普通高中英语学业水平合格性考试第2篇板块4第1讲定语从句学案

这是一份普通高中英语学业水平合格性考试第2篇板块4第1讲定语从句学案

板块四　至关重要的句式——并列句、三大从句和特殊句式第一讲　定语从句[语法规则再现]一、关系代词引导的定语从句1．who，whom，whose引导的定语从句。(1)who或whom均可指代人，但who在从句中作主语或宾语，whom在从句中作宾语；两者在引导限制性定语从句时常可用that替换。作主语时，who/that不可省略；作宾语时，whom/who/that可以省略。①I've become good friends with several of the students in my school who/whom/that I met in the English speech contest last year.我与好几位去年在英语演讲比赛中结识的同校同学成了好朋友。②I have many friends to whom I'm going to send post cards.我有很多我打算给其寄贺卡的朋友。(2)whose表所属关系，一般指人，也可指物，在从句中作定语。指物时相当于of which；指人时相当于of whom。I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect other students.我在班上有一位出乎意料的助教，他的创造性经常感染其他的学生。2．that，which引导的定语从句。(1)which指物，在从句中可以作主语、宾语，也可作定语，作宾语时可以省略。that指人或物均可，在从句中可以作主语、宾语、表语，作宾语时可以省略。①She showed the visitors around the museum that/which had been constructed three years before.她带着这些游客参观了那座三年前建造的博物馆。②Every day I practiced reading and writing，which I used to avoid as much as possible.每天我都练习过去尽量避免去做的阅读和写作。(2)限制性定语从句中，关系代词只用that不用which的情况：①先行词为不定代词anything，nothing，something，everything，all，some，none，little，few，the one等时。I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone else's fault.我拒绝接受因别人的错误而对我进行的指责。②先行词是形容词最高级或序数词，或先行词前有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.他们在桂林参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。③先行词被the only，the very，the last，the same，any，every，each，few，little，no，some，all等修饰时。The only part of the meal that I really liked was the dessert.这顿饭只有甜点是我真正爱吃的。④先行词中既有表示人又有表示物的名词时。They will never forget the things and persons that they've seen or heard of during their long journey.他们将永远不会忘记在他们的长途旅行中见到或听说过的人和事。(3)关系代词只用which而不用that的情况：①关系词引导非限制性定语从句时。The boy was away from home for a week，which worried his parents very much.这个男孩离家一个星期了，这使他父母很担心。②关系代词前有介词时。We live in an age in which more information is available with greater ease than ever before.我们生活在一个信息比以前更容易获得的时代。3．as引导的定语从句。(1)as可以引导限制性定语从句，常用于“so/such/the same＋先行词＋as...”结构中。Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China.像在我们车间使用的机器是中国制造的。which引导定语从句代指前面整句话的内容时只能位于主句之后。He kept lying to me，which annoyed me greatly.他总是对我说谎，这事使我很恼火。 (2)as也可以引导非限制性定语从句，定语从句说明整个句子，可放在主句之前、之中或之后。常用的这种类似插入语的句式有：as the saying goes，as is said above，as is mentioned above，as often happens，as is often the case，as is reported in the newspaper等。“You can't judge a book by its cover，”as the old saying goes.正如老话所说的那样：“人不可貌相。”二、关系副词引导的定语从句1．where引导的定语从句。where表示地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，相当于“介词in/at/on...＋which”。I went to a special school where I got plenty of extra help.我去了一所特殊学校，在那里我得到了很多的额外帮助。当先行词为situation，case，stage，point，activity，atmosphere等抽象名词，且引导词在定语从句中表示事情发生的情况、阶段等时，常用关系副词where引导。You reach a point where medicine can't help.你到了药物无法治疗的地步。 2．when引导的定语从句。when表示时间，在定语从句中作时间状语，相当于“介词in/at/on/during...＋which”结构。We will put off the picnic in the park until next week，when the weather may be better.我们将把公园的野餐推迟到下个星期，那时天气可能会更好。3．why引导的定语从句。why表示原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，相当于“介词for＋which”结构。Do you know the reason why/for which he didn't attend the meeting?你知道他没参加会议的原因吗？非限制性定语从句中，用for which表示原因而不用why。I had told them the reason，for which I didn't attend the meeting.我告诉了他们我没有去开会的原因。 三、介词＋关系代词引导的定语从句1．介词和关系代词的确定。若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介词后，即“介词＋whose＋名词”结构。一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：(1)先行词的意义；(2)从句中的动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配；(3)句子的意思。①Trading leather shoes is the business to which the Greens are devoted.皮鞋生意是格林一家所致力于的事业。(be devoted to“献身，致力于”)②I wish to thank Professor Smith，without whose help I would never have gone this far.我希望感谢史密斯教授，没有他的帮助，我永远不会走这么远。③Recently I bought an ancient vase，whose price(＝the price of which)was very reasonable.最近我买了个古董花瓶，它的价钱很合理。2．“of＋关系代词”引导的定语从句。在some，any，few，little，none，all，both，neither，many，most，each等代词或数词的前、后表示整体与部分的关系可以用of which/whom。John invited about 40 people to his wedding，most of whom are family members.约翰邀请了大约40人参加他的婚礼，他们当中绝大部分是家庭成员。3．“介词＋where”引导的定语从句。有时“介词＋where”可以引导定语从句，此时要和“介词＋which”引导的定语从句从意思上加以区别。His head soon appeared out of the window，from where he saw nothing but trees.他的头很快从窗口探了出来，从那里除了树木他什么也看不到。(from where相当于from out of the window，而不是from the window)[典型例题分析]1．She likes to travel and meet new people ________have their own opinions that are different from hers.who　[此句先行词为new people，定语从句中少了主语，因此选择了关系代词who作为定语从句的主语。故正确答案为who。]2．He fell over several times，________made his clothes very dirty.which　[如作主语、宾语、表语，需选择关系代词who，whom，that，which；如作定语，需选择whose，of which或of whom；如作状语，需选择关系副词when，why，where。]3．By 16：30，________was almost closing time，nearly all the paintings had been sold.A．which　　　　 B．whenC．what D．thatA　[分析句子结构可知“________ was almost closing time”为定语从句，16：30为先行词。从后面的closing time(停止营业时间)可以得知此句是在谈时间，但是此句中缺少主语，前面又有一个逗号，所以可以确定这里是一个非限制性定语从句，用which而不用that引导；when不能作主语，故可排除B项；what不能引导定语从句。故选A项。]4．Care of the soul is a gradual process even the small details of life should be considered.A．what B．in whatC．which D．in whichD　[句意：心灵的呵护是一个渐进的过程，在这一过程中，即使是生活中微小的细节也应该考虑在内。“even the small details of life should be considered”是定语从句部分，该部分主干完整；先行词是process，表抽象地点，由句意和与先行词的搭配知，“在……的过程中”应用介词in，所以选D，相当于where。][语法专项对练]Ⅰ.用适当的关系词填空1．There，lying in the muddy river bed was a little dog about two months old，whose front legs were tightly tied with ropes.2．Opposite is St.Paul's Church，where you can hear some lovely music.3．The number of smokers，as is reported，has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.4．On looking at the spot where the bird had risen，I saw two eggs.5．Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon which school education depends.6．Some of the teachers at the college asked Dr.Naismith to invent a game that/which can be played indoors.7．If the earth is poisoned，the water，the food and the animals will be poisoned，which means that we who poison the earth will be poisoned too.8．Those motorcycles，where a huge umbrella is fixed，are a huge threat to people walking in the street.9．I'm sorry not to have replied to your letter earlier，for which，I must say，I apologize.10．A company whose profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.11．The reason why he refused to go to the party is not clear.12．He was generous with the time，for which I was very grateful.13．Please send us all the information that you have about the candidate for the position.14．Until now，we have raised 50，000 pounds for the poor children，which is quite unexpected.15．How many students are there in your class whose homes are in countryside?16．He worked in a car factory for four years，after which he founded his own company in his hometown.17．There are many new central leaders in China now，of whom many once worked in the western provinces.18．He wrote many children's books，nearly half of which were published in the 1990s.19．He was educated at the local high school，after which he went on to Peking University.20．In most cases，college graduates don't mind what job they will do so long as it is one where they can earn money to support themselves.Ⅱ.语法填空在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。There was a time 1.when I was tired of learning English and disliked to speak English.And this is the reason 2.why my father forced me to join in a 30­day training in an English club before I went to senior high school.When I first came to the club，3.where I met many strangers，I missed my parents very much.So I packed up my things and wanted to go home.Fortunately，my guide 4.whose teacher was Li Yang，communicated with me face to face，from 5.whom I gained some useful instructions. He also showed me a good partner，and we got along well with each other. Gradually I adapted to the life there. Everyday I would like to talk to other teenagers and set down a series of activities 6.that/which we did.My father and the guide 7.who/that encouraged me to fall in love with English should be appreciated.Now I feel it interesting to learn English，into 8.which I put my entire energy.Everyday I will read my words and passages aloud.In class I will join in English discussions.Before I go to sleep，I will recall my passages，through 9.which I can memorize a large number of new words.10.As our English teacher says，“As long as we form the habit of learning English everyday and have perseverance，we will conquer English sooner or later.”