Unit 1 Section Ⅲ　Using language & Writing(word教师用书含答案解析)

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Section Ⅲ　Using language & Writing
五种基本句型

英语句子数量繁多、长短不一，但有规律可循。只要掌握了其中的规律，结构就可以迎刃而解了。掌握句子的五种基本结构及其相应的扩大、组合、省略或倒装，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。英语五种基本句型如下：
基本句型一： S＋V　　　　　 (主语＋谓语)
基本句型二： S＋V＋P (主语＋系动词＋表语)
基本句型三： S＋V＋O (主语＋谓语＋宾语)
基本句型四： S＋V＋IO＋DO (主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语)
基本句型五： S＋V＋O＋C (主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语)

主谓结构
主谓结构中谓语表达的意思是完整的。作谓语的动词是不及物动词，后面不可以接宾语，可以接状语(副词；介词短语；动词不定式；从句)。
◆He cried.
他哭了。
◆The workers work hard.
工人们努力工作。
◆He went on business.
他在出差。
◆We stopped to have a rest.
我们停下来休息。

主系表结构
主系表结构的句子中的谓语动词是系动词，它们不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。除了系动词be外，还有一些实义动词也可以用作系动词：
表感官的动词： feel, smell, taste, sound, look 等。
表变化的动词：become, get, grow, turn, go, fall, run, come等。
表延续的动词：remain, keep, stay, stand, continue, lie等。
表表象的动词：seem, appear, look 等。
表终止的动词：prove, turn out等。
◆He is an honest man.
他是一个诚实的人。
◆That young lady is smart.
那位年轻女士真漂亮。
◆The film is interesting.
这部电影很有趣。
◆His voice sounds nice.
他的嗓音听起来很好听。

感官动词的系表结构通常是主动表被动。

主谓宾结构
主谓宾结构的句子中含有有实际意义的谓语动词。这种动词的动作是由主语产生，但不能表达完整的意思，必须有宾语(动作的承受者)才能使意思完整。这类动词叫作及物动词。同时，句子中有时含有与宾语有关的状语。作宾语的成分常是：名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句。
◆I like my dog.
我喜欢我的狗。
◆I want to have a good rest.
我想好好休息。
◆I don’t know where to enjoy the holiday.
我不知道去哪里度假。
◆He practices playing the piano everyday.
他每天练习弹钢琴。

主谓双宾(间宾＋直宾)结构
主谓双宾的句子中谓语动词必须跟两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。其中一个是动词动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。主谓双宾结构中间接宾语常常指“人”，直接宾语常常指“物”。
◆I offered him a timely help./I offered a timely help to him.
我给他提供了及时的帮助。
◆I bought her a dress./I bought a dress for her.
我给她买了一件晚礼服。

(1)下列动词后面接间接宾语时前面需要加to：
allow, bring, give, hand, leave, lend, offer, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, sell, send, show, teach, tell, wish, write等。
(2)下列动词后面接间接宾语时前面需要加for：buy, choose, get, leave, make, order, paint, save, sing, spare等。

主谓宾补结构
主谓宾补结构的句子中动词是及物动词。为了使句子的意思完整必须在宾语后面加上一个补充成分来补充说明宾语的情况。该句型中的宾语＋补语可统称为“复合宾语”，作补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。
◆He made us happy.(形容词)
他让我们很开心。
◆We called him a hero.(名词)
我们称他为英雄。
◆The firefighters kept the fire under control.(介词短语)
消防员把大火控制住了。
◆His parents intend him to be a doctor.(动词不定式)
他父母想让他当个医生。
◆I feel my heart beating faster. (现在分词)
我感觉我的心脏跳动得更快。
◆He found the supper eaten up by us. (过去分词)
他发现我们把晚饭吃光了。

(1)动词have, make, let，后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时，不带to;
(2)动词see, hear, notice, observe, watch等后可以加不带to的不定式或动名词作宾补。

分析下列句子，说明其属于五种基本句型的哪一种
1．Happy birthday, Alice. So you have turned twentyone already.主＋系＋表
2．On hearing the news of the accident in the coal mine, she went pale.主＋系＋表
3．I was wondering if we could go skiing on the weekend.主＋及物＋宾从
4．Books of this kind sell well.主＋不及物＋状
5．She sent her mother a nice new car.主＋及物＋间宾＋直宾
6．I want the letter to be ready tomorrow.主＋及物＋宾语＋宾补
语法与写作
1．在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。(主语＋不及物动词 )
Great__changes__have__taken__place__in__my__hometown__in__the__past__ten__years.
2．我们大家都相信Jack 是一个诚实男孩。 (主语＋及物动词＋宾语)
All__of__us__believe__that__Jack__is__an__honest__boy.
3．布朗夫人看起来很健康。(主语＋系动词＋表语)
Mrs__Brown__looks__very__healthy.
4．请把那本字典递给我好吗？(主语＋动词＋间宾＋直宾)
Would__you__please__pass__me__the__dictionary?
5．他的父母给他取名为约翰。(主语＋动词＋宾语＋宾补)
His__parents__named__him__John.
6．我们要使学校变得更美丽。 (主语＋动词＋宾语＋宾补)
We__will__make__our__school__more__beautiful.
英文日记

文体感知
英文日记通常由书端和正文两个部分组成。日记常以第一人称记下当天生活中的所见、所闻、所做或所想的事情。中、英文的日记格式大致一样。英文日记的书端是专门写日记的日期、星期和天气的。左上角是日期(年、月、日)、星期。右上角写上当天的天气情况。
1．(1)日期表达有多种形式。年、月、日都写时，通常以月、日、年为顺序，月份可以缩写，日和年用逗号隔开。例如：
A)September 1，2019/ September 1st，2019也可省略写成Sept. 1，2019/ Sept. 1st，2019/ the 1st of September in 2019(月份不可以缩写)
B)只有月、日：September 1/September 1st(月份可以缩写)
C)只有年、月：September 2019/the September of 2019(月份不可以缩写)
以上的1或1st都应读作the first。
(2)星期可以省略不写，也可将其放在日期前或后，星期和日期之间不用标点，但要空一格，星期也可缩写。
Saturday　October 22nd，2019;
October 22nd，2019　Saturday
(3)天气情况必不可少。天气一般用一个形容词(如：Sunny，Fine，Rainy，Snowy 等)表示。写在日期之后，用逗号隔开，位于日记的右上角。
Saturday　March 4，2019，Windy；
January 1st，2019，Fine
2．日记的时态：由于日记是对当天所发生事情的回顾，故常用一般过去时。在发表议论或感想时，也可使用现在完成时或一般将来时。
3．日记的人称：因为日记是记载自己的亲身经历，故应用第一人称，语言尽量口语化，按照事情发生的先后顺序，清楚、准确、连贯地把事情表达出来。
增分佳句
常用开头
1．It was a fine/nice day. 天气晴朗。
2．Today is...今天是……
3．I went to the park to...我去公园……
4．We decided to go out for a picnic today.
我们决定今天出去野餐。
5．My classmates and I went to the park to do some voluntary work.我和我们班的同学去公园做义务劳动。
常用结尾
1．I had a good time today. / I enjoyed myself today.
我今天玩得很高兴。
2．I will never forget it. 我永远不会忘记这件事。
3．What a warm and meaningful day!
多么温馨而又富有意义的一天！
4．I will never forget the memorable day!
我永远不会忘记这难忘的一天！
5．Although everyone was very tired，we felt very happy because we had done a meaningful job.虽然大家都很累，但我们很开心，因为我们做了一件有意义的工作。

写作要求
假设你是红星中学高一(1)班的学生李华，校报英文版正在开展“续写雷锋日记”活动。请根据以下四幅图的先后顺序，将你所做的一件好事以日记形式记述下来，向校报投稿。
注意：
1．日记的开头已为你写好；
2．词数80左右。

Saturday　June 2, Fine
This morning，___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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审题谋篇
项目
结论
体裁
日记
话题
学雷锋
时态
一般过去时
人称
第一人称
词句推敲
1．词汇
①看地图　　　　　　 read__a__map
②看上去困惑 look__puzzled
③迷路 be__lost/get__lost/lose__one’s__way
④受益于 benefit__from
⑤带领某人去某地 lead__sb.__to__sp.
⑥乘坐20路公交 take__Bus__No.20
⑦挥手告别 wave__goodbye__to__each__other
2．句式
①今天上午，我正走在街上，看到两名游客在看地图，看起来很困惑。
普通表达： This morning, when I was walking on the street, I saw two travellers were reading a map and looked puzzled.
高级表达：This__morning,__I__was__walking__on__the__street__when__I__saw__two__travellers__were__reading__a__map,__looking__puzzled.(be doing...when...和现在分词短语作状语)
②我过去询问他们是否需要帮助。
普通表达：I went up to them and asked，“Do you need help？”
高级表达：I__went__up__to__them__and__asked__whether__they__needed__help.(宾语从句)
③我带他们到附近的公交车站，建议他们乘20路公交车，这路公交车可以把他们直接带到那里。
普通表达： I led them to the nearby bus stop and advised them to take Bus No. 20. It could take them there directly.
高级表达：I__led__them__to__the__nearby__bus__stop__and__advised__them__to__take__Bus__No.__20,__which__could__take__them__there__directly.(非限制性定语从句)
④看到他们上了公交车，我的心里感到很高兴。
普通表达：I felt very happy when I saw them get on the bus.
高级表达：Seeing__them__get__on__the__bus,__I__felt__very__happy.(现在分词短语作状语)
妙笔成篇
________________________________________________________________________
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One possible version：
Saturday__June__2,__Fine
This__morning，I was walking on the street when I saw two travellers were reading a map, looking puzzled. It seemed they were lost. I went up to them and asked whether they needed help. They told me they were looking for the Temple of Heaven. I led them to the nearby bus stop and advised them to take Bus No. 20, which could take them there directly. They were grateful to me for my help. Before long, the bus came. We waved goodbye to each other. Seeing them get on the bus, I felt very happy.

单句语法填空
1．They stopped(stop) to have a look at what was happening in the crowd.
2．Yesterday he and his parents shopped(shop) together.
3．The book on the table is mine(my) and that one is yours.
4．That basketball match played last night was exciting(excite) and interesting.
5．Were(be) you at home last night？No one answered the door.
6．His father expected to__own(own) a factory when he was young and he got one at last.
7．He practices speaking(speak) English every day to improve his English.
8．We considered the task very easy(easily) at first but we were wrong.
9．The teacher encourages us to__work(work) out every day to keep healthy.
10．The young lady practices playing(play)the piano for 2 hours every day.
阅读理解
To most of us, school means classes, teachers, schedules, grades, and tests.But for the children at Sudbury Valley School in Massachusetts, school is very different.
Firstly, there are no lessons.All the children, aged between 4 and 19, do whatever they want.There are no teachers, only “staff members”．The idea behind this is that you do not need to make children learn, because children want to learn anyway.“You do not need to say to the threeyearolds.‘Go to explore your environment.’You can’t stop them！”says Daniel Greenberg, a founder of the school.“But if you make children do what you want all day, they will lose all tastes for learning.”
At Sudbury Valley School, you will permit children to talk, read, paint, cook, work on computers, study French, play the piano, climb trees, or just run around.Two boys spent three years just fishing!
The other way that Sudbury Valley School is different is that the children can decide the rules.Every week, there is a school meeting where both children and staff have one vote each—even the fouryearolds.They decide the school rules, how to spend the school budget, and even which staff they want and do not want any more.
When the school first opened in 1968, people said it would never work.But today, the school has 200 students, and 80% of its students go on to college.Even the two boys who went fishing all the time have successful careers today.One of them is a musician and the other is a computer scientist.
【解题导语】　对大多数学生来说，学校意味着老师、考试、分数等。但在美国的一所学校却与众不同，学校里没有课程表，孩子们不用上课、做作业，可以随心所欲做自己想做的事，甚至可以参与学校校规的制定。
1．What is the main topic of the article?
A．An unusual school.
B．Children’s hobbies.
C．A school without rules.
D．Education in the US.
A　解析：主旨大意题。不用上课，不用做作业，随心所欲干自己想干的事，可以参与学校校规的制定，这样的学校确实罕见，不同寻常。故A项最符合文章主旨。
2．What does the school believe?
A．Teachers cannot teach children well.
B．Children learn best when they do what they want to do.
C．Learning is for adults—children should only play.
D．Children should only learn about one thing at a time.
B　解析：推理判断题。从第二段可知，该学校认为被迫学习毫无意义，学生做自己想做的事才会学得最好。
3．What does Daniel Greenberg say about the threeyearolds?
A．They love learning.
B．They are very naughty.
C．They want to be outside all the time.
D．They are too young to learn anything.
A　解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“You can’t stop them！”可推出此句完整的意思是“You can’t stop threeyearolds going to explore their environment！”，也由此可知，他们热爱学习。
4．What happens to the children after they leave this school?
A．They do the same things as children from other schools.
B．They have problems getting into college or getting a job.
C．They usually do very good jobs.
D．They are not successful.
C　解析：细节理解题。从最后一段可知，200个学生中80%的学生上了大学，甚至那两个总是钓鱼的学生也有了自己成功的事业：一个成为音乐家，另一个成为计算机科学家。故C项正确。
语法填空
How time flies! I will be a senior high school student this term.I am very excited and nervous.I feel excited because I 1.____________(learn) more knowledge from my new teachers.2.____________(especial), I can learn more about English, math, physics, chemistry and biology.I think they are 3.____________(interest)．I can meet many new 4.____________(friend) in senior high school as well.I think they, my new friends, will be friendly and kindhearted.I believe I will get along well 5.____________ all of my new classmates.6.____________ the saying goes, “A friend is 7.____________(easy) to be lost than found.” If you want to make friends with others, you should treat 8.____________ trueheartedly.It is really hard，9.____________ I will try.
I feel nervous because I heard that it is difficult 10.____________(study) in senior high school.I think I will meet many problems and fall through many times.But it’s nothing serious, because I know if I work hard, I will be successful at last.
【解题导语】　本文是一篇记叙文，描述了一个高中新生在新学期前的兴奋忐忑和决心，展示了他丰富的内心活动。
1．will learn　解析：考查时态。句意：我很兴奋，因为我将从新老师那里学到更多的知识。可知 “学到更多的知识” 是发生在未来的事情，故用一般将来时，答案为will learn。
2．Especially　解析：考查副词。修饰整个句子时要用副词形式，故答案为Especially。句意：尤其是，我可以学到更多的英语、数学、物理、化学和生物知识。
3．interesting　解析：考查形容词。空格处作表语，说明句子主语的性质，要用形容词，故用interesting，意为 “有趣的” 。
4．friends　解析：考查名词。空格处作meet的宾语，空格前面又有many修饰，friend是可数名词，要用复数形式，故答案为friends。
5．with　解析：考查介词。get along well with是固定搭配，意为 “与……相处融洽” ，故答案为with。句意：我相信我会跟所有的新同学相处融洽。
6．As　解析：考查定语从句。As the saying goes意为 “常言道，俗话说，正如谚语所说” ，是as引导的非限制性定语从句，as在从句中作goes的宾语，意为 “正如” 。句意：俗话说， “得朋友难，失朋友易。”
7．easier　解析：考查比较级。根据句中的 “than found” 可知答案要用比较级，故用easier。
8．them　解析：考查代词。联系上文的 “If you want to make friends with others” 可知空格处指代的是friends，空格处作treat的宾语，要用宾格，故答案为them。句意：如果你想跟别人交朋友，你就要真心实意地对待他们。
9．but　解析：考查连词。真心实意对待别人很难，但是我会努力去做。前后分句之间是转折关系，故用转折连词but。
10．to study　解析：考查非谓语动词。在 “It is ＋adj.＋不定式” 结构中，it是形式主语，真正主语是不定式，故答案为to study。句意：我觉得紧张，因为我听说，在高中学习很难。
应用文写作
今天是七月八日，下午班级召开了以“我的梦想”为主题的班会活动，每位同学都畅所欲言，特别是介绍了自己职业方面的梦想。请写一篇日记，记述班会情况及自己的感受。
内容要点：
1．谈谈自己职业方面的梦想；
2．介绍有这个梦想的原因；
3．阐述如何实现自己的梦想。
注意：1.词数80左右；
2．文章开头已经给出，不计入总词数。
July 8th　Friday，Fine
All the students talked about their own dreamed jobs in the future in this classmeeting. ________________________________________________________________________
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One possible version:
July__8th__Friday，Fine
All__the__students__talked__about__their__own__dreamed__jobs__in__the__future__in__this__classmeeting. We all believe that our dreams will come true sooner or later.
I also talked about my own dream: to be a doctor. And the reasons are as follows. When I was in Grade Seven, I was often sick and went to see doctors. The doctors were very friendly and they often cheered me up. With the help of them, I was getting better. Now I’m very healthy. Since then I have hoped to become a doctor. How will I make my dream come true? I will study hard to get good grades. I’ll read more books about medicine. I believe I’ll be a good doctor in the future.
Anyhow, this classmeeting was indeed meaningful. Meanwhile, I know that the dream I have calls for my efforts. Hopefully, I can make it.
读后续写
阅读下面短文，根据所给情节进行续写，使之构成一个完整的故事。
Ann loves dogs, but she doesn’t have time to keep even one. Her husband died from an accident, leaving little money but two sons. Thomas was 10 years old, and Jack,__who was recovering from a heart__operation,__was 16 years old. She had to work all day to support the whole family. One morning, Ann found a lost dog wandering around the local elementary school. She waited there for half an hour but nobody came back to look for it. She had no choice but to take it home and asked her sons to keep an eye on the dog on the day while she was working.
Ann took photos of the dog and printed off 400 FOUND fliers(传单) as soon as she came back from work. After a quick supper, Ann, with Thomas and Jack went out and put them in mailboxes. The next day, Ann went to the dollar store and bought some pet supplies, asking the boys to look__after it for another day, and she hoped it would be the last day. She didn’t forget to warn her two sons not to fall in love with the dog, for they had no money or time.
Four days later no one called to claim(认领) it, so Ann’s family was still looking after the dog, whom they had started to call Riley. When she arrived home from work, the dog threw itself against the screen door and barked madly at her. As soon as she opened the door, Riley dashed into the boys’ room where Ann found Jack suffering from a heart attack. Riley ran over to Jack, but as soon as Ann bent over to help him the dog went__silent.
“If it hadn’t come to get me, the doctor said Jack would have not been saved，”Ann reported to a local newspaper. At this point, still no one had called to claim the dog, and it had been the best friend of her two sons. Ann decided to keep it, although she knew it would bring so much difficulty.
注意：
1．所续写短文的词数应为150左右；
2．至少使用5个短文中标有下划线的关键词语；
3．续写部分分为两段，每段的开头语已为你写好；
4．续写完成后，请用下划线标出你所使用的关键词语。
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The next morning Ann got a call.______________________________________________
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Paragraph 2：
An hour later, somebody knocked at the door.___________________________________
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One possible version：
Paragraph 1：
The next morning Ann got a call. A man recognized his lost dog and called the number on the flier. Ann was trapped/struck in a dilemma. She was having a hard struggle in her mind, unwilling/hesitant to tear herself away from Riley and let it go for the moment. Not only had it saved her son’s life from jaws of death, but they had truly regarded it as a member of their family. With much difficulty,__she had no choice but to tell the news to her sons, both of whom went__silent in a second. A sound of dismay escaped Thomas’ throat, while Jack rooted himself against the wall, speechless.
Paragraph 2：
An hour later, somebody knocked at the door. Everyone knew it was that man who came to pick up his dog. Thomas held Riley tightly in his arms while Jack stared at both of them, full of tears, without even one word.“It’s you！”Ann shouted when she opened the door. It was Dr. Alex who did the heart__operation for Jack. When he saw what the two boys did, he hesitated for a while and then smiled to them, asking politely and gently：“Boys, can I help to look__after you and your dog on the weekend? Of course I will bring some delicious food for you three！”All of them burst out laughing, and Ann’s joy was immense.

《汤姆叔叔的小屋》，是美国作家哈里特·比彻·斯托(斯托夫人)于1852年发表的一部反奴隶制小说，这部小说中关于非裔美国人与美国奴隶制度的观点曾产生过意义深远的影响，是19世纪最畅销的小说。
[词句积累]
1．apparently/əˈpærəntlI/
adv.看来；显然
2．identify/aIˈdentIfaI/v.
确定
3．ripple/ˈrIpl/n.波纹
4．complexion/kəmˈplekʃn/n.肤色
5．gaze/ɡeIz/vi.注视
6．delicately/ˈdelIkətlI/
adv.纤细地
7．The boy went up toward her, showing his toys, which he had gathered in the pocket of his clothes.
分析：该句中showing his toys为现在分词短语作伴随状语，与前面主句主语The boy之间为主动关系。后面which引导的为非限制性定语从句，先行词为toys，which在定语从句中作gather的宾语。
Uncle Tom’s Cabin(excerpt)
At this moment, the door was pushed gently open, and a young beautiful woman, apparently about twentyfive, entered the room.
There needed only a glance from the child to her, to identify her as its mother. There was the same rich, full, dark eye; the same ripples of silky black hair. The brown of her complexion gave way on the cheek to a quick flush, which deepened as she saw the gaze of the strange man fixed upon her. Her dress was of the neatest possible fit, and set off to advantage her fine shape；—a delicately formed hand and a trim foot and ankle were items of appearance that did not escape the quick eye of the trader.
“Well, Eliza？” said her master, as she stopped and looked hesitatingly at him.
“I was looking for Harry, please, sir，”and the boy went up toward her, showing his toys, which he had gathered in the pocket of his clothes.
“Well, take him away then，”said Mr Shelby; and hurriedly she went out, carrying the child on her arm.
“Oh, my god，” said the trader, turning to him in admiration，“there’s really a good article that can help make your fortune if you send it to Orleans. I’ve seen someone paid over a thousand to buy a female slave, which was far worse than this.”
“I don’t want to make any fortune on her，”said Mr Shelby, dryly; and, seeking to turn the conversation, he opened a bottle of fresh wine, and asked his companion’s opinion of it.
“Fine, sir, —very fine wine！”said the trader; then turning, and patting his hand familiarly on Shelby’s shoulder, he added—“Come, how will you trade about the girl？—what shall I say for her—what’ll you take？”
“Mr Haley, she is not to be sold，” said Shelby, “My wife would not part with her for her weight in gold.”
《汤姆叔叔的小屋》(节选)
正在此时，门被轻轻地推开了，一位大约二十五岁的年轻漂亮女子走进了房间。
这个女子一看就是那孩子的母亲。她的黑眼睛同样地柔和，纤细的卷发似波浪般起伏。当她发现一个陌生男子盯着她看时，她那棕黄色的面庞上泛起了一朵红晕。她整洁、合体的衣着更加衬托出身段的苗条，她那纤纤细手以及匀称的脚踝使她的外表更加端庄。这一切都没能逃过奴隶贩子的眼睛。
“伊丽莎，有事吗？”看着她欲言又止的样子，希尔比先生问道。
“对不起，先生，我在找哈里。”孩子跑到母亲面前，并拿出衣兜中的玩具向母亲炫耀着。
“那你就带他走吧。”希尔比先生说。女奴抱起孩子，匆匆忙忙走了出去。
“老天！真是好货色，”奴隶贩子向希尔比称赞道，“随便你什么时间将这个女人送到奥尔良，都会赚一大笔钱，我见过有个人花一千多块买了一个女奴，但那女奴的姿色可是不能和这个女人相媲美的。”
“我可不想靠她来发财。”希尔比冷冷地回答道。他又打开一瓶酒，岔开了话题，并问对方对酒的评价。
“味道很好，希尔比先生，酒是上等的酒！”奴隶贩子称赞道，然后转过身来像熟人似的拍着希尔比的肩又说，“哎，把那女奴隶卖给我行吗？我出什么价你能接受？你要价多少？”
“赫利先生，我不会卖掉她的，”希尔比先生说，“即使你付与她同样重的金子，我妻子也不会答应让她走的。”