热点03 非谓语动词形态及特殊用法-十年（2013—2022）高考英语热门考点梳理与变式练

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十年（2013—2022）高考英语热门考点梳理与变式练
热点03 非谓语动词形态及特殊用法

1.（2021·天津）China's National Highway 318, ________ over 5,000 kilometers from Shanghai to Zhangmu, Tibet, is known as the "heavenly road“ for its amazing views.
A．to extend B．extended C．extending D．being extended
【答案】C
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：中国的国道318号，从上海到西藏樟木，延伸出5000多公里，因为它的令人赞叹的景观，被熟知为“天堂之路”。分析句子成分可知，is known as是整个句子的谓语动词，所以空格处应填非谓语动词，extend与主语China's National Highway 318之间的关系为主动，所以用extending。故选C。
2.（2021·天津）Mary became a baker at age 14, because her grandfather paid the local baker ________ her all the skills.
A．to have taught B．to teach C．teaching D．having taught
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词的固定结构。句意：玛丽在14岁时成为了一名面包师，因为她的祖父付钱给当地的面包师来教她所有的技能。短语pay sb. to do sth.，意为“雇佣某人做某事”，根据句意，故选B。
3.(2012﹒重庆)Before you quit your job, ______how your family would feel about your decision.
A. consider B. considering C. to consider D. considered
【答案】A
【解析】结合选项来分析句子结构，逗号前为时间状语从句，后面实际上是一个祈使句。由此可知，A选项符合题意。因此，正确答案为A选项。
4.(2012﹒重庆)______to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film.
A. Having been asked B. To ask C. Having asked D. To be asked
【答案】A
【解析】逗号前为原因状语，空白处与句子的主语为逻辑上的动宾关系，由此可排除表示主动关系的B和C选项，D选项常作目的和结果状语，不作原因状语，也可排除，而A选项为现在分词完成式的被动形式，可作时间状语、原因状语、结果状语、伴随状语等。因此，正确答案为A选项。
5.(2012﹒陕西)________ in a long queue, we waited for the store to open to buy a New iPad .
A. Standing B. To stand C. Stood D. Stand
【答案】A
【解析】非谓语动词短语后有逗号，说明非谓语动词做题干的状语，逻辑主语是句子的主语we，非谓语动词与逻辑主语是主动关系，且其动作与谓语动词wait的动作同时进行，用动词v-ing的一般式，选A。
6.(2012﹒全国卷II)The old man sat in front of the television every evening, happy _____ anything that happened to be on.
A. to watch B. watching C. watched D. to have watched
【答案】A
【解析】此处happy to watch anything that happened to be on作sat的目的状语。句意：那位老人每天晚上坐在电视机前，高兴地看要上演的任何节目。
7.(2012﹒全国卷II)Tony lent me the money, ______that I’d do as much for him.
A. hoping B. to hope C. hoped D. having hoped
【答案】A
【解析】此处现在分词短语hoping that I’d do as much for him作伴随状语。句意：Tony借给我了钱，希望我加倍还他。
8.(2012﹒山东) George returned after the war, only _______ that his wife had left him.
A. to be told B. telling
C. being told D. told
【答案】A
【解析】此处only to do/be done表示意料之外的结果；现在分词作结果状语则表示自然的结果。这里George和tell之间是被动关系，因此用to be told。句意：乔治战争后回到家，结果被告知妻子已经离开了。
9.(2012﹒福建)Pressed from his parents, and ______that he has wasted too much time , the boy is determined to stop playing video games.
A. realizing B. realized C. to realize D. being realized
【答案】A
【解析】首先要弄清楚本句中的and连接的成分是非谓语动词做状语，主语与press是被动关系，但是与realize是主动，“被父母迫使同时自己也意识到他已经浪费了太多时间，这个男孩决定停止玩电脑游戏。本题考查非谓语动词的难度挺大，主要是很多学生看到pressed后就不知道realize在句中做什么成分，所以本题关键有两个，一个是and并列的成分是什么，然后就是realize与主语the boy的关系。
10.(2012﹒浙江) "It's a such nice place," Mother said as she sat at the table________ for customs.
A. to be reserved B. Living reserved C. reserving D. reserved
【答案】D
【解析】reserve和谓语动词sat之间没有连词，故用非谓语，且和其逻辑主语the table逻辑上构成被动关系，故用过去分词表示被动、完成的概念，在句子中做后置定语。
11.(2013﹒安徽)___ in the early 20th century, the school keeps on inspiring children’s love of art.
A. To found B. Founding C. Founded D. Having founded
【答案】C
【解析】本题考查非谓语动词。句中的主语是the school, 分词做状语的时候，其逻辑主语跟句中主语必须一致，也就是说，“成立”的逻辑主语就是学校，他们之间是被动关系，所以应该用过去分词，排除表示主动的选项B和D，正确答案是C；至于选项A，to +did/done是不存在的，排除。
12.(2013﹒福建)_____ basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.
A. Known B. Having known C. Knowing D. Being known
【答案】C
【解析】本题考查非谓语动词。will help是句子的谓语部分，_____ basic first-aid techniques是句子的主语部分，起逻辑主语是you，与Known构成主动关系，所以用动词-ing做主语。D是被动关系。
13.(2013﹒福建)Anyone, once ____ positive for H7N9 flu virus, will receive free medical treatment from our government.
A. to be tested B. being tested C. tested D. to test
【答案】C
【解析】本题考查非谓语动词。解题关键：判断非谓语动词的时态和语态。once ____ positive for H7N9 flu virus,在句中做定语，逻辑主语是Anyone，与test构成被动关系，排除D；A表示即将进行检测，与句意不符；B表示正在进行，也与句意不符；本句属于“先确诊，后治疗”，过去分词表示被动的、完成的动作。所以选C。
14.(2013﹒山东) _______ at the cafeteria before, Tina didn’t want to eat there again.
A. Having eaten B. to eat C. Eat D. Eating
【答案】A
【解析】本题考查分词短语做状语。因为本句中以前在这家餐厅吃过饭的动作发生的时间显然要早于主句的动作即不愿再去那里就餐这一动作发生的时间，所以应用V-ing的完成式即having done。所以答案为A。B项to eat表示目的；C项eat动词原形不能做非谓语；D项eating表示主动，不符合句意。
15.(2013﹒新课标卷I)They might just have a place ________ on the writing course— why don’t you give it a try?
A. leave B. left C. leaving D. to leave
【答案】B
【解析】本题考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构得知，they might just have a place为主谓宾结构，might have是谓语动词，因此实意动词leave在句中用非谓语形式。这样答案锁定了B、C和D。根据句意可知，空白处在句中作定语，限制修饰名词place。leave（留下……）相对于被修饰名词place而言，leave是被动动作，故正确答案排除了C和D，因为C和D分别是现在分词和不定式的主动式，表示一个主动动作。句意为他们可能还有个学习写作课的机会，你为什么不试一试呢？
16.(2014﹒江西) ___nearly all our money , we couldn’t afford to stay at a hotel .
A. Having spent B. To spent C. Spent D. To have spent
【答案】A
【解析】本题考察的是分词做状语用法。动词spend与句子主语we构成逻辑上的主动关系，所以使用现在分词spending的形式，而本句中spend all our money是发生在谓语动词之前的，所以使用现在分词的完成式having spent。句义：几乎把所有的钱都花完了，我们没有钱住宾馆了。B项通常在句中做目的状语。CD项表示被动。故A正确。
17.(2014﹒四川)— I hope to take the computer course.
— Good idea. ____ more about it, visit this website.
A. To find out B. Finding out
C. To be finding out D. Having found out
【答案】A
【解析】考查非谓语动词中的不定式用法。动词不定式可以放在句首作目的状语，译为“为了…”。句意：——我想参加这个电脑课程。——好主意。要想得到更多有关的信息，请登陆这个网站。Visit this website是一个祈使句，表示建议。故A正确。
18.(2017﹒天津)The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment, _____ more patients to be treated.
A. being allowed B. allowing C. having allowed D. allowed
【答案】B
【解析】试题分析：句意：近期这个医院得到了新的医疗设备，更多的病人能够得到治疗。前句这个医院得到了新的医疗设备和后面更多的病人能够得到治疗之间是必然的因果关系，用现在分词作结果状语，表示顺理成章的结果。equipment与allow之间为主动关系，故用现在分词的一般式。A. being allowed 表示被动且正在进行；C. having allowed 强调先于谓语动作发生；D. allowed 表示被动且完成。故选B。
19.(2019﹒新课标I卷﹒语法填空)Modem methods of tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive 64 (perform) consistently over a large area.
【答案】to perform
【解析】考查非谓语动词。主系表结构之后，常用不定式作原因或目的状语，句意：跟踪北极熊的现代方法只是在二十世纪八十年代以来开始采用，并且在如此大区域内持续采用是昂贵的，故此处用to perform。
20.(2019﹒新课标I卷﹒语法填空)Scientists have responded by ___67___ (note) that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements,…
【答案】noting
【解析】考查非谓语动词。根据其前介词by可知，此处用动名词主动形式，故填noting。
21.(2019﹒新课标II卷﹒短文改错)All the football players on the playground cheered loudly, say that I had a talent for football.
【答案】All the football players on the playground cheered loudly, that I had a talent for football.
【解析】考查现在分词。本句句意：操场上所有的足球运动员大声欢呼，说我有足球天赋。句中谓语动词为cheered，say在这里作伴随状语。与主语players是主动关系，故将say改为saying。
22.(2019﹒新课标II卷﹒语法填空)A 90-year-old has been awarded“Woman Of The Year”for 61 (be)Britain's oldest full-time employee-still working 40 hours a week.
【答案】 being
【解析】考查非谓语动词。根据其前介词for可知，此处用动名词形式作宾语，故填being。
23.(2019﹒新课标II卷﹒语法填空)Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award，proud Irene declared (declare) she had no plans 65 (retire) from her 36-year-old business.
【答案】to retire
【解析】考查不定式作定语。此处用to do sth做后置定语，用来修饰前面的名词plan,表示“……的计划”，故填to retire。
24.(2019﹒新课标II卷﹒语法填空)When we got a call 68 (say)she was short-listed，we thought it was ___a__ joke.
【答案】saying
【解析】考查非谓语动词。根据其后所接的宾语从句可知，此处用现在分词形式saying作后置定语，解释名词call的内容，call与say是主动关系，故填saying。
25.(2019﹒新课标III卷﹒语法填空)On our way to the house，it was raining so hard that we couldn't help wondering how long it would take 62 (get)there.
【答案】to retire
【解析】考查不定式。句中的would提示我们作者还没有到达那座房子，wondering后的句子不缺谓语，此处应填非谓语动词，故填to get。
26.(2019﹒新课标III卷﹒语法填空)On the last day of our week-long stay，we _were invited__(invite)to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars， 70 (listen)to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
【答案】listening
【解析】考查现在分词。本句谓语动词为“were invited”，所以70题空格处动词listen应用非谓语动词形式。听音乐这个动作是由we发出的，所以选用现在分词形式。也可由and前后连接两个并列的结构这一规律解题，and后meeting interesting locals为分词形式，故空格处填listening。
27.(2019﹒浙江﹒语法填空)When the children are walking or ___59___ (cycle) to school on dark mornings,…
【答案】cycling
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：当孩子们在黑暗的早晨步行或骑车上学时，汽车司机很容易看到它们。or连接两个并列成分，根据or前的walking可知，此处要用cycling。故填cycling。
28.(2019﹒浙江﹒语法填空)But some students didn't want 63 (wear) the uniform.
【答案】to wear
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：但是，有一些学生不想穿学生服。want to do sth想要做某事，这里是动词不定式作to的宾语。故填to wear。
29.(2019﹒北京﹒语法填空)Nervously ___2___ (face) challenges, I know I will whisper to myself(I) the two simple words “Be yourself”.
【答案】facing
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：紧张地面对挑战，我知道我将轻声对自己说两个简单的字“做你自己”。分析句式可知，此处是做句子的状语，要用非谓语动词，其逻辑主语是I，与逻辑主语之间是主动关系，用现在分词作状语。故填facing。
30.（2020﹒江苏）Technological innovations, ____ good marketing, will promote the sales of these products.
A. combined with B. combining with
C. having combined with D. to be combined with
【答案】A
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:技术创新与良好的市场营销相结合，将促进这些产品的销售。此处是短语:be combined with“与……结合/联合”，本句中省略be动词，使用过去分词做状语。故选A。
31.（2020﹒天津）______ us prepare for the exam, the teacher suggested reading through our notes.
A. To help B. Helped C. Helping D. Being helped
【答案】A
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:为了帮助我们准备考试，老师建议通读我们的笔记。分析句子结构可知，老师建议我们诵读笔记是”为了”帮助我们准备考试。故表目的，应用动词不定式。故选A。
32.（2020﹒天津）The dancer’s incredible performance had the audience on its feet ______ for 10 minutes at the end of the show.
A. being clapped B. clap C. clapped D. clapping
【答案】D
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:舞蹈演员令人难以置信的表演使观众站起来鼓掌达十分钟之久。该题中，have表示”使……处于……状态”。______ for 10 minutes作伴随状语，其逻辑主语the audience和clap之间是主动关系，故用现在分词。故选D。
33.（2020﹒全国卷I﹒语法填空）Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments on board Chang’e-4 66 (find) and study areas of the South Pole-Aitken basin.
【答案】to find
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：中国的研究者希望使用嫦娥四号上的设备来发现和研究南极艾特肯盆地。此处表示目的，应使用不定式作目的状语。故填to find。
34.（2020﹒全国卷II﹒语法填空）They represent the earth 63 (come) back to life and best wishes for new beginnings.
【答案】coming
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：它们代表着大地的复苏和对新开端的美好祝愿。句中谓语动词为represent，所以这里为非谓语动词。名词earth与come back to之间为主动关系，所以用现在分词作后置定语。故填coming。
35.（2020﹒全国卷II﹒语法填空）They are easy 68 (care) for and make great presents.
【答案】to care
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：它们很容易照顾，也很适合作为礼物。这里考查“be +形容词 + to do”结构。故填to care。
36.（2020﹒全国卷III﹒语法填空）The next morning he hired a boat and set out 67 (find) the well-known painter.
【答案】to find
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：第二天早上，他租了一条船，出发去找这位著名的画家。结合句意表示“出发去做某事”短语为set out to do sth.，后跟不定式做目的状语。故填to find。
37.（2020﹒全国卷III﹒语法填空）And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds. 69 (surround) the mountain tops, he was reduced to tears.
【答案】surrounding
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：当他看到雾气从河上升起，山顶上乌云环绕，他不禁流下了眼泪。分析句子结构可知，the soft clouds 69 (surround) the mountain tops是独立主格结构做状语，surround在句中应用非谓语动词形式，与逻辑主语clouds构成主动关系，故应用现在分词。故填surrounding。
38.（2020﹒浙江﹒语法填空）Agriculture gave people their first experience of the power of technology 60 (change)lives.
【答案】to change
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：农业让人们第一次体验到技术改变生活的力量。分析句子，简单句中已有动词gave故提示词部分需用非谓语动词。分析句意，此处需用不定式表示目的。故填to change。
39.（2020﹒浙江﹒语法填空）Later，they learned to work with the seasons (season)，planting at the right time and，in dry areas， 63 (make)use of annual floods to irrigate(灌溉)their fields.
【答案】making
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：后来，他们学会了因地制宜，在适当的时间播种，在干旱地区，利用每年的洪水来灌溉农田。分析句子，make所处的分句中无主语，故此处需用非谓语动词。make use of和逻辑主语they之间表示“主动”关系。所以此处用现在分词形式（doing）形式做状语。故填making。

Part 1 动词不定式
一、动词不定式的形式变化
动词不定式有下列时态和语态的形式变化。
语态式
一般式
完成式
进行式
完成进行式
主 动
to build
to have built
to be building
to have been building
被 动
to be build
to have been build


二、动词不定式的基本用法
动词不定式能起名词、形容词和副词的作用，可在句中作主语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语用，如：
（1）作主语：To help each other is good.（动词不定式作主语时，一般可用it作形式主语，而将作主语的动词不定式置于句末，如：It is good to help each other.）
（2）作表语：My job is to drive them to the power station every day. 动词不定式在系动词be之后作表语，与表示将来时的be + 动词不定式结构有所区别，如：Our plan is to set up another middle school for the peasants’ children.我们的计划是给农民子弟再成立一所中学。（句中的谓语动词为is，动词不定式to set up… 为表语，主语为plan，但plan并不是动词不定式的逻辑主语，即动词不定式 to set up所表示的动作不是主语plan产生的。）We are to set up another middle school for the peasants’ children.我们将为农民的子弟再成立一所中学。（句中的are to set up整个结构为句中谓语，主语为we，同时也是动词不定式to set up所表示的动作的逻辑主语，即动词不定式to set up所表示的动作是由we产生的）。
（3）作宾语：①作及物动词的宾语，如：She wishes to be a musician.；②作某些形容词的宾语：可以有动词不定式为宾语的形容词一般有glad, sorry, afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious, ready, sure等，如：I am determined to give up smoking.；③动词不定式一般不作介词的宾语，但动词不定式之前如有疑问词时，就可作介词的宾语，如：Can you give us some advice on what to do next?
（4）作宾语补足语，如：Tell the children not to play on the street. 如果句中的谓语动词为see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等，作宾语补足语的动词不定式须将to省去，如：I saw a little girl run across the street.
（5）动词不定式在句中作宾语，如带有宾语补足语时，须先用it作形式宾语，而将该动词不定式后置，如：I don’t think it right to do it that way.
（6）作定语：动词不定式作定语时，须位于被其修饰的名词或代词之后，如：Is this the best way to help him? 和定语用的动词不定式如果是不及物动词，不定式后面就要用必要的介词，如：He is the man to depend on. 如果被不定式修饰的名词为place, time, way，不定式后面的介词，习惯上可以省去，如：The old man is looking for a quiet place to live.
（7）作状语：动词不定式可以作下列的状语：①目的状语： Every morning he gets up very early to read English. 为了强调不定式表示目的的作用，可在不定式前加in order to或so as to（以便或为了），但应注意in order to位于句首或句中均可，而so as to不能位于句首，如：She reads China Daily every day in order to (so as to) improve her English. 将表示目的的不定式置于句首，也可强调目的的作用，如：To master a foreign language, one must work hard at it. ②结果状语：They lived to see the liberation of their home town.他们活到亲眼见到了他们家乡的解放。③too + 形容词或副词 + 动词不定式，表示“足能…”的结果，如：You are old enough to take care of yourself now.
三、复合结构不定式
由for + 名词（或代词宾格）+ 动词不定式即构成复合结构的动词不定式。其中for本身无意义。for后面的名词或代词是不定式的逻辑主语，这种不定式在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语或状语，如：It is very important for us to get everything ready for the harvest. 当作表语用的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征时，就用介词of而不用for引出不定式的逻辑主语，这些形容词一般有good, nice, kind, wise, silly, stupid, foolish, right, wrong, careless, impolite等，如：It is very kind of you to help him every day.
四、疑问词 + 动词不定式
疑问代词和疑问副词后可加动词不定式构成不定式短语，在句中可作主语、表语或宾语，如：How to prevent them from swimming in this river is a problem.
五、动词不定式的否定式
动词不定式的否定式是由not + 动词不定式构成，如：It’s wrong of you not to attend the meeting.
六、动词不定式的时态形式所表示的时间关系
（1）一般式：动词不定式一般式所表示的动作是和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，但在多数情况下，是在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生，如：We decided to plant more trees this spring.（其后），They often watch us play table tennis.（同时）；
（2）完成式：动词不定式完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，如：I am sorryto have kept you waiting.
（3）进行式：动词不定式进行式所表示的动作正在进行中，而且与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，如：She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I came in.
七、动词不定式的被动语态用法
如果动词不定式的逻辑主语为这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般就用被动语态形式，如：What is to be done next hasn’t been decided yet.
Part 2 动名词
动名词是动词的一种非限定形式，兼有动词和名词的特征，它可以带宾语，也能被状语修饰。动名词接宾语或状语构成动名词短语。动名词有时态和语态的变化。
动名词由动词原形家词尾-ing构成，与现在分词形式相同。动名词已经名词化了，而现在分词常表示动作或状态。如：a sleeping chair 躺/睡椅（动名词，表用途） a sleeping child 正在睡觉的孩子（现在分词，表状态）
一、句法功能
动名词具有名词的性质，因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。
1、 作主语
1）直接位于句首做主语。
Reading is an art. 读书是一种艺术。
Climbing mountains is really fun. 爬山真是有趣。
Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffering. 在这种工作条件下工作不是一件愉快的事而是一件痛苦的事。
注意：动名词做主语时，谓语动词为单数
2）用 it 作形式主语，把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。
It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收
It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 劝说这样的人加入真是浪费时间。
It was hard getting on the crowded street car. 上这种拥挤的车真难。
It is fun playing with children. 和孩子们一起玩真好。
这种用法在习惯句型中常用，常用句型：
It is + no use/no good/useless/senseless/fun/enjoyable/tiring/interesting/foolish/nice/a waste of time/a plessure… + v.ing
注意：important，essential，necessary 等形容词后面不用动名词（常用不定式）。
3）用于“There be”结构中。
There is no saying when he'll come.很难说他何时回来。
There is no joking about such matters. 对这种事情不是开玩笑。
There is no holding back the wheel of history. 历史的车轮不可阻挡。
常用句型：There is no + v.ing = It is impossible to do …
注意：在“There be”句型中，只能用动名词，而不能用不定式作主语。
4）用于布告形式的省略结构中。
No smoking ( =No smoking is allowed (here) ). 禁止吸烟。
No parking. 禁止停车。
5）动名词的复合结构作主语
当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时，常可以在前面加上一个物主代词或名词所有格，构成动名词的复合结构。动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语。例如：
Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us. 他们前来帮忙对我们来说是极大的鼓舞。
Lao Li’s going there won’t be of much help. 老李去不会有多大帮助。
2、作宾语
（1）作动词的宾语
某些动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有：advise, suggest, allow, permit, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish, cannot help, imagine, include, keep, keep on, mind, miss, delay, practise, resist, postpone(推迟)，deny(否认), appreciate (欣赏，感激), escape, excuse, pardon, can’t stand, put off, give up等。例如：
Would you mind opening the window?吧窗户打开好吗？
She suggested going to the Great Wall for the spring outing. 她建议去长城春游。
Seeing the picture, he couldn’t help laughing. 看了这幅画，他禁不住大笑起来。
Mark often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic regulations. 每当马克违反交通规则时，他常常企图逃避罚款的处分。
在下面这种结构中也可以用动名词（短语）做宾语：find/think/consider… + it（形式宾语） + no use/no good/useless… + v.ing（真正宾语）。例如：
I found it pleasant walking along the seashore. 在海滩上走真是乐事。
Do you consider it any good trying again? 你认为再试一次有好处吗？
形容词worth后也可接动名词，作为复合谓语的宾语。例如：
The music is well worth listening to more than once. 这种曲子很值得多听几遍。
（2）作介词的宾语
能接动名词的短语有：think of/about, dream of/about, hear of, prevent/keep/stop…from…, depend on, set about, succeed (in), worry about, burst out, insist on, be/get used to, devote…to…, look forward to, pay attention to, get down to, be good at, do well in, be fond of, be interested in, be tired of, be afraid of, spend…(in), feel like, prefer…to…, instead of, in case of等等。例如：
We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。
Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 我们休息呢还是开始干活？
Ann has been looking forward to coming to China for a long time. 安好久以来就盼望着来中国。
在下面的结构中，介词in常可省略：
（1）S + have + trouble/difficulty/problems/fun/a struggle/ a good time/a hard time + (in) +v.ing
（2）S + speng time/money + (in) +V.ing
（3）S + be busy + (in) +V.ing
（4）S + lose no time + (in) +V.ing （立即… …）
例如：We are busy (in) preparing for the coming sports meet. 我们正为马上到来的运动会忙着做准备。
Do you have any difficulty (in) understanding spoken English? 要听懂英语口语你有困难吗？
3、作表语
动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。表语动名词与主语通常是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语、表语可互换位置。例如：
Your task is cleaning the windows. 你的任务就是擦窗户。(Cleaning the windows is your task.)
What I hate most is being laughed at. 我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。 (Being laughed at is what I hate most.)
4、作定语
动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。如：
a walking stick ＝a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walking
a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing
a reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for reading
sleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping
二、动名词的复合结构
带有逻辑主语的动名词称为动名词的复合结构。当动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，要在动名词之前加上物主代词或名词所有格，这便构成了动名词的复合结构。其中物主代词（名词所有格）是逻辑上的主语，动名词是逻辑上的谓语。动名词复合结构在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等，分别相当于一个主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句。例如：
Her coming to help encouraged all of us. 他来帮忙鼓舞了我们所有人。 (=That she came to help encouraged all of us.)
Jane’s being careless caused so much trouble. 简的粗心惹来了不少麻烦。 (=That Jane was careless caused so much trouble.)
What’s troubling them is their not having enough food. 烦扰他们的是食物不足。 (=What’s troubling them is that they have not enough food.)
在口语中，如果动名词复合结构作宾语，其中的物主代词常用人称代词宾格，名词所有格常用名词普通格来代替，但在句首作主语时不能这样来代替。例如：
Would you mind my/me using your computer? 用下你的电脑介意吗？
The father insisted on his son’s/his son going to college. 爸爸坚决要求儿子上大学。
Mary’s (不可用Mary) being ill made her mother upset. 玛丽病了，使她妈妈很着急。
His (不可用Him)smoking made his family angry. 他抽烟使他一家人非常生气。
例：I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon.
A．you to call B．you call C．you calling D．you’re calling
（Key：C；换成your calling也对）
在下列情况下动名词的逻辑主语必须用名词的普通格或人称代词宾语：
a.无命名词
例如：The baby was made awake by the door suddenly shutting. 这个婴儿被猛烈的关门声吵醒。
b. 有生命名词但表示泛指意义
例如：Have you ever heard of women practising boxing? 你听说过妇女练拳击吗？
c. 两个以上的有生命名词并列
例如：Do you remember your parents and me telling about this? 你记得你父母和我都告诉过你这事吗？
三、动名词的形态变化
动名词的形态变化如下：
主动语态、 被动语态、
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
（一）时态
1、动名词一般式：表示的动作通常是一般性动作，即不是明确地发生在过去、现在或将来的动作，或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时或之后发生的动作。例如：
I hate talking with such people. 我讨厌与这样的人说话。
Being careless is not a good habit. 粗心不是一个好习惯。
2、动名词的完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。例如：
I don’t remember having met him before. 我记不得以前见过他。
Thank you for having taking so much trouble to help. 谢谢你费力帮忙。
He denied having taken any money from the cash register. 他否认从现金出纳机里拿了钱。
（二）语态
动名词的逻辑主语同时也是动名词动作的承受者，动名词用被动语态。
（1）它的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，或在其后发生。例如：
I don’t like being laughed at in public. 在公共场合下，我不喜欢被别人嘲笑。
He came in without being asked. 没有谁请他进来他自己进来了。
（2）它的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。例如：
I am very pleased at your having been honoured with a medal. 我很高兴你能获得这样的奖牌。
（3）在某些动词，我们常用动名词的一般式表示完成式，尽管动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，这似乎是一种强大的习惯。例如：
Excuse me for being late. 我来晚了请你原谅。
I don’t remember ever meeting somewhere. 我记不得原来在什么地方见过。
Thank you for giving us so much help. 谢谢给我们这么大的帮助。
（4）在多数情况下都避免使用动名词被动语态完成式，而用一般式代替，以免句子显得累赘，尤其是在口语中。例如：
I forget once being taken (having been taken ) to the city zoo. 我曾被带到过这个动物园，可我忘了。
四、动名词的否定式：not + V.ing
I regret not being able to help you. 我很抱歉不能帮助你。
I apologize for not having waited for you. 没有等你，我向你表示歉意。
五、动名词与动词不定式的区别：
1. 作主语或表语时
动词不定式和动名词都可以用作主语，在意义上相近，但动名词多用来表示泛指的抽象的动作或经常性的动作；不定式多用来表示特指或具体的动作，特别是将来的动作。比较：
Smoking is not good for health.
It is not good for you to smoke so much.
My job is teaching English.
Our task now is to increase food production. 我们现在的任务是增加粮食产量。
2. 在like, hate, prefer等动词后
如果表示一般倾向，多用动名词做宾语；如指特定的或具体的某次行为，用不定式更多一些。例如：
I like reading books in my spare time.
I like to read that book.
They prefer walking to cycling.
He prefers to stay at home today.
3. 有些动词后即可用动名词也可以不定式做宾语（如like, love, hate, dislike, begin, start, continue, want, need, stop, remember, forget, try, attempt等）。
有时区别不大，如：
Let’s continue working/to work.
When did you begin learning/to learn English?
但有时两种结构之间含义不同，如remember, forget, regret, try, stop, mean, go on等。例如：
He tried speaking English to us. 他试着用英语和我们讲话。
Please try to do it better next time. 下次请设法做得更好些。
This means setting out at once. 这意味着立即出发。
He really meant to come. 他确实打算来的。
4.在表示“需要”意思的want, need, require, deserve等动词后
当主语表事物时，其后既可用动名词的主动式也可用不定式的被动式表被动含义。例如：
My watch needs repairing/to be repaired.
The house wants cleaning/to be cleaned.
The way deserves mentioning/to be mentioned.
These young trees will require looking after/to be looked after carefully.
5. 在allow, permit, advise, recommend, consider, forbid等词后，常用动名词做宾语，用不定式做宾语补足语。例如：
We don’t allow smoking here.
Her mother doesn’t allow her to stay up late.
注意：Seeing is believing. / To see is to believe. 眼见为实。
六、动名词与现在分词的区别
1､动名词和现在分词都可以用于系动词之后作表语，区别方法是：
①作表语的动名词与主语指的是同一件事, 此时系动词相当于“是”, 通常把主语和表语的位置互换,语法和意思不变, 例如:
My hobby is swimming.可改为Swimming is my hobby.(可将原句中的主语与表语位置互换)
②现在分词作表语主要用以说明主语的性质, 不能与主语互换位置, 但可加very, quite等副词修饰，例如:
The story is (very) interesting. ( 不可改为:Interesting is the story )
③动名词作表语时，不可与进行时态相混淆，如：
Her job is washing clothes. （动名词做表语）
She is washing clothes now. （现在进行时）
2､动名词和现在分词都可以用作定语来修饰名词，两者的区别在于：
动名词修饰名词时主要表示该名词的用途,而现在分词修饰名词时性质､状态或动作等｡
试比较：a swimming boy和a swimming suit
前者的意思是“一个正在游泳的男孩”,即a boy who is swimming ,现在分词swimming 表示被修饰名词boy的动作;而后者的意思是“游泳衣”,即a suit for swimming , 动名词swimming表示suit 的用途｡
注：动名词作定语，动名词表性质或用途或功能。
swimming pool 游泳池 drinking water 饮用水
swimming suit 游泳衣 waiting room 候车室
sleeping bag 睡袋 parking lot 停车场
sleeping pill 安眠药 parking meter 停车计时
writing desk 写字桌 sewing machine 缝纫机
writing paper 信纸 operating table 手术室
diving suit 潜水衣 reading room 阅览室
diving board 跳板 threshing ground 打谷场
washing machine 洗衣机 boxing competition 拳击比赛
washing powder 洗衣粉 speaking contest 演讲比赛
drawing board 绘图板 checking account 活期账户
drawing pin 图钉 banking system 银行系统
fishing pole 钓鱼杆 fishing line 钓鱼线
Part 3分词
一、现在分词的形式
1. 现在分词的一般式由“动词+ing”构成，其被动式为“being+动词过去分词”。
例如：The students standing there are from Class Three. 站在那里的学生来自三班。
The English novel being translated by the editor now will be completed in October.
2. 现在分词的完成式由“having +动词过去分词”构成，其被动式为“having +been+动词过去分词”。
例如：Having finished all the work, they had a good rest. 结束了所有工作后，他们好好地休息了一下。
Having been laughed at his looks during the childhood, the boy is still very sensitive about his appearance so far.
3. 现在分词的否定式为“not +动词-ing”，被动式的否定式为“not+being+动词过去分词”，其完成式的否定式为“not + having +动词过去分词”。
例如：Not reading carefully, he wouldn’t find many things he had not known before.
Not being noticed by the public, the young writer felt a little pity. 没被公众所关注，年轻的作家感到有点遗憾。
Not having received a reply, he decided to write again. 没有回应，因此他决定再写一封信。
二、现在分词的用法
1. 作定语 现在分词作定语，具有形容词的性质。一般说来，单个的现在分词一般可以前置作定语，修饰名词；如果现在分词构成分词短语则后置作定语。
例如：Keep quiet. Don't wake up the sleeping children. 请安静。不要吵醒睡觉的孩子们。
We live in a room facing the south. 我们住在一间朝南的房间里。
2. 作表语 现在分词作表语时总是放在系动词的后面，构成系表结构，表示主语的状态。
例如：The story sounds interesting. 这故事听起来很有趣。
The promising future is more encouraging than ever before. 未来充满希望，前所未有地鼓舞人心。
It is annoying that the meeting should be put off. 会议要推迟，真是恼人。
3. 作宾语补足语 现在分词作宾语补足语，通常用在感官动词或使役动词的宾语后面，表示主动或动作正在进行。
例如：Some people leave the water running after washing hands. 有些人洗完手后就让水依然流着。
When I found him cheating, I decided not to accept his flatteries and apologies any more. 当我发现他欺骗我时，我决定再不接受他的奉承和道歉了。
4. 作状语 现在分词作状语，相当于一个表示原因、时间、方式、条件、结果等情况的状语从句。根据需要可以使用被动式或完成式。
1) 表示时间，相当于状语从句when, while。
例如：He went through the papers while listening to music. 他边浏览报纸，边听音乐。
Studying at the hometown, I enjoyed the happiest time during my life. 在家乡学习的时候，我享受了这一生最快乐的时光。
2) 表示条件，相当于if引导的条件状语从句。
例如：Being given once more time, I will finish the task! 假如再给我一次机会，我会完成任务的！
Preparing fully, we are sure to pass the test. 如果准备充分，我们肯定能通过考试。
3) 表示原因，相当于原因状语从句because, since, for, as, etc.
例如：Not understanding the relationship between the two cases, I asked the lawyer about it. 由于不明白两个案子之间的关系，我咨询了律师。
Being ill, she can't go to work today. 因为生病，今天她不能上班了。
4) 表示让步，相当于though, although或no matter+特殊疑问词引导的让步状语从句。
例如：Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. 尽管了解了这一切，他们还是让我赔偿损失。
Although working hard every day, we still have endless work to deal with. 我们即使每天拼命干活，还是有处理不完的工作。
5) 表示结果，相当于结果状语从句。
例如：His parents' letter has just come, relieving him from anxiety. 他父母的来信刚刚到，可解了他的焦躁了。
Their car was caught in a traffic jam, causing the delay. 他们的车遇上了交通堵塞，结果耽搁了。
6）表示方式或伴随状语。
例如：They lay on the grass, looking at the sky. 他们躺在草地上，仰望着填空。
The children ran out of the room, laughing and jumping. 孩子们从房间里跑出来，欢笑着，蹦跳着。
根据上述现在分词的用法，我们可以了解到问题中涉及的句子中的动词-ing形式，即completing一词，并不是动名词形式。在这个句子中出现了while，引导时间状语，因此completing为现在分词形式，表示句中的时间。全句意为：必须能够六天不睡觉，同时完成其他一些任务。
三、过去分词的基本用法
过去分词只有一种形式，也没有主动语态，它所表示的动作是一个被动的或是已完成的动作。过去分词在句中也可用作定语、表语、宾语或状语等成分。过去分词在句中作某种成分时，其逻辑主语一般为该分词所表示的动作的承受者，如：
1.作定语：过去分词作定语时，如果这个分词是一个单词，就位于其修饰的名词之前，如果是分词短语，就位于其修饰的名词之后。被过去分词所修饰的名词，就是该分词的逻辑主语，如：The stolen car was found by the police last week.
2.作表语：过去分词作表语时，表示其逻辑主语所处的状态，其逻辑主语就是句中的主语，如：The glass is broken.这个玻璃杯是破的。 注：过去分词作表语时，和动词的被动语态结构相似，但两者表达的意义不同，如：The glass was broken by my little brother.这个玻璃杯是被我小弟弟打破的。作表语用的过去分词在许多词典中已列为形容词，如：crowded, devoted, discouraged, done, dressed, drunk, experienced, frightened, gone, hurt, interested, killed, known, learned, lost, pleased, satisfied, shut, surprised, tired, undressed, worried, astonished, broken, completed, covered等。
3.作宾语补足语：过去分词作宾语补足语时，句中的宾语就是其逻辑主语，如：When I opened the door, I found the ground covered by fallen leaves. 注：动词have后的复合宾语中，宾语补足语如为过去分词，常表示该分词所表示的动作是由别人来执行的而不是句中主语自己来执行的，如：I had my bike repaired yesterday. 昨天我（找别人）把我的自行车给修了。
4.作状语：过去分词作状语时，相当于一个状语从句，该结构的逻辑主语一般都是主句的主语，是过去分词所表示意义的逻辑宾语。为了使作状语的过去分词意义更加明确，常在分词前加when, if, while, though, as等连词，如：Seen from the hill/ When seen from the hill, our town looks beautiful.; Given more time/ If given more time, we could have done it better.（we是该结构的逻辑主语，是give的逻辑宾语。）
四、独立主格
上述-ing和过去分词的用法中，-ing和过去分词在句中均有逻辑主语，但有时它们也能有自己的独立的主语，这种独立的主语，一般为名词或代词，位于其前之前，和-ing或过去分词构成独立主格。独立主格在句中一般只作状语用，而-ing和过去分词作用的形式，则要根据它们所表示的动作和句中谓语动词所表示的时间关系而定。至于独立主格中是使用-ing或是过去分词，则要根据它们的主语和其所表示的动作的主动被动关系而定，如：
The bell ringing, we all stopped talking.
注：The work having been finished, she sat down to have a rest.
①独立结构中的being或having been常可省去，
如：The meeting (being) over, all left the room.
②作伴随状语的独立结构常可用with短语来代替，
如：She read the letter, tears rolling down her cheeks./ She read the letter with tears rolling down her cheeks.
五、现在分词与过去分词的比较
u 现在分词与过去分词都可以在句中起形容词和副词的作用，可作定语、表语、补足
语和状语。
1) 作定语 现在分词作定语，多表示动作正在进行或与谓语动词同时进行，也可表示经常性的动作或状态；而过去分词作定语，则多表示分词动作先于谓语动词发生的动作或表示被动关系。分词短语作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之后；单个分词作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之前。
例如：The man standing at the window is our teacher. 站在窗户边的男子是我们的老师。
Polluted air and water are harmful to people’s health. 污染了的空气和水对人们的健康有害。
2) 作表语 现在分词和过去分词作表语时都放在系动词之后，构成系表结构，表示主语所处的状态。
例如：I think the shop is closed at this time of day. 我想这时商店关门了。
The idea seems quite convincing. 这个主意好像很有说服力。
3) 作宾语补足语 现在分词和过去分词都可以作宾语补足语，通常用在感官动词(如hear, see, notice, watch, feel, look at等)或使役动词(如make, let, have等)的宾语之后，亦可以用于“with+复合宾语”结构中。选择使用现在分词还是过去分词主要取决于宾语和动词的关系，如果两者间是主动关系就用现在分词，如果是被动关系则用过去分词。
例如：We watched the teacher making the experiment carefully. 我们仔细地看老师做实验。
When he came in, he found the window broken. 当他进来时，发现窗户被打破了。
4) 作状语 分词作状语时，现在分词往往和逻辑主语之间存在主动关系，表示时间、原因、方式、结果、条件、伴随情况等；过去分词一般表示被动关系或已经完成的动作，表示原因、时间、条件、伴随情况等。
例如：Hearing the cry for help, they all rushed out. 听到呼救声，他们都冲了出来。
Encouraged by the teacher, we worked still harder than ever. 受到老师的鼓励，我们比以前更努力地学习。
【扩展】分词短语作状语时，它表示的动作或状态有逻辑上的主语，这个意义上的主语与句中主语是一致的，即所指的同一个人或同一件事物。
例如：Looking up at Tom, I listened to the story of Washington. 我抬头看着汤姆，听着华盛顿的故事。(look up 和listen to 都是“我”发出的动作)
如果分词短语意义上的主语与句中主语不是同一个人或物，就必须有一个名词或一个主格代词作它意义上的主语，放在前面构成一个独立短语，这种“名词(主格代词)+分词”的结构称为带主语的独立结构。
例如：The bus being very crowded, he had to stand. 公共汽车很挤，他只好站着。(分词的逻辑主语是the bus，句子的主语是he)
It being fine, I’ll go fishing. 天气好的话，我将去钓鱼。(分词的逻辑主语是It，句子的主语是I)
u 形容词性的现在分词与过去分词的区别
分词用作形容词时，present(现在)和past(过去)这两个术语并不能说明它们的真正作用，它们的主要区别在于语态和时间关系上。
1) 语态不同 现在分词表示主动关系，过去分词表示被动的意思。
例如：a sleeping boy 正在睡觉的孩子 the rising sun 冉冉升起的太阳
a burnt child 一个烧伤的孩子 a raised hand 举起的手
2) 时间关系不同 一般来说现在分词表示的动作可能与句中限定动词所指的动作同时发生，也可能不同时发生；而过去分词指过去的时间或已经完成的动作。
例如：boiling water沸水 an interesting story 激动人心的故事
boiled water 冷开水 a fallen leaf落叶 a retired teacher退休教师
【注意】英语中有许多表示人的情感类的形容词需注意区别：现在分词往往来说明某事物所具有的某种性质、特征；而过去分词往往用来说明人受外在条件影响所产生的情感。
例如：interesting有趣的，令人感兴趣的 interested 感兴趣的，对……表现出兴趣的； disappointing令人失望的，令人灰心的 disappointed失望的，沮丧的；
puzzling令人困惑的，令人迷惑不解的，puzzled 困惑的；迷惑不解的；
exciting令人激动的，使人兴奋的，excited激动的，兴奋的。
根据现在分词与过去分词的区别情况，可以判断原句前半句中，存在分词作状语的情况，分词的逻辑主语与后面的主句主语一致，由于表示的是被动的关系，说明了prisoners often suffer from loneliness的原因，因此应该选择过去分词的两项C和D。选项中cut的四个固定词组分别为：cut out“停止作用”；cut sth. down“砍倒，夺取，减少”；cut in“驶入车道过急，插嘴，加入”；cut off“切去，打断，使孤立”，根据句意，应该选择D。全句意为：由于与家人和朋友相隔离，囚犯们常常深受寂寞之苦。

一、用单词的适当形式完成句子
1. My neighbors volunteered ________（take） care of my pet dog while I was on vacation last summer.
2. Nothing will keep this plan from ________（carry）out.
3. ________（contribute）to the 21st Century regularly, he finds his English greatly improved.
4. Previous to ________(draw) a conclusion, please take all aspects into consideration.
5. It is wise ________(assign) special exercises to the weaker students.
6. Yet there is evidence ________ (suggest) that the trend is growing.
7. If a person has not had enough sleep, his actions will give him ________ during the day.
8. I like eating fried tomatoes with eggs, and I thought it must be easy______(cook).
9. The couple often take their children abroad for holiday,_______ (expose) them to different cultures.
10. Tom is our manager who is easy_________ (get) along with.
11. I used to hate__________（tease）about my red hair when I was at school.
12. This is an organization_______ (make) up of eight countries.
13. This is an organization_______ (consist) of eight countries.
14. Coming out of this experience, I realize it is OK ________(be) different from others…
15. It is difficult ________ (figure) out a global population of polar bears…
16. The implication of these results is that to gain the greatest health benefits from exercise, it may be wise ________ (skip) eating first.
17. How ________ (facilitate) the cooperation between the two cities is still a problem.
18. Twenty students want to attend the class that aims to teach how ________ (read ) fast.
19. When and where ________(vote) hasn’t been decided.
20. It took the doctor about half an hour ________(examine) the eyes of the baby.
21. It is wrong for you ________(skip) breakfast.
22. Apparently, it is not right ________(skip)class. You’d better not do that.
23. Tom delayed his composition, for the first sentence was so hard ________(compose).
24. I’m sorry ________(disturb) you so late, but my car’s broken down and I don’t have my phone with me.
25. Five doctors and ten nurses, ________(compose) the rescue team, were sent to the earthquake-hit area this morning.
26. It is easy for me ________(learn)how to drive.
27. You mean it’s no use________(repair)the old bicycles, but I think they need ________(repair)at once.
28. It took us half an hour ________(arrive) there by plane.
29. It is great fun ________(visit) Qinhuangdao.
30. ________ (help) others in need made him really happy.
31. It is difficult ________(understand) why she barks every minute.
32. ________ (hear) how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure.
33. The restaurant, _______(base) on trust, is working all right.
34. Next month the city will build a new park ________(honour) those who died in the terrible disaster.
35. ________(volunteer) gives you a chance to change lives, including your own.
36. The processes take place to stop our brains ________(become) loaded with memories.
37. My deskmate enjoys ________(listen) to pop music.
38. Jack wants to invite you ________（make）a speech for his company.
39. _________(transform) a small stage into the whole universe to some extent, Peking Opera appeals to fans from many walks of life.
40. __________ (absorb) in the book, he forgot the time for dinner.
二、单项选择
41. With the camera still ________ to my eye, I turned and froze. With water ________ off its thick, brown hair, the bear stared back at me.
A. held; falling B. held; fallen C. holding; falling D. holding; fallen
42. _______ Jane’s way of studying chimps, our group are all going to visit them in the forest.
A. Follow B. Followed C. Following D. To follow
43. Hearing the news, he rushed out, ______ the book ______ open on the table and disappeared in the distance.
A. leaving; lying B. to leave; to lie C. left; laid D. leaving; laid
44. —Is Rachel still performing?
—I’m afraid not. She is said ______ the stage already as she has become an official.
A. to leave B. left C. to have left D. leaving
45. Much disappointed as he was________in the job interview, he still had great confidence in his abilities.
A. to have failed B. to fail C. having failed D. failing
46. The outbreak of the coronavirus has led to over thousands of people________to hospital for treatment, ________the world to be in deep sorrow.
A. sent; causing B. sent; having caused
C. being sent; causing D. being sent; having caused
47. -I have heard that Ms. Smith was the first________to our office today
-Yes. But with the work________, she left early.
A. coming; done B. coming; to be done
C. to come; done D. to come; to be done
48. I am impressed with China’s commitment to its climate goals,________ by the fact________China has met its 2025 targets three years ahead of schedule.
A. evidenced; that B. evidenced; which
C. was evidenced; that D. was evidenced; which
49. That gas pipeline project,________in July 2020 and________in 2023, will benefit several cities along the eastern coast.
A. starting; completing B. started: to be completed
C. to start; completed D. starting; completed
50. ________ you go abroad, it is likely that you will have trouble________the new life.
A. The first time; adjusting to B. For the first time; adjusting to
C. The first time; to adjust to D. For the first time; to adjust to
51. ________ their son’s response letter, the concerned parents wrote another one and had it________at once.
A. Having not received; deliver B. Having not received; delivered
C. Not having received; deliver D. Not having received; delivered
52. Robin, a rocket scientist, agrees and thinks starting with Mars makes the most sense.句子中非谓语动词是：
A. agrees B. thinks C. starting D. makes
53. The police found the two “stolen” notebooks were left in a gift bag________the original blue box________the notebooks were kept in and a brown envelope.
A. containing; where B. to contain; which C. containing; / D. to contain; that
54. The four countries use the same flag, as the Union Jack, and share the same currency.
A. knowing B. to know C. known D. was known
55. True friends are people who face extreme hardship to save each other.
A. are about to B. are blind to C. are willing to D. are likely to
三、根据所给汉语提示填空
56. ________(无事可做) and he just sits there absent-minded.
57. There are some citizens ________(站在画廊前).
58. There is a red car ________（停在房子外面）.
59. The genuine captain ________ (承诺回来) to save the sailors trapped on Elephant Island.
60. He has to learn how to collect water, hunt for food, and ________（生火）.
61. I would like to___________(表达感谢) for your kindness.
62. ________ (说老实话), I don’t really want to go to the party tonight.
63. The question is ________(怎样拆卸) the machine.
64. ________ (何时装修) the house hasn’t been decided.
65. They didn’t decide ________(在哪里举行) the debate.
66. ________(不吃早餐)often will have a negative effect on your physical and mental health.
67. Oscar was crsticised by the head teacher for ________(逃学) yesterday.
68. She stopped________ (与她父亲通信)after the death of her mother.
69. A secretary came in twice a week to________ (处理他的信件).
70. The prisoners continued to________（申明他们无罪）。
71. Use the information to________（填空）on your form.
72. I sincerely hope Tom’s mother will be able ________(让他洗心革面). Besides, Tom has promised ________(改过自新).
73. The ambitious man is bound to __________________ (取得巨大的成就) in his field in the future.
74. __________________（我发现父亲坐在他的椅子里）, completely absorbed in a magazine.
75. We managed to _____________________ the victim(使……苏醒过来).
76. I'm sorry. I recognise that I have to ________（控制）my temper.
77. I try not ________(焦虑不安) when things go wrong.
78. She decided to resign from the organization rather than ________(屈从于……) the new rules.
79. The committee is due to ________________________(做出决定)this week.
80. You can ________________________(相信我保守) your secret.
81. I’m sorry to have ________________(让你一直等)for such a long time.
82. He was accused of ________________________ (虐待他的妻子)last week.
83. Some of them are also later sold, in order to ________（限制……的数量）ponies according to the rules set by Natural England.
84. ________(为了表示我们的尊敬), we usually have to take our gloves off whoever we are to shake hands with.
85. She tried to________（把她的注意力集中于）her work.
86. The president agreed, ________ (补充说) he hoped for a peaceful solution.
87. The government has taken measures to ________(降低)the high prices of daily goods to keep the market stable.
88. The most important thing to the company is to ________(引入) new equipment.
89. It has enhanced the quality of my life, ________(增强我的健康, 提升我的幸福).
90. ________(改变坏习惯) is never easy, even with many attempts.
91. Just a few days after the signs went up, he ____________________ (发现人们坐在那儿) and engaging in active and joyful conversations.
92. ________ (也许理解西方艺术的最好的方法) is to look at the development of Western painting over the centuries.
93. _______________________ (为了应对这一危机), he chose to study agriculture and received an education at Southwest Agricultural College in Chongqing.
94. The crucial thing is ________(使用肢体语言) in a way that is appropriate to the culture you are in.
95. However, you should avoid ________ (使用这个手势) in Brazil and Germany, as it is not considered polite.
四、语法填空
1
Luoyang is one of the cities in China ___96___ artistic, religious and scientific cultures all once developed like never before. Daoism began there and the first Buddhist temple ___97___ （build）in the city. This special spot is not only the hometown of China’s most famous ___98___ （invent）including papermaking, printing and the compass, but also home to the nation's most brilliant poets and painters.
Today, Luoyang still attracts many tourists every year. Located in the middle reaches（中游）of the Yellow River in Central China's Henan Province and ___99___ （surround）by mountains and plains, Luoyang occupies ___100___ important strategic（战略的）location.
As one of China's ancient capitals, Luoyang was a seat of power for 13 dynasties and is a city with a splendid historical and ___101___ （culture）background. Its long history endows（赋予）it with rich culture, which is ___102___ （easy）seen in grand palaces, temples and caves. The city is also well known ___103___ the“City of Peony”. In spring, many tourists travel to Luoyang ___104___ （appreciate） the beautiful peony. Luoyang is now an energetic and charming tourist place that _____105_____ （welcome）guests from all over the world to explore its glorious past.
2
阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Seventy-five-year-old Xiao Luying is the vice-captain of a team of volunteers engaged in cleaning floating trash from the Yangtze River. The team, ___106___ (form) in 2019, is made up of more than 50 local ex-fishermen aged over 60, ___107___ the average.
“We have lived along the Yangtze River since childhood and want to do our part in protecting it,” said Xiao from a village of Anhui Province. Sixty-year-old Ma Mingsuo is one of the team, who has fished for over 40 years. Upon ___108___ (end) his fishing career, this old fisherman turned to apply his sailing experience to protecting the mother river. “It’s good that my skill can still be used to clean the garbage in the river, ___109___ will also benefit the future generations,” said Ma.
Each month, this ___110___ (volunteer) team patrols (巡逻) 15 km of waterways three ___111___ (time), collecting trash and preventing people from fishing on the river. The trash collected by them ___112___ (send) to the garbage disposal station on the shore, while the recyclable waste such as plastic bottles is sold.
In over a year, the team of volunteers has grown from 13 members to over 50. Up to now, they ___113___(clean) over 50 tons of floating waste. “We will continue to protect the Yangtze River until we are ___114___ old to handle the boat, as it’s a career ____115____ (real) deserving our time and energy,” said Xiao.
3
阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
A new study shows that ____116____ two countries with the world’s ____117____ (large) populations are leading the increase in greening on land. The effect comes ____118____ (main) from ambitious tree ____119____ (plant) programs in China and agriculture in both countries.
China alone accounts ____120____ 25% of the global increase in leaf area with only 6.6% of global vegetated (有植物的) area. The greening in China is from forests (42%) and croplands (32%).
China’s outsized ____121____ (contribute) comes in large part from programs intended       ____122____ (protect) and expand forests, in an effort to reduce the effects of soil erosion (侵蚀), air pollution and climate change.
Taken all together, the greening of the planet represents an increase in leaf area of plants and trees equal to the area ____123____ is covered by all the Amazon rainforests.
Land area ____124____ (use) to grow crops is comparable in China and India and _____125_____ (change) very little since the early 2000s. Yet the countries have greatly increased both their annual total green leaf area and their food production.
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Scientists have stated the physical and psychological benefits of being in green space. Walking among the trees ____126____(enhance) your well-being. But there’s more to nature’s gifts ____127____ just the greens of trees and grass. Blues have benefits too, a new study finds.
Short walks in blue space can have a positive effect ____128____ your well-being and mood, according to research ____129____(lead) by the Barcelona Institute for Global Health   (ISGlobal). Blue space includes beaches, rivers, lakes and other areas featuring water.
Mark Nieuwenhuijsen, director of the Urban Planning, Environment and Health Initiative at ISGlobal, and his colleagues conducted many ____130____(study). During a one-week period, adults spent 20 minutes each day walking on a beach. Then, during a different week, they spent 20 minutes walking along city streets. In ____131____ week, they spent 20 minutes just resting indoors. Before, during and after each activity, researchers asked each participant questions ____132____(assess) their mood and well-being.
“We saw a ____133____(significance) improvement in their well-being and mood immediately after they went for a walk in blue space,” Nieuwenhuijsen said. “It shows that people’s mood and well-being can ____134____(improve) by walking in blue space. They should _____135_____(frequent) walk in blue or green space.”
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A family dinner is an important tradition ___136___ (celebrate) Spring Festival. Nowadays, some people choose to have the dinner in a restaurant. We ___137___ (eat) out for the Spring Festival family dinner for the last three years, and we have enjoyed it no less than eating at home. I don’t understand ___138___ some people refuse to embrace the change.
Can’t they admit that the ___139___ (preparation) for the dinner are hard work? I really don’t think ___140___ is worth the effort of spending so much time preparing for a single meal, and then another hour cleaning up the mess ___141___ it’s over. We work all year, so why can’t one day be about spending time with family and ___142___ (relax)?
Eating out is a good choice and it has nothing to do with loss of traditions. We still have the dinner with the same people, just in a different place. The occasion is more ___143___ (enjoy) without all that tiring cooking, and the dishes taste better!
In my opinion, what or where we eat on Spring Festival Eve really ___144___ (make) no difference. Eating out may change the form of this tradition, but the love between the family members sitting around the table together remains ____145____ same.