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Module 4(精讲)-2022-2023学年外研版八年级英语上册单元重难单词短语句型语法精讲精炼
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讲解本 Module 4 Planes, ships and trains .【学习导航】交际话题:主要谈论了有关的旅途方式。重点单词:1.road n.路;(尤指)公路2. accident n.交通事故:意外事件3. except prep.除……之外4. choice n.选择5. far adv.远;遥远adj.远的,遥远的6. close adj.(距离上)近的,接近的adv.(距离上)接近地7. crowded adj.拥挤的,人数过多的8. journey n.旅行,旅程9. book v.预订10.however adv.然而,但是11. cost v.价钱为,花费n.价钱,成本,代价 重点短语 1. far from远离2. all the time 一直;不断地3. in heavy traffic在拥堵的交通中4. because of因为5. have a great trip旅途愉快6. take a plane/ by plane乘飞机7. in a hurry匆忙;急促8. on one' s way to在某人去……的路上9. wait for等待核心句型 1. And it takes you about twelve hours to get there.到那里大约花费你12个小时。It takes sb. some time to do sth.做某事花费某人一些时间。sth. costs sb. some money.某物花费某人一些钱。sb. spends some time/ money on sth.某人在某物/某事上花费一些时间/钱。sb. spends some time/money doing sth.某人花费一些时间/钱做某事。sb. pays some money for sth.某人为某物付一些钱 。2. It's+形容词+ to do sth.做某事是……的。3. What happened (to sb.)? (某人)发生什么事了?核心语法 形容词、副词的最高级及其基本用法教材新知讲解Unit1 He lives in the farthest from school学点1. happen用法小结What happened?发生什么事了?(P26)happen动词,意为“发生”。主要有以下用法: ①表示“某地/某时发生了某事”常用“Sth. happened+地点/ 时间状语”这一结构,此时主语应是事物。The story happened in2012。这个故事发生在2012年。②表示“某人出了某事(常指不好的事)”常用Sth. happened to sb."这一结构,提问时常用“What happened to sb.?”这一句型,其同义表达为“What's wrong with sb.?”和“ What’s the matter with sb.?”。An accident happened to him this Sunday.这个星期天他发生了一起交通事故。③表示“某人碰巧做某事”常用“Sb. + happen(s)/ happened to do sth.”这一结构,也可用“It happens/ happened +that从句”表达。I happened to see Liming in the shop yesterday.= It happened that I saw Liming in theshop yesterday.昨天我碰巧在商店遇到了李明。词语辨析:happen一般指事件偶然“发生”,如果表示事;先安排或有准备的事件,则用take place。例题:(2022·上海) Great change _____ in our country since 1978.A. have happened B. happens C. have taken place D. takes place解析:“since 1978”是明显的现在完成时的时间状语,所以排除B/ D。.根据句意“自从1978年以来,在我国发生了很大的变化”。这种变化是可以预见的变化,故选C。答案:C. have taken place2.辨析: except,besides,except for与butBut nobody was late, except me.但除了我之外,没有人迟到。(P26)except“除……之外”整体中不包括除了的部分,含有排除之意。beside“除了……之外(还有)”整体中包括除了的部分,含有附加之意。except for“除……”在说明整个基本情况后,对细节加以纠正,其后一般接名词。but“除……以外”强调整体性,常放在 nothing,nobody等否定词之后。All the other five students arrived late except me.除了我,其他五位学生都来晚了。 (晚到的学生中不包括“我”)Five other students arrived late besides me除了我,还有五位学生来晚了。(晚到的学生中包括“我”)Your composition is pretty good except for several spelling mistakes.你的作文相当不错,只是有几处拼写错误。(从整体中除去一点儿“瑕疵”)I haven’t told anybody but you.除你之外我没有告诉任何人。例题:(2022·兰州)—Liming, would you like to go boating with me?— What a pity! I am free every day ____ today.A. for B. except C. besides D. among解析:for意为“为了;对于”;except意为“除……外”,表示从整体中除去其后的人或事物;besides意为“除……之外,还有……”,表示包括其后的人或事物;among意为“在(三者或三者以上)之中”。由上句句意“李明,你愿意跟我们一起去划船吗?”及答语中的“ What a pity!(多可惜啊!)”可推知,空格所在句意为“除了今天,我每天都有空”,即今天没有空,应排除今天,故except符合题意,选B。答案:B3. choice的用法 That's a good choice, but it's a bit dangerous. 是个不错的选择,但有点儿危险。(P26)choice可数名词。意为“选择” make a choice意为“做出选择”;have no choice butto do sth.意为“除了做某事外别无选择”。We each had to make a choice.我们每个人都得做出选择。We had no choice but to wait for the next bus.除了等下一辆公共汽车,我们别无选择。【拓展】choose (chose,chosen)动词,意为“选择”。Liming chose to sing rather than dance.李明选择唱歌,而不是跳舞。(2022·广西)根据括号内所给的中文提示,正确拼写单词。Maybe it's a good ____ (选择) to go to Shanghai this year.解析:choose(动词)和choice(名词)均意为“选择”,由空格前的不定冠词a可知,此处应用名词单数形式,故填 choice。答案: choice4. but remember to be careful all the time.但记着要时刻小心。(P26)all the time意为“一直;不断地”。He is working all the time.他一直在工作。He broke his leg and had to lie all the time.他折断了腿,不得不一直躺着。例题:(2017.长沙)If you are famous, people will watch you and follow you everywhere _____.A. all the time B. by the time C. on time D. at times解析:all the time“一直,不断地”; by the time“到……时”;on time“准时”;at times“有时”。由从句句意“如果你是有名的”可知,主句意为“人们将会一直关注你,而且去哪里都跟着你。故选A。答案:A. all the timeUnit 2 What is the best wav to travel?5. plan的用法I am planning to travel from London to Amsterdam.我正计划从伦敦到阿姆斯特丹旅行。(P28)plan此处用作及物动词,意为“计划,打算”。plan to do sth.意为“计划/打算做某事”。He doesn't plan to go to Beijing on vacation.他没打算去北京度假。I'm planning to buy a new piano for my son.我正打算给我儿子买一架新钢琴。【拓展】plan还可用作可数名词,意为“计划。make a plan for…意为“为……制订计划”。They made a new plan for the use of the time.们制订了利用时间的新计划。例题:(2022·天津)We only planned _____ the play for an hour, but in the end, we stayed for three hours.A. watch B. watches C. to watch D. watched解析:plan to do sth.为固定搭配,意为“计划做某事”,故选C答案: C. to watch6. how long的用法How long does the journey take and what is the best way to travel?旅程要花费多长时间?最佳的旅行方式是什么?(P28)how long意为“多长时间;多长”,常用来提问一段时间(如 three years, four months等)或询问物体的长度。How long did he stay there?他在那儿待了多久?How long is the river?这条河有多长?例题:(2022·连云港)— ______ do the students in your school do outdoor activitiesevery day?— At least an hour.A. How often B. How long C. How much D. How far解析how often意为“多久一次”,对频率提问;how long意为“多长(时间)”,对时间段或物体的长度提问; how much意为”多少(钱)”,询问不可数名词的量或物品的价格;how far意为“多远”,询问距离。由答句“ At least an hour。(至少一小时)”可推知问句是对时间的长短进行提问,故选B。答案:B. How long7. 辨析:however与butHowever, it will not cost as much as going by train.然而,它不会像乘火车那样花费那么多。(P28)however与but两者意思均为“但是;然而”,表转折,但用法不同。however副词,一般不直接连接两个分句,位于句首时,其后要用逗号隔开。but连词,直接引出分句,位于句首时,其后一般不使用逗号。I knows that smoking is bad for health. However, I can’t give it up.我知道吸烟对健康不利。然而,我戒不了。I called you, but you did not answer the phone.我给你打过电话,但是你没有接。例题:(2022·福州) I told him about it. ____ (But/ However), he couldn’t believe it.解析:however一般不直接连接两个分句,用在句首时,其后要用逗号隔开;而but直接连接句子,其后一般不使用逗号。根据空格后符号判定选However.答案:However.【拓展】辨析spend,cost,take与payspend主语通常是人,指花费时间或金钱。常用结构有:spend…on sth.;spend…in doing sth.cost主语语通常是物,指花费金钱。常用结构有:sth. cost sb. some money。take主语通常是it,指花费时间。常用结构有:It takes sb. some time to do sth.pay主语通常是人,指为某物支付金钱。 常用结构有:pay for sth.;pay sb. for sth.I spend two hours reading books every day.我每天花两个小时时间读书。Do you spend some time reading books every day?你每天花费一些时间读书吗? The book cost me 10 yuan.这本书花了我10元钱。It takes me an hour to read the book today.我今天花一个小时的时间读那本书。How much did you pay for the book?你买这本书花了多少钱?例题:(2022·济宁)The one mistake almost _____ him his life.A. took B. paid C. cost D. spent解析:take一般用it作形式主语,常用句型为 It takes sb. some time to do sth.;pay一般是人作主语,常用结构为sb. pay(s) for sth.;cost的主语是物,常用结构为“sh. costs(sb.) + 金钱”和sth. cost(s)sb. one's life(某事)以某人的生命为代价);spend的主语一般是人,常用结构为sb. spend(s) time/ money on sth. /doing sth.。由句中 him his life可知应选cost。故选C。句意:那个错误险些使他付出生命的代价。答案:C. cost8. the+序数词+形容词最高级应用 It is the fastest and the second cheapest, but….它是最快的且是第二便宜的,但……(P28)the+序数词+形容词最高级表示“第几最……的”。the second cheapest意为“第二便宜的”。The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.黄河是中国的第二长河。例题:(2016·广东)Among the four students, Liming is the second ______.A. tall B. taller C. tallest D. the tallest解析:结合选项可知句意为“在那四个学生当中,李明是第二个最高的”。“the+序数词+形容词最高级”表示“第几最……的”,为固定结构,故选C。答案:C. deepest9.辨析:because of与 becauseyou may have to wait for the airport because of bad weather.因为恶劣的天气你可能不得不在机场等上几个小时。(P28)because of介词短语后接名词,代词或动词ing形式。because连词,后接句子。Because of the work, he went to Beijing.因为那份工作,他去了北京。He didn’t go to school because he was ill.因为他有病,所以他没去上学。例题:(2022.东营)He don’t want to eat anything ____ his tooth ache. A. because of B. instead of C. as for D. together with解析:because of “因为”;instead of“代替,而不是";as for“至于;关于”; togetherwith“与……一起”。句意:因为牙疼,他不想吃任何东西。故选A。答案:A. because ofUnit 3 Language in use10. 动词不定式(短语)作后置定语The cheapest way to get there is by coach.到达那里最便宜的方式是乘长途汽车。(P30)动词不定式(短语)作后置定语。此处to get there为动词不定式短语作后置定语,修饰前面的名词way。动词不定式(短语)作定语时,位于被修饰词之后。I have a lot of things to do.我有许多事情要做。He is the first one to leave home.他是第一个离开家的人。例题:(2022.南阳) I have something ____ you. A. tell B. to tell C. telling D. told解析:此处为动词不定式短语作后置定语,修饰前面的名词something。句意:我有事要告诉你。故选A。答案:B. to tell11. in a hurry的用法I am in a hurry.我很着急。(P30)in a hurry意为“匆忙,仓促”,既可作表语,也可作状语。hurry用作名词,意为“匆忙”。They left in a hurry.他们匆匆离开了。Why are you in such a hurry.你为什么如此匆忙?【拓展】hurry还可作动词,意为“匆忙”,常见用法为hurry to do sth.意为“匆忙做某事”。He hurried to go home, because he forgot to take his English book.他匆忙回家了,因为他忘记带他的英语书了。【单元语法盘点】形容词、副词的最高级1.形容词、副词最高级的构成(1)规则变化(2)不规则变化原级 最高级good/well,best; ill/bad/badly,worst; many/much,most; little,least; far,farthest/ furthest2.形容词、副词最高级的用法当三者或三者以上进行比较时,用形容词或副词的最高级形式:“the+形容词/副词的最高级+of/ in/ among…”(副词最高级前的the可以省略)。Is Shanghai the biggest city in China?上海是中国最大的城市吗?Of all the subjects, I like English best.在所有学科中我最喜欢英语。3.关于最高级的两个结构(1)“ one of the+形容词最高级+可数名词复数”结构意为“最…的……之一”He is one of the youngest students in my class.他是我班里年龄最小的学生之(2)"the+序数词+形容词最高级”结构意为“第几最……的”。The Changjiang River is the third longest river in the world.长江是世界第三长河。(1)(2022·北京) The hotel is very old. It’s one of ____ buildings in the city.A. old B. older C. oldest D. the oldest解析:“ one of the+形容词最高级+可数名词复数”意为“最……的……之一”,为固定结构,结合句意“这家酒店是这个城市中最古老的建筑物之一”。 故选D。答案: D. the oldest(2)(2022广州) Emma looked after her pet dog ____ of all her friends.A. careful B. most careful C. more carefully D. the most carefully解析:由空后的of all her friends可知是三者或三者以上的比较,应用最高级,故排除A、C两项;修饰短语动词 looked after不能用形容词 careful,排除B项。故选D。句意:在她所有的朋友中,埃玛照看她的宽物狗最仔细。答案: D. the most carefully提升 核心素养交通方式小常识出门在外,谁也离不开交通。水、陆、空,路路通,交通可是很方便哟!不过,你可要学会灵活选用交通方式,不然,就不能准时到达目的地。下面同学们看看英语中常见的交通表达方式吧:[方式一] 用“by+交通工具”表示交通方式。如:by bike, by bus等。[方式二] 用“by+交通路线的位置”表示交通方式。如:by sea(=by ship)等。[方式三] 用“in(on)+交通工具”表示交通方式。如:in/on a bus公共汽车。[方式四] 用“take a(the)+交通工具”表示交通方式。如:take a bus等。但“骑自行车”用ride a bike表示;“乘飞机”可用fly to表示;“乘小汽车”用drive a car表示。[方式五] 表示“步行去某地”,可用下列两种句式:⑴go to+某地+on foot。⑵walk to+某地。此外,同学们还应知道:我们在对交通方式提问时要用特殊疑问词how。 例1.They will go to the cinema ____ bus.例2.He went to the park ____ a car yesterday.例3.Mr Green goes to the post office by bike.(对划线部分提问)答案:1.解析:“by+交通工具”表示交通方式。故填by.2.解析:“in/ on a+交通工具”表示交通方式。3.解析:对交通方式提问用“how”。所以对“on foot”提问答案是“How does Mr. Green go to the post office?”。 规则原级最高级单音节和部分双音节单词一般在词尾加- estlonglongest以“e”结尾的词,在词尾加stnicenicest以重读闭音节结尾的词,如末尾只有一个辅音字母,的词,应先双写该字母,再词加estbigbiggest多音节和部分双音节单词在词前加mostdifficultmost difficultslowly most slowly
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