握全篇的文脉，即句内、句间和段落间的修辞手段或逻辑关系。作者往往在构思语篇前会进行预先设定：读者知道什么，不知道什么，读者可能与自己共同拥有什么样的生活经验、思想见地和需求欲望等，然后设计一些隐藏在语篇深层的＂潜台词＂。因此，这类试题要求考生利用主题句进行推测，揣摩文字背后作者的意图，运用背景知识去挖掘文章的深层含义，从而正确理解作者的言外之意，同时认真体会文章的语气与感情基调。

四、多读多背，扩大词汇量，掌握猜词技巧

由于当今的阅读文章题材广泛，体裁多样，经常出现一词多义，甚至出现没学过的词汇。许多学生感到困扰很大，有的甚至烦躁得难以坚持阅读下去。要解决阅读中的生词问题，一是要扩大英语词汇量，二是要学习并掌握一些猜测生词词义的方法，如：利用同义、反义、上义、下义、词的集合、词的搭配等关系；利用照应、替代、省略、定义、举例等情境关系；利用词缀、转化、合成等构词法；利用后置定语或同位语等语法结构；利用前后对比或因果推理法等。

总之，想要提高阅读能力，尤其是对考生来说难度较大的议论文阅读，学生应能从篇章和试题双方面入手。通过观察、体验、探究等积极主动的学习方法，优化阅读理解中议论文的解题思路和方法策略，提高学生自主学习的能力。

三、真题再现

一、阅读单选

（2021·内蒙古呼和浩特·中考真题）It’s long been a scientific dream: to give people a special vaccine before birth to prevent them from getting terrible illnesses. Gene editing (基因编辑) is one way in which we could do this. But this method has also created some discussion.

In an online video posted on Nov. 26, 2018, He Jiankui, a researcher at the Southern University of Science and Technology, said that he had helped to make the world’s first genetically edited babies.

The babies are twin girls who were born in November. Their father had HIV. The twins’ genes were edited in order to prevent them from suffering from the HIV virus.

He said he chose to do this because HIV is widespread in China. “I feel such a strong duty not only to be the first to do this, but also to set an example,” he told AP.

But his actions caused many questions. Although gene editing may help to prevent disease, many people are wondering if it is safe and ethical to use it on humans.

Some believe that gene editing could be useful to HIV patients. HIV is “a large and growing public health problem”, according to Harvard Medical School genetic professor George Church. Using gene editing for HIV is “a good idea”, Church told AP.

However, others think that gene editing is still in its experimental periods and could result in terrible changes. “It could cause genetic problems later in life, including the development of cancer,” Julian Savulescu from the University of Oxford told BBC News.

Others fear that people might use gene editing technology to make “designer (设计的) babies”. It would give parents the ability to choose everything from their baby’s eye colour to their IQ.

“You could find wealthy parents buying the latest ‘upgrades’ for their children, leading to even greater unfairness than we already live with,” Marcy Darnovsky, director of the San Francisco Center for Genetics told BBC News.

1．What do we know about He Jiankui?

A．He was the first person to edit genes.

B．He made the twins suffer from HIV when he edited their genes.

C．He made the world’s first genetically edited babies.

D．He was the first person whose genes were edited.

2．Who agreed that gene editing could be helpful to HIV patients?

A．George Church. B．Julian Savulescu.

C．Marcy Darnovsky. D．Chinese researchers.

3．The underlined word “ethical” in the passage probably means “________”.

A．合乎常情的 B．道德的 C．有价值的 D．有效的

4．According to the story, we know that gene editing ________.

A．is supported by the writer B．is good for wealthy people

C．causes some heated argument D．has been used widely in the UK

5．What does “designer babies” mean in the passage?

A．Parents can change their baby’s eye colour.

B．Parents are able to choose their baby’s height.

C．Parents can give their baby everything that he or she likes.

D．Parents have a chance to prevent their baby from suffering from the virus.

【答案】1．C

2．A

3．B

4．C

5．B

【分析】

本文讲述了通过基因编辑可以决定从眼睛颜色到智力的一切东西。南方科技大学的研究员贺建奎制造了世界上第一批基因编辑婴儿，目前这项技术的合理性引起了强烈的争论。

1．

细节理解题。根据“In an online video posted on Nov. 26, 2018, He Jiankui, a researcher at the Southern University of Science and Technology, said that he had helped to make the world’s first genetically edited babies.”可知，在2018年11月26日发布的一段网络视频中，南方科技大学研究员贺建奎表示，他帮助制造了世界上第一批基因编辑婴儿。故选C。                    

2．

细节理解题。根据“Using gene editing for HIV is ‘a good idea’, Church told AP.”可知，George Church同意基因编辑对艾滋病患者有帮助，故选A。

3．

词义猜测题。分析“Although gene editing may help to prevent disease, many people are wondering if it is safe and ethical to use it on humans.”可知，虽然基因编辑可能有助于预防疾病，但许多人都想知道，在人类身上使用基因编辑是否安全和道德。所以ethical的意思是“道德的”，故选B。

4．

推理判断题。根据“But this method has also created some discussion.”以及后文人们对于基因编辑的不同看法可知，根据这篇报道，我们知道基因编辑引发了一些激烈的争论。故选C。

5．

推理判断题。根据“Others fear that people might use gene editing technology to make “designer (设计的) babies”. It would give parents the ability to choose everything from their baby’s eye colour to their IQ.”可知，其他人则担心人们可能会使用基因编辑技术制造“设计婴儿”，这将使父母有能力选择一切，从孩子的眼睛颜色到智商。故选B。                    

（2021·江苏泰州·中考真题）

Just the other day, I was in a bookshop and found a book named How to make friends with foreigners. As a Canadian living in China for a year, I was curious to see what kind of advice a Chinese writer giving on this matter.

One piece of advice really caught my attention and, I must say, made me feel quite angry. In the writer’s opinion, foreigners are an "opportunity (机会)" to improve your oral English; whenever you see a foreigner, American or English, you should practise speaking English with him or her. If the foreigner doesn’t want to answer your questions, then he or she is a rude person who you wouldn’t want to spend time with anyway. I think this advice is not only incorrect, but also may harm the relationship between Chinese and foreigners in China.

Like most other "Lao Wai" living in China, I know how lonely one can sometimes feel living in a culture different from our own familiar (熟悉的) ways. However, I simply accept as part of being here. So far my time in China has been rewarding. I have improved my Chinese language skills, learned about one of the fastest developing countries in the world today and made some very close Chinese friends.

However, I have also met many Chinese people who consider me only as an "opportunity" to improve their oral English. I have had people following me from town to my flat to trouble me to teach them English. I have had complete strangers throwing articles or speeches in my face, insisting that I help them with the English translation. I have had people asking me non-stop questions for half an hour at the weekly English Corner ...

Friendship for a lot of foreigners is about spending time with someone whose company (陪伴) they really enjoy. So if there is any advice to give on making and keeping friendships with foreigners, I would say that it is this: Treat foreigners as people, not opportunities. Expect to make friendships step by step, over a period of time, not in a rush. ________ If your only reason for becoming fiends with a foreigner is to improve your English, then you will probably find that you don’t have a foreign friend for long.

6．Where is the writer of this passage from?

A．America B．China C．Canada D．England

7．Why is the writer of the passage interested in the book "How to make friends with foreigners" ?

A．Because he wants to have some more close Chinese Friends.

B．Because he has greatly improved his Chinese language skills,

C．Because no Chinese people would like to make friends with him.

D．Because he wants to know about the Chinese writer’s advice on this topic.

8．According to the writer of the book "How to make friends with foreigners" , ________.

A．his advice may make foreigners angry

B．it is rude of you to ask a foreigner questions

C．you should choose a good foreigner to practise English with

D．don’t waste time on a foreigner who doesn’t answer your questions

9．In the fourth paragraph, the writer uses "I have had…" three times, because ________.

A．he had no better sentences to express his ideas.

B．he wanted to show how he hated to make friends with Chinese.

C．he wanted to show how he hated to be treated as an “opportunity”.

D．he met Chinese who wanted to make friends with him only three times.

10．Which sentence may be the best to fill in the "________" in the last paragraph?

A．True friendships stand (经得起) the test of time.

B．Learn about different cultures to make real friends.

C．Friends are about opportunities or personal advantages.

D．There’s real friendship between people from different countries.

【答案】6．C

7．D

8．C

9．C

10．A

【分析】

本文讲述了一位在中国生活的加拿大人谈论如何与外国人建立和保持友谊，他认为要把外国人当作人，而不是机会，才能一步一步地建立友谊。

6．

细节理解题。根据第一段“As a Canadian living in China for a year…”可知，作者来自加拿大，故选C。

7．

细节理解题。根据第一段“I was curious to see what kind of advice a Chinese writer giving on this matter”可知，作者对这本书很感兴趣，是因为他想知道一位中国作家在这个问题上给出了什么样的建议，故选D。

8．

细节理解题。根据第二段“ In the writer’s opinion, foreigners are an ‘opportunity’ to improve your oral English; whenever you see a foreigner, American or English, you should practise speaking English with him or her.”可知，书的作者认为外国人是提高你英语口语的“机会”，每当你见到外国人，你应该和他或她练习说英语，故选C。

9．

细节理解题。根据第二段“One piece of advice really caught my attention and, I must say, made me feel quite angry.”以及第四段“However, I have also met many Chinese people who consider me only as an ‘opportunity’ to improve their oral English.”可知，这里作者用了三次“I have had…”，因为他想表明他是多么讨厌被当作“机会”来对待，故选C。

10．

词句猜测题。根据前一句“Expect to make friendships step by step, over a period of time, not in a rush.”可知，这里作者想告诉我们要一步一步地建立友谊，在一段时间内，不要匆忙，真正的友谊经得起时间的考验的，故选A。

（2021·山东滨州·中考真题）“Life’s a long, long journey,” so we are told, and most of us would not set off on a journey, even a short one, without some ideas of where we wanted to go. Yet many people travel on life’s journey with no sense of direction at all.

Setting personal goals can give your life a sense of direction. Goal setting is used by top sports players, successful business people and achievers in all fields. Before you set personal goals, think about what you want to achieve with your life.

Try to set goals in some of the following categories (类别):

Education—Will you achieve the educational goals after finishing high school? Are you still growing and learning?

Family—What kind of relationship do you want with your parents and other family members?

Creative—Do you want to achieve any artistic goals?

Career—What job do you want to take when you grow up? What do you need to make your dream come true?

Public Service—Do you want to make the world a better place?

Physical—Are you fit enough to do the things you want to do?

Pleasure—How do you want to enjoy yourself?

To help make the process more manageable, divide your goals into smaller tasks. For example, if you want to reach a main goal in five years, set a three-year goal, a one-year goal, a three-month goal and a one-month goal. Then create a daily To-Do List of things that you should do today. When a goal is achieved, take the time to enjoy your success. This helps you build the self-confidence.

Remember, your goals can be changed as time goes on. But be sure your goals are the things you hope to achieve, not what your parents, family or teachers want.

11．According to the passage, why should we set goals?

A．To have a better future. B．To enjoy pleasure in life.

C．To know where to have a journey. D．To give our life a sense of direction.

12．What should you consider when you set a family goal?

A．The education you want to get. B．The job to support your family.

C．The time you’ll spend reaching your goal. D．The relationship with family members.

13．What’s the best advice to achieve the main goal?

A．Dividing your goals into smaller tasks. B．Creating a daily To-Do List of things.

C．Building the self-confidence. D．Setting the time to achieve the main goal.

14．What can we learn from the passage?

A．Once you set your goals, they can’t be changed.

B．Not all the people can get success by setting goals.

C．Enjoying success in one goal can help you do better in the next one.

D．Your goals are the things you and your parents, families or teachers want.

15．Which of the following is the best title for the passage?

A．A long journey. B．Goal setting for life. C．The direction of life. D．Ways to achieve goals.

【答案】11．D

12．D

13．A

14．C

15．B

【分析】

生活是一段漫长的旅程，设定目标可以给我们的生活一个方向感。首先你要知道自己人生的目标是什么，如何设定自己的人生目标，这篇短文中作者提出了一些建议。

11．

细节理解题。根据“Setting personal goals can give your life a sense of direction.”可知，设定个人目标可以给我们的人生方向感。故选D。

12．

细节理解题。根据“Family—What kind of relationship do you want with your parents and other family members?”可知，在设定家庭目标的时候，你首先要想清楚你想与父母和其他家庭成员保持什么样的关系。故选D。

13．

细节理解题。根据“To help make the process more manageable, divide your goals into smaller tasks.”可知，为了完成一个主要的目标，你应该把它分成几个小目标。故选A。

14．

推理判断题。根据“When a goal is achieved, take the time to enjoy your success. This helps you build the self-confidence.”可知，当一个目标实现了，享受你的成功，这会帮助你建立自信，这样可以帮助你在下一个目标中做得更好。故选C。

15．

标题归纳题。根据文意以及短文中“Setting personal goals can give your life a sense of direction.”可知，文章中作者首先提到“设定个人目标能给生活方向感”，然后下文介绍了如何设定人生目标。B选项“设定人生目标”符合文章主旨，作为标题最合适。故选B。

（2021·福建·中考真题）In recent years, there have been many films about robots trying to take over the world. Studies show that up to 20 million factory jobs worldwide could be taken by robots in the next 10 years. Some people are worried about what might happen in the future.

On 8th September, 2020, The Guardian published (发表) an article written by a robot called GPT - 3. It wrote that “robot” comes from the Greek word for “slave” (奴隶) and humans have nothing to fear from robots, which are only here to help humans. However, the fact that a robot could write such an article has made some people feel even more uneasy. Where is the robot technology heading? Can robots and humans work together?

What’s your opinion on this matter?

16．What language does the word “robot” come from?A．Greek B．English C．German              D．French

17．When learning that GPT - 3 could write an article, some people feel ________ .

A．angry B．excited C．nervous D．relaxed

18．What advantage of robots is mentioned in the text?

A．Acting in their own interests B．Developing filming technology

C．Working with different feelings D．Doing unsafe work for humans

19．What can we learn from the text?

A．GPT - 3 will take over the world

B．Some robots have learnt how to be lazy

C．Robots are still under the control of humans now

D．20 million people fear that they will lose their jobs

20．What would be the best title for the text?

A．Will Robots Become Creative? B．Should Humans Trust Robots?

C．Will Robots Do Harm to Humans? D．Should Humans Do Things Themselves?

【答案】16．A

17．C

18．D

19．C

20．B

【分析】

本文就机器人技术的发展方向以及机器人是否能和人类一起工作，人类是否应该信任机器人等问题发表了不同的观点。

16．

细节理解题。根据“It wrote that “robot” comes from the Greek word for “slave””可知，机器人这个词来自于希腊语，故选A。

17．

细节理解题。根据“However, the fact that a robot could write such an article has made some people feel even more uneasy”可知，机器人能写这样一篇文章的事实让一些人感到更加不安，故选C。

18．

细节理解题。根据“Robots take on jobs that are too dangerous for people to do by themselves”可知，机器人的优点是可以为人类做一些危险的工作，故选D。

19．

细节理解题。根据“Although robots are under our control now”可知，机器人现在还在我们的控制之下，故选C。

20．

最佳标题。根据“Besides, robots’ programming could actually make them more trustworthy than humans”及“humans should not trust robots”可知，本文主要围绕“人类是否可以信任机器人”等方面发表了不同的观点，故选B。

（2021·湖南长沙·中考真题）From an early age, we were taught that if we wanted to be successful, we had to study hard and get good results at school. In fact, good students may just end up doing jobs they don’t like, and some even lead an unhappy life. Why is it like that?

In some parents’ eyes, school grades matter most for their kids. In reality, there are many things to consider besides the school subjects, for example, how to be a happy person, what to do to keep healthy, and how to get along well with others. That is to say, school is not just enough if you want to have a great life.

Doing well in school is different from doing well in life. Studies show that people who failed at school may not end up failing in life. You may have already known that some famous people, like Thomas Edison and Steve Jobs, didn’t do very well at school or even failed to finish school. In fact, there are a lot more than just the big shots who are successful in life without finishing school. They seize (抓住) every chance to learn and finally make it to the top.

Life is really a long lesson, so long that you can’t define (界定) a person’s success by just one section (部分) of it. If you have already finished school, keep learning because what you have learned at school will never be enough to live a satisfying life. If you are still studying, whether you are good or bad at school, don’t take your school results too seriously as long as you have put your heart into it. Keep learning to make the most of your talents (天赋). That’s how you can live a happy and successful life.

21．What’s the writer’s main purpose of writing Paragraph (段落) One?

A．To introduce a topic. B．To give examples. C．To provide a solution.

22．In some parents’ eyes, what’s the most important for their kids based on Paragraph Two?

A．Being happy. B．Staying healthy. C．Getting good grades.

23．What does the underlined expression “big shots” in the third paragraph mean?

A．好学生 B．神枪手 C．大人物

24．According to the passage, which sentence may agree with the writer’s idea?

A．It takes money to be successful. B．School grades aren’t everything.              C．Successful people never finish school.

25．What can we infer (推断) from the text?

A．Old habits die hard. B．Learning is a lifelong journey. C．Good grades always promise a successful life.

【答案】21．A

22．C

23．C

24．B

25．B

【分析】

本文是一篇议论文。在学校学习成绩好可以和未来的成功划等号吗？其实学校中的常胜将军可能并非人生赢家，反之亦然。

21．

推理判断题。根据“In fact, good students may just end up doing jobs they don’t like, and some even lead an unhappy life. Why is it like that?”可知作者写第一段是为了引出学习成绩好并不能和未来的成功划等号这一话题。故选A。

22．

细节理解题。根据“In some parents’ eyes, school grades matter most for their kids.”可知在一些家长的眼里，学习成绩对孩子们来说才是最重要的。故选C。

23．

词义猜测题。根据“who are successful in life without finishing school”可知此处指的是没上学就取得成功的大人物，big shots意为“大人物”。故选C。

24．

观点态度题。根据“That is to say, school is not just enough if you want to have a great life.”可知想要拥有美好生活，只成绩好是不够的，由此可知“学校成绩并不代表一切。”这一句符合作者的观点。故选B。

25．

推理判断题。根据“If you have already finished school, keep learning because what you have learned at school will never be enough to live a satisfying life.”可知即使完成学业了也要继续学习，学习是一个终生旅程。故选B。