普通高中英语学业水平合格性考试第2篇板块2第1讲名词和数词学案

板块二　需要“变形的名词、数词、形容词和副词”

第一讲　名词和数词

[语法规则再现]

一、名词

(一)名词的分类

表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词叫作名词。名词分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。具体情况见下表：

(二)名词的数

在英语中，普通名词按其所表示的事物的性质可分为可数名词与不可数名词。

可数名词的单复数

可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。单数可数名词前面一般要用不定冠词a或an；复数可数名词变化如下：

1．名词复数的规则变化

注意：有些名词是以s结尾，看似复数，但并非复数，而是其本身的词尾就是s，实为不可数名词，如news(新闻)，maths(数学)，physics(物理)，politics(政治)。有些以s结尾，实为单复数同形，如means(方法)，works(工厂)。

2．名词复数的不规则变化

3.复合名词的复数形式

(1)只将主体名词变为复数形式。

a banana tree→some banana trees

a boy student→some boy students

(2)man和woman作定语时，其本身的单复数形式与被修饰词的单复数一致。

a man doctor→two men doctors

a woman teacher→three women teachers

1.表示具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用

What a surprise to see you here.

在这里看到你，真让人意外。

2．有些物质名词可个体化为可数名词

—I knocked over the tea cup and it fell on the mobile phone.

—You should never put drinks near a phone.

——我把茶杯碰倒了，它落在了那部手机上。

——你永远都不应该把饮料放到手机附近。

[典型例题分析]

1．She likes to travel and meet new people who have their own ________ (opinion) that are different from hers.

opinions　[that引导定语从句，that在从句中作主语替代先行词，由that后面的are可知，that应该代表的是复数，答案应该为opinions。]

2．I gave up all my other ________(hobby)，and spent my spare time reading poetry and writing it.

hobbies　[根据句意：“我放弃了所有别的业余爱好，并把业余时间花在读诗和写诗方面。”名词hobby前面有all my other(我所有其他的)修饰，可知hobby应该用复数形式，且hobby是以辅音字母b加y结尾，复数形式则应把y改为i再加es，故正确答案为hobbies。]

二、数词

(一)基数词

基数词的构成

1.单位词hundred，thousand，million，billion前有具体数词时，用单数形式。

two hundred二百

three thousand三千

780，000，000 seven hundred and eighty million

4，000，000，000 four billion

2．ten，hundred，thousand，million，billion等可以构成短语，表示泛指的数目。

hundreds of数百

tens of hundreds of数千

thousands of数千

tens of thousands of数万

millions of数百万

hundreds of millions of数亿

(二)序数词

序数词的构成

1.序数词前面一般加the，多数序数词由基数词加­th构成。如：the fifteenth；以y结尾的基数词变化时，先把y改成i，再加­eth。如：twentieth。注意几个不规则的序数词的写法。如：first，second，third，fifth，eighth，ninth，twelfth等。

2．序数词常可缩写，其形式为阿拉伯数字加序数词的最后两个字母。如：1st，2nd，3rd，4th，21st，22nd，23rd，24th。

3.小数

小数点用point表示，小数点后的数用个位基数词表示。如：0.567—zero point five six seven。

4．分数

分子用基数词，分母用序数词，如果分子大于1，分母须加­s。如：1/5—one fifth/one­fifth；3/4—three fourths/three­fourths。

5．百分数

百分号用percent(per cent)或%表示。如：19.56%—nineteen point five six percent。

[语法专项对练]

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1．—Why not buy a second­hand car if you don't have enough money for a new one?

—That's a good suggestion (suggest)．

2. Every year，more stories (story) are bought as e­books and read on a screen.

3．My first impression (impress) of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful young man.

4．The woman dressed in blue is Mary and Alice's (Mary and Alice) mother.

5．John has grown up and changed beyond recognition (recognize)．

6．When autumn comes，leaves (leaf) of most trees turn yellow and then fall down.

7．The school advisers help you talk through your  problems but they don't give you any direct solution (solve)．

8．—Have you heard of Lin Zexu and Qi Jiguang?

—Of course.They are our national heroes (hero)．

9．Bill was a reporter (report) to interview the football players at the 2016 Rio Olympics.

10．The Harry Potter books enjoy great popularity(popular); they are in great demand in this city.

11．Meimei is going to be an elder sister.Her parents are planning to have their second (two) child.

12．Teacher Wang gave me a second(two) examination paper.

13．We are to carry out the ninth(nine) plan.

14．The environment here is becoming better and better.Thousands (thousand) of birds are coming back.

15．Linda's first book came out in her thirties (thirty)．

16．Please turn to page five and take a look at the fifth picture.(five)

17．The fourth (four) of July is Independence Day of America.

18．In her forties (forty)，she began to take up writing.

19．The survey，carried out in that university，shows that three fifths (five) of the teachers wear glasses.

20．I'm at sixes(six) and sevens about what to do.

Ⅱ.语法填空

在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Robots used for housework were tested out in some 1.families (family). Tony，one of the robots，looked like 2.a tall and handsome man with smooth black hair，speaking in a deep voice.Larry was going to be away from home. Also，3.curiosity (curious) drove him to have a try on such a new thing.So he hired a robot to accompany his wife Claire.Claire didn't like the idea at the beginning，but she agreed to it at last. At the first sight of Tony，Claire felt embarrassed. Gradually，Tony began to win the 4.hostess' (hostess) trust.He helped Claire realize her dreams by making her home elegant，giving her a new haircut，changing the makeup she wore and giving her 5.advice (advise) on her 6.personal (person) dresses.Therefore at the party all her guests who were invited were filled with 7.admiration (admire) when they saw her house was completely changed. After the test，the company was satisfied with  8.Tony's (Tony) report and believed it was 9.a success because he had successfully made a woman regain her 10.confidence (confident) and fall in love with him.