2022年中考英语阅读理解突破-综合信息细节题 （无答案）

这是一份2022年中考英语阅读理解突破-综合信息细节题 （无答案），共10页。试卷主要包含了易错点等内容，欢迎下载使用。
知识图谱
综合信息细节题
知识精讲
一、间接细节理解题需要通过有关词语和句子的转换利用主要事实、图表、图形来获取信息，然后利用因果类比、时间空间等关系将零碎的细节经过一系列加工整理，最终方能做出正确的判断。
此类试题在高考中占大多数其常见的命题方式有：
1. 特殊疑问句形式。以what, wh, when, where, which, hw much, hw many等引出问题；
2. 是非题。通常以true/ false, nt true/ nt false提问以及accrding t the text开头；
3. 填空题。通常涉及与主题有关的事实和细节；
4. 就文中数字、排序、识图等提问。
二、通常综合信息细节题的正确选项有以下特征：
1. 对原文句子中的关键词进行替换。把原文中的一些词换成意义相近的词，成为正确选项。
2. 词性或者语态的变化。把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，或者改变原文句子的语态，给考生制造障碍。
3. 语言简化。把原文中的复杂语言进行简化、成为正确答案。
4. 正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项(适用于寻找错误选项的题目)干扰项也是以文章中的某个细节设题，若不仔细辨别，很容易把它当成正确选项。
三点剖析
一、重点：
此题型是阅读理解中较难的题型，多属于深层次理解题。再试卷中数量不断增多。它要求考生根据上下文的内在联系，充分挖掘文章的深层次内涵。做这类题目时，考生需要注意的是要对原文信息进行加工处理，然后再进行进一步的推理或鉴别，这是介于事实细节题和推理题两者之间的一种题型。切忌通过自己对某类知识的主观了解做出凭空想象的判断，每一道题目的选择都离不开对原文的理解和把握，答题时要力求紧扣文章中心和上下文语境来仔细寻找解题的线索。
二、难点：
如何快速辨认间接综合信息的事实和细节？
1. 用略读的方法通读阅读材料，对原文有一个大概的了解，掌握其主旨。
2. 按文章的体裁，如按记叙文、说明文和议论文等级作者写作的组织模式及有关的信息词，如fr example, first, secnd等预测应该到何处寻找自己所需要的事实。
3. 把主要精力放在寻找你所需要的细节上。快速通篇跳读，眼睛自走至右，自上而下呈Z形扫视，直至找到你所需要的部分，待找到你所需要的部分时，可放慢速度，细度要查找的内容。
三、易错点：
间接综合信息分析题正确的选项往往是命题人员把阅读材料的内容或信息用不同的语言形式再现出来。一般而言，答案项的设置有以下几种方法：
1. 选用原文中的词句
2. 使用原文词句的同义词或相似结构
3. 使用原文词句的反义词或相反结构
4. 答案项是对生词、长句或难旬的解释
5. 答案项是对原文词句或段落的归纳、推理或演绎
6. 使用原文的上下义结构，如用“科学”涵盖“计算机、航天、发明、电子”等概念。
间接细节推断类
例题1、 N statistics shw the number f grandparents like Garza wh are mving clser t the children and grandchildren. Yet there is evidence suggesting that the trend is grwing. Even President Obama’s mther-in-law, Marian Rbinsn, has agreed t leave Chicag and int the White Huse t help care fr her granddaughters. Accrding t a study grandparents cm. 83 percent f the peple said Mrs. Rbinsn’s decisin will influence the grandparents in the American family. Tw-thirds believe mre families will fllw the example f Obama’s family.
What was the reactin f the public t Mrs. Rbinsn’s decisin?
随练1、 B
In United States histry, nly fur presidents have ever been assassinated (暗杀). While any death causes misery, the death f a president is extremely painful as it affects the lives f millins. After the killing f Abraham Lincln, the cuntry was in a state f scial disrder.
On April 14th, 1865, actr Jhn Wilkes Bth gathered his grup tgether. Befre they parted, Bth reminded them f their missins fr the night: frmer Cnfederate prisner f war Lewis Pwell was t kill Secretary f State William Seward, Gerge Azterdt was t sht Vice President Andrew Jhnsn, and David Herld was t help the actr in his getaway. And Bth was t murder Lincln. Bth had learned f Lincln's upcming visit t Frd's Theater t watch Our American Cusin nly days befre and was eager t murder Lincln. In the past, Bth had thught abut killing Lincln. Bth cnsidered Lincln's trip t the theater as the perfect pprtunity t carry ut his plan.
That night, Lincln and his wife Mary arrived merrily at Frd's Theater and were seated in a tp balcny. During a very nisy part f the play, Bth slipped int the president's bx and fired a gun int the back f Lincln's head. Mments later, Bth jumped nt the stage and shuted, “Sic Semper Tyrannis,” the Virginia state mtt meaning “Thus ever t tyrants (暴君)!”At first, the crwd thught the unflding drama t be part f the prductin. Hwever, upn hearing Mary's shcking screams, the audience realized they had witnessed a vilent actin.
Althugh Bth brke his leg in the fall, he managed t leave the theater and escape frm Washingtn n hrseback. Sn, Charles Leale, a 23-year-ld dctr fund the president in his chair, struggling t breathe. A few sldiers carried Lincln t a huse acrss the street and placed him n a bed. When the surgen general arrived at the huse, he cncluded that Lincln culd nt be saved and wuld die during the night.
Many reasns mtivated Bth t assassinate the president. Mst imprtantly, Bth ppsed nearly all f Lincln's plitical views; he blamed Lincln fr the cllapse f the Cnfederacy (美国南部邦联的瓦解) and the emancipatin (解放) f slaves.
(1)24．David Herld's missin was t ________.
A．kill William Seward
B．help Bth get away
C．sht Andrew Jhnsn
D．murder Abraham Lincln
(2)25．The audience knew smething terrible had happened when ________.
A．they heard Mary's screams
B．they heard Bth's wrds
C．Bth fired at Lincln
D．Bth jumped nt the stage
(3)26．On the night Lincln was murdered, Bth ________.
A．gt away by car
B．escaped uninjured
C．was killed in the theater
D．successfully left the theater
(4)27．What is the last paragraph mainly abut?
A．Hw Bth was fund.
B．Bth's plitical views.
C．Why Bth hated Lincln.
D．Lincln's main achievements.
随练2、 B
Nt lng ag, I tried cnvincing my three daughters that the wrld's secrets are hidden inside silence. The girls lked at me skeptically. Surely silence is nthing?
Sitting there at the dinner table, I suddenly remembered their curisity as children, their wndering abut what might be hiding behind a dr and their amazement as they stared at a light switch and asked me t “pen the light”. But nw they are 13, 16 and 19 and wnder less and less. If they still wnder at anything, they quickly pull ut their smart phnes t find the answer. Nne f them have any interest in discussing with me. T attract their attentin, I tld them abut tw friends f mine wh had decided t climb Munt Qmlangma.
Early ne mrning they left base camp t climb the suth-west wall f the muntain. It was ging well. Bth reached the summit, but then came the strm. They sn realized they wuld nt make it dwn alive. The first gt hld f his pregnant wife by satellite phne. Tgether they decided n the name f the child that she was carrying. Then he quietly passed away just belw the summit. My ther friend was nt able t cntact anyne befre he died．N ne knws exactly what happened n the muntain in thse hurs. Thanks t the dry, cl climate 8km abve sea level, they have bth been freeze-dried．They lie there in silence, lking n different.
The girls remained quiet, listening. It seemed as thugh they had gt smething.
It is easy t assume that the essence (本质) f technlgy is technlgy itself, but that is wrng. The essence is the time we spend with ur family and hw much freedm we have by technlgy.
(1)4．What's the real purpse f the authr's telling the stry?
A．T entertain the girls.
B．T attract the girls, attentin t technlgy.
C．T encurage the girls t explre the wrld's secret.
D．T share a viewpint abut the essence f technlgy.
(2)5．Why are the girls unwilling t discuss prblems with the authr when they are puzzled?
A．Because they dn't want t slve them.
B．Because they can turn t the smart phne.
C．Because they feel ashamed fr their prblems.
D．Because they think it difficult t talk with thers.
(3)6．Hw wuld the authr think f the utcme f the strytelling?
A．It's effective.
B．It's unacceptable.
C．It's embarrassing.
D．It's discuraging.
(4)7．What des technlgy really bring us accrding t the text?
A．The time with ur family and freedm.
B．The answers t the puzzling prblems.
C．The infrmatin f learning the utside wrld.
D．The chice f cmmunicating with ur friends.
全文细节分析类
例题1、 During the spring she really astnished me. One day, she was reading at her desk. Frm a glimpse f the illustratins I thught I knew what the bk was. I said t myself, "It can't be," and went t take a clser lk. Sure enugh, she was reading Mby Dick, in the editin with wdcuts. I said, “Dn't yu find parts f it rather heavy ging?” She answered, “Oh, sure, but I just skip ver thse parts and g n t the next gd part.”
Which f the fllwing statements abut the girl is TRUE accrding t the passage?
随练1、 D
When asked abut her childhd in the dcumentary Alive Inside, a 90-year-ld wman with dementia (痴呆) replies, “I've frgtten s much.” Filmmaker Michael Rssat Bennett then plays music frm her past fr her. “That's Luis Armstrng,” she says. “He's singing When the Saints G Marching In and it takes me back t my schl days.” She then recalls exact details frm her life.
Why des it happen? Music tends t accmpany events that aruse emtins r therwise make strng impressins n us—such as weddings and graduatins. These kinds f experiences frm strng memries, and the music and memries likely becme intertwined (紧密相连) in ur neural (神经的) netwrks, accrding t Julene Jhnsn, a prfessr at the University f Califrnia. Mvements, such as dancing, als ften pair with ur experience f music, which can help frm memries. Even many years later, hearing the music can bring back memries f these lng-past events.
As Alive Inside shws, music has this pwer even fr many peple with dementia. Researchers nte that the brain areas that prcess and remember music are typically less damaged by dementia than ther areas, and they think it may explain the phenmenn.
They als pay attentin t elderly peple with dementia, especially thse in nursing hmes. “It's pssible that thse lng - term memries are still there, “Jhnsn says, “but peple just have a harder time accessing them because they're in a strange place and there're nt a lt f circumstances in which smene culd pull ut thse memries.”
Jhnsn als ntes that music is nt universally useful fr all peple with dementia since there are sme peple with dementia whse brain area that recgnizes music is damaged.
Despite music's apparent benefits, few studies have explred its influence n memry recall in peple with dementia. “It's really an untapped area,” Jhnsn says. Petr Janata is ne researcher investigating the tpic f music and memry. He says that scientists still d nt have the answers fr why and hw music reawakens memries in peple with dementia, but this phenmenn is real and it's just a matter f time befre it's fully brne ut by scientific research.
(1)32．What helps the ld wman in Alive Inside recall her childhd?
A．A film she has watched befre.
B．A sng she has listened t befre.
C．The vice f her childhd friend.
D．The descriptin f her schl days.
(2)33．What benefit f music is discussed in Paragraph 2?
A．It helps make lasting memries.
B．It helps cure patients f dementia.
C．It helps aruse emtins in special events.
D．It helps remember dance mvements easily.
(3)34．Accrding t Jhnsn, what shuld we d fr elderly peple with dementia?
A．Send them t nursing hmes fr gd care.
B．Prvide familiar envirnments fr them.
C．Play lts f classical music t them.
D．Talk t them abut their past.
(4)35．What d we knw abut the study int music and memry recall in peple with dementia?
A．It is criticized by Petr Janata.
B．It is supprted by slid evidence.
C．It applies t all peple with dementia.
D．It is a pineering study.
随练2、 C
Self-driving cars are s ppular that the University f Michigan has even established a twn called Mcity t allw car manufacturers t safely test their autnmus cars．
While Mcity can be used t simulate(模拟)many real-life rad cnditins, it cannt help test gestures drivers use t cmmunicate their intentin t ther drivers, pedestrians r cyclists．T find a slutin, US car manufacturer Frd, with researchers frm Virginia Tech, initially cnsidered using text as a way t cmmunicate the car's intentin, but decided it wuld prbably nt wrk universally．The ptin f using symbls was als discarded, because research shws that a majrity f peple d nt have a gd understanding f what they mean．
Finally, the researchers settled n light signals．A white light warned that there were n humans in the car. A slw blinking ne indicated that the car was cming t a stp, while a rapidly flashing light cautined passersby that the car was abut t accelerate．
Then came the big challenge—testing the signals n real rads．“We needed t try ut this new lighting t cmmunicate the intentin f the vehicle, but if yu've gt a driver behind the seat, yu still have natural cmmunicatin between humans, ”said Andy Shaudt, wh led the Virginia Tech research team．“S we needed t make it lk like a driverless ear．”
The team designed a car seat cstume(戏装)that the driver wuld wear t cver his／her face and upper bdy．Of curse, the drivers culd see very clearly．The researchers then equipped the car with cameras t capture human reactins t a light bar n the windshield(挡风玻璃), which flashed ne f the three signals when apprpriate．Six drivers, all keeping their hands lw n the wheel s as nt t be detected, tk turns t test driving the car thrugh the busy streets.
The verall reactin t the flashing lights was very encuraging．Wh knew cstumes culd be useful fr mre than Hallween?
(1)28．What did the team first cnsider using as a way t cmmunicate the car's intentin?
A．Light．
B．Language．
C．Symbls．
D．Sund.
(2)29．The underlined wrd“they”in the secnd paragraph refers t_______．
A．svmb1s
B．drivers
C．researchers
D．flashes
(3)30．What des a rapidly flashing light mean?
A．The car was cming t a stp．
B．There was n driver in the car．
C．The car was abut t speed up．
D．The car was abut t slw dwn.
(4)31．The car seat cstume was intended t_______．
A．amuse the driver
B．attract the pedestrians
C．warn the cyclists
D．cnfuse the peple
拓展
1、 B
Fur years ag, Chris Nagele did what many ther technlgy executives have dne befre — he mved his team int an pen cncept ffice.
His staff had been exclusively wrking frm hme, but he wanted everyne t be tgether, t bnd and cllabrate mre easily. It quickly became clear, thugh, that Nagele had made a huge mistake. Everyne was distracted, prductivity suffered and the nine emplyees were unhappy, nt t mentin Nagele himself.
In April 2015, abut three years after mving int the pen ffice, Nagele mved the cmpany int a 10,000-square ft ffice where everyne nw has their wn space — cmplete with clsing drs.
Numerus cmpanies have embraced the pen ffice — abut 70% f US ffices are pen cncept — and by mst accunts, very few have mved back int traditinal spaces with ffices and drs. But research that we’re 15% less prductive, we have immense truble cncentrating and we’re twice as likely t get sick in pen wrking spaces, has cntributed t a grwing backlash against pen ffices.
Since mving, Nagele himself has heard frm thers in technlgy wh say they lng fr the clsed ffice lifestyle. It’s unlikely that the pen ffice cncept will g away anytime sn, but sme cmpanies are fllwing Nagele’s example and making a return t private spaces.
There’s ne big reasn we’d all lve a space with fur walls and a dr that shuts: fcus. The truth is, we can’t multitask and small distractins can cause us t lse fcus fr upwards f 20 minutes.
What’s mre, certain pen spaces can negatively impact ur memry. We retain mre infrmatin when we sit in ne spt, says Sally Augustin, an envirnmental and design psychlgist in La Grange Park, Illinis. It’s nt s bvius t us each day, but we fflad memries — ften little details — int ur surrundings, she says.
Beside the cheaper cst, ne main argument fr the pen wrkspace is that it increases cllabratin. Hwever, it’s well dcumented that we rarely brainstrm brilliant ideas when we’re just shting the breeze in a crwd.
(1)24．What des the writer imply accrding t Paragraph 2: _________
A．Nagele felt delighted with pen cncept ffice
B．Nagele felt unsatisfied with pen cncept ffice
C．Nagele felt puzzled abut pen cncept ffice
D．Nagele felt curius abut pen cncept ffice
(2)25．What des the underlined wrds “have embraced” in Paragraph 4 mean? _________
A．have disliked
B．have needed
C．have accepted
D．have misunderstd
(3)26．Which ne is true accrding t the passage? _________
A．It is hard t cncentrate in pen ffices.
B．The minrity f US cmpanies chse pen ffices.
C．Open ffices benefit peple’s memry a lt.
D．Traditinal ffices can increase teamwrk.
(4)27．What is the best title fr the text? _________
A．The advantages f traditinal ffices
B．The disadvantages f traditinal ffices
C．The drawbacks f pen ffices
D．The benefits f pen ffices
2、 B
While mst peple dream f mermaids (美人鱼), few peple actually try t becme ne. Hw can smene becme a mermaid if they dn't exist? Just ask Dana Richardsn, wh is a prfessinal mermaid in Hawaii!
“As a child, I always felt very cnnected t the cean and played mermaids in the water,” says Dana. “My lve f the cean tk me t different types f wrk such as a lifeguard, swim instructr, bat crew member, underwater phtgrapher, bat captain, and surfer. I just decided t take it t the next level and grw a tail!”
Dana desn't mean literally (照字面地). In 2008 she began making mermaid tails frm materials including shiny fabric (织物) that she wears while free-diving in the waters arund Kna, Hawaii. Free-diving means diving withut prtective equipment. It requires yu t hld yur breath while swimming deep underwater. As she dives in, Dana nt nly lks like a mermaid; she experiences what it is like t swim like ne t.
The waters arund Dana's hme in Kna are filled with wildlife, including dlphins and whales. Kna is by a sheltered sea where the waters are calm fr swimming. Fr ten years Dana has been swimming with the creatures f Kna. Sme f them have even learned t recgnize her.
Dna knws hw t swim with sea life because she is a trained marine (海洋的) naturalist. She understands the behavir f sea life and knws hw t safely interact with it. Every mrning when she swims with sea life she gets t experience her ther “hme”. “The cean beneath the depths really is anther wrld. Watching hw the wrld wrks s gracefully in that circle f life underwater is a beautiful thing.”
Fr Dana Richardsn being a mermaid just makes sense. “I've always felt mre cmfrtable underwater than n land,” she says.
Wuld yu like t fllw yur dream, even if it seems impssible? Dana reminds everyne, “One persn can truly make a difference. By fllwing yur heart and ffering the wrld yur unique gifts, yu will inspire thers t d s. The wrld needs yu!”
(1)24．What has been influencing Dana's wrk experience mst?
A．Her hbby.
B．Her family.
C．Her science teacher.
D．Her swim instructr.
(2)25．Why des Dana make mermaid tails?
A．She needs them t prtect her.
B．She wants t swim like a mermaid.
C．She needs t make mney with them.
D．She wants t take phts f mermaids.
(3)26．Being a marine naturalist helps Dana ________.
A．get alng well with sea life
B．discver her utstanding gifts
C．appreciate the beauty f ther peple
D． feel cmfrtable bth underwater and n land
(4)27．Dana encurages peple t ________.
A．help thse in need
B．lve marine animals
C．try t realize their dreams
D．prtect the marine envirnment
3、 C
There's smething abut the New Year that always makes me read my hrscpe (星象) t see what lies ahead. I dn't believe in any f it really but there's cmfrt in being tld that the next 12 mnths will bring health, wealth and happiness. Well, it's usually ver ptimistic, isn't it?
There are many ther peple wh are als skeptical abut astrlgy (占星术) and its belief that knwledge f the psitin f the stars and planets can help us understand ur persnality r predict human affairs. Hwever, despite the lack f scientific evidence in its favur, astrlgy has been arund fr thusands f years, and is believed by millins f peple in bth the West and the East.
The West has its star signs every mnth and the East has its animals every year. I'm a Pig. When I first fund ut I was a Pig persn I was a little disappinted, and my friends (pwerful Dragns, friendly Dgs and fierce Tigers) laughed. Pigs have a bad reputatin— peple think they're dirty animals that smell hrrible.
In the Chinese zdiac (生肖) there are 12 animals and accrding t ne legend, when Buddha left the earth, nly 12 animals came t say gdbye t him. As a reward Buddha named a year after each f the animals in the rder that they came t him, and the pig came last. S I thught I was unlucky being a Pig but this isn't s.
It appears that Pigs are kind peple wh are helpful and giving. They tend t make gd friends as they are faithful, thughtful and trusting. Pigs are happy, ptimistic peple and have lts f fun—that sunds OK t me! Hwever, Pigs are ften naïve (幼稚的) and apparently it's easy t cheat a Pig. They are als likely t react withut thinking, and they're nt that great with mney either. Pigs, it seems, get alng with Sheep and Rabbits but, interestingly, nt ther Pigs, wh they shuld stay clear f.
(1)28．Finding ut that he was a Pig persn, the authr felt ________.
A．a little unhappy
B．very excited
C．quite prud
D．a little surprised
(2)29．What is the legend mentined in Paragraph 4 mainly abut?
A．The lnely life f Buddha.
B．The features f Pig peple.
C．The advantages f being a Pig.
D．The rigin f the Chinese zdiac.
(3)30．Which f the fllwing is TRUE abut Pigs?
A．They are inncent.
B．They are very lazy.
C．They are very smart.
D．They are mneymakers.
(4)31．What des the underlined part “stay clear f” in the last paragraph mean?
A．Give in t.
B．Fight against.
C．Keep away frm.
D．Make friends with.
4、 D
It is always the same minrity f tp pupils, usually sitting in the frnt, wh raise their hands t answer questins, while the majrity switch ff. This deep-seated classrm habit is widening the achievement gap in ur schls, accrding t the educatin expert Dylan William.
Sme srt f randmizatin prcess is required, William lng ag decided, and his unusual slutin is t write the pupil's names dwn n lllipp(棒棒糖)sticks, the teacher then pulling them at randm frm a pt. N ne can hide---everyne is ptentially in the firing line.
Over the curse f ne summer term, he put the idea int practice n a mixed-ability class f 12- t 13-year-lds at a schl in Brehamwd. The aim was t invlve every pupil in the lessn.
A further innvatin---small, hand-held whitebards fr each student---came as a direct result f an unfreseen prblem with the lllipp sticks.
Unable t shw ff their brilliance in the frnt f the class, the regular hands-up grup were getting frustrated, and had even started t becme disruptive(捣乱的). “The high-achieving girls were really struggling,” William says. “They're used t putting their hands up nly when they knw the answer. The randm lllipp methd was putting sme f the high achievers int the unaccustmed psitin f smetimes nt knwing the answer.”
“It's kind f embarrassing, because I've gt this reputatin fr being smart,” says Emily, after she has been caught ut marking her disapprval by secretly remving her lllipp stick frm the pt. Hence the mini-whitebard.
“The idea with the mini-whitebard is that the whle class writes their answers befre displaying their bards t the teacher---and each ther. Yu can get an verall view f what the whle class thinks,” William says.
“Peple are always pushing new technlgy and expensive ways f raising students' achievement, but the fact is that this is smething that every schl culd d,” he says.
(1)32．Why did William decide t change the classrm habit?
A．T make the classes interesting.
B．T mbilize the whle class.
C．T pick ut high achievers.
D．T relieve teachers' stress.
(2)33．What des William think f the use f lllipp sticks?
A．It will be ppular with high achievers.
B．It is mainly intended fr 12- t 13-year-lds.
C．It gives everyne the chance t make their vice heard.
D．It will greatly strengthen teacher-student relatinships.
(3)34．Why did Emily take ut her lllipp stick?
A．T leave a mark n it.
B．T shw her smartness.
C．T keep it as a suvenir.
D．T avid having her pride hurt.
(4)35．What purpse des the mini-whitebard serve?
A．T mtivate students t learn better.
B．T strengthen the rle f lllipp sticks.
C．T inspire teachers t use new tls.
D．T cver students' shyness.